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Dias AS, Baker ALV, Baker RB, Zhang J, Zeller MA, Kitikoon P, Gauger PC. Detection and Characterization of Influenza A Virus Endemic Circulation in Suckling and Nursery Pigs Originating from Vaccinated Farms in the Same Production System. Viruses 2024; 16:626. [PMID: 38675967 PMCID: PMC11054297 DOI: 10.3390/v16040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inactivated influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines help reduce clinical disease in suckling piglets, although endemic infections still exist. The objective of this study was to evaluate the detection of IAV in suckling and nursery piglets from IAV-vaccinated sows from farms with endemic IAV infections. Eight nasal swab collections were obtained from 135 two-week-old suckling piglets from four farms every other week from March to September 2013. Oral fluid samples were collected from the same group of nursery piglets. IAV RNA was detected in 1.64% and 31.01% of individual nasal swabs and oral fluids, respectively. H1N2 was detected most often, with sporadic detection of H1N1 and H3N2. Whole-genome sequences of IAV isolated from suckling piglets revealed an H1 hemagglutinin (HA) from the 1B.2.2.2 clade and N2 neuraminidase (NA) from the 2002A clade. The internal gene constellation of the endemic H1N2 was TTTTPT with a pandemic lineage matrix. The HA gene had 97.59% and 97.52% nucleotide and amino acid identities, respectively, to the H1 1B.2.2.2 used in the farm-specific vaccine. A similar H1 1B.2.2.2 was detected in the downstream nursery. These data demonstrate the low frequency of IAV detection in suckling piglets and downstream nurseries from farms with endemic infections in spite of using farm-specific IAV vaccines in sows.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Swine Diseases/epidemiology
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Phylogeny
- Farms
- Animals, Suckling
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Endemic Diseases/veterinary
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/immunology
- Genome, Viral
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Silva Dias
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Minas Gerais State University, 6627 Antonio Carlos Avenue, Belo Horizonte 31620-295, MG, Brazil;
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (A.L.V.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Rodney B. Baker
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.B.B.); (J.Z.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.B.B.); (J.Z.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Michael A. Zeller
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.B.B.); (J.Z.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Pravina Kitikoon
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (A.L.V.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.B.B.); (J.Z.); (M.A.Z.)
- Phillip Gauger of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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2
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Petro-Turnquist E, Pekarek MJ, Weaver EA. Swine influenza A virus: challenges and novel vaccine strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1336013. [PMID: 38633745 PMCID: PMC11021629 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1336013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine Influenza A Virus (IAV-S) imposes a significant impact on the pork industry and has been deemed a significant threat to global public health due to its zoonotic potential. The most effective method of preventing IAV-S is vaccination. While there are tremendous efforts to control and prevent IAV-S in vulnerable swine populations, there are considerable challenges in developing a broadly protective vaccine against IAV-S. These challenges include the consistent diversification of IAV-S, increasing the strength and breadth of adaptive immune responses elicited by vaccination, interfering maternal antibody responses, and the induction of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease after vaccination. Current vaccination strategies are often not updated frequently enough to address the continuously evolving nature of IAV-S, fail to induce broadly cross-reactive responses, are susceptible to interference, may enhance respiratory disease, and can be expensive to produce. Here, we review the challenges and current status of universal IAV-S vaccine research. We also detail the current standard of licensed vaccines and their limitations in the field. Finally, we review recently described novel vaccines and vaccine platforms that may improve upon current methods of IAV-S control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Petro-Turnquist
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Matthew J. Pekarek
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Eric A. Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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3
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Kumari S, Chaudhari J, Huang Q, Gauger P, De Almeida MN, Ly H, Liang Y, Vu HLX. Assessment of Immune Responses to a Trivalent Pichinde Virus-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Hemagglutinin Genes from Three Co-Circulating Influenza A Virus Subtypes in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1806. [PMID: 38140210 PMCID: PMC10748346 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pichinde virus (PICV) can infect several animal species and has been developed as a safe and effective vaccine vector. Our previous study showed that pigs vaccinated with a recombinant PICV-vectored vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of an H3N2 influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S) developed virus-neutralizing antibodies and were protected against infection by the homologous H3N2 strain. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a trivalent PICV-vectored vaccine expressing HA antigens from the three co-circulating IAV-S subtypes: H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. Pigs immunized with the trivalent PICV vaccine developed virus-neutralizing (VN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against all three matching IAV-S. Following challenge infection with the H1N1 strain, five of the six pigs vaccinated with the trivalent vaccine had no evidence of IAV-S RNA genomes in nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, while all non-vaccinated control pigs showed high number of copies of IAV-S genomic RNA in these two types of samples. Overall, our results demonstrate that the trivalent PICV-vectored vaccine elicits antibody responses against the three targeted IAV-S strains and provides protection against homologous virus challenges in pigs. Therefore, PICV exhibits the potential to be explored as a viral vector for delivering multiple vaccine antigens in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Kumari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (S.K.); (J.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jayeshbhai Chaudhari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (S.K.); (J.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Qinfeng Huang
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; (Q.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (P.G.); (M.N.D.A.)
| | - Marcelo Nunes De Almeida
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (P.G.); (M.N.D.A.)
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; (Q.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuying Liang
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; (Q.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Hiep L. X. Vu
- Department of Animals Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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4
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Hernandez-Franco JF, Yadagiri G, Patil V, Bugybayeva D, Dolatyabi S, Dumkliang E, Singh M, Suresh R, Akter F, Schrock J, Renukaradhya GJ, HogenEsch H. Intradermal Vaccination against Influenza with a STING-Targeted Nanoparticle Combination Adjuvant Induces Superior Cross-Protective Humoral Immunity in Swine Compared with Intranasal and Intramuscular Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1699. [PMID: 38006031 PMCID: PMC10675188 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cross-protective vaccines against the zoonotic swine influenza A virus (swIAV), a potential pandemic-causing agent, continues to be an urgent global health concern. Commercially available vaccines provide suboptimal cross-protection against circulating subtypes of swIAV, which can lead to worldwide economic losses and poor zoonosis deterrence. The limited efficacy of current swIAV vaccines demands innovative strategies for the development of next-generation vaccines. Considering that intramuscular injection is the standard route of vaccine administration in both human and veterinary medicine, the exploration of alternative strategies, such as intradermal vaccination, presents a promising avenue for vaccinology. This investigation demonstrates the first evaluation of a direct comparison between a commercially available multivalent swIAV vaccine and monovalent whole inactivated H1N2 swine influenza vaccine, delivered by intradermal, intranasal, and intramuscular routes. The monovalent vaccines were adjuvanted with NanoST, a cationic phytoglycogen-based nanoparticle that is combined with the STING agonist ADU-S100. Upon heterologous challenge, intradermal vaccination generated a stronger cross-reactive nasal and serum antibody response in pigs compared with intranasal and intramuscular vaccination. Antibodies induced by intradermal immunization also had higher avidity compared with the other routes of vaccination. Bone marrow from intradermally and intramuscularly immunized pigs had both IgG and IgA virus-specific antibody-secreting cells. These studies reveal that NanoST is a promising adjuvant system for the intradermal administration of STING-targeted influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Hernandez-Franco
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Ganesh Yadagiri
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (G.Y.); (V.P.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (M.S.); (R.S.); (F.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (G.Y.); (V.P.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (M.S.); (R.S.); (F.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Dina Bugybayeva
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (G.Y.); (V.P.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (M.S.); (R.S.); (F.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Sara Dolatyabi
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (G.Y.); (V.P.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (M.S.); (R.S.); (F.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Ekachai Dumkliang
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center (DDSEC), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (G.Y.); (V.P.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (M.S.); (R.S.); (F.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Raksha Suresh
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (G.Y.); (V.P.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (M.S.); (R.S.); (F.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Fatema Akter
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (G.Y.); (V.P.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (M.S.); (R.S.); (F.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (G.Y.); (V.P.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (M.S.); (R.S.); (F.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (G.Y.); (V.P.); (D.B.); (S.D.); (M.S.); (R.S.); (F.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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5
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Nguyen TN, Kumari S, Sillman S, Chaudhari J, Lai DC, Vu HLX. A Single-Dose Intramuscular Immunization of Pigs with Lipid Nanoparticle DNA Vaccines Based on the Hemagglutinin Antigen Confers Complete Protection against Challenge Infection with the Homologous Influenza Virus Strain. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1596. [PMID: 37896997 PMCID: PMC10611089 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S) is highly prevalent and causes significant economic losses to swine producers. Due to the highly variable and rapidly evolving nature of the virus, it is critical to develop a safe and versatile vaccine platform that allows for frequent updates of the vaccine immunogens to cope with the emergence of new viral strains. The main objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as nanocarriers for delivering DNA plasmid encoding the viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene in pigs. The intramuscular administration of a single dose of the LNP-DNA vaccines resulted in robust systemic and mucosal responses in pigs. Importantly, the vaccinated pigs were fully protected against challenge infection with the homologous IAV-S strain, with only 1 out of 12 vaccinated pigs shedding a low amount of viral genomic RNA in its nasal cavity. No gross or microscopic lesions were observed in the lungs of the vaccinated pigs at necropsy. Thus, the LNP-DNA vaccines are highly effective in protecting pigs against the homologous IAV-S strain and can serve as a promising platform for the rapid development of IAV-S vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- The N. Nguyen
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Sushmita Kumari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Sarah Sillman
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jayeshbhai Chaudhari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Danh C. Lai
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Hiep L. X. Vu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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6
