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Cin D, Soguksu P, Oren MM, Ozgulnar N, Agacfidan A, Mese S. The Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-Protein IgG, Which Is Detected Using the Chemiluminescence Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) in Individuals Having Either a History of COVID-19 Vaccination and/or SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Showed a High-Titer Neutralizing Effect. Viruses 2024; 16:1409. [PMID: 39339885 PMCID: PMC11437471 DOI: 10.3390/v16091409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies plays a primary role in protective immunity by preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from entering the cells. Therefore, characterization of antiviral immunity is important for protection against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, the neutralizing effect of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein IgG, which was detected using the chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott, Waukegan, IL, USA) test in SARS-CoV-2 infected and/or vaccinated individuals, was investigated with a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). In total, 120 Seropositive individuals were included in this study. They were divided into two groups: Vaccinated (n = 60) and Vaccinated + Previously Infected (n = 60). A commercial sVNT, the ACE2-RBD Neutralization Test (Dia.Pro, Milan, Italy), was used to assess the neutralizing effect. The assay is performed in two steps: screening and titration. The screening showed positive results in all seropositive samples. Low titration in 1.7%, medium titration in 5%, and high titration in 93.3% of the Vaccinated group, and medium titration in 1.7% and high titration in 98.3% of the other group, as obtained from the ACE2-RBD titration test. A strong positive and significant correlation was found between the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant test and the ACE2-RBD titration test at the 1/32 titration level for both groups (p < 0.001 for both). This study shows that the SARS-CoV-2 IgG detected using the CMIA method after SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination has a high neutralizing titration by using the sVNT. In line with these data, knowledge that seropositivity determined by CMIA also indicates a strong neutralizing effect contributes to countrywide planning for protecting the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Cin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, 34126 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Soguksu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meryem Merve Oren
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuray Ozgulnar
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Agacfidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevim Mese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Medicine Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
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Puglia I, Caporale M, Casaccia C, Valleriani F, Salini R, Berjaoui S, Marfoglia C, Ricci L, Lorusso A. Validation of a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) to rapidly titrate human SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies by using the CTL Immunospot S6 universal analyzer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34925. [PMID: 39157350 PMCID: PMC11327567 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper we describe the validation of a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) to quantitate human SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies by using the CTL Immunospot S6 Universal Analyzer. We employed a previously published protocol and compared its performances to a well-established and traditional serum-neutralization assay (SN). To assess diagnostic sensitivity, a total number of 201 human sera positive by SN for SARS-CoV-2 NAbs were processed: 196/201 tested positive by FRNT50 (97.51 %). A diagnostic specificity of 100 % was obtained by evaluating 206 negative serum samples. Repeatability of the test was evaluated by determining the intra and inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV). A standard deviation of 0.83 and a CV of 13 % were evidenced demonstrating an acceptable reproducibility of the assay. Moreover, a Cohen's Kappa of 0.975 was obtained proving an extremely high level of agreement between the FRNT protocol and the SN. Despite an acceptable correlation between methods (p < 0.05), FRNT demonstrated a statistically significant increase in NAbs titres compared to SN as well as higher data variability and asymmetry. These discrepancies could be attributed to FRNT sensitivity or most probably to the subjective interpretation of SN, although this aspect needs to be further investigated with a more representative number of samples. Basing on our results, it is reasonable to replace the SN with the FRNT assay as, with this, fast processing time (less than 2 days) and operator bias-free results registrations are guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Puglia
- PhD National Programme in One Health Approaches to Infectious Diseases and Life Science Research, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’ Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Caporale
- PhD National Programme in One Health Approaches to Infectious Diseases and Life Science Research, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’ Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Claudia Casaccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’ Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Romolo Salini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’ Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’ Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Cristina Marfoglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’ Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucilla Ricci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’ Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’ Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
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Zhang L, Dopfer-Jablonka A, Cossmann A, Stankov MV, Graichen L, Moldenhauer AS, Fichter C, Aggarwal A, Turville SG, Behrens GM, Pöhlmann S, Hoffmann M. Rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 lineage is associated with increased neutralization evasion. iScience 2024; 27:109904. [PMID: 38812550 PMCID: PMC11134884 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In July/August 2023, the highly mutated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) BA.2.86 lineage emerged and its descendant JN.1 is on track to become the dominant SARS-CoV-2 lineage globally. Compared to the spike (S) protein of the parental BA.2.86 lineage, the JN.1 S protein contains one mutation, L455S, which may affect receptor binding and antibody evasion. Here, we performed a virological assessment of the JN.1 lineage employing pseudovirus particles bearing diverse SARS-CoV-2 S proteins. Using this strategy, it was found that S protein mutation L455S confers increased neutralization resistance but reduces ACE2 binding capacity and S protein-driven cell entry efficiency. Altogether, these data suggest that the benefit of increased antibody evasion outweighs the reduced ACE2 binding capacity and further enabled the JN.1 lineage to effectively spread in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Dopfer-Jablonka
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Cossmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Metodi V. Stankov
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luise Graichen
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christina Fichter
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart G. Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georg M.N. Behrens
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Cai Z, Kalkeri R, Wang M, Haner B, Dent D, Osman B, Skonieczny P, Ross J, Feng SL, Cai R, Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Plested JS. Validation of a Pseudovirus Neutralization Assay for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A High-Throughput Method for the Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1201. [PMID: 38930583 PMCID: PMC11205394 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine immunogenicity remains essential as the severe acute respiratory syncytial virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continues to evolve and as additional variants emerge. Neutralizing antibodies are a known correlate of protection for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. A pseudovirus neutralization (PNT) assay was developed and validated at Novavax Clinical Immunology Laboratories to allow for the detection of neutralizing antibodies in vaccine clinical trial sera. The PNT assay was precise, accurate, linear, and specific in measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers in human serum for ancestral strain and the Omicron subvariants BA.5 and XBB.1.5, with an overall geometric coefficient of variation of ≤43.4%, a percent relative bias within the expected range of -60% to 150%, and a linearity value of R2 > 0.98 for all three strains. This pseudovirus assay will be useful for the analysis of vaccine clinical trial samples to assess vaccine immunogenicity. Future work will focus on modifying the assay for emerging variants, including XBB.1.16, EG.5.1, BA.2.86, and any other variants that emerge in the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingzhu Zhu
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (Z.C.); (R.K.); (M.W.); (B.H.); (D.D.); (B.O.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.-L.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.-C.)
| | | | - Joyce S. Plested
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (Z.C.); (R.K.); (M.W.); (B.H.); (D.D.); (B.O.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.-L.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.-C.)
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5
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Xue S, Han Y, Wu F, Wang Q. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain and their delicate balance between ACE2 affinity and antibody evasion. Protein Cell 2024; 15:403-418. [PMID: 38442025 PMCID: PMC11131022 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Intensive selection pressure constrains the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 genomes and results in various novel variants with distinct mutation profiles. Point mutations, particularly those within the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, lead to the functional alteration in both receptor engagement and monoclonal antibody (mAb) recognition. Here, we review the data of the RBD point mutations possessed by major SARS-CoV-2 variants and discuss their individual effects on ACE2 affinity and immune evasion. Many single amino acid substitutions within RBD epitopes crucial for the antibody evasion capacity may conversely weaken ACE2 binding affinity. However, this weakened effect could be largely compensated by specific epistatic mutations, such as N501Y, thus maintaining the overall ACE2 affinity for the spike protein of all major variants. The predominant direction of SARS-CoV-2 evolution lies neither in promoting ACE2 affinity nor evading mAb neutralization but in maintaining a delicate balance between these two dimensions. Together, this review interprets how RBD mutations efficiently resist antibody neutralization and meanwhile how the affinity between ACE2 and spike protein is maintained, emphasizing the significance of comprehensive assessment of spike mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuru Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Metz C, Haug V, Müller M, Amann R. Pharmacokinetic and Environmental Risk Assessment of Prime-2-CoV, a Non-Replicating Orf Virus-Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:492. [PMID: 38793743 PMCID: PMC11126055 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral vector vaccines represent a substantial advancement in immunization technology, offering numerous benefits over traditional vaccine modalities. The Orf virus (ORFV) strain D1701-VrV is a particularly promising candidate for vaccine development due to its distinctive attributes, such as a good safety profile, the ability to elicit both humoral and cellular immunity, and its favorable genetic and thermal stability. Despite ORFV's theoretical safety advantages, such as its narrow host range and limited systemic spread post-inoculation, a critical gap persists between these theoretical benefits and the empirical evidence regarding its in vivo safety profile. This discrepancy underscores the need for comprehensive preclinical validations to bridge this knowledge gap, especially considering ORFV's use in humans. Our research introduces Prime-2-CoV, an innovative ORFV-based vaccine candidate against COVID-19, designed to elicit a robust immune response by expressing SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Spike proteins. Currently under clinical trials, Prime-2-CoV marks the inaugural application of ORFV in human subjects. Addressing the aforementioned safety concerns, our extensive preclinical evaluation, including an environmental risk assessment (ERA) and detailed pharmacokinetic studies in rats and immunocompromised NOG mice, demonstrates Prime-2-CoV's favorable pharmacokinetic profile, negligible environmental impact, and minimal ERA risks. These findings not only affirm the vaccine's safety and efficacy but also pioneer the use of ORFV-based therapeutics, highlighting its potential for wider therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Metz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, Travel Medicine, and Human Parasitology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Verena Haug
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, Travel Medicine, and Human Parasitology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Müller
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Ralf Amann
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
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Kimpel J, Rössler A, Bante D, Borena W, von Laer D, Zehetner C, Rauchegger T, Seiwald S, Falkensammer B. Detection of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in ocular samples is linked to viral load in the nasopharynx. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1332157. [PMID: 38500504 PMCID: PMC10946250 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1332157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 is known to infect respiratory tissue cells. However, less is known about infection of ocular tissue and potential infectivity of lacrimal fluid. With this study, we want to compare viral loads in eye and nasopharyngeal swabs and analyze these for infectious virus. Methods Between May 2020 and April 2021 ocular and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 28 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients treated on the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-ward of the University Hospital of Innsbruck, Austria. Samples with PCR detectable SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed via whole genome sequencing and an attempt was made to isolate infectious virus. Results At the time point of sample collection, 22 individuals were still PCR positive in nasopharyngeal samples and in 6 of these patients one or both ocular samples were additionally positive. CT-values in eyes were generally higher compared to corresponding nasopharyngeal samples and we observed a tendency for lower CT-values, i.e. increased viral load, in nasopharyngeal swabs of individuals with at least one infected eye, compared to those where ocular samples were PCR negative. Ocular and nasopharyngeal sequences from the same patient were assigned to the same variant, either the D614G or the Alpha variant. Infectious virus was successfully isolated from 9 nasopharyngeal swabs, however only from one of the seven PCR positive ocular samples. Conclusion We could detect SARS-CoV-2 in eyes of some of the infected patients albeit at lower levels compared to nasopharyngeal swabs. However, our results also indicate that lacrimal fluid might be infectious in patients with high viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Bante
