1
|
Agusto FB, Djidjou-Demasse R, Seydi O. Mathematical model of Ehrlichia chaffeensis transmission dynamics in dogs. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2023; 17:2287082. [PMID: 38078365 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2023.2287082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis is a tick-borne disease transmitted by ticks to dogs. Few studies have mathematical modelled such tick-borne disease in dogs, and none have developed models that incorporate different ticks' developmental stages (discrete variable) as well as the duration of infection (continuous variable). In this study, we develop and analyze a model that considers these two structural variables using integrated semigroups theory. We address the well-posedness of the model and investigate the existence of steady states. The model exhibits a disease-free equilibrium and an endemic equilibrium. We calculate the reproduction number (T 0 ). We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the bifurcation of an endemic equilibrium. Specifically, we demonstrate that a bifurcation, either backward or forward, can occur at T 0 = 1 , leading to the existence, or not, of an endemic equilibrium even when T 0 < 1 . Finally, numerical simulations are employed to illustrate these theoretical findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Folashade B Agusto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ramsès Djidjou-Demasse
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Ecole Polytechnique de Thiès, Thiès, Senegal
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Atif FA, Mehnaz S, Qamar MF, Roheen T, Sajid MS, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, Kashif M, Ben Said M. Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Canine Infectious Cyclic Thrombocytopenia and Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: Emerging Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120312. [PMID: 34941839 PMCID: PMC8705095 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the diagnostic methods used, the control strategies adopted, and the global epidemiological status of canine cyclic thrombocytopenia and granulocytic anaplasmosis at the animal–human interface. Canine anaplasmosis is an important worldwide disease, mainly caused by Anaplasma platys and A. phagocytophilum with zoonotic implications. A. platys chiefly infects platelets in canids, while A. phagocytophilum is the most common zoonotic pathogen infecting neutrophils of various vertebrate hosts. Diagnosis is based on the identification of clinical signs, the recognition of intracellular inclusions observed by microscopic observation of stained blood smear, and/or methods detecting antibodies or nucleic acids, although DNA sequencing is usually required to confirm the pathogenic strain. Serological cross-reactivity is the main problem in serodiagnosis. Prevalence varies from area to area depending on tick exposure. Tetracyclines are significant drugs for human and animal anaplasmosis. No universal vaccine is yet available that protects against diverse geographic strains. The control of canine anaplasmosis therefore relies on the detection of vectors/reservoirs, control of tick vectors, and prevention of iatrogenic/mechanical transmission. The control strategies for human anaplasmosis include reducing high-risk tick contact activities (such as gardening and hiking), careful blood transfusion, by passing immunosuppression, recognizing, and control of reservoirs/vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ahmad Atif
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: or (F.A.A.); or (M.B.S.); Tel.: +92-47-7671270 (F.A.A.); +216-58-964147 (M.B.S.)
| | - Saba Mehnaz
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Fiaz Qamar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (M.F.Q.); (S.E.-u.-H.)
| | - Taleeha Roheen
- Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry), University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (M.F.Q.); (S.E.-u.-H.)
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microbiology at the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Correspondence: or (F.A.A.); or (M.B.S.); Tel.: +92-47-7671270 (F.A.A.); +216-58-964147 (M.B.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Francis S, Frank C, Buchanan L, Green S, Stennett-Brown R, Gordon-Strachan G, Rubio-Palis Y, Grant C, Alexander-Lindo RL, Nwokocha C, Robinson D, Delgoda R. Challenges in the control of neglected insect vector diseases of human importance in the Anglo-Caribbean. One Health 2021; 13:100316. [PMID: 34485673 PMCID: PMC8405964 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in developing countries like the Caribbean, negatively affect multiple income-generating sectors, including the tourism industry upon which island states are highly dependent. Insect-transmitted NTDs include, but are not limited to, malaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis. Control measures for these disease, are often ignored because of the associated cost. Many of the developing country members are thus retained in a financially crippling cycle, balancing the cost of prophylactic measures with that of controlling an outbreak.The purpose of the paper is to bring awareness to NTDs transmitted by insects of importance to humans, and to assess factors affecting such control, in the English-speaking Caribbean. METHOD Comprehensive literature review on reports pertaining to NTDs transmitted by insects in the Caribbean and Latin America was conducted. Data search was carried out on PubMed, and WHO and PAHO websites. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Potential risk factors for NTDs transmitted by arthropods in the English-speaking Caribbean are summarised. The mosquito appears to be the main insect-vector of human importance within the region of concern. Arthropod-vectors of diseases of veterinary importance are also relevant because they affect the livelihood of farmers, in highly agriculture based economies. Other NTDs may also be in circulation gauged by the presence of antibodies in Caribbean individuals. However, routine diagnostic tests for specific diseases are expensive and tests may not be conducted when diseases are not prevalent in the population. It appears that only a few English-speaking Caribbean countries have examined secondary reservoirs of pathogens or assessed the effectivity of their insect control methods. As such, disease risk assessment appears incomplete. Although continuous control is financially demanding, an integrated and multisectoral approach might help to deflect the cost. Such interventions are now being promoted by health agencies within the region and various countries are creating and exploring the use of novel tools to be incorporated in their insect-vector control programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Francis
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Chelsea Frank
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Luke Buchanan
- Mona Geoinformatics Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Sean Green
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Roxann Stennett-Brown
- Department of Physics, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Georgiana Gordon-Strachan
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Yasmin Rubio-Palis
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, sede Aragua, Universidad de Carabobo, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Charles Grant
- International Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Ruby Lisa Alexander-Lindo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Dwight Robinson
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Rupika Delgoda
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