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Tapia R, Mena J, García V, Culhane M, Medina RA, Neira V. Cross-protection of commercial vaccines against Chilean swine influenza A virus using the guinea pig model as a surrogate. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1245278. [PMID: 37799404 PMCID: PMC10548122 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1245278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus poses a significant threat to public health and the swine industry. Vaccination is the primary measure for controlling the disease, but the effectiveness of vaccines can vary depending on the antigenic match between vaccine strains and circulating strains. In Chile, H1N1pdm09 and other lineages H1N2 and H3N2 have been detected in pigs, which are genetically distinct from the strains included in commercial vaccines. This study aimed to evaluate the cross-protection by commercial vaccines against strains circulating in Chile using the guinea pig model. For this study, four circulating strains [A/swine/Chile/H1A-7/2014(H1N2), A/swine/Chile/H1B-2/2014(H1N2), A/swine/Chile/H1P-12/2015(H1N1), and A/swine/Chile/H3-2/2015(H3N2)] were selected. Guinea pigs were divided into vaccinated and control groups. The vaccinated animals received either a multivalent antigenically heterologous or monovalent homologous vaccine, while the control animals remained unvaccinated. Following vaccination, all animals were intranasally challenged, and nasal wash samples were collected at different time points post-infection. The results showed that the homologous monovalent vaccine-induced hemagglutinin-specific antibodies against the Chilean pandemic H1N1pdm09 strain. However, the commercial heterologous multivalent vaccine failed to induce hemagglutinin-specific antibody titers against the H1N2 and H3N2 challenge strains. Furthermore, the homologous monovalent vaccine significantly reduced the duration of viral shedding and viral titers specifically against the Chilean pandemic H1N1pdm09 strain and heterologous multivalent vaccine only partial. These findings highlight the importance of regularly updating vaccine strains to match the circulating field strains for effective control of swine influenza. Further research is needed to develop vaccines that confer broader protection against diverse strains of swine influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tapia
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Mena
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria García
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marie Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
| | - Rafael A. Medina
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Neira
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Petro-Turnquist E, Pekarek M, Jeanjaquet N, Wooledge C, Steffen D, Vu H, Weaver EA. Adenoviral-vectored epigraph vaccine elicits robust, durable, and protective immunity against H3 influenza A virus in swine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1143451. [PMID: 37256131 PMCID: PMC10225514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current methods of vaccination against swine Influenza A Virus (IAV-S) in pigs are infrequently updated, induce strain-specific responses, and have a limited duration of protection. Here, we characterize the onset and duration of adaptive immune responses after vaccination with an adenoviral-vectored Epigraph vaccine. In this longitudinal study we observed robust and durable antibody responses that remained above protective titers six months after vaccination. We further identified stable levels of antigen-specific T cell responses that remained detectable in the absence of antigen stimulation. Antibody isotyping revealed robust class switching from IgM to IgG induced by Epigraph vaccination, while the commercial comparator vaccine failed to induce strong antibody class switching. Swine were challenged six months after initial vaccination, and Epigraph-vaccinated animals demonstrated significant protection from microscopic lesion development in the trachea and lungs, reduced duration of viral shedding, lower presence of infectious virus and viral antigens in the lungs, and significant recall of antigen-specific T cell responses following challenge. The results obtained from this study are useful in determining the kinetics of adaptive immune responses after vaccination with adjuvanted whole inactivated virus vaccines compared to adenoviral vectored vaccines and contribute to the continued efforts of creating a universal IAV-S vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Petro-Turnquist
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Matthew Pekarek
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Nicholas Jeanjaquet
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Cedric Wooledge
- Office of Research and Development, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - David Steffen
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Hiep Vu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Eric A. Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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8
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do Nascimento GM, Bugybayeva D, Patil V, Schrock J, Yadagiri G, Renukaradhya GJ, Diel DG. An Orf-Virus (ORFV)-Based Vector Expressing a Consensus H1 Hemagglutinin Provides Protection against Diverse Swine Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:994. [PMID: 37112974 PMCID: PMC10147081 DOI: 10.3390/v15040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV-S) belonging to the H1 subtype are endemic in swine worldwide. Antigenic drift and antigenic shift lead to a substantial antigenic diversity in circulating IAV-S strains. As a result, the most commonly used vaccines based on whole inactivated viruses (WIVs) provide low protection against divergent H1 strains due to the mismatch between the vaccine virus strain and the circulating one. Here, a consensus coding sequence of the full-length of HA from H1 subtype was generated in silico after alignment of the sequences from IAV-S isolates obtained from public databases and was delivered to pigs using the Orf virus (ORFV) vector platform. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the resulting ORFVΔ121conH1 recombinant virus were evaluated against divergent IAV-S strains in piglets. Virus shedding after intranasal/intratracheal challenge with two IAV-S strains was assessed by real-time RT-PCR and virus titration. Viral genome copies and infectious virus load were reduced in nasal secretions of immunized animals. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the frequency of T helper/memory cells, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), were significantly higher in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the vaccinated groups compared to unvaccinated animals when they were challenged with a pandemic strain of IAV H1N1 (CA/09). Interestingly, the percentage of T cells was higher in the bronchoalveolar lavage of vaccinated animals in relation to unvaccinated animals in the groups challenged with a H1N1 from the gamma clade (OH/07). In summary, delivery of the consensus HA from the H1 IAV-S subtype by the parapoxvirus ORFV vector decreased shedding of infectious virus and viral load of IAV-S in nasal secretions and induced cellular protective immunity against divergent influenza viruses in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Dina Bugybayeva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Ganesh Yadagiri
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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9
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Moraes DCA, L. Vincent Baker A, Wang X, Zhu Z, Berg E, Trevisan G, Zhang J, Jayaraman S, Linhares DCL, Gauger PC, S. Silva G. Veterinarian perceptions and practices in prevention and control of influenza virus in the Midwest United States swine farms. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1089132. [PMID: 36816189 PMCID: PMC9936088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1089132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an endemic respiratory pathogen affecting swine worldwide and is a public health concern as a zoonotic pathogen. Veterinarians may respond to IAV infection in swine with varied approaches depending on their perception of its economic impact on human and animal health. This study considered three primary veterinary practice categories: swine exclusive veterinary practitioner, large animal practitioner, which corresponds to veterinarians that work predominantly with food animals including but not exclusively porcine, and mixed animal practitioner, which corresponds to veterinarians working with companion and food animals. This survey aimed to assess U.S. veterinarian perceptions, biosecurity practices, and control methods for IAV in swine. In this study, 54.5% (188/345) of the veterinarians that were targeted responded to all portions of the survey. The study results presented different perceptions regarding IAV among veterinarians in different types of veterinary practices and the current IAV mitigation practices implemented in swine farms based on strategic decisions. Collectively, this study also revealed the veterinarians' perceptions that IAV as a health problem in swine is increasing, IAV has a moderate economic impact, and there is a high level of concern regarding IAV circulating in swine. These findings highlight the need for IAV surveillance data, improved vaccine strategies, as well as important opportunities regarding methods of control and biosecurity. Additionally, results of this survey suggest biosecurity practices associated with the veterinarian's swine operations and prevention of zoonotic diseases can be strengthened through annual IAV vaccination of humans and support of sick leave policies for farm workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. A. Moraes
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Zhengyuan Zhu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emily Berg
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Giovani Trevisan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Swaminathan Jayaraman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel C. L. Linhares
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gustavo S. Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Gustavo S. Silva ✉
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10
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Karl CA, Andres D, Carlos M, Peña M, Juan HO, Jorge O. Farm management practices, biosecurity and influenza a virus detection in swine farms: a comprehensive study in colombia. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:42. [PMID: 36199147 PMCID: PMC9532805 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosecurity protocols (BP) and good management practices are key to reduce the risk of introduction and transmission of infectious diseases into the pig farms. In this observational cross-sectional study, survey data were collected from 176 pig farms with inventories over 100 sows in Colombia. We analyzed a complex survey dataset to explore the structure and identify clustering patterns using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) of swine farms in Colombia, and estimated its association with Influenza A virus detection. Two principal dimensions contributed to 27.6% of the dataset variation. Farms with highest contribution to dimension 1 were larger farrow-to-finish farms, using self-replacement of gilts and implementing most of the measures evaluated. In contrast, farms with highest contribution to dimension 2 were medium to large farrow-to-finish farms, but implemented biosecurity in a lower degree. Additionally, two farm clusters were identified by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and the odds of influenza A virus detection was statistically different between clusters (OR 7.29, CI: 1.7,66, p = < 0.01). Moreover, after logistic regression analysis, three important variables were associated with higher odds of influenza detection: (1) “location in an area with a high density of pigs”, (2) “farm size”, and (3) “after cleaning and disinfecting, the facilities are allowed to dry before use”. Our results revealed two clustering patterns of swine farms. This systematic analysis of complex survey data identified relationships between biosecurity, husbandry practices and influenza status. This approach helped to identify gaps on biosecurity and key elements for designing successful strategies to prevent and control swine respiratory diseases in the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciuoderis-Aponte Karl
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín. Consortium Colombia Wisconsin One Health, Cra 75#61-85, 050034, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Diaz Andres
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, North Carolina , USA
| | - Muskus Carlos
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales- PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mario Peña
- Asociación Porkcolombia - Fondo nacional de la porcicultura, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernández-Ortiz Juan
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín. Consortium Colombia Wisconsin One Health, Cra 75#61-85, 050034, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Osorio Jorge
- Department of Pathobiological sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Consortium Colombia Wisconsin One Health, 53706, Madison, USA
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11
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Graaf A, Petric PP, Sehl-Ewert J, Henritzi D, Breithaupt A, King J, Pohlmann A, Deutskens F, Beer M, Schwemmle M, Harder T. Cold-passaged isolates and bat-swine influenza a chimeric viruses as modified live-attenuated vaccines against influenza a viruses in pigs. Vaccine 2022; 40:6255-6270. [PMID: 36137904 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) infections in pig populations cause considerable morbidity and economic losses. Frequent reverse zoonotic incursions of human IAV boost reassortment opportunities with authentic porcine and avian-like IAV in swine herds potentially enhancing zoonotic and even pre-pandemic potential. Vaccination using adjuvanted inactivated full virus vaccines is frequently used in attempting control of swIAV infections. Accelerated antigenic drift of swIAV in large swine holdings and interference of maternal antibodies with vaccine in piglets can compromise these efforts. Potentially more efficacious modified live-attenuated vaccines (MLVs) bear the risk of reversion of MLV to virulence. Here we evaluated new MLV candidates based on cold-passaged swIAV or on reassortment-incompetent bat-IAV-swIAV chimeric viruses. Serial cold-passaging of various swIAV subtypes did not yield unambiguously temperature-sensitive mutants although safety studies in mice and pigs suggested some degree of attenuation. Chimeric bat-swIAV expressing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of an avian-like H1N1, in contrast, proved to be safe in mice and pigs, and a single nasal inoculation induced protective immunity against homologous challenge in pigs. Reassortant-incompetent chimeric bat-swIAV vaccines could aid in reducing the amount of swIAV circulating in pig populations, thereby increasing animal welfare, limiting economic losses and lowering the risk of zoonotic swIAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Philipp P Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dinah Henritzi