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wegene Borena
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claus Zehetner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Rauchegger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Seiwald
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Watschinger C, Stampfel G, Zollner A, Hoog AM, Rössler A, Reiter S, Dax K, Kimpel J, Tilg H, Antlanger M, Schwaiger E, Moschen AR. B and T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Kidney and Liver Transplant Recipients with and without Previous COVID-19. Viruses 2023; 16:1. [PMID: 38275936 PMCID: PMC10820906 DOI: 10.3390/v16010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Vulnerable populations including transplant recipients are jeopardised by COVID-19. Herein, we report on B and T cell responses among liver and kidney organ recipients at our centre. (2) Methods: 23 liver and 45 kidney (14 thereof combined kidney/pancreas) transplanted patients were vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 followed by a booster dose of mRNA-1273 in 28 non-responders 4 months thereafter. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Ig was measured by specific ELISA and virus neutralisation assay; T cell responses were measured by a spike protein-specific IFN-γ release assay. (3) Results: Compared to controls, B and T cell responses were weak in transplant recipients, particularly in those without prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Within this group, only 15% after the first and 58.3% after the second vaccination achieved seroconversion. A total of 14 out of 28 vaccination non-responders achieved a seroconversion after a third dose. Vaccination side effects were more frequent in healthy controls. The use of mycophenolate was associated with reduced anti-SARS-CoV-2-Ig production. (4) Conclusions: Our data confirm that vaccination responses are insufficient after standard vaccination in liver and kidney transplant recipients and are affected to a variable degree by specific immunosuppressants, particularly mycophenolate. Monitoring vaccination success and re-vaccinating those who are unresponsive seems prudent to achieve sufficient titres. Overall, prospective large-scale, multinational, multicentre studies or high-quality meta-analyses will be needed to generate personalised vaccination strategies in order to achieve protective immunity in high-risk, hard-to-immunize populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Watschinger
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheumatology), Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Gerald Stampfel
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheumatology), Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zollner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine 1 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna M. Hoog
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheumatology), Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvia Reiter
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheumatology), Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Kristina Dax
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheumatology), Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine 1 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marlies Antlanger
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheumatology), Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Schwaiger
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheumatology), Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brothers of Saint John of God Eisenstadt, 7000 Eisenstadt, Austria
| | - Alexander R. Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 (Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheumatology), Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4021 Linz, Austria
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Fischhuber K, Bánki Z, Kimpel J, Kragl N, Rössler A, Bolze A, Muellauer B, Angerer J, Nagy G, Nagy E, Szijarto V. Antiviral Potential of Azelastine against Major Respiratory Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2300. [PMID: 38140540 PMCID: PMC10747764 DOI: 10.3390/v15122300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the subsequent increase in respiratory viral infections highlight the need for broad-spectrum antivirals to enable a quick and efficient reaction to current and emerging viral outbreaks. We previously demonstrated that the antihistamine azelastine hydrochloride (azelastine-HCl) exhibited in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, in a phase 2 clinical study, a commercial azelastine-containing nasal spray significantly reduced the viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of azelastine-HCl against additional human coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant and a seasonal human coronavirus, 229E, through in vitro infection assays, with azelastine showing a comparable potency against both. Furthermore, we determined that azelastine-HCl also inhibits the replication of Respiratory syncytial virus A (RSV A) in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. In a human 3D nasal tissue model (MucilAirTM-Pool, Epithelix), azelastine-HCl protected tissue integrity and function from the effects of infection with influenza A H1N1 and resulted in a reduced viral load soon after infection. Our results suggest that azelastine-HCl has a broad antiviral effect and can be considered a safe option against the most common respiratory viruses to prevent or treat such infections locally in the form of a nasal spray that is commonly available globally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (Z.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (Z.B.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (Z.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Annika Bolze
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (Z.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Brigitte Muellauer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (Z.B.); (A.B.)
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Pastorio C, Noettger S, Nchioua R, Zech F, Sparrer KM, Kirchhoff F. Impact of mutations defining SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 on Spike function and neutralization. iScience 2023; 26:108299. [PMID: 38026181 PMCID: PMC10661123 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Additional mutations in the viral Spike protein helped the BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants to outcompete the parental BA.2 subvariant. Here, we determined the functional impact of mutations that newly emerged in the BA.2.12.1 (L452Q, S704L) and BA.4/5 (Δ69-70, L452R, F486V, R493Q) Spike proteins. Our results show that mutation of L452Q/R or F486V typically increases and R493Q or S704L impair BA.2 Spike-mediated infection. In combination, changes of Δ69-70, L452R, and F486V contribute to the higher infectiousness and fusogenicity of the BA.4/5 Spike. L452R/Q and F486V in Spike are mainly responsible for reduced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. However, the combined mutations are required for full infectivity, reduced TMPRSS2 dependency, and immune escape of BA.4/5 Spike. Thus, it is the specific combination of mutations in BA.4/5 Spike that allows increased functionality and immune evasion, which helps to explain the temporary dominance and increased pathogenicity of these Omicron subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pastorio
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabrina Noettger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Zech
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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11
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Thimmiraju SR, Adhikari R, Villar MJ, Lee J, Liu Z, Kundu R, Chen YL, Sharma S, Ghei K, Keegan B, Versteeg L, Gillespie PM, Ciciriello A, Islam NY, Poveda C, Uzcategui N, Chen WH, Kimata JT, Zhan B, Strych U, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Pollet J. A Recombinant Protein XBB.1.5 RBD/Alum/CpG Vaccine Elicits High Neutralizing Antibody Titers against Omicron Subvariants of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1557. [PMID: 37896960 PMCID: PMC10610638 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We previously reported the development of a recombinant protein SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, consisting of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (alum) and CpG oligonucleotides. In mice and non-human primates, our wild-type (WT) RBD vaccine induced high neutralizing antibody titers against the WT isolate of the virus, and, with partners in India and Indonesia, it was later developed into two closely resembling human vaccines, Corbevax and Indovac. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a next-generation vaccine adapted to the recently emerging XBB variants of SARS-CoV-2. (2) Methods: We conducted preclinical studies in mice using a novel yeast-produced SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 RBD subunit vaccine candidate formulated with alum and CpG. We examined the neutralization profile of sera obtained from mice vaccinated twice intramuscularly at a 21-day interval with the XBB.1.5-based RBD vaccine, against WT, Beta, Delta, BA.4, BQ.1.1, BA.2.75.2, XBB.1.16, XBB.1.5, and EG.5.1 SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. (3) Results: The XBB.1.5 RBD/CpG/alum vaccine elicited a robust antibody response in mice. Furthermore, the serum from vaccinated mice demonstrated potent neutralization against the XBB.1.5 pseudovirus as well as several other Omicron pseudoviruses. However, regardless of the high antibody cross-reactivity with ELISA, the anti-XBB.1.5 RBD antigen serum showed low neutralizing titers against the WT and Delta virus variants. (4) Conclusions: Whereas we observed modest cross-neutralization against Omicron subvariants with the sera from mice vaccinated with the WT RBD/CpG/Alum vaccine or with the BA.4/5-based vaccine, the sera raised against the XBB.1.5 RBD showed robust cross-neutralization. These findings underscore the imminent opportunity for an updated vaccine formulation utilizing the XBB.1.5 RBD antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamala Rani Thimmiraju
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rakesh Adhikari
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Jose Villar
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jungsoon Lee
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhuyun Liu
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rakhi Kundu
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Suman Sharma
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Karm Ghei
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Brian Keegan
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leroy Versteeg
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Portia M. Gillespie
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Allan Ciciriello
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nelufa Y. Islam
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristina Poveda
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nestor Uzcategui
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Hsiang Chen
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason T. Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Bin Zhan
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
- James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
- James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX 77030, USA (M.J.V.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (R.K.); (Y.-L.C.); (A.C.); (C.P.); (N.U.); (W.-H.C.); (B.Z.); (M.E.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Mühlemann B, Wilks SH, Baracco L, Bekliz M, Carreño JM, Corman VM, Davis-Gardner ME, Dejnirattisai W, Diamond MS, Douek DC, Drosten C, Eckerle I, Edara VV, Ellis M, Fouchier RAM, Frieman M, Godbole S, Haagmans B, Halfmann PJ, Henry AR, Jones TC, Katzelnick LC, Kawaoka Y, Kimpel J, Krammer F, Lai L, Liu C, Lusvarghi S, Meyer B, Mongkolsapaya J, Montefiori DC, Mykytyn A, Netzl A, Pollett S, Rössler A, Screaton GR, Shen X, Sigal A, Simon V, Subramanian R, Supasa P, Suthar M, Türeli S, Wang W, Weiss CD, Smith DJ. Comparative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Antigenicity across Assays and in Human and Animal Model Sera. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559689. [PMID: 37808679 PMCID: PMC10557678 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 requires ongoing monitoring to judge the immune escape of newly arising variants. A surveillance system necessitates an understanding of differences in neutralization titers measured in different assays and using human and animal sera. We compared 18 datasets generated using human, hamster, and mouse sera, and six different neutralization assays. Titer magnitude was lowest in human, intermediate in hamster, and highest in mouse sera. Fold change, immunodominance patterns and antigenic maps were similar among sera. Most assays yielded similar results, except for differences in fold change in cytopathic effect assays. Not enough data was available for conclusively judging mouse sera, but hamster sera were a consistent surrogate for human first-infection sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mühlemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Meriem Bekliz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meredith E Davis-Gardner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Venkata-Viswanadh Edara
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Madison Ellis
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sucheta Godbole
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bart Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy R Henry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terry C Jones
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Leah C Katzelnick
- Viral Epidemiology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Centre of Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Mykytyn
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Simon Pollett
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rahul Subramanian
- Office of Data Science and Emerging Technologies, Office of Science Management and Operations, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mehul Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sina Türeli
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
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13