El Hamiani Khatat S, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Elhachimi L, Kachani M, Sahibi H. Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Features of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection in Dogs: A Systematic Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:686644. [PMID: 34250067 PMCID: PMC8260688 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.686644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a worldwide emerging zoonotic tick-borne pathogen transmitted by Ixodid ticks and naturally maintained in complex and incompletely assessed enzootic cycles. Several studies have demonstrated an extensive genetic variability with variable host tropisms and pathogenicity. However, the relationship between genetic diversity and modified pathogenicity is not yet understood. Because of their proximity to humans, dogs are potential sentinels for the transmission of vector-borne pathogens. Furthermore, the strong molecular similarity between human and canine isolates of A. phagocytophilum in Europe and the USA and the positive association in the distribution of human and canine cases in the USA emphasizes the epidemiological role of dogs. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects and survives within neutrophils by disregulating neutrophil functions and evading specific immune responses. Moreover, the complex interaction between the bacterium and the infected host immune system contribute to induce inflammatory injuries. Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis is an acute febrile illness characterized by lethargy, inappetence, weight loss and musculoskeletal pain. Hematological and biochemistry profile modifications associated with this disease are unspecific and include thrombocytopenia, anemia, morulae within neutrophils and increased liver enzymes activity. Coinfections with other tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) may occur, especially with Borrelia burgdorferi, complicating the clinical presentation, diagnosis and response to treatment. Although clinical studies have been published in dogs, it remains unclear if several clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities can be related to this infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah El Hamiani Khatat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Latifa Elhachimi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Parasitology, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Malika Kachani
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Hamid Sahibi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Parasitology, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nury C, Blais MC, Arsenault J. Risk of transmittable blood-borne pathogens in blood units from blood donor dogs in Canada. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1316-1324. [PMID: 33960531 PMCID: PMC8162595 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine blood donors can be infected by various vector‐borne or other pathogens that could be an important cause of morbidity and death in transfusion recipients. Hypothesis/Objectives To estimate and predict positivity to transmittable blood‐borne pathogens in blood units collected from blood donor dogs in Canada. Animals Six thousand one hundred and fifty blood units from 1914 active blood donors registered to the Canadian Animal Blood Bank (CABB) between March 2010 and December 2016. Methods A registry‐based retrospective study. Blood units were screened by SNAP 4Dx/4Dx Plus and PCR panel tests. Information on blood donors and test results were extracted from multiple databases and collated. Logistic regressions were used to predict blood unit positivity. Results Of 1779 blood units, 0.56% were antibody‐positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum/platys and 0% for Ehrlichia canis/ewingii. After exclusion of antibody‐positive units to Anaplasma spp., 1.1% of 6140 blood units were PCR‐positive to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp., Brucella canis, “Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum,” Mycoplasma haemocanis, or a combination of these pathogens. Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Leishmania spp. were not detected. Units from the first blood collection from a dog had higher odds of testing PCR‐positive (P < .001) for at least 1 pathogen than units from subsequent collections. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Although our study indicates a low probability of detecting blood‐borne pathogen in blood units collected by this Canadian blood bank, the presence of positive units highlights the importance of the preemptive identification and screening of blood units from healthy blood donors for safe blood banking, especially in first‐time donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nury
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Blais
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
MOLECULAR PREVALENCE OF SELECTED VECTOR-BORNE ORGANISMS IN CAPTIVE RED WOLVES ( CANIS RUFUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:663-667. [PMID: 33480542 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The red wolf (Canis rufus) is a critically endangered North American canid, with surviving conspecifics divided between a captive breeding population and a reintroduced free-ranging population. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of selected vector-borne pathogens in captive red wolves. Whole blood samples were collected from 35 captive red wolves. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were performed on extracted DNA to identify infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and vector-borne organisms within the following genera: Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Mycoplasma, Neoehrlichia, Neorickettsia, and Rickettsia. All red wolves sampled were PCR-negative for all tested organisms. These pathogens are unlikely to constitute threats to red wolf conservation and breeding efforts under current captive management conditions. The results of this study establish a baseline that may facilitate ongoing disease monitoring in this species.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gettings JR, Self SCW, McMahan CS, Brown DA, Nordone SK, Yabsley MJ. Regional and Local Temporal Trends of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma spp. Seroprevalence in Domestic Dogs: Contiguous United States 2013-2019. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:561592. [PMID: 33195537 PMCID: PMC7653440 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.561592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, in the United States, over 220,000 and 350,000 dogs tested positive for exposure to Anaplasma spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi, respectively. To evaluate regional and local temporal trends of pathogen exposure we used a Bayesian spatio-temporal binomial regression model, analyzing serologic test results for these pathogens from January 2013 to December 2019. Regional trends were not static over time, but rather increased within and beyond the borders of historically endemic regions. Increased seroprevalence was observed as far as North Carolina and North Dakota for both pathogens. Local trends were estimated to evaluate the heterogeneity of underlying changes. A large cluster of counties with increased B. burgdorferi seroprevalence centered around West Virginia, while a similar cluster of counties with increased Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence centered around Pennsylvania and extended well into Maine. In the Midwest, only a small number of counties experienced an increase in seroprevalence; instead, most counties had a decrease in seroprevalence for both pathogens. These trends will help guide veterinarians and pet owners in adopting the appropriate preventative care practices for their area. Additionally, B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum cause disease in humans. Dogs are valuable sentinels for some vector-borne pathogens, and these trends may help public health providers better understand the risk of exposure for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Gettings
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Stella C W Self
- Arnold School of Public of Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Christopher S McMahan
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - D Andrew Brown
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Shila K Nordone
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Patterson G, Tanhauser M, Schmidt P, Spangler D, Faulkner C, Faulkner V, Kish D, Gruszynski K, Naikare H, Coarsey MD, Verma A. Serosurvey of arthropod-borne diseases among shelter dogs in the Cumberland Gap Region of the United States. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:221. [PMID: 32605566 PMCID: PMC7324960 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Cumberland Gap Region (CGR) of the United States is a natural corridor between the southeastern, northeastern, and midwestern regions of the country. CGR has also many species of ticks and mosquitos that serve as competent vectors for important animal and human pathogens. In this study, we tested dogs from six different animal shelters in the CGR for Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), anaplasmosis, Lyme disease, canine ehrlichiosis and canine heartworm disease. Results Sera from 157 shelter dogs were tested for antibodies to RMSF agent, Rickettsia rickettsii, using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Sixty-six dogs (42.0%) were positive for either IgM or IgG, or both IgM and IgG antibodies to R. rickettsii. Moreover, the same set of sera (n = 157) plus an and additional sera (n = 75) from resident dogs at the same shelters were tested using the SNAP 4Dx Plus. Of 232 dogs tested, two (0.9%) were positive for antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum/A. platys, nine (3.9%) were positive for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi, 23 (9.9%) for positive for antibodies to Ehrlichia canis/E. ewingii, and 13 (5.6%) were positive for Dirofilaria immitis antigen. Co-infection with two or more etiologic agents was detected in five animals. Three dogs had antibodies to both B. burgdorferi and E. canis/E. ewingii, and two dogs were positive for D. immitis antigen and antibodies to B. burgdorferi and E. canis/E. ewingii. Conclusions Shelter dogs in the CGR are exposed to a number of important vector-borne pathogens. Further studies are required to ascertain the roles these animals play in maintenance and transmission of these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Patterson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA.,Center for Human and Animal Health in Appalachia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Tanhauser