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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12
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Zhang Y, Yang L, Zhang J, Huang K, Sun X, Yang Y, Wang T, Zhang Q, Zou Z, Jin M. Oral or intranasal immunization with recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum displaying head domain of Swine Influenza A virus hemagglutinin protects mice from H1N1 virus. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:185. [PMID: 36085207 PMCID: PMC9461438 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) is a major concern for the swine industry owing to its highly contagious nature and acute viral disease. Currently, most commercial swIAV vaccines are traditional inactivated virus vaccines. The Lactobacillus plantarum-based vaccine platform is a promising approach for mucosal vaccine development. Oral and intranasal immunisations have the potential to induce a mucosal immune response, which confers protective immunity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic potential and adhesion ability of three L. plantarum strains. Furthermore, a recombinant L. plantarum strain expressing the head domain of swIAV antigen HA1 was constructed and evaluated for its ability to prevent swIAV infection. RESULTS The three L. plantarum strains isolated from healthy pig faecal samples maintained the highest survival rate when incubated at pH 3 and at bile salt concentration of 0.3%. They also showed high adherence to intestinal cells. All three L. plantarum strains were monitored in live mice, and no major differences in transit time were observed. Recombinant L. plantarum expressed swIAV HA1 protein (pSIP401-HA1-ZN-3) and conferred effective mucosal, cellular and systemic immune responses in the intestine as well as in the upper respiratory airways of mice. In conclusion, the oral and intranasal administration of L. plantarum strain pSIP401-HA1-ZN-3 in mice induced mucosal immunity and most importantly, provided protection against lethal influenza virus challenge. CONCLUSION In summary, these findings suggest that the engineered L. plantarum strain pSIP401-HA1-ZN-3 can be considered as an alternative approach for developing a novel vaccine during an swine influenza A pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Li C, Culhane MR, Schroeder DC, Cheeran MCJ, Galina Pantoja L, Jansen ML, Torremorell M. Vaccination decreases the risk of influenza A virus reassortment but not genetic variation in pigs. eLife 2022; 11:78618. [PMID: 36052992 PMCID: PMC9439680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination is broadly used in North American swine breeding herds, managing swine influenza is challenging primarily due to the continuous evolution of influenza A virus (IAV) and the ability of the virus to transmit among vaccinated pigs. Studies that have simultaneously assessed the impact of vaccination on the emergence of IAV reassortment and genetic variation in pigs are limited. Here, we directly sequenced 28 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs co-infected with H1N1 and H3N2 IAV strains, and characterized 202 individual viral plaques recovered from 13 BALF samples. We identified 54 reassortant viruses that were grouped in 17 single and 16 mixed genotypes. Notably, we found that prime-boost vaccinated pigs had less reassortant viruses than nonvaccinated pigs, likely due to a reduction in the number of days pigs were co-infected with both challenge viruses. However, direct sequencing from BALF samples revealed limited impact of vaccination on viral variant frequency, evolutionary rates, and nucleotide diversity in any IAV coding regions. Overall, our results highlight the value of IAV vaccination not only at limiting virus replication in pigs but also at protecting public health by restricting the generation of novel reassortants with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential. Swine influenza A viruses cause severe illness among pigs and financial losses on pig farms worldwide. These viruses can also infect humans and have caused deadly human pandemics in the past. Influenza A viruses are dangerous because viruses can be transferred between humans, birds and pigs. These co-infections can allow the viruses to swap genetic material. Viral genetic exchanges can result in new virus strains that are more dangerous or that can infect other types of animals more easily. Farmers vaccinate their pigs to control the swine influenza A virus. The vaccines are regularly updated to match circulating virus strains. But the virus evolves rapidly to escape vaccine-induced immunity, and infections are common even in vaccinated pigs. Learning about how vaccination affects the evolution of influenza A viruses in pigs could help scientists prevent outbreaks on pig farms and avoid spillover pandemics in humans. Li et al. show that influenza A viruses are less likely to swap genetic material in vaccinated and boosted pigs than in unvaccinated animals. In the experiments, Li et al. collected swine influenza A samples from the lungs of pigs that had received different vaccination protocols. Next, Li et al. used next-generation sequencing to identify new mutations in the virus or genetic swaps among different strains. In pigs infected with both the H1N1 and H3N2 strains of influenza, the two viruses began trading genes within a week. But less genetic mixing occurred in vaccinated and boosted pigs because they spent less time infected with both viruses than in unvaccinated pigs. The vaccination status of the pig did not have much effect on how many new mutations occurred in the viruses. The experiments show that vaccinating and boosting pigs against influenza A viruses may protect against genetic swapping among influenza viruses. If future studies on pig farms confirm the results, the information gleaned from the study could help scientists improve farm vaccine protocols to further reduce influenza risks to animals and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Marie R Culhane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
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14
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Kumari S, Chaudhari J, Huang Q, Gauger P, De Almeida MN, Liang Y, Ly H, Vu HLX. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Recombinant Pichinde Viral-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Antigen in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091400. [PMID: 36146478 PMCID: PMC9505097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S) is an economically important swine pathogen. The IAV-S hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein is the main target for vaccine development. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using the recombinant tri-segmented Pichinde virus (rPICV) as a viral vector to deliver HA antigen to protect pigs against IAV-S challenge. Four groups of weaned pigs (T01–T04) were included in the study. T01 was injected with PBS to serve as a non-vaccinated control. T02 was inoculated with rPICV expressing green fluorescence protein (rPICV-GFP). T03 was vaccinated with rPICV expressing the HA antigen of the IAV-S H3N2 strain (rPICV-H3). T04 was vaccinated with the recombinant HA protein antigen of the same H3N2 strain. Pigs were vaccinated twice at day 0 and day 21 and challenged at day 43 by intra-tracheal inoculation with the homologous H3N2 IAV-S strain. After vaccination, all pigs in T03 and T04 groups were seroconverted and exhibited high titers of plasma neutralizing antibodies. After challenge, high levels of IAV-S RNA were detected in the nasal swabs and bronchioalveolar lavage fluid of pigs in T01 and T02 but not in the T03 and T04 groups. Similarly, lung lesions were observed in T01 and T02, but not in the T03 and T04 groups. No significant difference in terms of protection was observed between the T03 and T04 group. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the rPICV-H3 vectored vaccine elicited protective immunity against IAV-S challenge. This study shows that rPICV is a promising viral vector for the development of vaccines against IAV-S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Kumari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jayeshbhai Chaudhari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Qinfeng Huang
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Marcelo Nunes De Almeida
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yuying Liang
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (H.L.X.V.); Tel.: +1-612-625-3358 (H.L.); +1-402-472-4528 (H.L.X.V.)
| | - Hiep L. X. Vu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Department of Animals Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (H.L.X.V.); Tel.: +1-612-625-3358 (H.L.); +1-402-472-4528 (H.L.X.V.)
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15
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Salvesen HA, Byrne TJ, Whitelaw CBA, Hely FS. Simulating the Commercial Implementation of Gene-Editing for Influenza A Virus Resistance in Pigs: An Economic and Genetic Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081436. [PMID: 36011347 PMCID: PMC9407728 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of swine Influenza A Virus resistance along with genetic technologies could complement current control measures to help to improve animal welfare standards and the economic efficiency of pig production. We have created a simulation model to assess the genetic and economic implications of various gene-editing methods that could be implemented in a commercial, multi-tiered swine breeding system. Our results demonstrate the length of the gene-editing program was negatively associated with genetic progress in commercial pigs and that the time required to reach fixation of resistance alleles was reduced if the efficiency of gene-editing is greater. The simulations included the resistance conferred in a digenic model, the inclusion of genetic mosaicism in progeny, and the effects of selection accuracy. In all scenarios, the level of mosaicism had a greater effect on the time required to reach resistance allele fixation and the genetic progress of the herd than gene-editing efficiency and zygote survival. The economic analysis highlights that selection accuracy will not affect the duration of gene-editing and the investment required compared to the effects of gene-editing-associated mosaicism and the swine Influenza A Virus control strategy on farms. These modelling results provide novel insights into the economic and genetic implications of targeting two genes in a commercial pig gene-editing program and the effects of selection accuracy and mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish A. Salvesen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Timothy J. Byrne
- AbacusBio International Limited, The Roslin Innovation Centre, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C. Bruce A. Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Fiona S. Hely
- AbacusBio Limited, 442 Moray Place, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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16
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Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of an Expanding H3 Influenza A Virus Clade in U.S. Swine Visualized by Nextstrain. mSphere 2022; 7:e0099421. [PMID: 35766502 PMCID: PMC9241524 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00994-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically distinct clades of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine undermine efforts to control the disease. Swine producers commonly use vaccines, and vaccine strains are selected by identifying the most common hemagglutinin (HA) gene from viruses detected in a farm or a region.
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17
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Genetic Diversity of the Hemagglutinin Genes of Influenza a Virus in Asian Swine Populations. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040747. [PMID: 35458477 PMCID: PMC9032595 DOI: 10.3390/v14040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza (SI) is a major respiratory disease of swine; SI is due to the influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S), a highly contagious virus with zoonotic potential. The intensity of IAV-S surveillance varies among countries because it is not a reportable disease and causes limited mortality in swine. Although Asia accounts for half of all pig production worldwide, SI is not well managed in those countries. Rigorously managing SI on pig farms could markedly reduce the economic losses, the likelihood of novel reassortants among IAV-S, and the zoonotic IAV-S infections in humans. Vaccination of pigs is a key control measure for SI, but its efficacy relies on the optimal antigenic matching of vaccine strains with the viral strains circulating in the field. Here, we phylogenetically reviewed the genetic diversity of the hemagglutinin gene among IAVs-S that have circulated in Asia during the last decade. This analysis revealed the existence of country-specific clades in both the H1 and H3 subtypes and cross-border transmission of IAVs-S. Our findings underscore the importance of choosing vaccine antigens for each geographic region according to both genetic and antigenic analyses of the circulating IAV-S to effectively manage SI in Asia.