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Rouvinski A, Friedman A, Kirillov S, Attal JH, Kumari S, Fahoum J, Wiener R, Magen S, Plotkin Y, Chemtob D, Bercovier H. Antibody response in elderly vaccinated four times with an mRNA anti-COVID-19 vaccine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14165. [PMID: 37644113 PMCID: PMC10465611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The humoral response after the fourth dose of a mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 has not been adequately described in elderly recipients, particularly those not exposed previously to SARS-CoV-2. Serum anti-RBD IgG levels (Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay) and neutralizing capacities (spike SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus Wuhan and Omicron BA.1 variant) were measured after the third and fourth doses of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine among 46 elderly residents (median age 85 years [IQR 81; 89]) of an assisted living facility. Among participants never infected by SARS-CoV-2, the mean serum IgG levels against RBD (2025 BAU/ml), 99 days after the fourth vaccine, was as high as 76 days after the third vaccine (1987 BAU/ml), and significantly higher (p = 0.030) when the latter were corrected for elapsed time. Neutralizing antibody levels against the historical Wuhan strain were significantly higher (Mean 1046 vs 1573; p = 0.002) and broader (against Omicron) (Mean 170 vs 375; p = 0.018), following the fourth vaccine. The six individuals with an Omicron breakthrough infection mounted strong immune responses for anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant indicating that the fourth vaccine dose did not prevent a specific adaptation of the immune response. These findings point out the value of continued vaccine boosting in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rouvinski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ahuva Friedman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saveliy Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Jordan Hannink Attal
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sujata Kumari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jamal Fahoum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reuven Wiener
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sophie Magen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yevgeni Plotkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Chemtob
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Herve Bercovier
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Rössler A, Netzl A, Knabl L, Bante D, Wilks SH, Borena W, von Laer D, Smith DJ, Kimpel J. Characterizing SARS-CoV-2 neutralization profiles after bivalent boosting using antigenic cartography. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5224. [PMID: 37633965 PMCID: PMC10460376 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since emergence of the initial SARS-CoV-2 BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 variants, Omicron has diversified substantially. Antigenic characterization of these new variants is important to analyze their potential immune escape from population immunity and implications for future vaccine composition. Here, we describe an antigenic map based on human single-exposure sera and live-virus isolates that includes a broad selection of recently emerged Omicron variants such as BA.2.75, BF.7, BQ, XBB and XBF variants. Recent Omicron variants clustered around BA.1 and BA.5 with some variants further extending the antigenic space. Based on this antigenic map we constructed antibody landscapes to describe neutralization profiles after booster immunization with bivalent mRNA vaccines based on ancestral virus and either BA.1 or BA.4/5. Immune escape of BA.2.75, BQ, XBB and XBF variants was also evident in bivalently boosted individuals, however, cross-neutralization was improved for those with hybrid immunity. Our results indicate that future vaccine updates are needed to induce cross-neutralizing antibodies against currently circulating variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonia Netzl
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludwig Knabl
- Tyrolpath Obrist Brunhuber GmbH, Hauptplatz 4, 6511, Zams, Austria
| | - David Bante
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Samuel H Wilks
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wegene Borena
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Derek J Smith
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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15
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Hickerson BT, Khalenkov AM, Xie T, Frucht DM, Scott DE, Ilyushina NA. Interchangeability of the Assays Used to Assess the Activity of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:1698. [PMID: 37632039 PMCID: PMC10459467 DOI: 10.3390/v15081698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent global COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 lasted for over three years. A key measure in combatting this pandemic involved the measurement of the monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated inhibition of binding between the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) and hACE2 receptor. Potency assessments of therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs typically include binding or cell-based neutralization assays. We assessed the inhibitory activity of five anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs using ELISA, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and four cell-based neutralization assays using different pseudovirus particles and 293T or A549 cells expressing hACE2 with or without TMPRSS2. We assessed the interchangeability between cell-based and binding assays by applying the Bland-Altman method under certain assumptions. Our data demonstrated that the IC50 [nM] values determined by eight neutralization assays are independent of the cell line, presence of TMPRSS2 enzyme on the cell surface, and pseudovirus backbone used. Moreover, the Bland-Altman analysis showed that the IC50 [nM] and KD [nM] values determined by neutralization/ELISA or by SPR are equivalent and that the anti-spike mAb activity can be attributed to one variable directly related to its tertiary conformational structure conformation, rate dissociation constant Koff. This parameter is independent from the concentrations of the components of the mAb:RBD:hACE2 complexes and can be used for a comparison between the activities of the different mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady T. Hickerson
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (B.T.H.); (T.X.); (D.M.F.)
| | - Alexey M. Khalenkov
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (A.M.K.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Tao Xie
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (B.T.H.); (T.X.); (D.M.F.)
| | - David M. Frucht
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (B.T.H.); (T.X.); (D.M.F.)
| | - Dorothy E. Scott
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (A.M.K.); (D.E.S.)
| | - Natalia A. Ilyushina
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (B.T.H.); (T.X.); (D.M.F.)
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16
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Izac JR, Kwee EJ, Tian L, Elsheikh E, Gaigalas AK, Elliott JT, Wang L. Development of a Cell-Based SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Neutralization Assay Using Imaging and Flow Cytometry Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12332. [PMID: 37569707 PMCID: PMC10418775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an ongoing, global pandemic caused by the novel, highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus. Efforts to mitigate the effects of SARS-CoV-2, such as mass vaccination and development of monoclonal therapeutics, require precise measurements of correlative, functional neutralizing antibodies that block virus infection. The development of rapid, safe, and easy-to-use neutralization assays is essential for faster diagnosis and treatment. Here, we developed a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based neutralization assay with two readout methods, imaging and flow cytometry, that were capable of quantifying varying degrees of neutralization in patient serum samples. We tested two different spike-pseudoviruses and conducted a time-course assay at multiple multiplicities of infection (MOIs) to optimize the assay workflow. The results of this assay correlate with the results of previously developed serology and surrogate neutralization assays. The two pseudovirus readout methods produced similar values of 50% neutralization titer values. Harvest-free in situ readouts for live-cell imaging and high-throughput analysis results for flow cytometry can provide unique capabilities for fast evaluation of neutralization, which is critical for the mitigation of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerilyn R. Izac
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (L.T.); (E.E.); (A.K.G.); (J.T.E.); (L.W.)
| | - Edward J. Kwee
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (L.T.); (E.E.); (A.K.G.); (J.T.E.); (L.W.)
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17
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Harthaller T, Falkensammer B, Bante D, Huber M, Schmitt M, Benainouna H, Rössler A, Fleischer V, von Laer D, Kimpel J, Würzner R, Borena W. Retained avidity despite reduced cross-binding and cross-neutralizing antibody levels to Omicron after SARS-COV-2 wild-type infection or mRNA double vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196988. [PMID: 37545492 PMCID: PMC10401431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has posed a challenge to long-lasting immunity against the novel virus. Apart from neutralizing function, binding antibodies induced by vaccination or infection play an important role in containing the infection. Methods To determine the proportion of wild-type (WT)-generated antibodies recognizant of more recent variants, plasma samples from either SARS-CoV-2 WT-infected (n = 336) or double-mRNA (Comirnaty)-vaccinated individuals (n = 354, age and sex matched to the convalescent group) were analyzed for binding antibody capacity against the S1 protein of the BA.1 omicron variant. Results Overall, 38.59% (95% CI, 37.01- 40.20) of WT-generated antibodies recognized Omicron BA.1 S1 protein [28.83% (95% CI, 26.73-30.91) after infection and 43.46% (95% CI, 41.61-45.31) after vaccination; p < 0.001]. Although the proportion of WT-generated binding and neutralizing antibodies also binding to BA.1 is substantially reduced, the avidity of the remaining antibodies against the Omicron variant was non-inferior to that of the ancestral virus: Omicron: 39.7% (95% CI: 38.1-41.3) as compared to the avidity to WT: 27.0% (95% CI, 25.5-28.4), respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, we noticed a modestly yet statistically significant higher avidity toward the Omicron epitopes among the vaccinated group (42.2%; 95% CI, 40.51-43.94) as compared to the convalescent counterparts (36.4%; 95% CI, 33.42-38.76) (p = 0.003), even after adjusting for antibody concentration. Discussion Our results suggest that an aspect of functional immunity against the novel strain was considerably retained after WT contact, speculatively counteracting the impact of immune evasion toward neutralization of the strain. Higher antibody levels and cross-binding capacity among vaccinated individuals suggest an advantage of repeated exposure in generating robust immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Harthaller
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Falkensammer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Bante
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Huber
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Melanie Schmitt
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Habib Benainouna
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Fleischer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wegene Borena
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Duijvestijn MBHM, Schuurman NNMP, Vernooij JCM, van Leeuwen MAJM, Bosch BJ, van den Brand JMA, Wagenaar JA, van Kuppeveld FJM, Egberink HF, Verhagen JH. Serological Survey of Retrovirus and Coronavirus Infections, including SARS-CoV-2, in Rural Stray Cats in The Netherlands, 2020-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:1531. [PMID: 37515217 PMCID: PMC10385588 DOI: 10.3390/v15071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stray cats can host (zoonotic) viral pathogens and act as a source of infection for domestic cats or humans. In this cross-sectional (sero)prevalence study, sera from 580 stray cats living in 56 different cat groups in rural areas in The Netherlands were collected from October 2020 to July 2022. These were used to investigate the prevalence of the cat-specific feline leukemia virus (FeLV, n = 580), the seroprevalence of the cat-specific feline viruses feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV, n = 580) and feline coronavirus (FCoV, n = 407), and the zoonotic virus severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2, n = 407) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ELISA-positive results were confirmed using Western blot (FIV) or pseudovirus neutralization test (SARS-CoV-2). The FIV seroprevalence was 5.0% (95% CI (Confidence Interval) 3.4-7.1) and ranged from 0-19.0% among groups. FIV-specific antibodies were more often detected in male cats, cats ≥ 3 years and cats with reported health problems. No FeLV-positive cats were found (95% CI 0.0-0.6). The FCoV seroprevalence was 33.7% (95% CI 29.1-38.5) and ranged from 4.7-85.7% among groups. FCoV-specific antibodies were more often detected in cats ≥ 3 years, cats with reported health problems and cats living in industrial areas or countryside residences compared to cats living at holiday parks or campsites. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against the subunit 1 (S1) and receptor binding domain (RBD) protein were detected in 2.7% (95% CI 1.4-4.8) of stray cats, but sera were negative in the pseudovirus neutralization test and therefore were considered SARS-CoV-2 suspected. Our findings suggest that rural stray cats in The Netherlands can be a source of FIV and FCoV, indicating a potential risk for transmission to other cats, while the risk for FeLV is low. However, suspected SARS-CoV-2 infections in these cats were uncommon. We found no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 cat-to-cat spread in the studied stray cat groups and consider the likelihood of spillover to humans as low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam B H M Duijvestijn
- Clinical Infectiology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy N M P Schuurman
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C M Vernooij
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M A van den Brand
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Clinical Infectiology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Herman F Egberink
- Clinical Infectiology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josanne H Verhagen