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Paul Schmidt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Dawn Spangler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Charles Faulkner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA.,Center for Infectious, Zoonotic and Vector-borne diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Vina Faulkner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA.,Center for Infectious, Zoonotic and Vector-borne diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Kish
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Karen Gruszynski
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA.,Center for Human and Animal Health in Appalachia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Hemant Naikare
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 43 Brighton Road, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Michele D Coarsey
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 43 Brighton Road, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Ashutosh Verma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA. .,Center for Infectious, Zoonotic and Vector-borne diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mahachi K, Kontowicz E, Anderson B, Toepp AJ, Lima AL, Larson M, Wilson G, Grinnage-Pulley T, Bennett C, Ozanne M, Anderson M, Fowler H, Parrish M, Saucier J, Tyrrell P, Palmer Z, Buch J, Chandrashekar R, Scorza B, Brown G, Oleson JJ, Petersen CA. Predominant risk factors for tick-borne co-infections in hunting dogs from the USA. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:247. [PMID: 32404151 PMCID: PMC7218638 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both incidence and geographical range of tick-borne disease has increased across the USA. Similar to people, dogs are hosts for Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi. Dogs also share our homes and beds, making them both a sentinel for the ticks in our backyards but also increasing our exposure to ticks. Measures to better track, prevent, and/or treat tick-borne diseases in companion animals can lead to better control and prevention of human tick-borne disease. This study identifies demographic and co-infection risk factors for canine seropositivity to tick-borne infections in a cohort of hunting dogs across the USA. Results Human patterns of tick-borne disease co-infection in the USA have been predominantly driven by the geographical distribution of the tick vector. Dogs who tested seropositive for Anaplasma spp. were 1.40 times more likely (P = 0.0242) to also test seropositive for Babesia spp. and vice versa (1.60 times more likely, P = 0.0014). Dogs living in the West had 5% lower risk (P = 0.0001) for Ehrlichia spp. seropositivity compared to other regions. Controlling for age and Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence, dogs in all three other regions were 2.30 times more likely (P = 0.0216) to test seropositive for B. burgdorferi than dogs in the West. Dogs seropositive for B. burgdorferi were 1.60 times more likely (P = 0.0473) to be seropositive for Anaplasma spp. Conclusions Tick geographical distributions have a prominent impact on the regional distribution of hunting dog exposure to tick-borne diseases. Education concerning regional tick prevalence and disease risk is important for everyone, but particularly dog owners, regarding ticks in their region and protection from infection and co-infection of tick-borne pathogens as they travel or move with their dogs. Dogs are sentinel species for human exposure to ticks, and as such surveillance of canine tick-borne infections and understanding the probability that these infections might be seen together as co-infections helps predict emerging areas where people are more likely to be exposed as well.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurayi Mahachi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Eric Kontowicz
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Bryan Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Angela J Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Adam Leal Lima
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Mandy Larson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Geneva Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Tara Grinnage-Pulley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Carolyne Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Marie Ozanne
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Michael Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Hailie Fowler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Molly Parrish
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Jill Saucier
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - Phyllis Tyrrell
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - Zachary Palmer
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jesse Buch
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | | | - Breanna Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Grant Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jacob J Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA. .,Immunology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gettings JR, Self SCW, McMahan CS, Brown DA, Nordone SK, Yabsley MJ. Local and regional temporal trends (2013-2019) of canine Ehrlichia spp. seroprevalence in the USA. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:153. [PMID: 32228712 PMCID: PMC7106614 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the USA, there are several Ehrlichia spp. of concern including Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia muris eauclarensis, and “Panola Mountain Ehrlichia”. Of these, E. canis is considered the most clinically relevant for domestic dogs, with infection capable of causing acute, subclinical, and chronic stages of disease. Changes in climate, land use, habitats, and wildlife reservoir populations, and increasing contact between both human and dog populations with natural areas have resulted in the increased risk of vector-borne disease throughout the world. Methods A Bayesian spatio-temporal binomial regression model was applied to serological test results collected from veterinarians throughout the contiguous USA between January 2013 and November 2019. The model was used to quantify both regional and local temporal trends of canine Ehrlichia spp. seroprevalence and identify areas that experienced significant increases in seroprevalence. Results Regionally, increasing seroprevalence occurred within several states throughout the central and southeastern states, including Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia and Texas. The underlying local trends revealed increasing seroprevalence at a finer scale. Clusters of locally increasing seroprevalence were seen from the western Appalachian region into the southern Midwest, along the Atlantic coast in New England, parts of Florida, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and in a couple areas of the Mountain region. Clusters of locally decreasing seroprevalence were seen throughout the USA including New York and the mid-Atlantic states, Texas, the Midwest, and California. Conclusions Canine Ehrlichia spp. seroprevalence is increasing in both endemic and non-endemic areas of the USA. The findings from this study indicate that dogs across a wide area of the USA are at risk of exposure and these results should provide veterinarians and pet owners with the information they need to make informed decisions about prevention of tick exposure.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Gettings
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA.