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18
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Anderson TK, Inderski B, Diel DG, Hause BM, Porter EG, Clement T, Nelson EA, Bai J, Christopher-Hennings J, Gauger PC, Zhang J, Harmon KM, Main R, Lager KM, Faaberg KS. The United States Swine Pathogen Database: integrating veterinary diagnostic laboratory sequence data to monitor emerging pathogens of swine. Database (Oxford) 2021; 2021:6462938. [PMID: 35165687 PMCID: PMC8903347 DOI: 10.1093/database/baab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary diagnostic laboratories derive thousands of nucleotide sequences from clinical samples of swine pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Senecavirus A and swine enteric coronaviruses. In addition, next generation sequencing has resulted in the rapid production of full-length genomes. Presently, sequence data are released to diagnostic clients but are not publicly available as data may be associated with sensitive information. However, these data can be used for field-relevant vaccines; determining where and when pathogens are spreading; have relevance to research in molecular and comparative virology; and are a component in pandemic preparedness efforts. We have developed a centralized sequence database that integrates private clinical data using PRRSV data as an exemplar, alongside publicly available genomic information. We implemented the Tripal toolkit, a collection of Drupal modules that are used to manage, visualize and disseminate biological data stored within the Chado database schema. New sequences sourced from diagnostic laboratories contain: genomic information; date of collection; collection location; and a unique identifier. Users can download annotated genomic sequences using a customized search interface that incorporates data mined from published literature; search for similar sequences using BLAST-based tools; and explore annotated reference genomes. Additionally, custom annotation pipelines have determined species, the location of open reading frames and nonstructural proteins and the occurrence of putative frame shifts. Eighteen swine pathogens have been curated. The database provides researchers access to sequences discovered by veterinary diagnosticians, allowing for epidemiological and comparative virology studies. The result will be a better understanding on the emergence of novel swine viruses and how these novel strains are disseminated in the USA and abroad. Database URLhttps://swinepathogendb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Blake Inderski
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,South Dakota Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Diego G. Diel, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hause
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,South Dakota Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Porter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Travis Clement
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,South Dakota Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,South Dakota Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,South Dakota Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, 1155 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rodger Main
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Kay S Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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19
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Moore TC, Fong J, Rosa Hernández AM, Pogreba-Brown K. CAFOs, novel influenza, and the need for One Health approaches. One Health 2021; 13:100246. [PMID: 33997233 PMCID: PMC8091921 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) present highly efficient means of meeting food demands. CAFOs create unique conditions that can affect the health and environment of animals and humans within and outside operations, leading to potential epidemiological concerns that scale with operational size. One such arena meriting further investigation is their possible contribution to novel influenzas. CAFOs present opportunities for cross-species transmission of influenza as demonstrated by reports of swine flu and avian influenza outbreaks. Conditions and pathways leading to novel influenza strains are complex and require varied prevention and intervention approaches. Current challenges for prevention of respiratory viruses entering or leaving swine and poultry CAFOs are multifaceted and include adherence of personal safety measures, lack of training and safety provisions for personnel, and incomplete standardized federal, state, and/or county regulation and enforcement coverage across agricultural systems. This report acknowledges that any proposed CAFO-associated influenza intervention should be cross-organizational, and no single intervention should be expected to provide full resolution. Proposed interventions affect multiple components of the One Health triad, and include seasonal human influenza immunization, PPE regulation and adherence, alternative waste management, general biosecurity standardization and an industry best practices incentive program. Due to the complexity of this problem, multiple anticipated communication, enforcement, and logistical challenges may hinder the full implementation of proposed solutions. General and operation-specific (swine and poultry) biosecurity practices may mitigate some of the risks associated with influenza virus reassortment across species. Education and advocacy can help protect workers, communities, veterinarians and consumers from CAFO-associated influenza virus. To achieve this, there must be more complete communication between CAFOs, governing agencies, health services, animal services, researchers, and consumers to better explore the potential health outcomes associated with CAFOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Moore
- The University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, USA
| | - Joseph Fong
- The University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, USA
| | - Ayeisha M. Rosa Hernández
- The University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, USA
| | - Kristen Pogreba-Brown
- The University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, USA
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20
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Zeller MA, Chang J, Vincent AL, Gauger PC, Anderson TK. Spatial and Temporal Coevolution of N2 Neuraminidase and H1 and H3 Hemagglutinin Genes of Influenza A Virus in United States Swine. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab090. [PMID: 35223081 PMCID: PMC8864744 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) are essential surface glycoproteins of influenza A virus (IAV). In this study, the evolution of subtype N2 NA paired with H1 and H3 subtype HA in swine was evaluated to understand if genetic diversity of HA and NA were linked. Using time-scaled Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, the relationships of paired swine N2 with H1 or H3 from 2009 to 2018 were evaluated. These data demonstrated increased relative genetic diversity within the major N2 clades circulating in swine in the United States (N2.1998 between 2014-2017 and N2.2002 between 2010-2016). Preferential pairing was observed among specific NA and HA genetic clades. Gene reassortment between cocirculating influenza A strains resulted in novel pairings that persisted. The changes of genetic diversity in the NA gene were quantified using Bayesian phylodynamic analyses and increases in diversity were observed subsequent to novel NA-HA reassortment events. The rate of evolution among NA-N2 clades and HA-H1 and HA-H3 clades were similar. Bayesian phylodynamic analyses demonstrated strong spatial patterns in N2 genetic diversity, but frequent interstate movement of rare N2 clades provided opportunity for reassortment and emergence of new N2-HA pairings. The frequent regional movement of pigs and their influenza viruses is an explanation for the documented patterns of reassortment and subsequent changes in gene diversity. The reassortment and evolution of NA and linked HA evolution may result in antigenic drift of both major surface glycoproteins, reducing vaccine efficacy, with subsequent impact on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Zeller
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jennifer Chang
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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21
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Cagliani R, Mozzi A, Pontremoli C, Sironi M. Evolution and Origin of Human Viruses. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Zeller MA, Gauger PC, Arendsee ZW, Souza CK, Vincent AL, Anderson TK. Machine Learning Prediction and Experimental Validation of Antigenic Drift in H3 Influenza A Viruses in Swine. mSphere 2021; 6:e00920-20. [PMID: 33731472 PMCID: PMC8546707 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00920-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) circulating in swine challenges the development of effective vaccines, increasing zoonotic threat and pandemic potential. High-throughput sequencing technologies can quantify IAV genetic diversity, but there are no accurate approaches to adequately describe antigenic phenotypes. This study evaluated an ensemble of nonlinear regression models to estimate virus phenotype from genotype. Regression models were trained with a phenotypic data set of pairwise hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays, using genetic sequence identity and pairwise amino acid mutations as predictor features. The model identified amino acid identity, ranked the relative importance of mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, and demonstrated good prediction accuracy. Four previously untested IAV strains were selected to experimentally validate model predictions by HI assays. Errors between predicted and measured distances of uncharacterized strains were 0.35, 0.61, 1.69, and 0.13 antigenic units. These empirically trained regression models can be used to estimate antigenic distances between different strains of IAV in swine by using sequence data. By ranking the importance of mutations in the HA, we provide criteria for identifying antigenically advanced IAV strains that may not be controlled by existing vaccines and can inform strain updates to vaccines to better control this pathogen.IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAV) in swine constitute a major economic burden to an important global agricultural sector, impact food security, and are a public health threat. Despite significant improvement in surveillance for IAV in swine over the past 10 years, sequence data have not been integrated into a systematic vaccine strain selection process for predicting antigenic phenotype and identifying determinants of antigenic drift. To overcome this, we developed nonlinear regression models that predict antigenic phenotype from genetic sequence data by training the model on hemagglutination inhibition assay results. We used these models to predict antigenic phenotype for previously uncharacterized IAV, ranked the importance of genetic features for antigenic phenotype, and experimentally validated our predictions. Our model predicted virus antigenic characteristics from genetic sequence data and provides a rapid and accurate method linking genetic sequence data to antigenic characteristics. This approach also provides support for public health by identifying viruses that are antigenically advanced from strains used as pandemic preparedness candidate vaccine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Zeller
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Zebulun W Arendsee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Carine K Souza
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
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23
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Vasilevskaya ER, Fedulova LV, Chernukha IM, Kotenkova EA, Fokina AI. Effects of tissue-specific biomolecules on piglets after-weaning period. Vet World 2021; 14:168-175. [PMID: 33642801 PMCID: PMC7896913 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.168-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Now-a-days antibiotics are the main tool for correcting the pathological conditions of pigs; unfortunately, antibiotics are a potential threat to the environment, as they lead to the spread of antibiotic-resistant infections. This study aimed to study the immunomodulatory encapsulated biomolecules on piglets in the post-weaning period. Materials and Methods An immunomodulator based on biomolecules obtained from animal raw materials included in alginate capsules to improve absorption has been developed. The study presents the results of a study on 25 weaned piglets (25-30 days old) which received biomolecules at a dose of 200 mg/piglet for 14 days, followed by 400 mg/piglet from days 15 to 28. Blood was taken from animals for analysis (biochemical, hematological, cytometric, and enzyme immunoassay) and the integral index of blood serum antimicrobial activity was determined. Results Experimental animals, whose initial weight was 1.6 times less than that of the control animals, were able to bridge this gap and, on the 28th day, there were no differences in weight. Stimulation of the production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 was observed and the antimicrobial resistance of blood serum to Escherichia coli also increased. A positive effect on the metabolism of piglets was noted, which helped them adapt to a change in diet (from colostrum to solid food). Conclusion The results show that the immunomodulation at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight has a great potential for improving weaned pigs.