- Clinical Infectiology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Huang A, Riepler L, Rieder D, Kimpel J, Lusser A. No evidence for epitranscriptomic m 5C modification of SARS-CoV-2, HIV and MLV viral RNA. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:756-763. [PMID: 36889928 PMCID: PMC10187675 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079549.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The addition of chemical groups to cellular RNA to modulate RNA fate and/or function is summarized under the term epitranscriptomic modification. More than 170 different modifications have been identified on cellular RNA, such as tRNA, rRNA and, to a lesser extent, on other RNA types. Recently, epitranscriptomic modification of viral RNA has received considerable attention as a possible additional mechanism regulating virus infection and replication. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and C5-methylcytosine (m5C) have been most broadly studied in different RNA viruses. Various studies, however, reported varying results with regard to number and extent of the modification. Here we investigated the m5C methylome of SARS-CoV-2, and we reexamined reported m5C sites in HIV and MLV. Using a rigorous bisulfite-sequencing protocol and stringent data analysis, we found no evidence for the presence of m5C in these viruses. The data emphasize the necessity for optimizing experimental conditions and bioinformatic data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anming Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Lydia Riepler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Dietmar Rieder
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Alexandra Lusser
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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20
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Struble EB, Rawson JMO, Stantchev T, Scott D, Shapiro MA. Uses and Challenges of Antiviral Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051538. [PMID: 37242780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases represent a major public health concerns and ever-present risks for developing into future pandemics. Antiviral antibody therapeutics, either alone or in combination with other therapies, emerged as valuable preventative and treatment options, including during global emergencies. Here we will discuss polyclonal and monoclonal antiviral antibody therapies, focusing on the unique biochemical and physiological properties that make them well-suited as therapeutic agents. We will describe the methods of antibody characterization and potency assessment throughout development, highlighting similarities and differences between polyclonal and monoclonal products as appropriate. In addition, we will consider the benefits and challenges of antiviral antibodies when used in combination with other antibodies or other types of antiviral therapeutics. Lastly, we will discuss novel approaches to the characterization and development of antiviral antibodies and identify areas that would benefit from additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi B Struble
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jonathan M O Rawson
- Division of Antivirals, Office of Infectious Diseases, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tzanko Stantchev
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Dorothy Scott
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Marjorie A Shapiro
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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21
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Seidel A, Hoffmann S, Jahrsdörfer B, Körper S, Ludwig C, Vieweg C, Albers D, von Maltitz P, Müller R, Lotfi R, Wuchter P, Klüter H, Kirchhoff F, Schmidt M, Münch J, Schrezenmeier H. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of convalescents boosts neutralization capacity against Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 and can be predicted by anti-S antibody concentrations in serological assays. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170759. [PMID: 37180152 PMCID: PMC10166809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent data on immune evasion of new SARS-CoV-2 variants raise concerns about the efficacy of antibody-based COVID-19 therapies. Therefore, in this study the in-vitro neutralization capacity against SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1 and the Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 of sera from convalescent individuals with and without boost by vaccination was assessed. Methods and findings The study included 313 serum samples from 155 individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, divided into subgroups without (n=25) and with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (n=130). We measured anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations by serological assays (anti-SARS-CoV-2-QuantiVac-ELISA (IgG) and Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S) and neutralizing titers against B.1, BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 in a pseudovirus neutralization assay. Sera of the majority of unvaccinated convalescents did not effectively neutralize Omicron sublineages BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 (51.7%, 24.1% and 51.7%, resp.). In contrast, 99.3% of the sera of superimmunized individuals (vaccinated convalescents) neutralized the Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.5 and 99.6% neutralized BA.2. Neutralizing titers against B.1, BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 were significantly higher in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated convalescents (p<0.0001) with 52.7-, 210.7-, 141.3- and 105.4-fold higher geometric mean of 50% neutralizing titers (NT50) in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated convalescents. 91.4% of the superimmunized individuals showed neutralization of BA.1, 97.2% of BA.2 and 91.5% of BA.5 with a titer ≥ 640. The increase in neutralizing titers was already achieved by one vaccination dose. Neutralizing titers were highest in the first 3 months after the last immunization event. Concentrations of anti-S antibodies in the anti-SARS-CoV-2-QuantiVac-ELISA (IgG) and Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assays predicted neutralization capacity against B.1 and Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. Conclusions These findings confirm substantial immune evasion of the Omicron sublineages, which can be overcome by vaccination of convalescents. This informs strategies for choosing of plasma donors in COVID-19 convalescent plasma programs that shall select specifically vaccinated convalescents with very high titers of anti-S antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Seidel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Hoffmann
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden- Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden- Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sixten Körper
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden- Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carolin Ludwig
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden- Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christiane Vieweg
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden- Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dan Albers
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pascal von Maltitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Müller
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg– Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ramin Lotfi
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden- Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg– Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harald Klüter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg– Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden- Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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22
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Streif S, Neckermann P, Spitzenberg C, Weiss K, Hoecherl K, Kulikowski K, Hahner S, Noelting C, Einhauser S, Peterhoff D, Asam C, Wagner R, Baeumner AJ. Liposome-based high-throughput and point-of-care assays toward the quick, simple, and sensitive detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in patient sera. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1421-1435. [PMID: 36754874 PMCID: PMC9909147 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 caused an increased interest in neutralizing antibody tests to determine the immune status of the population. Standard live-virus-based neutralization assays such as plaque-reduction assays or pseudovirus neutralization tests cannot be adapted to the point-of-care (POC). Accordingly, tests quantifying competitive binding inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 by neutralizing antibodies have been developed. Here, we present a new platform using sulforhodamine B encapsulating liposomes decorated with RBD as foundation for the development of both a fluorescent, highly feasible high-throughput (HTS) and a POC-ready neutralizing antibody assay. RBD-conjugated liposomes are incubated with serum and subsequently immobilized in an ACE2-coated plate or mixed with biotinylated ACE2 and used in test strip with streptavidin test line, respectively. Polyclonal neutralizing human antibodies were shown to cause complete binding inhibition, while S309 and CR3022 human monoclonal antibodies only caused partial inhibition, proving the functionality of the assay. Both formats, the HTS and POC assay, were then tested using 20 sera containing varying titers of neutralizing antibodies, and a control panel of sera including prepandemic sera and reconvalescent sera from respiratory infections other than SARS-CoV-2. Both assays correlated well with a standard pseudovirus neutralization test (r = 0.847 for HTS and r = 0.614 for POC format). Furthermore, excellent correlation (r = 0.868) between HTS and POC formats was observed. The flexibility afforded by liposomes as signaling agents using different dyes and sizes can hence be utilized in the future for a broad range of multianalyte neutralizing antibody diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Streif
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Neckermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Spitzenberg
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Weiss
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kilian Hoecherl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kacper Kulikowski
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Hahner
- Mikrogen GmbH, Floriansbogen 2-4, 82061, Neuried, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Asam
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Guan L, Mao Q, Tan D, Liu J, Zhang X, Li L, Liu M, Wang Z, Cheng F, Cui B, He Q, Wang Q, Gao F, Wang Y, Bian L, Wu X, Hou J, Liang Z, Xu M. Establishment of national standard for anti-SARS-Cov-2 neutralizing antibody in China: The first National Standard calibration traceability to the WHO International Standard. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107639. [PMID: 36865542 PMCID: PMC9971588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody (NtAb) levels are key indicators in the development and evaluation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines. Establishing a unified and reliable WHO International Standard (IS) for NtAb is crucial for the calibration and harmonization of NtAb detection assays. National and other WHO secondary standards are key links in the transfer of IS to working standards but are often overlooked. The Chinese National Standard (NS) and WHO IS were developed by China and WHO in September and December 2020, respectively, the application of which prompted and coordinated sero-detection of vaccine and therapy globally. Currently, a second-generation Chinese NS is urgently required owing to the depletion of stocks and need for calibration to the WHO IS. The Chinese National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) developed two candidate NSs (samples 33 and 66-99) traced to the IS according to the WHO manual for the establishment of national secondary standards through a collaborative study of nine experienced labs. Either NS candidate can reduce the systematic error among different laboratories and the difference between the live virus neutralization (Neut) and pseudovirus neutralization (PsN) methods, ensuring the accuracy and comparability of NtAb test results among multiple labs and methods, especially for samples 66-99. At present, samples 66-99 have been approved as the second-generation NS, which is the first NS calibrated tracing to the IS with 580 (460-740) International Units (IU)/mL and 580 (520-640) IU/mL by Neut and PsN, respectively. The use of standards improves the reliability and comparability of NtAb detection, ensuring the continuity of the use of the IS unitage, which effectively promotes the development and application of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Guan
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Dejiang Tan
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhang
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchen Liu
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | | | - Feiran Cheng
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Bopei Cui
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qian He
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qingzhou Wang
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Hou
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jifeng Hou, ; Zhenglun Liang, ; Miao Xu,
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jifeng Hou, ; Zhenglun Liang, ; Miao Xu,
| | - Miao Xu
- Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jifeng Hou, ; Zhenglun Liang, ; Miao Xu,
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24
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) serology in the vaccination era and post booster vaccination. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2023; 3:100130. [PMID: 36568023 PMCID: PMC9759815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused over 6 million deaths world-wide. In the pre-vaccination era, we noted a 5·3% SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positivity rate in 81,624 subjects. Methods Utilizing assays for serum SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein antibody (Roche) and neutralizing antibody (Diazyme), both >90% IgG, we measured antibodies in 13,189 subjects in the post-vaccination era, and in 69 subjects before and 60 days after booster vaccination. Results In 2021, in 10,267 subjects, 25·0% had negative S protein levels (<0.80 U/L), 24·4% had low positive levels (0.80-250 U/L), and 50·7% had high positive levels (>250 U/L). Median neutralizing antibody levels were 1·16 and 2·06 AU/mL in the low and high positive groups, respectively. In 2022, we evaluated 2,016 subjects where samples were diluted 1:100 if S protein antibody levels were >250 U/L. Median S protein and neutralizing antibody levels were 2,065 U/L (86.3% positivity) and 2·68 AU/mL (68.0% positivity), respectively. Antibody levels were also measured in 69 subjects before and 60 days after receiving SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccinations. Treatment resulted in a 15-fold increase in S protein antibody levels from 1,010 to 17,236 U/L, and a 6-fold increase in neutralizing antibody from 1·51 to 12·51 AU/mL in neutralizing antibody levels, respectively (both P<0.00001), with a wide variability in response. Conclusions Our data indicate that by early 2022 86% of subjects had positive SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibody levels, and that these levels and neutralizing antibody levels were increased 15-fold and 6-fold, respectively, 60 days after SARS-Cov-2 booster vaccination.