| | - Stella C W Self
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
| | - Christopher S McMahan
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, 29634, USA
| | - D Andrew Brown
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, 29634, USA
| | - Shila K Nordone
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, 27607, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nelder MP, Russell CB, Lindsay LR, Dibernardo A, Brandon NC, Pritchard J, Johnson S, Cronin K, Patel SN. Recent Emergence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ontario, Canada: Early Serological and Entomological Indicators. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:1249-1258. [PMID: 31628739 PMCID: PMC6896876 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), caused by the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is transmitted to humans by blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) in eastern North America. To assess the emergence of A. phagocytophilum in Ontario, we analyzed patient serological and clinical data in combination with pathogen detection in blacklegged ticks from 2011 to 2017. Our sample population included all patients who had Anaplasma serological testing ordered by their physicians (n = 851). Eighty-three patients (10.8%) were A. phagocytophilum seropositive (IgG titers ≥ 1:64) and 686 (89.2%) were seronegative (IgG titers < 1:64). Applying published surveillance case definitions, we classified zero as confirmed, five as probable, and 78 as suspected cases. The percentage of seropositive patients remained generally stable at 13.6%. Seropositive patients were most often adult females, 40-59 years of age, and reported nonspecific signs and symptoms, such as fatigue, headache, and fever. Higher seropositivity rates (≥ 1.5 patients per 100,000 population) occurred in eastern and northwestern Ontario. The percentage of A. phagocytophilum-positive blacklegged ticks, through passive and active surveillance, was 0.4 and 1.1%, respectively, and increased over time. Serological and entomological indicators of A. phagocytophilum activity increased in areas of the province with established blacklegged tick populations. The risk of HGA is presently low in Ontario; however, further research is required to document the epidemiology of HGA in the province. To minimize the impact of HGA emergence in Ontario, increased awareness and education of the public and health-care providers is recommended, with consideration to making HGA a reportable infection in Ontario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Nelder
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Curtis B. Russell
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - L. Robbin Lindsay
- Field Studies, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Antonia Dibernardo
- Field Studies, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Nicholas C. Brandon
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Pritchard
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Johnson
- Analytic Services, Informatics, Knowledge Services, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kirby Cronin
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Samir N. Patel
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Canine vector-borne disease: mapping and the accuracy of forecasting using big data from the veterinary community. Anim Health Res Rev 2019; 20:47-60. [PMID: 31895020 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252319000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vector-borne disease (VBD) in pets is one cornerstone of companion animal practices. Veterinarians are facing new challenges associated with the emergence, reemergence, and rising incidence of VBD, including heartworm disease, Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and ehrlichiosis. Increases in the observed prevalence of these diseases have been attributed to a multitude of factors, including diagnostic tests with improved sensitivity, expanded annual testing practices, climatologic and ecological changes enhancing vector survival and expansion, emergence or recognition of novel pathogens, and increased movement of pets as travel companions. Veterinarians have the additional responsibility of providing information about zoonotic pathogen transmission from pets, especially to vulnerable human populations: the immunocompromised, children, and the elderly. Hindering efforts to protect pets and people is the dynamic and ever-changing nature of VBD prevalence and distribution. To address this deficit in understanding, the Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) began efforts to annually forecast VBD prevalence in 2011. These forecasts provide veterinarians and pet owners with expected disease prevalence in advance of potential changes. This review summarizes the fidelity of VBD forecasts and illustrates the practical use of CAPC pathogen prevalence maps and forecast data in the practice of veterinary medicine and client education.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chochlios TA, Angelidou E, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Koutinas CK, Mylonakis ME. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Ehrlichia canis in a hospital canine population. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:305-309. [PMID: 31179564 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ehrlichia canis (E canis) infection has been documented in a few small canine case series in Greece. However, there is limited information on the prevalence of exposure to, or the potential risk factors associated with E canis seroreactivity in a large native canine population. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to evaluate E canis seroprevalence in dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital, and to investigate the potential association between seropositivity and signalment, health status, the serologic assays used, and selected clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities. METHODS The medical records of 850 client-owned dogs, tested using three in-office serologic assays, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS The E canis seroprevalence was significantly higher in sick (54.9%) compared with healthy (33.9%) dogs. Seropositivity differed significantly between the serologic assays used in this study (ImmunoComb vs SNAP 3Dx/SNAP 4Dx). Dogs presenting with bleeding tendencies, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, and hyperproteinemia were more likely to be E canis seropositive, and the median hematocrit (HCT), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, and platelet values were significantly lower in seropositive compared with seronegative dogs. CONCLUSIONS A high E canis seroprevalence was documented in a canine population living in an endemic area. Selected clinicopathologic variables might be useful indicators of E canis exposure and could allow the prioritization of serologic testing in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tryfon A Chochlios
- Companion Animal Clinic (CAC-AUTh), School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elisavet Angelidou
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Maria Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos K Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic (CAC-AUTh), School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic (CAC-AUTh), School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clow KM, Leighton PA, Pearl DL, Jardine CM. A framework for adaptive surveillance of emerging tick-borne zoonoses. One Health 2019; 7:100083. [PMID: 30809583 PMCID: PMC6376153 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant global ecological changes continue to drive emergence of tick-borne zoonoses around the world. This poses an important threat to both human and animal health, and highlights the need for surveillance systems that are capable of monitoring these complex diseases effectively across different stages of the emergence process. Our objective was to develop an evidence-based framework for surveillance of emerging tick-borne zoonoses. We conducted a realist review to understand the available approaches and major challenges associated with surveillance of emerging tick-borne zoonoses. Lyme disease, with a specific focus on emergence in Canada, was used as a case study to provide real-world context, since the process of disease emergence is ongoing in this country. We synthesize the results to propose a novel framework for adaptive surveillance of emerging tick-borne zoonoses. Goals for each phase of disease emergence are highlighted and approaches are suggested. The framework emphasizes the needs for surveillance systems to be inclusive, standardized, comprehensive and sustainable. We build upon a growing body of infectious disease literature that is advocating for reform to surveillance systems. Although our framework has been developed for tick-borne zoonoses, it is flexible and has the potential to be applied to a variety of other vector-borne and zoonotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Clow