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24
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Salvesen HA, Whitelaw CBA. Current and prospective control strategies of influenza A virus in swine. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:23. [PMID: 33648602 PMCID: PMC7917534 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A Viruses (IAV) are endemic pathogens of significant concern in humans and multiple keystone livestock species. Widespread morbidity in swine herds negatively impacts animal welfare standards and economic performance whilst human IAV pandemics have emerged from pigs on multiple occasions. To combat the rising prevalence of swine IAV there must be effective control strategies available. MAIN BODY The most basic form of IAV control on swine farms is through good animal husbandry practices and high animal welfare standards. To control inter-herd transmission, biosecurity considerations such as quarantining of pigs and implementing robust health and safety systems for workers help to reduce the likelihood of swine IAV becoming endemic. Closely complementing the physical on-farm practices are IAV surveillance programs. Epidemiological data is critical in understanding regional distribution and variation to assist in determining an appropriate response to outbreaks and understanding the nature of historical swine IAV epidemics and zoonoses. Medical intervention in pigs is restricted to vaccination, a measure fraught with the intrinsic difficulties of mounting an immune response against a highly mutable virus. It is the best available tool for controlling IAV in swine but is far from being a perfect solution due to its unreliable efficacy and association with an enhanced respiratory disease. Because IAV generally has low mortality rates there is a reticence in the uptake of vaccination. Novel genetic technologies could be a complementary strategy for IAV control in pigs that confers broad-acting resistance. Transgenic pigs with IAV resistance are useful as models, however the complexity of these reaching the consumer market limits them to research models. More promising are gene-editing approaches to prevent viral exploitation of host proteins and modern vaccine technologies that surpass those currently available. CONCLUSION Using the suite of IAV control measures that are available for pigs effectively we can improve the economic productivity of pig farming whilst improving on-farm animal welfare standards and avoid facing the extensive social and financial costs of a pandemic. Fighting 'Flu in pigs will help mitigate the very real threat of a human pandemic emerging, increase security of the global food system and lead to healthier pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish A. Salvesen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C. Bruce A. Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
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25
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Bullard BL, Corder BN, DeBeauchamp J, Rubrum A, Korber B, Webby RJ, Weaver EA. Epigraph hemagglutinin vaccine induces broad cross-reactive immunity against swine H3 influenza virus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1203. [PMID: 33619277 PMCID: PMC7900167 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection in swine impacts the agricultural industry in addition to its zoonotic potential. Here, we utilize epigraph, a computational algorithm, to design a universal swine H3 influenza vaccine. The epigraph hemagglutinin proteins are delivered using an Adenovirus type 5 vector and are compared to a wild type hemagglutinin and the commercial inactivated vaccine, FluSure. In mice, epigraph vaccination leads to significant cross-reactive antibody and T-cell responses against a diverse panel of swH3 isolates. Epigraph vaccination also reduces weight loss and lung viral titers in mice after challenge with three divergent swH3 viruses. Vaccination studies in swine, the target species for this vaccine, show stronger levels of cross-reactive antibodies and T-cell responses after immunization with the epigraph vaccine compared to the wild type and FluSure vaccines. In both murine and swine models, epigraph vaccination shows superior cross-reactive immunity that should be further investigated as a universal swH3 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Bullard
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Brigette N Corder
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Adam Rubrum
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Eric A Weaver
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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26
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Fomsgaard A, Liu MA. The Key Role of Nucleic Acid Vaccines for One Health. Viruses 2021; 13:258. [PMID: 33567520 PMCID: PMC7916035 DOI: 10.3390/v13020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted both the importance of One Health, i.e., the interactions and transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, and the potential power of gene-based vaccines, specifically nucleic acid vaccines. This review will highlight key aspects of the development of plasmid DNA Nucleic Acid (NA) vaccines, which have been licensed for several veterinary uses, and tested for a number of human diseases, and will explain how an understanding of their immunological and real-world attributes are important for their efficacy, and how they helped pave the way for mRNA vaccines. The review highlights how combining efforts for vaccine development for both animals and humans is crucial for advancing new technologies and for combatting emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virology and Microbiological Special Diagnostic, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margaret A. Liu
- ProTherImmune, 3656 Happy Valley Road, Lafayette, CA 94549, USA
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27
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Vaccines That Reduce Viral Shedding Do Not Prevent Transmission of H1N1 Pandemic 2009 Swine Influenza A Virus Infection to Unvaccinated Pigs. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01787-20. [PMID: 33268518 PMCID: PMC7851569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01787-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) infection causes substantial economic loss and disease burden in humans and animals. The 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza A virus is now endemic in both populations. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of different vaccines in reducing nasal shedding in pigs following pH1N1 virus challenge. We also assessed transmission from immunized and challenged pigs to naive, directly in-contact pigs. Pigs were immunized with either adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines or virus-vectored (ChAdOx1 and MVA) vaccines expressing either the homologous or heterologous influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein, as well as an influenza virus pseudotype (S-FLU) vaccine expressing heterologous HA. Only two vaccines containing homologous HA, which also induced high hemagglutination inhibitory antibody titers, significantly reduced virus shedding in challenged animals. Nevertheless, virus transmission from challenged to naive, in-contact animals occurred in all groups, although it was delayed in groups of vaccinated animals with reduced virus shedding.IMPORTANCE This study was designed to determine whether vaccination of pigs with conventional WIV or virus-vectored vaccines reduces pH1N1 swine influenza A virus shedding following challenge and can prevent transmission to naive in-contact animals. Even when viral shedding was significantly reduced following challenge, infection was transmissible to susceptible cohoused recipients. This knowledge is important to inform disease surveillance and control strategies and to determine the vaccine coverage required in a population, thereby defining disease moderation or herd protection. WIV or virus-vectored vaccines homologous to the challenge strain significantly reduced virus shedding from directly infected pigs, but vaccination did not completely prevent transmission to cohoused naive pigs.
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28
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Impact of nurse sows on influenza A virus transmission in pigs under field conditions. Prev Vet Med 2021; 188:105257. [PMID: 33472145 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Piglets prior to weaning play a central role in maintaining influenza infections in breeding herds and the use of nurse sows is a common practice to adopt piglets that fall behind and that otherwise would die. Transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) from nurse sows to adopted pigs has been reported experimentally, however, the importance of this route of transmission under field conditions has not yet been elucidated. A cohort study to assess the IAV status in nurse and control sows and their respective litters was carried out in three influenza positive breed-to-wean farms. A total of 94 control and 90 nurse sows were sampled by collecting udder skin wipes and oral swabs at enrollment (∼ 5-7 days after farrowing) and at weaning. Six piglets per litter were sampled randomly at enrollment, 2 days post-enrollment (DPE), 4 DPE, at day 14 of lactation (14DL) and at weaning. At enrollment, 76 % (69/91) of udder wipes and 3 % (3/89) of oral swabs from nurse sows were positive by rRT-PCR compared with 23 % (21/92) of udder wipes and 0 % (0/85) of oral swabs from control sows. Of the 94 control litters sampled, 11.7 %, 14.9 %, 22.9 %, 46.8 % and 63.9 % tested rRT-PCR IAV positive at enrollment, 2DPE, 4DPE, 14 DL and weaning, respectively. Corresponding prevalence for nurse sow litters were 12.2 %, 30.2 %, 37.0 %, 59.4 % and 56.4 %. The odds of IAV positivity were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for litters from nurse sows 2 DPE (odd ratio (OR) = 6.13, 95 % CI = 1.8-21.2), 4 DPE (OR = 5.5, 95 % CI = 1.7-17.8) and 14 DL (OR = 3.7, 95 % CI = 1.1-12.3). However, there were no differences in the proportion of positive samples at weaning. Moreover, approximately 18 % of the control sows and 11 % of nurse sows that tested IAV negative in oral swabs at enrollment, tested IAV positive at weaning. This study indicates that nurse sows can contribute to the transmission and perpetuation of IAV infections in pigs prior to weaning, particularly during the first week after adoption.
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29
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Future perspectives on swine viral vaccines: where are we headed? Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:1. [PMID: 33397477 PMCID: PMC7780603 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deliberate infection of humans with smallpox, also known as variolation, was a common practice in Asia and dates back to the fifteenth century. The world's first human vaccination was administered in 1796 by Edward Jenner, a British physician. One of the first pig vaccines, which targeted the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, was introduced in 1883 in France by Louis Pasteur. Since then vaccination has become an essential part of pig production, and viral vaccines in particular are essential tools for pig producers and veterinarians to manage pig herd health. Traditionally, viral vaccines for pigs are either based on attenuated-live virus strains or inactivated viral antigens. With the advent of genomic sequencing and molecular engineering, novel vaccine strategies and tools, including subunit and nucleic acid vaccines, became available and are being increasingly used in pigs. This review aims to summarize recent trends and technologies available for the production and use of vaccines targeting pig viruses.