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25
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Cox M, Peacock TP, Harvey WT, Hughes J, Wright DW, Willett BJ, Thomson E, Gupta RK, Peacock SJ, Robertson DL, Carabelli AM. SARS-CoV-2 variant evasion of monoclonal antibodies based on in vitro studies. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:112-124. [PMID: 36307535 PMCID: PMC9616429 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) offer a treatment option for individuals with severe COVID-19 and are especially important in high-risk individuals where vaccination is not an option. Given the importance of understanding the evolution of resistance to mAbs by SARS-CoV-2, we reviewed the available in vitro neutralization data for mAbs against live variants and viral constructs containing spike mutations of interest. Unfortunately, evasion of mAb-induced protection is being reported with new SARS-CoV-2 variants. The magnitude of neutralization reduction varied greatly among mAb-variant pairs. For example, sotrovimab retained its neutralization capacity against Omicron BA.1 but showed reduced efficacy against BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5, and BA.2.12.1. At present, only bebtelovimab has been reported to retain its efficacy against all SARS-CoV-2 variants considered here. Resistance to mAb neutralization was dominated by the action of epitope single amino acid substitutions in the spike protein. Although not all observed epitope mutations result in increased mAb evasion, amino acid substitutions at non-epitope positions and combinations of mutations also contribute to evasion of neutralization. This Review highlights the implications for the rational design of viral genomic surveillance and factors to consider for the development of novel mAb therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacGregor Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Medical School, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William T Harvey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Derek W Wright
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - David L Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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26
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De La Torre-Tarazona E, González-Robles A, Cascajero A, Jiménez P, Miró JM, Sánchez-Palomino S, Alcamí J, Buzón MJ, García-Pérez J. Treatment with integrase inhibitors alters SARS-CoV-2 neutralization levels measured with HIV-based pseudotypes in people living with HIV. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28543. [PMID: 36727646 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is a major correlate of protection for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Thus, different in vitro pseudoviruses-based assays have been described to detect NAbs against SARS-CoV-2. However, the determination of NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV (PLWH) through HIV-based pseudoparticles could be influenced by cross-neutralization activity or treatment, impeding accurate titration of NAbs. Two assays were compared using replication-defective HIV or VSV-based particles pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 spike to measure NAbs in COVID-19-recovered and COVID-19-naïve PLWH. The assay based on HIV-pseudoparticles displayed neutralization activity in all COVID-19-recovered PLWH with a median neutralizing titer 50 (NT50) of 1417.0 (interquartile range [IQR]: 450.3-3284.0), but also in 67% of COVID-19-naïve PLWH (NT50: 631.5, IQR: 16.0-1535.0). Regarding VSV-pseudoparticles system, no neutralization was observed in COVID-19-naïve PLWH as expected, whereas in comparison with HIV-pseudoparticles assay lower neutralization titers were measured in 75% COVID-19-recovered PLWH (NT50: 100.5; IQR: 20.5-1353.0). Treatment with integrase inhibitors was associated with inaccurate increase in neutralization titers when HIV-based pseudoparticles were used. IgG purification and consequent elimination of drugs from samples avoided the interference with retroviral cycle and corrected the lack of specificity observed in HIV-pseudotyped assay. This study shows methodological alternatives based on pseudoviruses systems to determine specific SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick De La Torre-Tarazona
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Alba González-Robles
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Almudena Cascajero
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Paloma Jiménez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - José María Miró
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Majadahonda, Spain
- HIV Unit, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Sánchez-Palomino
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Majadahonda, Spain
- HIV Unit, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Majadahonda, Spain
- HIV Unit, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Majadahonda, Spain
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27
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Lokida D, Karyana M, Kosasih H, Mardian Y, Sugiyono RI, Arlinda D, Lukman N, Salim G, Butar butar DP, Naysilla AM, Irmansyah. Performance and correlation of ten commercial immunoassays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12614. [PMID: 36575657 PMCID: PMC9783098 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate immunoassays with a good correlation to neutralizing antibodies are required to support SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, management, vaccine deployment, and epidemiological investigation. We conducted a study to evaluate the performance and correlation of the surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and other commercial immunoassays. We tested 107 sera of COVID-19 confirmed cases from three different time points, 58 confirmed non-COVID-19 sera, and 52 sera collected before the pandemic with two sVNTs, seven chemiluminescent assays, and one fluorescein assay. All assays achieved excellent sensitivity (95%-100%, ≥15 days after onset of illness), specificity (95.5%-100%), and showed moderate to high correlation with GenScript sVNT (r = 0.58 to r = 0.98), except Roche total antibodies (r = 0.48). Vazyme sVNT and Siemens total antibodies showed the highest correlation with GenScript sVNT (r = 0.98 and 0.88, respectively). Median indexes that may be used to estimate sera with the highest ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and ACE-2 receptor attachment (GenScript sVNT inhibition 90%-100%) were 6.9 S/C (Abbott IgG), 161.9 COI (FREND™ IgG), 16.8 AU/ml (Snibe IgG), 40.1 S/CO (Beckman IgG), 281.9 U/ml (Mindray IgG), 712.2 U/ml (Mindray total antibodies), >10 index (Siemens total antibodies), and 95.3% inhibition (Vazyme sVNT). All ten commercial COVID-19 serology assays, with different targeting antigens, demonstrated a reliable performance, supporting the utility of those assays in clinical and research settings. However, further studies using more samples are needed to refine the results of evaluating the performances of these marketed serological assays. Reliable serological assays would be useful for clinicians, researchers and epidemiologists in confirming SARS-CoV-2 infections, observing SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and immune response post infection and vaccination, leading to better management and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Lokida
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Tangerang District Hospital, Jl. Jend. Ahmad Yani No.9, Sukaasih, Banten 15111, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Karyana
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jalan Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Herman Kosasih
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Building 6, Center 3, 3rd Floor, Jalan Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia,Corresponding author.
| | - Yan Mardian
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Building 6, Center 3, 3rd Floor, Jalan Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Retna Indah Sugiyono
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jalan Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Dona Arlinda
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jalan Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Nurhayati Lukman
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Building 6, Center 3, 3rd Floor, Jalan Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Gustiani Salim
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Building 6, Center 3, 3rd Floor, Jalan Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Deni Pepy Butar butar
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Building 6, Center 3, 3rd Floor, Jalan Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Adhella Menur Naysilla
- Indonesia Research Partnership on Infectious Disease (INA-RESPOND), Building 6, Center 3, 3rd Floor, Jalan Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Irmansyah
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jalan Percetakan Negara No. 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
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Williams CA, Wong TAS, Ball AH, Lieberman MM, Lehrer AT. Maternal Immunization Using a Protein Subunit Vaccine Mediates Passive Immunity against Zaire ebolavirus in a Murine Model. Viruses 2022; 14:2784. [PMID: 36560788 PMCID: PMC9785068 DOI: 10.3390/v14122784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus has caused outbreaks in Central and West Africa, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Clinical trials of recombinant virally vectored vaccines did not explicitly include pregnant or nursing women, resulting in a gap in knowledge of vaccine-elicited maternal antibody and its potential transfer. The role of maternal antibody in Ebola virus disease and vaccination remains understudied. Here, we demonstrate that a protein subunit vaccine can elicit robust humoral responses in pregnant mice, which are transferred to pups in breastmilk. These findings indicate that an intramuscular protein subunit vaccine may elicit Ebola-specific IgG capable of being transferred across the placenta as well as into the breastmilk. We have previously shown protective efficacy with these vaccines in non-human primates, offering a potential safe and practical alternative to recombinant virally vectored vaccines for pregnant and nursing women in Ebola endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Axel T. Lehrer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Rössler A, Netzl A, Knabl L, Schäfer H, Wilks SH, Bante D, Falkensammer B, Borena W, von Laer D, Smith DJ, Kimpel J. BA.2 and BA.5 omicron differ immunologically from both BA.1 omicron and pre-omicron variants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7701. [PMID: 36513653 PMCID: PMC9745279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 omicron is an immune escape variant. Meanwhile, however, omicron BA.2 and BA.5 became dominant in many countries and replaced BA.1. As both have several mutations compared to BA.1, we analyzed whether BA.2 and BA.5 show further immune escape relative to BA.1. Here, we characterized neutralization profiles against the BA.2 and BA.5 omicron sub-variants in plasma samples from individuals with different history of exposures to infection/vaccination and found that unvaccinated individuals after a single exposure to BA.2 had limited cross-neutralizing antibodies to pre-omicron variants and to BA.1. Consequently, our antigenic map including all Variants of Concern and BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 omicron sub-variants, showed that all omicron sub-variants are distinct to pre-omicron variants, but that the three omicron variants are also antigenically distinct from each other. The antibody landscapes illustrate that cross-neutralizing antibodies against the current antigenic space, as described in our maps, are generated only after three or more exposures to antigenically close variants but also after two exposures to antigenically distant variants. Here, we describe the antigenic space inhabited by the relevant SARS-CoV-2 variants, the understanding of which will have important implications for further vaccine strain adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonia Netzl
- University of Cambridge, Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludwig Knabl
- Tyrolpath Obrist Brunhuber GmbH, Hauptplatz 4, 6511, Zams, Austria
| | - Helena Schäfer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Samuel H Wilks
- University of Cambridge, Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Bante
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Falkensammer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wegene Borena
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Derek J Smith
- University of Cambridge, Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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30
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Zhu Y, Yang X, Xun J, Liu J, Wen Q, Lin Y, Shen X, Chen J, Yuan S, Zhao X, Wang J, Pan H, Yang J, Liang Z, Liang Y, Lin Q, Liang H, Li M, Liu J, Shen Y, Zhang X, Wang P, Lu D, Yin C, Xu J, Jiang S, Lu H, Zhu H. Neutralization of five SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by convalescent and BBIBP-CorV vaccinee serum. Virol Sin 2022; 37:831-841. [PMID: 36309305 PMCID: PMC9605785 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) is still escalating throughout the world. However, the level of neutralization of the inactivated viral vaccine recipients' sera and convalescent sera against all VOCs, including B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) remains to be lack of comparative analysis. Therefore, we constructed pseudoviruses of five VOCs using a lentiviral-based system and analyzed their viral infectivity and neutralization resistance to convalescent and BBIBP-CorV vaccinee serum at different times. Our results show that, compared with the wild-type strain (WT), five VOC pseudoviruses showed higher infection, of which B.1.617.2 and B.1.1.529 variant pseudoviruses exhibited higher infection rates than wild-type or other VOC strains, respectively. Sera from 10 vaccinated individuals at the 1, 3 and 5-month post second dose or from 10 convalescent at 14 and 200 days after discharge retained neutralizing activity against all strains but exhibited decreased neutralization activity significantly against the five VOC variant pseudoviruses over time compared to WT. Notably, 100% (30/30) of the vaccinee serum samples showed more than a 2.5-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529, and 90% (18/20) of the convalescent serum samples showed more than 2.5-fold reduction in neutralization against B.1.1.529. These findings demonstrate the reduced protection against the VOCs in vaccinated and convalescent individuals over time, indicating that it is necessary to have a booster shot and develop new vaccines capable of eliciting broad neutralization antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jingna Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China,Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China,Fubio (Suzhou) Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd, Suzou, 215300, China
| | - Qing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yixiao Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Xiaoting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Xiaying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hanyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhiming Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qinru Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Huitong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Daru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Chunhua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China,Department of Infectious Diseases and Nursing Research Institution, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Huanzhang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China,Corresponding authors
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31
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Cruz-Cardenas JA, Gutierrez M, López-Arredondo A, Castañeda-Delgado JE, Rojas-Martinez A, Nakamura Y, Enciso-Moreno JA, Palomares LA, Brunck MEG. A pseudovirus-based platform to measure neutralizing antibodies in Mexico using SARS-CoV-2 as proof-of-concept. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17966. [PMID: 36289285 PMCID: PMC9606276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold-standard method to evaluate a functional antiviral immune response is to titer neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against a viral pathogen. This is historically performed using an in vitro assay of virus-mediated infection, which requires BSL-3 facilities. As these are insufficient in Latin American countries, including Mexico, scant information is obtained locally about viral pathogens NAb, using a functional assay. An alternative solution to using a BSL-3 assay with live virus is to use a BSL-2-safe assay with a non-replicative pseudovirus. Pseudoviral particles can be engineered to display a selected pathogen's entry protein on their surface, and to deliver a reporter gene into target cells upon transduction. Here we comprehensively describe the first development of a BSL-2 safe NAbs-measuring functional assay in Mexico, based on the production of pseudotyped lentiviral particles. As proof-of-concept, the assay is based on Nanoluc luciferase-mediated luminescence measurements from target cells transduced with SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped lentiviral particles. We applied the optimized assay in a BSL-2 facility to measure NAbs in 65 serum samples, which evidenced the assay with 100% sensitivity, 86.6% specificity and 96% accuracy. Overall, this is the first report of a BSL-2 safe pseudovirus-based functional assay developed in Mexico to measure NAbs, and a cornerstone methodology necessary to measure NAbs with a functional assay in limited resources settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Gutierrez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001. Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | | | | | | | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - José Antonio Enciso-Moreno
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas-IMSS, Zacatecas, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Laura A Palomares
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001. Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Marion E G Brunck
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, México.