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patrick A. Leighton
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - David L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Claire M. Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lashnits E, Grant S, Thomas B, Qurollo B, Breitschwerdt EB. Evidence for vertical transmission of Mycoplasma haemocanis, but not Ehrlichia ewingii, in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1747-1752. [PMID: 31127669 PMCID: PMC6639480 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old female intact pregnant Beagle was evaluated after the owner surrendered her to a shelter. Prepartum and 2 months postpartum at the time of routine spay, the dam was whole-blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for Ehrlichia ewingii. She was also whole-blood PCR positive for Mycoplasma haemocanis prepartum and continuously for 5 months thereafter. The dam delivered 5 healthy puppies, 1 of which was whole-blood PCR positive for M. haemocanis. All 5 puppies had antibodies against Ehrlichia spp. at 1 month of age but not thereafter, and all puppies were Ehrlichia spp. PCR negative for 5 months of follow-up. Therefore, this study supports a potential role for vertical transmission in the maintenance of M. haemocanis in dogs as reservoir hosts. In contrast, in this case there was no evidence that E. ewingii was transmitted transplacentally or during the perinatal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lashnits
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Sandra Grant
- Lake Wheeler Veterinary Hospital, Veterinary Services Department, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Brittany Thomas
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Barbara Qurollo
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maggi RG, Krämer F. A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:145. [PMID: 30917860 PMCID: PMC6438007 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Companion vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are an important threat for pet life, but may also have an impact on human health, due to their often zoonotic character. The importance and awareness of CVBDs continuously increased during the last years. However, information on their occurrence is often limited in several parts of the world, which are often especially affected. Latin America (LATAM), a region with large biodiversity, is one of these regions, where information on CVBDs for pet owners, veterinarians, medical doctors and health workers is often obsolete, limited or non-existent. In the present review, a comprehensive literature search for CVBDs in companion animals (dogs and cats) was performed for several countries in Central America (Belize, Caribbean Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico) as well as in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana (British Guyana), Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) regarding the occurrence of the following parasitic and bacterial diseases: babesiosis, heartworm disease, subcutaneous dirofilariosis, hepatozoonosis, leishmaniosis, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, mycoplasmosis and rickettsiosis. An overview on the specific diseases, followed by a short summary on their occurrence per country is given. Additionally, a tabular listing on positive or non-reported occurrence is presented. None of the countries is completely free from CVBDs. The data presented in the review confirm a wide distribution of the CVBDs in focus in LATAM. This wide occurrence and the fact that most of the CVBDs can have a quite severe clinical outcome and their diagnostic as well as therapeutic options in the region are often difficult to access and to afford, demands a strong call for the prevention of pathogen transmission by the use of ectoparasiticidal and anti-feeding products as well as by performing behavioural changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Friederike Krämer
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Modarelli JJ, Tomeček JM, Piccione J, Ferro PJ, Esteve‐Gasent MD. Molecular prevalence and ecoregion distribution of select tick‐borne pathogens in Texas dogs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1291-1300. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Modarelli
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - John M. Tomeček
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries SciencesTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Julie Piccione
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic LaboratoryTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Pamela J. Ferro
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic LaboratoryTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Maria D. Esteve‐Gasent
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Evason M, Stull JW, Pearl DL, Peregrine AS, Jardine C, Buch JS, Lailer Z, O'Connor T, Chandrashekar R, Weese JS. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Dirofilaria immitis in Canadian dogs, 2008 to 2015: a repeat cross-sectional study. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:64. [PMID: 30691522 PMCID: PMC6350403 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector-borne pathogens are emerging concerns in multiple regions of Canada. Determining regional prevalence of canine vector-borne pathogens and documenting change will improve clinician awareness, enable targeted prevention, enhance diagnosis and ideally reduce the risk of disease. Study objectives were to: (i) estimate the prevalence of positive canine vector-borne test results from samples submitted in Canada; (ii) assess change in prevalence over time, from baseline (2008) to 2015; and (iii) estimate the prevalence of pathogen co-infections. Methods This repeat cross-sectional study evaluated 753,468 test results for D. immitis antigen and B. burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis/ewingii/muris serology, and 753,208 test results for Anaplasma phagocytophilum/platys serology using the SNAP® 4Dx®Test and SNAP 4Dx® Plus Test. Results Based on all submitted samples from Canada (2008–2015), the period seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi, Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp. and D. immitis antigen were 2.0%, 0.5%, 0.4% and 0.2%, respectively. Over the 7 years (2008 compared to 2015) we observed a significant increase in seroprevalence for B. burgdorferi (144.4%) and Ehrlichia spp. (150%). Co-infections (positive for two or more pathogens on a single 4 pathogen test kit) were estimated at 5.4% (1162/21,612) of total positive tests. Conclusions The temporal rise and geographical differences in prevalence detected for these pathogens (notably B. burgdorferi) are consistent with anecdotal information on canine illness related to tick-borne pathogen exposure in multiple regions of Canada, particularly canine Lyme disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3299-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Evason
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada. .,University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jason W Stull
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - David L Pearl
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | - Jesse S Buch
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine, 04092, USA
| | - Zachary Lailer
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine, 04092, USA
| | - Tom O'Connor
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine, 04092, USA
| | | | - J Scott Weese