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30
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Gu W, Madrid DMD, Yang G, Artiaga BL, Loeb JC, Castleman WL, Richt JA, Lednicky JA, Driver JP. Unaltered influenza disease outcomes in swine prophylactically treated with α-galactosylceramide. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103843. [PMID: 32871161 PMCID: PMC8119227 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are a major cause of respiratory diseases in pigs. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an innate-like T cell subset that contribute significantly to IAV resistance in mice. In the current work, we explored whether expanding and activating iNKT cells with the iNKT cell superagonist α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) would change the course of an IAV infection in pigs. In one study, α-GalCer was administered to pigs intramuscularly (i.m.) 9 days before infection, which systemically expanded iNKT cells. In another study, α-GalCer was administered intranasally (i.n.) 2 days before virus infection to activate mucosal iNKT cells. Despite a synergistic increase in iNKT cells when α-GalCer i.m. treated pigs were infected with IAV, neither approach reduced disease signs, lung pathology, or virus replication. Our results indicate that prophylactic use of iNKT cell agonists to prevent IAV infection is ineffective in pigs. This is significant because this type of approach has been considered for humans whose iNKT cell levels and IAV infections are more similar to those of pigs than mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Gu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Guan Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bianca L Artiaga
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julia C Loeb
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jürgen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - John A Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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A Heterogeneous Swine Show Circuit Drives Zoonotic Transmission of Influenza A Viruses in the United States. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01453-20. [PMID: 32999022 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01453-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza pandemics are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, and social and economic disruption. Every summer in the United States, youths attending agricultural fairs are exposed to genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulating in exhibition swine, resulting in over 450 lab-confirmed zoonotic infections since 2010. Exhibition swine represent a small, defined population (∼1.5% of the U.S. herd), presenting a realistic opportunity to mitigate a pandemic threat by reducing IAV transmission in the animals themselves. Through intensive surveillance and genetic sequencing of IAVs in exhibition swine in six U.S. states in 2018 (n = 212), we characterized how a heterogeneous circuit of swine shows, comprising fairs with different sizes and geographic coverage, facilitates IAV transmission among exhibition swine and into humans. Specifically, we identified the role of an early-season national show in the propagation and spatial dissemination of a specific virus (H1δ-2) that becomes dominant among exhibition swine and is associated with the majority of zoonotic infections in 2018. These findings suggest that a highly targeted mitigation strategy, such as postponing swine shows for 1 to 2 weeks following the early-season national show, could potentially reduce IAV transmission in exhibition swine and spillover into humans, and this merits further study.IMPORTANCE The varying influenza A virus (IAV) exposure and infection status of individual swine facilitates introduction, transmission, and dissemination of diverse IAVs. Since agricultural fairs bring people into intimate contact with swine, they provide a unique interface for zoonotic transmission of IAV. Understanding the dynamics of IAV transmission through exhibition swine is critical to mitigating the high incidence of variant IAV cases reported in association with agricultural fairs. We used genomic sequences from our exhibition swine surveillance to characterize the hemagglutinin and full genotypic diversity of IAV at early-season shows and the subsequent dissemination through later-season agricultural fairs. We were able to identify a critical time point with important implications for downstream IAV and zoonotic transmission. With improved understanding of evolutionary origins of zoonotic IAV, we can inform public health mitigation strategies to ultimately reduce zoonotic IAV transmission and risk of pandemic IAV emergence.
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Deblanc C, Quéguiner S, Gorin S, Chastagner A, Hervé S, Paboeuf F, Simon G. Evaluation of the Pathogenicity and the Escape from Vaccine Protection of a New Antigenic Variant Derived from the European Human-Like Reassortant Swine H1N2 Influenza Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E1155. [PMID: 33053905 PMCID: PMC7599989 DOI: 10.3390/v12101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The surveillance of swine influenza A viruses in France revealed the emergence of an antigenic variant following deletions and mutations that are fixed in the HA-encoding gene of the European human-like reassortant swine H1N2 lineage. In this study, we compared the outcomes of the parental (H1huN2) and variant (H1huN2Δ146-147) virus infections in experimentally-inoculated piglets. Moreover, we assessed and compared the protection that was conferred by an inactivated vaccine currently licensed in Europe. Three groups of five unvaccinated or vaccinated piglets were inoculated with H1huN2 or H1huN2Δ146-147 or mock-inoculated, respectively. In unvaccinated piglets, the variant strain induced greater clinical signs than the parental virus, in relation to a higher inflammatory response that involves TNF-α production and a huge afflux of granulocytes into the lung. However, both infections led to similar levels of virus excretion and adaptive (humoral and cellular) immune responses in blood. The vaccinated animals were clinically protected from both infectious challenges and did not exhibit any inflammatory responses, regardless the inoculated virus. However, whereas vaccination prevented virus shedding in H1huN2-infected animals, it did not completely inhibit the multiplication of the variant strain, since live virus particles were detected in nasal secretions that were taken from H1huN2Δ146-147-inoculated vaccinated piglets. This difference in the level of vaccine protection was probably related to the poorer ability of the post-vaccine antibodies to neutralize the variant virus than the parental virus, even though post-vaccine cellular immunity appeared to be equally effective against both viruses. These results suggest that vaccine antigens would potentially need to be updated if this variant becomes established in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deblanc
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Stéphane Quéguiner
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Stéphane Gorin
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Amélie Chastagner
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Séverine Hervé
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France; (S.Q.); (S.G.); (A.C.); (S.H.); (G.S.)
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Moise L, Gutiérrez AH, Khan S, Tan S, Ardito M, Martin WD, De Groot AS. New Immunoinformatics Tools for Swine: Designing Epitope-Driven Vaccines, Predicting Vaccine Efficacy, and Making Vaccines on Demand. Front Immunol 2020; 11:563362. [PMID: 33123135 PMCID: PMC7571332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.563362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel computational tools for swine vaccine development can expand the range of immunization approaches available to prevent economically devastating swine diseases and spillover events between pigs and humans. PigMatrix and EpiCC are two new tools for swine T cell epitope identification and vaccine efficacy analysis that have been integrated into an existing computational vaccine design platform named iVAX. The iVAX platform is already in use for the development of human vaccines, thus integration of these tools into iVAX improves and expands the utility of the platform overall by making previously validated immunoinformatics tools, developed for humans, available for use in the design and analysis of swine vaccines. PigMatrix predicts T cell epitopes for a broad array of class I and class II swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) using matrices that enable the scoring of sequences for likelihood of binding to SLA. PigMatrix facilitates the prospective selection of T cell epitopes from the sequences of swine pathogens for vaccines and permits the comparison of those predicted epitopes with "self" (the swine proteome) and with sequences from other strains. Use of PigMatrix with additional tools in the iVAX toolkit also enables the computational design of vaccines in silico, for testing in vivo. EpiCC uses PigMatrix to analyze existing or proposed vaccines for their potential to protect, based on a comparison between T cell epitopes in the vaccine and circulating strains of the same pathogen. Performing an analysis of T cell epitope relatedness analysis using EpiCC may facilitate vaccine selection when a novel strain emerges in a herd and also permits analysis of evolutionary drift as a means of immune escape. This review of novel computational immunology tools for swine describes the application of PigMatrix and EpiCC in case studies, such as the design of cross-conserved T cell epitopes for swine influenza vaccine or for African Swine Fever. We also describe the application of EpiCC for determination of the best vaccine strains to use against circulating viral variants of swine influenza, swine rotavirus, and porcine circovirus type 2. The availability of these computational tools accelerates infectious disease research for swine and enable swine vaccine developers to strategically advance their vaccines to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Moise
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Swan Tan
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Mancera Gracia JC, Pearce DS, Masic A, Balasch M. Influenza A Virus in Swine: Epidemiology, Challenges and Vaccination Strategies. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:647. [PMID: 33195504 PMCID: PMC7536279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause acute respiratory infections in swine that result in significant economic losses for global pig production. Currently, three different subtypes of influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) co-circulate worldwide: H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. However, the origin, genetic background and antigenic properties of those IAV-S vary considerably from region to region. Pigs could also have a role in the adaptation of avian influenza A viruses to humans and other mammalian hosts, either as intermediate hosts in which avian influenza viruses may adapt to humans, or as a “mixing vessel” in which influenza viruses from various origins may reassort, generating novel progeny viruses capable of replicating and spreading among humans. These potential roles highlight the importance of controlling influenza A viruses in pigs. Vaccination is currently the main tool to control IAV-S. Vaccines containing whole inactivated virus (WIV) with adjuvant have been traditionally used to generate highly specific antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA), the main antigenic protein. WIV vaccines are safe and protect against antigenically identical or very similar strains in the absence of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs). Yet, their efficacy is reduced against heterologous strains, or in presence of MDAs. Moreover, vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) has been described in pigs vaccinated with WIV vaccines and challenged with heterologous strains in the US. This, together with the increasingly complex epidemiology of SIVs, illustrates the need to explore new vaccination technologies and strategies. Currently, there are two different non-inactivated vaccines commercialized for swine in the US: an RNA vector vaccine expressing the HA of a H3N2 cluster IV, and a bivalent modified live vaccine (MLV) containing H1N2 γ-clade and H3N2 cluster IV. In addition, recombinant-protein vaccines, DNA vector vaccines and alternative attenuation technologies are being explored, but none of these new technologies has yet reached the market. The aim of this article is to provide a thorough review of the current epidemiological scenario of IAV-S, the challenges faced in the control of IAV-S infection and the tools being explored to overcome those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas S Pearce
- Zoetis Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Aleksandar Masic
- Zoetis Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Monica Balasch
- Zoetis Manufacturing & Research Spain S.L. Ctra., Girona, Spain