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32
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High Prevalence of Undocumented SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the Pediatric Population of the Tyrolean District of Schwaz. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102294. [PMID: 36298849 PMCID: PMC9609860 DOI: 10.3390/v14102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementing the adult seroprevalence data collected at the time of the rapid SARS-CoV-2 mass vaccination in the district of Schwaz in 2021, we set out to establish the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among the pediatric population of the district. A total of 369 children, mean age 9.9 (SD 3.4), participated in the study, answering a structured questionnaire on the history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, household contacts, symptoms and history of vaccination. We determined binding and neutralizing antibody levels using plasma samples provided. We estimated the overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general pediatric population at the time of the study using the census data from Statistik Austria and daily reports of officially confirmed cases. Excluding study participants who reported a history of PCR-confirmed infection, the age-standardized seroprevalence of previously unknown SARS-CoV-2 infection among the general pediatric population of the district was 27% (95% CI: 26.1–27.8). Adding this to the officially documented cases, the true overall prevalence was 32.8% (95% CI: 31.9–33.6) in contrast to the officially documented 8.0% (95% CI: 7.5–8.5) by June 2021. This translated into a proportion of 75.7% (95% CI: 74.4–77.0) of cases being officially undocumented, suggesting a high extent of silent SARS-CoV-2 infections in the pediatric population and possibly silent transmission.
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33
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Pastorio C, Zech F, Noettger S, Jung C, Jacob T, Sanderson T, Sparrer KMJ, Kirchhoff F. Determinants of Spike infectivity, processing, and neutralization in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1255-1268.e5. [PMID: 35931073 PMCID: PMC9289044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron rapidly outcompeted other variants and currently dominates the COVID-19 pandemic. Its enhanced transmission and immune evasion are thought to be driven by numerous mutations in the Omicron Spike protein. Here, we systematically introduced BA.1 and/or BA.2 Omicron Spike mutations into the ancestral Spike protein and examined the impacts on Spike function, processing, and susceptibility to neutralization. Individual mutations of S371F/L, S375F, and T376A in the ACE2-receptor-binding domain as well as Q954H and N969K in the hinge region 1 impaired infectivity, while changes to G339D, D614G, N764K, and L981F moderately enhanced it. Most mutations in the N-terminal region and receptor-binding domain reduced the sensitivity of the Spike protein to neutralization by sera from individuals vaccinated with the BNT162b2 vaccine and by therapeutic antibodies. Our results represent a systematic functional analysis of Omicron Spike adaptations that have allowed this SARS-CoV-2 variant to dominate the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pastorio
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Zech
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabrina Noettger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Jung
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Institute-Ulm (HIU), 89081 Ulm, Germany; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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34
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Willeit P, Kimpel J, Winner H, Harthaller T, Schäfer H, Bante D, Falkensammer B, Rössler A, Riepler L, Ower C, Sacher M, von Laer D, Borena W. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Tyrolean district of Schwaz at the time of the rapid mass vaccination in March 2021 following B.1.351-variant outbreak. Front Public Health 2022; 10:989337. [PMID: 36159252 PMCID: PMC9500479 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.989337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to curb the rapid dissemination of the B.1.351 variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the district of Schwaz and beyond, the EU allocated additional vaccine doses at the beginning of March 2021 to implement a rapid mass vaccination of the population (16+). The aim of our study was to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among the adult population in the district of Schwaz at the time of the implementation. Data on previous history of infections, symptoms and immunization status were collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were used to determine SARS-CoV-2 specific anti-spike, anti-nucleocapsid and neutralizing antibodies. We recruited 2,474 individuals with a median age (IQR) of 42 (31-54) years. Using the official data on distribution of age and sex, we found a standardized prevalence of undocumented infections at 15.0% (95% CI: 13.2-16.7). Taken together with the officially documented infections, we estimated that 24.0% (95% CI: 22.5-25.6) of the adult population had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hence, the proportion of undocumented infections identified by our study was 55.8% (95% CI: 52.7-58.5). With a vaccination coverage of 10% among the adults population at that time, we imply that a minimum of two-thirds of the target popuation was susceptible to the circulating threat when this unique campaign started.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Willeit
- Clinical Epidemiology Team, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Winner
- Department of Economics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Teresa Harthaller
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helena Schäfer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Bante
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Falkensammer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia Riepler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Ower
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Magdalena Sacher
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wegene Borena
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,*Correspondence: Wegene Borena
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35
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Bhiman JN, Moore PL. Leveraging South African HIV research to define SARS-CoV-2 immunity triggered by sequential variants of concern. Immunol Rev 2022; 310:61-75. [PMID: 35599324 PMCID: PMC9349367 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has shifted our paradigms about B cell immunity and the goals of vaccination for respiratory viruses. The development of population immunity, through responses directed to highly immunogenic regions of this virus, has been a strong driving force in the emergence of progressively mutated variants. This review highlights how the strength of the existing global virology and immunology networks built for HIV vaccine research enabled rapid adaptation of techniques, assays, and skill sets, to expeditiously respond to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Allying real-time genomic surveillance to immunological platforms enabled the characterization of immune responses elicited by infection with distinct variants, in sequential epidemic waves, as well as studies of vaccination and hybrid immunity (combination of infection- and vaccination-induced immunity). These studies have shown that consecutive variants of concern have steadily diminished the ability of vaccines to prevent infection, but that increasing levels of hybrid immunity result in higher frequencies of cross-reactive responses. Ultimately, this rapid pivot from HIV to SARS-CoV-2 enabled a depth of understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 antigenic vulnerabilities as population immunity expanded and diversified, providing key insights for future responses to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinal N Bhiman
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
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36
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Arora P, Zhang L, Krüger N, Rocha C, Sidarovich A, Schulz S, Kempf A, Graichen L, Moldenhauer AS, Cossmann A, Dopfer-Jablonka A, Behrens GMN, Jäck HM, Pöhlmann S, Hoffmann M. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages show comparable cell entry but differential neutralization by therapeutic antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1103-1111.e6. [PMID: 35588741 PMCID: PMC9072809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 evades antibody-mediated neutralization with unprecedented efficiency. At least three Omicron sublineages have been identified-BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3-and BA.2 exhibits increased transmissibility. However, it is currently unknown whether BA.2 differs from the other sublineages regarding cell entry and antibody-mediated inhibition. Here, we show that BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3 enter and fuse target cells with similar efficiency and in an ACE2-dependent manner. However, BA.2 was not efficiently neutralized by seven of eight antibodies used for COVID-19 therapy, including Sotrovimab, which robustly neutralized BA.1. In contrast, BA.2 and BA.3 (but not BA.1) were appreciably neutralized by Cilgavimab, which could constitute a treatment option. Finally, all sublineages were comparably and efficiently neutralized by antibodies induced by BNT162b2 booster vaccination after previous two-dose homologous or heterologous vaccination. Collectively, the Omicron sublineages show comparable cell entry and neutralization by vaccine-induced antibodies but differ in susceptibility to therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Arora
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lu Zhang
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Krüger
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cheila Rocha
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anzhalika Sidarovich
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstraße 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amy Kempf
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luise Graichen
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Anne Cossmann
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Dopfer-Jablonka
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstraße 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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Chen X, Wang Z, Wang J, Yao Y, Wang Q, Huang J, Xiang X, Zhou Y, Xue Y, Li Y, Gao X, Wang L, Chu M, Wang Y. Role of tannic acid against SARS-cov-2 cell entry by targeting the interface region between S-protein-RBD and human ACE2. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:940628. [PMID: 36003511 PMCID: PMC9393390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.940628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 utilizes human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) as the cellular receptor of its spike glycoprotein (SP) to gain entry into cells. Consequently, we focused on the potential of repurposing clinically available drugs to block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to hACE2 by utilizing a novel artificial-intelligence drug screening approach. Based on the structure of S-RBD and hACE2, the pharmacophore of SARS-CoV-2-receptor-binding-domain (S-RBD) -hACE2 interface was generated and used to screen a library of FDA-approved drugs. A total of 20 drugs were retrieved as S-RBD-hACE2 inhibitors, of which 16 drugs were identified to bind to S-RBD or hACE2. Notably, tannic acid was validated to interfere with the binding of S-RBD to hACE2, thereby inhibited pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 entry. Experiments involving competitive inhibition revealed that tannic acid competes with S-RBD and hACE2, whereas molecular docking proved that tannic acid interacts with the essential residues of S-RBD and hACE2. Based on the known antiviral activity and our findings, tannic acid might serve as a promising candidate for preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Yao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahao Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yifan Zhou
- Peking University Science Park, Taizhou, China
| | - Yintong Xue
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Chu, ; Yuedan Wang,
| | - Yuedan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University. NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Chu, ; Yuedan Wang,
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Peng L, Fang Z, Renauer PA, McNamara A, Park JJ, Lin Q, Zhou X, Dong MB, Zhu B, Zhao H, Wilen CB, Chen S. Multiplexed LNP-mRNA vaccination against pathogenic coronavirus species. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111160. [PMID: 35921835 PMCID: PMC9294034 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, multiple pathogenic coronavirus species exist, urging on development of multispecies coronavirus vaccines. Here we develop prototype lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mRNA vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 Delta, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, and we test how multiplexing LNP-mRNAs can induce effective immune responses in animal models. Triplex and duplex LNP-mRNA vaccinations induce antigen-specific antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. Single-cell RNA sequencing profiles the global systemic immune repertoires and respective transcriptome signatures of vaccinated animals, revealing a systemic increase in activated B cells and differential gene expression across major adaptive immune cells. Sequential vaccination shows potent antibody responses against all three species, significantly stronger than simultaneous vaccination in mixture. These data demonstrate the feasibility, antibody responses, and single-cell immune profiles of multispecies coronavirus vaccination. The direct comparison between simultaneous and sequential vaccination offers insights into optimization of vaccination schedules to provide broad and potent antibody immunity against three major pathogenic coronavirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Zhenhao Fang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Paul A Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Andrew McNamara
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jonathan J Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; M.D.-Ph.D. Program, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Qianqian Lin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Matthew B Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; M.D.-Ph.D. Program, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Biqing Zhu