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Qurollo BA, Buch J, Chandrashekar R, Beall MJ, Breitschwerdt EB, Yancey CB, Caudill AH, Comyn A. Clinicopathological findings in 41 dogs (2008-2018) naturally infected with Ehrlichia ewingii. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:618-629. [PMID: 30604457 PMCID: PMC6430920 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ehrlichia ewingii is the most seroprevalent Ehrlichia‐infecting dogs in the southern and mid‐western United States. Fever, lameness, and polyarthritis are commonly reported findings in dogs naturally infected with E. ewingii. Objectives To evaluate clinicopathologic findings in a population of dogs naturally infected with E. ewingii. Animals Forty‐one dogs PCR positive for E. ewingii and PCR negative for other targeted vector‐borne organisms. Methods Retrospective study. Clinical and clinicopathologic data including physical examination findings, CBC, serum biochemistry, urinalysis (UA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), and vector‐borne disease diagnostic results were reviewed. Results Frequent clinical diagnoses other than ehrlichiosis (28/41; 68.3%) were renal disease (7/41; 17.1%) and immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) (6/41; 14.6%). The most frequent physical examination finding was joint pain (14/41; 34.1%). Prominent hematologic and biochemical abnormalities included abnormal lymphocyte counts (22/36; 61.1%); neutrophilia (21/37; 56.8%); increased alkaline phosphatase (20/35; 57.1%) and alanine transaminase (14/35; 40%) activities; and increased SDMA concentration (11/34; 32.4%). Urinalysis abnormalities included proteinuria (20/27; 74%), most with inactive sediments (16/20; 80%). Dogs were seroreactive by Ehrlichia canis immunofluorescence assay (IFA; 17/39; 43.6%) and Ehrlichia ELISA (34/41; 82.9%). Seroreactivity by IFA for other vector‐borne pathogens included Bartonella (1/39; 2.6%), Rickettsia rickettsii (spotted‐fever group rickettsiae) (12/39; 30.8%), and Borrelia burgdorferi by ELISA (1/41; 2.4%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Renal disease, IMHA, proteinuria, neutrophilia, abnormal lymphocytes, and increased liver enzyme activities were common in this group of E. ewingii‐infected dogs. Studies are needed to determine if E. ewingii contributes to comorbidities or is a precipitating factor in clinical syndromes in persistently infected dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Qurollo
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jesse Buch
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc, Westbrook, Maine
| | | | | | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Caroline B Yancey
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Services, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Alexander H Caudill
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Alaire Comyn
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gaunt MC, Carr AP, Taylor SM. Serological survey of canine vector-borne diseases in Saskatchewan, Canada. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2018; 59:1109-1111. [PMID: 30510318 PMCID: PMC6135302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Whole blood samples were collected from 515 dogs in the practice region surrounding Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada between 2008 and 2010 and evaluated for seroprevalence of vector-borne diseases. Of 515 samples, 12 (2.3%) were positive, with 7 (1.4%) positive for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. These prevalences are higher than those previously reported for this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Casey Gaunt
- 615, 5th Street East, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7H 1G4 (Gaunt); Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Carr, Taylor)
| | - Anthony P Carr
- 615, 5th Street East, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7H 1G4 (Gaunt); Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Carr, Taylor)
| | - Susan M Taylor
- 615, 5th Street East, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7H 1G4 (Gaunt); Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Carr, Taylor)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Khatat SE, Culang D, Gara-Boivin C. Granulocytic anaplasmosis in 2 dogs from Quebec. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2018; 59:663-667. [PMID: 29910483 PMCID: PMC5949946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two dogs from Quebec were diagnosed with granulocytic anaplasmosis. They both displayed fever, lethargy, and anorexia. Other clinical signs included vomiting, uveitis, polyarthritis, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Thrombocytopenia, anemia, and lymphopenia were identified in both cases. Cytoplasmic inclusions were observed within neutrophils, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in both dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elhamiani Khatat
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (Elhamiani Khatat); Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Diagnostic Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Culang, Gara-Boivin)
| | - Deborah Culang
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (Elhamiani Khatat); Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Diagnostic Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Culang, Gara-Boivin)
| | - Carolyn Gara-Boivin
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (Elhamiani Khatat); Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Diagnostic Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Culang, Gara-Boivin)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu J, Eberts M, Bewsey H, O’Connor TP, Chandrashekar R, Breitschwerdt EB. Sensitivity and specificity levels of two rapid assays for antibodies to Anaplasma spp. in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:290-293. [PMID: 29202672 PMCID: PMC6505878 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717745932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease of dogs that results following infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum or Anaplasma platys. The SNAP 4Dx Plus test (IDEXX Laboratories) and the VetScan Canine Anaplasma Rapid test (Abaxis) are commercial in-house rapid tests for the detection of antibody to these 2 antigenically related Anaplasma species. We evaluated 2 tests using serum and whole blood samples obtained from reference laboratories and veterinary hospitals. Samples were obtained from regions of the country known to be habitats of the primary tick vectors. The A. phagocytophilum sample set comprised 236 dog sera from the northeastern and midwestern United States; the A. platys sample set comprised 179 sera from dogs living in the southwestern United States. An indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test and an A. platys species-specific ELISA were used as reference assays for the A. phagocytophilum and A. platys samples, respectively. The SNAP test demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity (84.7% for A. phagocytophilum and 83.1% for A. platys), compared to the VetScan test (39.0% for A. phagocytophilum and 57.6% for A. platys). The specificity of the SNAP test (95.8% for A. phagocytophilum and 99.2% for A. platys) was significantly greater than the VetScan test (85.6% for A. phagocytophilum and 82.5% for A. platys). In a separate clinic study, conducted within an A. phagocytophilum-endemic state (Minnesota) using 154 whole blood samples from client-owned dogs, the VetScan test was negative for 22 of 39 SNAP and IFA seropositive samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayou Liu
- Department of Assay R&D, IDEXX Laboratories
Inc., Westbrook, ME (Liu, Bewsey, O’Connor, Chandrashekar)
- Lakeland Veterinary Hospital, N. Baxter, MN
(Eberts)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
(Breitschwerdt)
| | - Matthew Eberts
- Department of Assay R&D, IDEXX Laboratories
Inc., Westbrook, ME (Liu, Bewsey, O’Connor, Chandrashekar)
- Lakeland Veterinary Hospital, N. Baxter, MN
(Eberts)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
(Breitschwerdt)
| | - Hannah Bewsey
- Department of Assay R&D, IDEXX Laboratories
Inc., Westbrook, ME (Liu, Bewsey, O’Connor, Chandrashekar)
- Lakeland Veterinary Hospital, N. Baxter, MN
(Eberts)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
(Breitschwerdt)
| | - Thomas P. O’Connor
- Thomas P. O’Connor, IDEXX
Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092.