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Shepherd FK, Dvorak CMT, Murtaugh MP, Marthaler DG. Leveraging a Validated in silico Approach to Elucidate Genotype-Specific VP7 Epitopes and Antigenic Relationships of Porcine Rotavirus A. Front Genet 2020; 11:828. [PMID: 32849819 PMCID: PMC7411229 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) remains one of the most widespread causes of diarrheal disease and mortality in piglets despite decades of research and efforts to boost lactogenic immunity for passive protection. Genetic changes at B cell epitopes (BCEs) may be driving failure of lactogenic immunity, which relies on production of IgA antibodies to passively neutralize RVA within the piglet gut, yet little research has mapped epitopes to swine-specific strains of RVA. Here we describe a bioinformatic approach to predict BCEs on the VP7 outer capsid protein using sequence data alone. We first validated the approach using a previously published dataset of VP7-specific cross-neutralization titers, and found that amino acid changes at predicted BCEs on the VP7 protein allowed for accurate recapitulation of antigenic relationships among the strains. Applying the approach to a dataset of swine RVA sequences identified 9 of the 11 known BCEs previously mapped to swine strains, indicating that epitope prediction can identify sites that are known to drive neutralization escape in vitro. Additional genotype-specific BCEs were also predicted that may be the cause of antigenic differences among strains of RVA on farms and should be targeted for further confirmatory work. The results of this work lay the groundwork for high throughput, immunologically-relevant analysis of swine RVA sequence data, and provide potential sites that can be targeted with vaccines to reduce piglet mortality and support farm health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances K Shepherd
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Cheryl M T Dvorak
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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36
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Keay S, Poljak Z, Klapwyk M, O’Connor A, Friendship RM, O’Sullivan TL, Sargeant JM. Influenza A virus vaccine research conducted in swine from 1990 to May 2018: A scoping review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236062. [PMID: 32673368 PMCID: PMC7365442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) are a global zoonotic and economic concern. Primary control is through vaccination yet a formal evidence map summarizing vaccine research conducted in pigs is not available. OBJECTIVE Ten characteristics of English language primary IAV-S vaccine research, conducted at the level of the pig or higher, were charted to identify research gaps, topics for systematic review, and coverage across different publication types. DESIGN Six online databases and grey literature were searched, without geographic, population, or study type restrictions, and abstracts screened independently and in duplicate for relevant research published between 1990 and May 2018. Full text data was charted by a single reviewer. RESULTS Over 11,000 unique citations were screened, identifying 376 for charting, including 175 proceedings from 60 conferences, and 170 journal articles from 51 journals. Reported outcomes were heterogeneous with measures of immunity (86%, n = 323) and virus detection (65%, n = 246) reported far more than production metrics (9%, n = 32). Study of transmissibility under conditions of natural exposure (n = 7), use of mathematical modelling (n = 11), and autogenous vaccine research reported in journals (n = 7), was limited. CONCLUSIONS Most research used challenge trials (n = 219) and may have poor field relevance or suitability for systematic review if the purpose is to inform clinical decisions. Literature on vaccinated breeding herds (n = 89) and weaned pigs (n = 136) is potentially sufficient for systematic review. Research under field conditions is limited, disproportionately reported in conference proceedings versus journal articles, and may be insufficient to support systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Keay
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Klapwyk
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annette O’Connor
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terri L. O’Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan M. Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Chamba Pardo FO, W Allerson M, R Culhane M, B Morrison R, R Davies P, Perez A, Torremorell M. Effect of influenza A virus sow vaccination on infection in pigs at weaning: A prospective longitudinal study. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:183-193. [PMID: 32652870 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although vaccination is the main measure to control influenza A virus (IAV) in swine, there is limited information on the efficacy of sow vaccination on reducing IAV infections in pigs at weaning. We assessed the effect of sow vaccination on IAV infection in pigs at weaning in a cohort of 52 breeding herds studied prospectively. Herds were voluntarily enrolled according to their IAV history, sow vaccination protocol and monitored during six months (prospective longitudinal study). On each herd, nasal swabs were collected monthly from 30 pigs at weaning and tested for IAV by RT-PCR. IAV was detected in 25% (75/305) of sampling events. Of 9,150 nasal swab pools (3 individual nasal swabs/pool), 15% (458/3050) of pools tested IAV positive. IAV infections in pigs at weaning were lower in vaccinated herds compared to non-vaccinated ones. Moreover, no significant differences were seen between prefarrow and whole herd protocols, or the use of commercial versus autogenous IAV vaccines. Prefarrow and whole herd vaccination protocols reduced the odds of groups testing IAV positive at weaning in comparison with no vaccination. Our results are relevant when considering implementation of sow vaccination to control influenza infections in pigs at weaning and, hence, minimize transmission to growing pigs and other farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian O Chamba Pardo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Marie R Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Robert B Morrison
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Peter R Davies
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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38
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Lane MC, Gordon JL, Jiang C, Leitner WW, Pickett TE, Stemmy E, Bozick BA, Deckhut-Augustine A, Embry AC, Post DJ. Workshop report: Optimization of animal models to better predict influenza vaccine efficacy. Vaccine 2020; 38:2751-2757. [PMID: 32145879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models that can recapitulate the human immune system are essential for the preclinical development of safe and efficacious vaccines. Development and optimization of representative animal models are key components of the NIAID strategic plan for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. To gain insight into the current landscape of animal model usage in influenza vaccine development, NIAID convened a workshop in Rockville, Maryland that brought together experts from academia, industry and government. Panelists discussed the benefits and limitations of the field's most widely-used animal models, identified currently available and critically needed resources and reagents, and suggested areas for improvement based on inadequacies of existing models. Although appropriately-selected animal models can be useful for evaluating safety, mechanism-of-action, and superiority over existing vaccines, workshop participants concluded that multiple animal models will likely be required to sufficiently test all aspects of a novel vaccine candidate. Refinements are necessary for all current model systems, for example, to better represent special human populations, and will be facilitated by the development and broader availability of new reagents. NIAID continues to support progress towards increasing the predictive value of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chelsea Lane
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Gordon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chao Jiang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wolfgang W Leitner
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thames E Pickett
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erik Stemmy
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brooke A Bozick
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison Deckhut-Augustine
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan C Embry
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diane J Post
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Tapia R, Torremorell M, Culhane M, Medina RA, Neira V. Antigenic characterization of novel H1 influenza A viruses in swine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4510. [PMID: 32161289 PMCID: PMC7066140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel H1N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine have been identified in Chile co-circulating with pandemic H1N1 2009-like (A(H1N1)pdm09-like) viruses. The objective of this study was to characterize antigenically the swine H1 IAVs circulating in Chile. Genetic analysis based on the HA1 domain and antigenic analysis by hemagglutination inhibition assay were carried out. Three antigenic clusters were identified, named Chilean H1 A (ChH1A), Chilean H1 B (ChH1B), and A(H1N1)pdm09-like. The antigenic sites of ChH1A and ChH1B strains were 10–60% distant from those of commercial vaccine strains at the amino acid sequence level. Antigenic variants were identified within the clusters ChH1A and A(H1N1)pdm09-like. Substitutions in the main antigenic sites (E153G in Sa, Q193H in Sb, D168N in Ca1, P137S in Ca2, and F71L in Cb) were detected in variants from the ChH1A cluster, whereas only a single substitution in antigenic site Sa (G155E) was detected in variants from A(H1N1)pdm09-like cluster, which confirms the importance to carrying out antigenic analyses in addition to genetic analyses to evaluate control measures such as vaccination. These results highlight the need to update vaccines for swine in Chile and the importance of continued surveillance to determine the onward transmission of antigenic variants in Chilean pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tapia
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, USA
| | - Marie Culhane
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, USA
| | - Rafael A Medina
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile. .,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA.
| | - Víctor Neira
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile.
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40
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Atmar RL, Keitel WA. Searching for Improved Flu Vaccines-The Time Is Now. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1-4. [PMID: 31665360 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Atmar
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wendy A Keitel
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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41
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Nimmanapalli R, Gupta V. Vaccines the tugboat for prevention-based animal production. GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN VETERINARY, POULTRY, AND FISHERIES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149732 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The world population is growing at a faster rate day-by-day and the demands for animal products are also increasing to meet the food security worldwide. For sustained production of animals products, healthy livestock and poultry farming are the major concerns as animals are susceptible to various infectious agents viz. bacteria, virus, and parasites leading to huge economical losses in the form of livestock’s morbidity and mortality. Besides, zoonotic nature of some infectious pathogens of animals is also raising concern for human safety. Vaccination of animals against various diseases present in different geographical regions is a best known strategy for prevention of different disease outbreaks both in organized and unorganized livestock and poultry sectors. Vaccines had played a major role in eradication of different dreaded diseases of livestock sectors globally. In this article we have discussed different vaccine types, various vaccine strategies used for the development of more efficacious and safe vaccines and commercially available vaccines for livestock and poultry.
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42
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Ma J, Bruce TJ, Jones EM, Cain KD. A Review of Fish Vaccine Development Strategies: Conventional Methods and Modern Biotechnological Approaches. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E569. [PMID: 31744151 PMCID: PMC6920890 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish immunization has been carried out for over 50 years and is generally accepted as an effective method for preventing a wide range of bacterial and viral diseases. Vaccination efforts contribute to environmental, social, and economic sustainability in global aquaculture. Most licensed fish vaccines have traditionally been inactivated microorganisms that were formulated with adjuvants and delivered through immersion or injection routes. Live vaccines are more efficacious, as they mimic natural pathogen infection and generate a strong antibody response, thus having a greater potential to be administered via oral or immersion routes. Modern vaccine technology has targeted specific pathogen components, and vaccines developed using such approaches may include subunit, or recombinant, DNA/RNA particle vaccines. These advanced technologies have been developed globally and appear to induce greater levels of immunity than traditional fish vaccines. Advanced technologies have shown great promise for the future of aquaculture vaccines and will provide health benefits and enhanced economic potential for producers. This review describes the use of conventional aquaculture vaccines and provides an overview of current molecular approaches and strategies that are promising for new aquaculture vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA (T.J.B.); (E.M.J.)
- Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Timothy J. Bruce
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA (T.J.B.); (E.M.J.)
- Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Evan M. Jones
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA (T.J.B.); (E.M.J.)
- Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA (T.J.B.); (E.M.J.)
- Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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43
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Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ. Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs. Vet Res 2019; 50:90. [PMID: 31694705 PMCID: PMC6833244 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections possess persistent health challenges in swine industry leading to severe economic losses worldwide. The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Pigs can also have a role in zoonotic transmission of some viral infections to humans. Inactivated and modified-live virus vaccines are available against porcine viral infections with variable efficacy under field conditions. Thus, improvements over existing vaccines are necessary to: (1) Increase the breadth of protection against evolving viral strains and subtypes; (2) Control of emerging and re-emerging viruses; (3) Eradicate viruses localized in different geographic areas; and (4) Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals to improve disease control programs. Nanoparticles (NPs) generated from virus-like particles, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers and liposomes offer many advantages as vaccine delivery platform due to their unique physicochemical properties. NPs help in efficient antigen internalization and processing by antigen presenting cells and activate them to elicit innate and adaptive immunity. Some of the NPs-based vaccines could be delivered through both parenteral and mucosal routes to trigger efficient mucosal and systemic immune responses and could be used to target specific immune cells such as mucosal microfold (M) cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In conclusion, NPs-based vaccines can serve as novel candidate vaccines against several porcine viral infections with the potential to enhance the broader protective efficacy under field conditions. This review highlights the recent developments in NPs-based vaccines against porcine viral pathogens and how the NPs-based vaccine delivery system induces innate and adaptive immune responses resulting in varied level of protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Vinson H, Singh G, Pillatzki A, Webb B, Nelson E, Ramamoorthy S. Delivery of a thermo-enzymatically treated influenza vaccine using pulmonary surfactant in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108492. [PMID: 31767065 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) infections are a major cause of economic losses for the swine industry. The vast genetic and antigenic diversity often results in mismatch between the vaccine and field strains, necessitating frequent updates of vaccines. Inactivated IAV-S vaccines are of questionable efficacy. Intra-nasally administered live vaccines are more effective but are associated with safety concerns. The objective of this study was to develop a first-generation vaccine which combines the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated vaccines respectively. The approach targeted fragmentation of viral nucleic acids while preserving structure. Hence, cultures of influenza A/CA/04/09 H1N1 were exposed to 44 °C for 10 min. to reversibly denature the capsid, followed by RNase treatment to digest the genomic RNA and then refolded at lower temperatures. As targeted, treated virions retained an intact structure and were not detected in the first passage in infected cells. To improve intra-nasal delivery of the vaccine antigen, the vaccine antigen was delivered in porcine lung surfactant. Both the treated vaccine alone or vaccine in combination with the surfactant elicited strong anti-HA and virus neutralizing antibodies, protection against viral shedding and lung lesions in 3-week-old piglets. There were no significant differences between the groups. Vaccine viral replication was not detected in the vaccinated pigs. The described approach can advance current immunization practices against swine influenza viruses due to the relative simplicity, high efficacy and safety and ease of adaptation to newly emerging field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Vinson
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
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Sun H, Sur JH, Sillman S, Steffen D, Vu HLX. Design and characterization of a consensus hemagglutinin vaccine immunogen against H3 influenza A viruses of swine. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108451. [PMID: 31767095 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The substantial genetic diversity exhibited by influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) represents the main challenge for the development of a broadly protective vaccine against this important pathogen. The consensus vaccine immunogen has proven an effective vaccinology approach to overcome the extraordinary genetic diversity of RNA viruses. In this project, we sought to determine if a consensus IAV-S hemagglutinin (HA) immunogen would elicit broadly protective immunity in pigs. To address this question, a consensus HA gene (designated H3-CON.1) was generated from a set of 1,112 H3 sequences of IAV-S recorded in GenBank from 2011 to 2015. The consensus HA gene and a HA gene of a naturally occurring H3N2 IAV-S strain (designated H3-TX98) were expressed using the baculovirus expression system and emulsified in an oil-in-water adjuvant to be used for vaccination. Pigs vaccinated with H3-CON.1 immunogen elicited broader levels of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies and interferon gamma secreting cells than those vaccinated with H3-TX98 immunogen. After challenge infection with a fully infectious H3N2 IAV-S isolate, the H3-CON.1-vaccinated pigs shed significantly lower levels of virus in their nasal secretions than the H3-TX98-vaccinated pigs. Collectively, our data provide a proof-of-evidence that the consensus immunogen approach may be effectively employed to develop a broadly protective vaccine against IAV-S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- Nebraska Center for Virology and Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jung-Hyang Sur
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Sillman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - David Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hiep L X Vu
- Nebraska Center for Virology and Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
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DNA vaccine based on conserved HA-peptides induces strong immune response and rapidly clears influenza virus infection from vaccinated pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222201. [PMID: 31553755 PMCID: PMC6760788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SIVs) infections cause a significant economic impact to the pork industry. Moreover, pigs may act as mixing vessel favoring genome reassortment of diverse influenza viruses. Such an example is the pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus that appeared in 2009, harboring a combination of gene segments from avian, pig and human lineages, which rapidly reached pandemic proportions. In order to confront and prevent these possible emergences as well as antigenic drift phenomena, vaccination remains of vital importance. The present work aimed to evaluate a new DNA influenza vaccine based on distinct conserved HA-peptides fused with flagellin and applied together with Diluvac Forte as adjuvant using a needle-free device (IntraDermal Application of Liquids, IDAL®). Two experimental pig studies were performed to test DNA-vaccine efficacy against SIVs in pigs. In the first experiment, SIV-seronegative pigs were vaccinated with VC4-flagellin DNA and intranasally challenged with a pH1N1. In the second study, VC4-flagellin DNA vaccine was employed in SIV-seropositive animals and challenged intranasally with an H3N2 SIV-isolate. Both experiments demonstrated a reduction in the viral shedding after challenge, suggesting vaccine efficacy against both the H1 and H3 influenza virus subtypes. In addition, the results proved that maternally derived antibodies (MDA) did not constitute an obstacle to the vaccine approach used. Moreover, elevated titers in antibodies both against H1 and H3 proteins in serum and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) was detected in the vaccinated animals along with a markedly increased mucosal IgA response. Additionally, vaccinated animals developed stronger neutralizing antibodies in BALFs and higher inhibiting hemagglutination titers in sera against both the pH1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses compared to unvaccinated, challenged-pigs. It is proposed that the described DNA-vaccine formulation could potentially be used as a multivalent vaccine against SIV infections.
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Walia RR, Anderson TK, Vincent AL. Regional patterns of genetic diversity in swine influenza A viruses in the United States from 2010 to 2016. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:262-273. [PMID: 29624873 PMCID: PMC6468071 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular spatial and temporal analyses of the genetic diversity and evolutionary patterns of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine inform control efforts and improve animal health. Initiated in 2009, the USDA passively surveils IAV in U.S. swine, with a focus on subtyping clinical respiratory submissions, sequencing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes at a minimum, and sharing these data publicly. OBJECTIVES In this study, our goal was to quantify and describe regional and national patterns in the genetic diversity and evolution of IAV in U.S. swine from 2010 to 2016. METHODS A comprehensive phylogenetic and epidemiological analysis of publicly available HA and NA genes generated by the USDA surveillance system collected from January 2010 to December 2016 was conducted. RESULTS The dominant subtypes and genetic clades detected during the study period were H1N1 (H1-γ/1A.3.3.3, N1-classical, 29%), H1N2 (H1-δ1/1B.2.2, N2-2002, 27%), and H3N2 (H3-IV-A, N2-2002, 15%), but many other minor clades were also maintained. Year-round circulation was observed, with a primary epidemic peak in October-November and a secondary epidemic peak in March-April. Partitioning these data into 5 spatial zones revealed that genetic diversity varied regionally and was not correlated with aggregated national patterns of HA/NA diversity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that vaccine composition and control efforts should consider IAV diversity within swine production regions in addition to aggregated national patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasna R. Walia
- Virus and Prion Research UnitNational Animal Disease CenterUSDA‐ARSAmesIAUSA
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research UnitNational Animal Disease CenterUSDA‐ARSAmesIAUSA
| | - Amy L. Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research UnitNational Animal Disease CenterUSDA‐ARSAmesIAUSA
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Nelson MI, Souza CK, Trovão NS, Diaz A, Mena I, Rovira A, Vincent AL, Torremorell M, Marthaler D, Culhane MR. Human-Origin Influenza A(H3N2) Reassortant Viruses in Swine, Southeast Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:691-700. [PMID: 30730827 PMCID: PMC6433011 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.180779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of influenza A viruses circulating in swine in Mexico complicates control efforts in animals and presents a threat to humans, as shown by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. To describe evolution of swine influenza A viruses in Mexico and evaluate strains for vaccine development, we sequenced the genomes of 59 viruses and performed antigenic cartography on strains from 5 regions. We found that genetic and antigenic diversity were particularly high in southeast Mexico because of repeated introductions of viruses from humans and swine in other regions in Mexico. We identified novel reassortant H3N2 viruses with genome segments derived from 2 different viruses that were independently introduced from humans into swine: pandemic H1N1 viruses and seasonal H3N2 viruses. The Mexico swine viruses are antigenically distinct from US swine lineages. Protection against these viruses is unlikely to be afforded by US virus vaccines and would require development of new vaccines specifically targeting these diverse strains.
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Nelson MI, Souza C, Trovão NS, Diaz A, Mena I, Rovira A, Vincent AL, Torremorell M, Marthaler D, Culhane MR. Human-Origin Influenza A(H3N2) Reassortant Viruses in Swine, Southeast Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2503.180779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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50
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Mamerow S, Scheffter R, Röhrs S, Stech O, Blohm U, Schwaiger T, Schröder C, Ulrich R, Schinköthe J, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC, Stech J. Double-attenuated influenza virus elicits broad protection against challenge viruses with different serotypes in swine. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:160-168. [PMID: 30955804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) have caused seasonal epidemics and severe pandemics in humans. Novel pandemic strains as in 2009 may emerge from pigs, serving as perpetual virus reservoir. However, reliably effective vaccination has remained a key issue for humans and swine. Here, we generated a novel double-attenuated influenza live vaccine by reverse genetics and subjected immunized mice and pigs to infection with the homologous wild-type, another homosubtypic H1N1, or a heterosubtypic H3N2 virus to address realistic challenge constellations. This attenuated mutant contains an artificial, strictly elastase-dependent hemagglutinin cleavage site and a C-terminally truncated NS1 protein from the IAV A/Bayern/74/2009 (H1N1pdm09). Prior to challenge, we immunized mice once and pigs twice intranasally. In vitro, the double-attenuated mutant replicated strictly elastase-dependently. Immunized mice and pigs developed neither clinical symptoms nor detectable virus replication after homologous challenge. In pigs, we observed considerably reduced clinical signs and no nasal virus shedding after homosubtypic and reduced viral loads in respiratory tracts after heterosubtypic infection. Protection against homosubtypic challenge suggests that an optimized backbone strain may require less frequent updates with recent HA and NA genes and still induce robust protection in relevant IAV hosts against drifted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Mamerow
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Robert Scheffter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susanne Röhrs
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Olga Stech
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Theresa Schwaiger
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
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