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06516, USA; M.D.-Ph.D. Program, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Zollner A, Koch R, Jukic A, Pfister A, Meyer M, Rössler A, Kimpel J, Adolph TE, Tilg H. Postacute COVID-19 is Characterized by Gut Viral Antigen Persistence in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:495-506.e8. [PMID: 35508284 PMCID: PMC9057012 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected populations, societies, and lives for more than 2 years. Long-term sequelae of COVID-19, collectively termed the postacute COVID-19 syndrome, are rapidly emerging across the globe. Here, we investigated whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen persistence underlies the postacute COVID-19 syndrome. METHODS We performed an endoscopy study with 46 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 219 days (range, 94-257) after a confirmed COVID-19 infection. SARS-CoV-2 antigen persistence was assessed in the small and large intestine using quantitative polymerase chain reaction of 4 viral transcripts, immunofluorescence of viral nucleocapsid, and virus cultivation from biopsy tissue. Postacute COVID-19 was assessed using a standardized questionnaire, and a systemic SARS-CoV-2 immune response was evaluated using flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at endoscopy. IBD activity was evaluated using clinical, biochemical, and endoscopic means. RESULTS We report expression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the gut mucosa ∼7 months after mild acute COVID-19 in 32 of 46 patients with IBD. Viral nucleocapsid protein persisted in 24 of 46 patients in gut epithelium and CD8+ T cells. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 antigens was not detectable in stool and viral antigen persistence was unrelated to severity of acute COVID-19, immunosuppressive therapy, and gut inflammation. We were unable to culture SARS-CoV-2 from gut tissue of patients with viral antigen persistence. Postacute sequelae of COVID-19 were reported from the majority of patients with viral antigen persistence, but not from patients without viral antigen persistence. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 antigen persistence in infected tissues serves as a basis for postacute COVID-19. The concept that viral antigen persistence instigates immune perturbation and postacute COVID-19 requires validation in controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zollner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Almina Jukic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Pfister
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Moritz Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Frische A, Brooks PT, Gybel-Brask M, Sækmose SG, Jensen BA, Mikkelsen S, Bruun MT, Boding L, Strandh CP, Jørgensen CS, Krogfelt KA, Fomsgaard A, Lassauniere R. Optimization and evaluation of a live virus SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272298. [PMID: 35901110 PMCID: PMC9333216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus neutralization assays provide a means to quantitate functional antibody responses that block virus infection. These assays are instrumental in defining vaccine and therapeutic antibody potency, immune evasion by viral variants, and post-infection immunity. Here we describe the development, optimization and evaluation of a live virus microneutralization assay specific for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this assay, SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolates are pre-incubated with serial diluted antibody and added to Vero E6 cells. Replicating virus is quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and the standardized 50% virus inhibition titer calculated. We evaluated critical test parameters that include virus titration, assay linearity, number of cells, viral dose, incubation period post-inoculation, and normalization methods. Virus titration at 96 hours was determined optimal to account for different growth kinetics of clinical isolates. Nucleocapsid protein levels directly correlated with virus inoculum, with the strongest correlation at 24 hours post-inoculation. Variance was minimized by infecting a cell monolayer, rather than a cell suspension. Neutralization titers modestly decreased with increasing numbers of Vero E6 cells and virus amount. Application of two different normalization models effectively reduced the intermediate precision coefficient of variance to <16.5%. The SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assay described and evaluated here is based on the influenza virus microneutralization assay described by WHO, and are proposed as a standard assay for comparing neutralization investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Frische
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mikkel Gybel-Brask
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Susan Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mie Topholm Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lasse Boding
- Danish National Biobank, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek Strandh
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Molecular and Medicinal Biology, Institute for Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassauniere
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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41
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Homogeneous surrogate virus neutralization assay to rapidly assess neutralization activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3716. [PMID: 35778399 PMCID: PMC9249905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered the development of numerous diagnostic tools to monitor infection and to determine immune response. Although assays to measure binding antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are widely available, more specific tests measuring neutralization activities of antibodies are immediately needed to quantify the extent and duration of protection that results from infection or vaccination. We previously developed a 'Serological Assay based on a Tri-part split-NanoLuc® (SATiN)' to detect antibodies that bind to the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we expand on our previous work and describe a reconfigured version of the SATiN assay, called Neutralization SATiN (Neu-SATiN), which measures neutralization activity of antibodies directly from convalescent or vaccinated sera. The results obtained with our assay and other neutralization assays are comparable but with significantly shorter preparation and run time for Neu-SATiN. As the assay is modular, we further demonstrate that Neu-SATiN enables rapid assessment of the effectiveness of vaccines and level of protection against existing SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and can therefore be readily adapted for emerging variants.
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Konrat R, Papp H, Kimpel J, Rössler A, Szijártó V, Nagy G, Madai M, Zeghbib S, Kuczmog A, Lanszki Z, Gesell T, Helyes Z, Kemenesi G, Jakab F, Nagy E. The Anti-Histamine Azelastine, Identified by Computational Drug Repurposing, Inhibits Infection by Major Variants of SARS-CoV-2 in Cell Cultures and Reconstituted Human Nasal Tissue. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:861295. [PMID: 35846988 PMCID: PMC9280057 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.861295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose challenges, especially with the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants that are associated with higher infectivity and/or compromised protection afforded by the current vaccines. There is a high demand for additional preventive and therapeutic strategies effective against this changing virus. Repurposing of approved or clinically tested drugs can provide an immediate solution. Experimental Approach: We applied a novel computational approach to search among approved and commercially available drugs. Antiviral activity of a predicted drug, azelastine, was tested in vitro in SARS-CoV-2 infection assays with Vero E6 cells, Vero cells stably overexpressing the human TMPRSS2 and ACE2 proteins as well as on reconstituted human nasal tissue using the predominant variant circulating in Europe in summer 2020, B.1.177 (D614G variant), and its emerging variants of concern; B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta) and B.1.617.2 (delta) variants. The effect of azelastine on viral replication was assessed by quantification of viral genomes by droplet digital PCR or qPCR. Key results: The computational approach identified major drug families, such as anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antihistamine, and neuroactive drugs. Based on its attractive safety profile and availability in nasal formulation, azelastine, a histamine 1 receptor-blocker was selected for experimental testing. Azelastine reduced the virus-induced cytopathic effect and SARS-CoV-2 copy numbers both in preventive and treatment settings upon infection of Vero cells with an EC50 of 2.2–6.5 µM. Comparable potency was observed with the alpha, beta and delta variants. Furthermore, five-fold dilution (containing 0.02% azelastine) of the commercially available nasal spray formulation was highly potent in inhibiting viral propagation in reconstituted human nasal tissue. Conclusion and Implications: Azelastine, an antihistamine available as nasal sprays developed against allergic rhinitis may be considered as a topical prevention or treatment of nasal colonization by SARS-CoV-2. A Phase 2 efficacy indicator study with azelastine-containing nasal spray that was designed based on the findings reported here has been concluded recently, confirming accelerated viral clearance in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Konrat
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Calyxha Biotechnologies GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Robert Konrat, ; Eszter Nagy,
| | - Henrietta Papp
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institue of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valéria Szijártó
- CEBINA (Central European Biotech Incubator and Accelerator) GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gábor Nagy
- CEBINA (Central European Biotech Incubator and Accelerator) GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mónika Madai
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institue of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Safia Zeghbib
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institue of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anett Kuczmog
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institue of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Lanszki
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institue of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tanja Gesell
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Calyxha Biotechnologies GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kemenesi
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institue of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institue of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Calyxha Biotechnologies GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- CEBINA (Central European Biotech Incubator and Accelerator) GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Robert Konrat, ; Eszter Nagy,
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Serology as a Tool to Assess Infectious Disease Landscapes and Guide Public Health Policy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070732. [PMID: 35889978 PMCID: PMC9323579 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the local burden and epidemiology of infectious diseases is crucial to guide public health policy and prioritize interventions. Typically, infectious disease surveillance relies on capturing clinical cases within a healthcare system, classifying cases by etiology and enumerating cases over a period of time. Disease burden is often then extrapolated to the general population. Serology (i.e., examining serum for the presence of pathogen-specific antibodies) has long been used to inform about individuals past exposure and immunity to specific pathogens. However, it has been underutilized as a tool to evaluate the infectious disease burden landscape at the population level and guide public health decisions. In this review, we outline how serology provides a powerful tool to complement case-based surveillance for determining disease burden and epidemiology of infectious diseases, highlighting its benefits and limitations. We describe the current serology-based technologies and illustrate their use with examples from both the pre- and post- COVID-19-pandemic context. In particular, we review the challenges to and opportunities in implementing serological surveillance in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which bear the brunt of the global infectious disease burden. Finally, we discuss the relevance of serology data for public health decision-making and describe scenarios in which this data could be used, either independently or in conjunction with case-based surveillance. We conclude that public health systems would greatly benefit from the inclusion of serology to supplement and strengthen existing case-based infectious disease surveillance strategies.
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Intranasal inoculation of an MVA-based vaccine induces IgA and protects the respiratory tract of hACE2 mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202069119. [PMID: 35679343 PMCID: PMC9214525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202069119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ability of current vaccines to significantly prevent severe disease due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), vaccinated individuals are still susceptible to infection and contribute to the spread of the virus. The present study demonstrates that a live, replication-deficient recombinant virus vaccine induces greater immunity and a greater level of protection in the respiratory tract of susceptible transgenic mice when inoculated intranasally compared with intramuscularly. Second-generation vaccines administered via the upper respiratory tract have the potential to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 more effectively than current vaccines. Current vaccines have greatly diminished the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, even though they do not entirely prevent infection and transmission, likely due to insufficient immunity in the upper respiratory tract. Here, we compare intramuscular and intranasal administration of a live, replication-deficient modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)–based Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) vaccine to raise protective immune responses in the K18-hACE2 mouse model. Using a recombinant MVA expressing firefly luciferase for tracking, live imaging revealed luminescence of the respiratory tract of mice within 6 h and persisting for 3 d following intranasal inoculation, whereas luminescence remained at the site of intramuscular vaccination. Intramuscular vaccination induced S-binding–Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and neutralizing antibodies in the lungs, whereas intranasal vaccination also induced Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and higher levels of antigen-specific CD3+CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells. Similarly, IgG and neutralizing antibodies were present in the blood of mice immunized intranasally and intramuscularly, but IgA was detected only after intranasal inoculation. Intranasal boosting increased IgA after intranasal or intramuscular priming. While intramuscular vaccination prevented morbidity and cleared SARS-CoV-2 from the respiratory tract within several days after challenge, intranasal vaccination was more effective as neither infectious virus nor viral messenger (m)RNAs were detected in the nasal turbinates or lungs as early as 2 d after challenge, indicating prevention or rapid elimination of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, we determined that neutralizing antibody persisted for more than 6 mo and that serum induced to the Wuhan S protein neutralized pseudoviruses expressing the S proteins of variants, although with less potency, particularly for Beta and Omicron.
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45
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Jocher G, Grass V, Tschirner SK, Riepler L, Breimann S, Kaya T, Oelsner M, Hamad MS, Hofmann LI, Blobel CP, Schmidt-Weber CB, Gokce O, Jakwerth CA, Trimpert J, Kimpel J, Pichlmair A, Lichtenthaler SF. ADAM10 and ADAM17 promote SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and spike protein-mediated lung cell fusion. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54305. [PMID: 35527514 PMCID: PMC9171409 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe‐acute‐respiratory‐syndrome‐coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is the causative agent of COVID‐19, but host cell factors contributing to COVID‐19 pathogenesis remain only partly understood. We identify the host metalloprotease ADAM17 as a facilitator of SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry and the metalloprotease ADAM10 as a host factor required for lung cell syncytia formation, a hallmark of COVID‐19 pathology. ADAM10 and ADAM17, which are broadly expressed in the human lung, cleave the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein (S) in vitro, indicating that ADAM10 and ADAM17 contribute to the priming of S, an essential step for viral entry and cell fusion. ADAM protease‐targeted inhibitors severely impair lung cell infection by the SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern alpha, beta, delta, and omicron and also reduce SARS‐CoV‐2 infection of primary human lung cells in a TMPRSS2 protease‐independent manner. Our study establishes ADAM10 and ADAM17 as host cell factors for viral entry and syncytia formation and defines both proteases as potential targets for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Jocher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Grass
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah K Tschirner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lydia Riepler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Breimann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tuğberk Kaya
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Madlen Oelsner
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - M Sabri Hamad
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura I Hofmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Departments of Medicine and of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze A Jakwerth
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies after vaccination or natural infection remains a priority in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to determine immunity, especially against newly emerging variants. The gold standard for assessing antibody-mediated immunity against SARS-CoV-2 are cell-based live virus neutralization assays. These assays usually take several days, thereby limiting test capacities and the availability of rapid results. In this study, therefore, we developed a faster live virus assay, which detects neutralizing antibodies through the early measurement of antibody-mediated intracellular virus reduction by SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR. In our assay, Vero E6 cells are infected with virus isolates preincubated with patient sera and controls. After 24 h, the intracellular viral load is determined by qRT-PCR using a standard curve to calculate percent neutralization. Utilizing COVID-19 convalescent-phase sera, we show that our novel assay generates results with high sensitivity and specificity as we detected antiviral activity for all tested convalescent-phase sera, but no antiviral activity in prepandemic sera. The assay showed a strong correlation with a conventional virus neutralization assay (rS = 0.8910), a receptor-binding domain ELISA (rS = 0.8485), and a surrogate neutralization assay (rS = 0.8373), proving that quantifying intracellular viral RNA can be used to measure seroneutralization. Our assay can be adapted easily to new variants, as demonstrated by our cross-neutralization experiments. This characteristic is key for rapidly determining immunity against newly emerging variants. Taken together, the novel assay presented here reduces turnaround time significantly while making use of a highly standardized and sensitive SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR method as a readout.
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Bánki Z, Mateus J, Rössler A, Schäfer H, Bante D, Riepler L, Grifoni A, Sette A, Simon V, Falkensammer B, Ulmer H, Neurauter B, Borena W, Krammer F, von Laer D, Weiskopf D, Kimpel J. Heterologous ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 vaccination induces stronger immune response than homologous ChAdOx1 vaccination: The pragmatic, multi-center, three-arm, partially randomized HEVACC trial. EBioMedicine 2022; 80:104073. [PMID: 35617826 PMCID: PMC9126042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved. The mRNA vaccine from Pfizer/BioNTech (Comirnaty, BNT162b2; BNT) and the vector vaccine from AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria, ChAdOx1; AZ) have been widely used. mRNA vaccines induce high antibody and T cell responses, also to SARS-CoV-2 variants, but are costlier and less stable than the slightly less effective vector vaccines. For vector vaccines, heterologous vaccination schedules have generally proven more effective than homologous schedules. METHODS In the HEVACC three-arm, single-blinded, adaptive design study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04907331), participants between 18 and 65 years with no prior history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a first dose of AZ or BNT were included. The AZ/AZ and the AZ/BNT arms were randomized (in a 1:1 ratio stratified by sex and trial site) and single-blinded, the third arm (BNT/BNT) was observational. We compared the reactogenicity between the study arms and hypothesized that immunogenicity was higher for the heterologous AZ/BNT compared to the homologous AZ/AZ regimen using neutralizing antibody titers as primary endpoint. FINDINGS This interim analysis was conducted after 234 participants had been randomized and 254 immunized (N=109 AZ/AZ, N=115 AZ/BNZ, N=30 BNT/BNT). Heterologous AZ/BNT vaccination was well tolerated without study-related severe adverse events. Neutralizing antibody titers on day 30 were statistically significant higher in the AZ/BNT and the BNT/BNT groups than in the AZ/AZ group, for B.1.617.2 (Delta) AZ/AZ median reciprocal titer 75.9 (99.9% CI 58.0 - 132.5), AZ/BNT 571.5 (99.9% CI 396.6 - 733.1), and BNT/BNT 404.5 (99.9% CI 68.3 - 1024). Similarly, the frequency and multifunctionality of spike-specific T cell responses was comparable between the AZ/BNT and the BNT/BNT groups, but lower in the AZ/AZ vaccinees. INTERPRETATION This study clearly shows the immunogenicity and safety of heterologous AZ/BNT vaccination and encourages further studies on heterologous vaccination schedules. FUNDING This work was supported by the Medical University of Innsbruck, and partially funded by NIAID contracts No. 75N9301900065, 75N93021C00016, and 75N93019C00051.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bánki
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jose Mateus
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helena Schäfer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Bante
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia Riepler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Barbara Falkensammer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hanno Ulmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianca Neurauter
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wegene Borena
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Jacobsen H, Sitaras I, Jurgensmeyer M, Mulders MN, Goldblatt D, Feikin DR, Bar-Zeev N, Higdon MM, Knoll MD. Assessing the Reliability of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Studies That Use Post-Vaccination Sera. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060850. [PMID: 35746460 PMCID: PMC9227377 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is crucial for determining future vaccination strategies and other public health strategies. When clinical effectiveness data are unavailable, a common method of assessing vaccine performance is to utilize neutralization assays using post-vaccination sera. Neutralization studies are typically performed across a wide array of settings, populations and vaccination strategies, and using different methodologies. For any comparison and meta-analysis to be meaningful, the design and methodology of the studies used must at minimum address aspects that confer a certain degree of reliability and comparability. We identified and characterized three important categories in which studies differ (cohort details, assay details and data reporting details) and that can affect the overall reliability and/or usefulness of neutralization assay results. We define reliability as a measure of methodological accuracy, proper study setting concerning subjects, samples and viruses, and reporting quality. Each category comprises a set of several relevant key parameters. To each parameter, we assigned a possible impact (ranging from low to high) on overall study reliability depending on its potential to influence the results. We then developed a reliability assessment tool that assesses the aggregate reliability of a study across all parameters. The reliability assessment tool provides explicit selection criteria for inclusion of comparable studies in meta-analyses of neutralization activity of SARS-CoV-2 variants in post-vaccination sera and can also both guide the design of future neutralization studies and serve as a checklist for including important details on key parameters in publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Jacobsen
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (I.S.)
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (I.S.)
| | - Marley Jurgensmeyer
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Mick N. Mulders
- Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.N.M.); (D.R.F.)
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Daniel R. Feikin
- Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.N.M.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Melissa M. Higdon
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
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Chen X, Chen Z, Azman AS, Sun R, Lu W, Zheng N, Zhou J, Wu Q, Deng X, Zhao Z, Chen X, Ge S, Yang J, Leung DT, Yu H. Neutralizing Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants Induced by Natural Infection or Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:734-742. [PMID: 34302458 PMCID: PMC9016754 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants may pose a threat to immunity. A systematic landscape of neutralizing antibodies against emerging variants is needed. We systematically searched for studies that evaluated neutralizing antibody titers induced by previous infection or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 variants and collected individual data. We identified 106 studies meeting the eligibility criteria. Lineage B.1.351 (beta), P.1 (gamma) and B.1.617.2 (delta) significantly escaped natural infection-mediated neutralization, with an average of 4.1-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6-4.7-fold), 1.8-fold (1.4-2.4-fold), and 3.2-fold (2.4-4.1-fold) reduction in live virus neutralization assay, while neutralizing titers against B.1.1.7 (alpha) decreased slightly (1.4-fold [95% CI: 1.2-1.6-fold]). Serum from vaccinees also led to significant reductions in neutralization of B.1.351 across different platforms, with an average of 7.1-fold (95% CI: 5.5-9.0-fold) for nonreplicating vector platform, 4.1-fold (3.7-4.4-fold) for messenger RNA platform, and 2.5-fold (1.7-2.9-fold) for protein subunit platform. Neutralizing antibody levels induced by messenger RNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants were similar to, or higher, than that derived from naturally infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruijia Sun
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhui Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Deng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyao Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghui Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijia Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel T Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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50
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Dhar BC. Diagnostic assay and technology advancement for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2903-2934. [PMID: 35211785 PMCID: PMC8872642 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused COVID-19 pandemic has transmitted to humans in practically all parts of the world, producing socio-economic turmoil. There is an urgent need for precise, fast, and affordable diagnostic testing to be widely available for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations in various phases of the disease. Early diagnosis with great precision has been achieved using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and similar other molecular methods, but theseapproaches are costly and involve rigorous processes that are not easily obtainable. Conversely, immunoassays that detect a small number of antibodies have been employed for quick, low-cost tests, but their efficiency in diagnosing infected people has been restricted. The use of biosensors in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 is vital for the COVID-19 pandemic’s control. This review gives an overview of COVID-19 diagnostic approaches that are currently being developed as well as nanomaterial-based biosensor technologies, to aid future technological advancement and innovation. These approaches can be integrated into point-of-care (POC) devices to quickly identify a large number of infected patients and asymptomatic carriers. The ongoing research endeavors and developments in complementary technologies will play a significant role in curbing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and fill the knowledge gaps in current diagnostic accuracy and capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidhan C Dhar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), 205 S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
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