| | - Ramaswamy Chandrashekar
- Department of Assay R&D, IDEXX Laboratories
Inc., Westbrook, ME (Liu, Bewsey, O’Connor, Chandrashekar)
- Lakeland Veterinary Hospital, N. Baxter, MN
(Eberts)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
(Breitschwerdt)
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Department of Assay R&D, IDEXX Laboratories
Inc., Westbrook, ME (Liu, Bewsey, O’Connor, Chandrashekar)
- Lakeland Veterinary Hospital, N. Baxter, MN
(Eberts)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
(Breitschwerdt)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Divers TJ, Gardner RB, Madigan JE, Witonsky SG, Bertone JJ, Swinebroad EL, Schutzer SE, Johnson AL. Borrelia burgdorferi Infection and Lyme Disease in North American Horses: A Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:617-632. [PMID: 29469222 PMCID: PMC5866975 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi infection is common in horses living in Lyme endemic areas and the geographic range for exposure is increasing. Morbidity after B. burgdorferi infection in horses is unknown. Documented, naturally occurring syndromes attributed to B. burgdorferi infection in horses include neuroborreliosis, uveitis, and cutaneous pseudolymphoma. Although other clinical signs such as lameness and stiffness are reported in horses, these are often not well documented. Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on exposure to B. burgdorferi, cytology or histopathology of infected fluid or tissue and antigen detection. Treatment of Lyme disease in horses is similar to treatment of humans or small animals but treatment success might not be the same because of species differences in antimicrobial bioavailability and duration of infection before initiation of treatment. There are no approved equine label Lyme vaccines but there is strong evidence that proper vaccination could prevent infection in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - J E Madigan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California - Davis, CA
| | - S G Witonsky
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Region CVM, Blacksburg, VA
| | - J J Bertone
- CVMm Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | | | - S E Schutzer
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - A L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lashnits E, Correa M, Hegarty B, Birkenheuer A, Breitschwerdt E. Bartonella Seroepidemiology in Dogs from North America, 2008-2014. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:222-231. [PMID: 29197186 PMCID: PMC5787158 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved understanding of Bartonella species seroepidemiology in dogs may aid clinical decision making and enhance current understanding of naturally occurring arthropod vector transmission of this pathogen. OBJECTIVES To identify demographic groups in which Bartonella exposure may be more likely, describe spatiotemporal variations in Bartonella seroreactivity, and examine co-exposures to other canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD). ANIMALS A total of 15,451 serology specimens from dogs in North America were submitted to the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2014. METHODS Bartonella henselae, Bartonella koehlerae, and Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) serology results, as well as results from a commercial assay kit screening for Dirofilaria immitis antigen and Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies, and Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni, and Rickettsia species IFA results were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Overall, 3.26% of dogs were Bartonella spp. seroreactive; B. henselae (2.13%) and B. koehlerae (2.39%) were detected more frequently than B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (1.42%, P < 0.0001). Intact males had higher seroreactivity (5.04%) than neutered males (2.87%, P < 0.0001) or intact or spayed females (3.22%, P = 0.0003). Mixed breed dogs had higher seroreactivity (4.45%) than purebred dogs (3.02%, P = 0.0002). There was no trend in seasonal seroreactivity; geographic patterns supported broad distribution of exposure, and co-exposure with other CVBD was common. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Bartonella spp. exposure was documented throughout North America and at any time of year. Male intact dogs, mixed breed dogs, and dogs exposed to other CVBD have higher seroreactivity to multiple Bartonella species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Lashnits
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research LaboratoryInstitute for Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
| | - M. Correa
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research LaboratoryInstitute for Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
| | - B.C. Hegarty
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research LaboratoryInstitute for Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
| | - A. Birkenheuer
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research LaboratoryInstitute for Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
| | - E.B. Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research LaboratoryInstitute for Comparative MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yancey CB, Diniz PPVP, Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty BC, Wiesen C, Qurollo BA. Doxycycline treatment efficacy in dogs with naturally occurring Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 59:286-293. [PMID: 29280490 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate doxycycline treatment efficacy and post-treatment pathogen persistence in dogs naturally infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in endemic regions of the USA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Symptomatic dogs in four US states (MN, WI, CT and CA) were evaluated before treatment with doxycycline and approximately 30 and 60 days post-treatment. Clinicopathological parameters, co-exposures and A. phagocytophilum DNA in whole blood and lymph node samples were compared between A. phagocytophilum infected and uninfected dogs. RESULTS In total, 42 dogs fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with 16 dogs (38%) blood PCR-positive and 26 dogs (62%) blood PCR-negative for A. phagocytophilum. At initial evaluation, the proportion of clinicopathological abnormalities was similar between A. phagocytophilum infected and uninfected dogs, although thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia were statistically more prevalent among A. phagocytophilum infected dogs. Treatment with doxycycline resulted in resolution of all clinical abnormalities in infected dogs; four dogs had persistent haematological abnormalities, including mild leukopenia, eosinopenia and lymphopenia. All 16 infected dogs became blood PCR-negative approximately 30 and 60 days after treatment onset. Additionally, 13/13 (100%) lymph node specimens tested post-treatment were PCR-negative. Select clinicopathological abnormalities persisted in uninfected dogs after treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study support the efficacy of doxycycline therapy for clinical treatment of dogs naturally infected with A. phagocytophilum in the USA. This study did not find clinical, haematological or microbiological indicators that supported the persistence of A. phagocytophilum infection in naturally infected dogs following treatment with doxycycline for 28 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Yancey
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
| | - P P V P Diniz
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, California, 91766, USA
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
| | - B C Hegarty
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
| | - C Wiesen
- The Odum Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA
| | - B A Qurollo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Murphy M, Cavalleri D, Seewald W, Drake J, Nanchen S. Laboratory evaluation of the speed of kill of lotilaner (Credelio™) against Ixodes ricinus ticks on dogs. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:541. [PMID: 29089039 PMCID: PMC5664588 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the geographical expansion of tick species and increased recognition of pathogens they transmit, there is a requirement for safe and rapidly effective control measures for dogs. Lotilaner, a novel isoxazoline, is rapidly absorbed following administration of a flavored chewable tablet formulation (Credelio™), providing at least 98% efficacy for at least 1 month following assessments at 48 h post-treatment, and following subsequent challenges. A study was conducted to determine the speed with which lotilaner kills ticks. METHODS From 38 dogs, the 32 with the highest Ixodes ricinus counts from a Day -4 infestation were randomized among four groups: two groups were untreated controls, two received lotilaner tablets at a minimum dose rate of 20 mg/kg. Infestations with I. ricinus were performed on Days -2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. Counts were completed 4 and 8 h post-treatment (Day 0), and 8 and 12 h following subsequent infestations. All live ticks were incubated for 24 h following removal from study dogs. RESULTS At 4 h post-treatment, there was a 69.8% reduction in geometric mean live tick counts in treated dogs compared to controls. After incubation, the reduction increased to 97.2%. At 8 h after treatment, pre- and post-incubation reductions were 99.2 and 100%, respectively. Following post-treatment challenges, post-incubation efficacy through Day 28 at 8 and 12 h was at least 94.3 and 98.0%, respectively, and was 85.7 and 94.2% at 8 and 12 h after the Day 35 challenge. Mean live tick counts in the lotilaner groups were significantly lower than in the control groups at all assessments through Day 35 at 8 (t (7) ≥ 9, P < 0.0001, Days 0 to 28; t (7) = 3.54, P ≤ 0.0095, Day 35) and 12 h post-treatment and after subsequent infestations (t (7) ≥ 10, P < 0.0001, all days). There were no treatment-related adverse events. CONCLUSION Lotilaner at a minimum dose rate of 20 mg/kg began to kill ticks on dogs within 4 h of treatment and efficacy was 100% within 8 h. Lotilaner sustained a rapid kill of newly infesting I. ricinus through 35 days. By quickly killing ticks that infest dogs, lotilaner has potential to help limit the transmission of tick-borne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Murphy
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Seewald
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason Drake
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, 46140, USA.
| | - Steve Nanchen
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu Y, Watson SC, Gettings JR, Lund RB, Nordone SK, Yabsley MJ, McMahan CS. A Bayesian spatio-temporal model for forecasting Anaplasma species seroprevalence in domestic dogs within the contiguous United States. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182028. [PMID: 28738085 PMCID: PMC5524335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper forecasts the 2016 canine Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence in the United States from eight climate, geographic and societal factors. The forecast's construction and an assessment of its performance are described. The forecast is based on a spatial-temporal conditional autoregressive model fitted to over 11 million Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence test results for dogs conducted in the 48 contiguous United States during 2011-2015. The forecast uses county-level data on eight predictive factors, including annual temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, county elevation, forestation coverage, surface water coverage, population density and median household income. Non-static factors are extrapolated into the forthcoming year with various statistical methods. The fitted model and factor extrapolations are used to estimate next year's regional prevalence. The correlation between the observed and model-estimated county-by-county Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence for the five-year period 2011-2015 is 0.902, demonstrating reasonable model accuracy. The weighted correlation (accounting for different sample sizes) between 2015 observed and forecasted county-by-county Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence is 0.987, exhibiting that the proposed approach can be used to accurately forecast Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence. The forecast presented herein can a priori alert veterinarians to areas expected to see Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence beyond the accepted endemic range. The proposed methods may prove useful for forecasting other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Stella C. Watson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Jenna R. Gettings
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Lund
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Shila K. Nordone
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJY); (CSM)
| | - Christopher S. McMahan
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJY); (CSM)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chandrashekar R, Beall MJ, Thatcher B, Saucier JM, Tyrrell P, Lappin MR. Serologic responses to peptides of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs infested with wild-caught Ixodes scapularis. Vet J 2017; 226:6-11. [PMID: 28911844 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi are both transmitted by Ixodes spp. and are associated with clinical illness in some infected dogs. This study evaluated canine antibody responses to the A. phagocytophilum p44 peptides APH-1 and APH-4 as well as the B. burgdorferi C6 peptide before and after doxycycline treatment. A total of eight dogs were infested with wild-caught I. scapularis for 1 week. Blood was collected prior to tick attachment and from Days 3-77 to 218-302 with doxycycline treatment beginning on Day 218. Blood was assayed for A. phagocytophilum DNA by PCR assay. Sera was assessed for antibodies by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test and ELISA. Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was amplified from blood of all dogs by Day 7. Antibodies to APH-4 were detected in serum as early as 14days after tick exposure and six dogs had APH-4 antibodies detected 3-7 days before antibodies against APH-1. All dogs were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum from Days 218 to 302. Antibodies to B. burgdorferi were detected in 6/8 dogs beginning 21days after I. scapularis infestation. Among the five dogs that remained seropositive at Day 218, C6 antibody levels declined on average 81% within 84days of initiating treatment. The results suggest that the APH-4 peptide may be more useful than APH-1 for detecting antibodies earlier in the course of an A. phagocytophilum infection. After doxycycline administration, C6 antibody levels but not APH-1 or APH-4 antibody levels decreased, suggesting a treatment effect on C6 antibody production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Chandrashekar
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States.
| | - M J Beall
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States
| | - B Thatcher
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States
| | - J M Saucier
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States
| | - P Tyrrell
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States
| | - M R Lappin
- The Center for Companion Animal Studies, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Herrin BH, Peregrine AS, Goring J, Beall MJ, Little SE. Canine infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis, Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in Canada, 2013-2014. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:244. [PMID: 28526093 PMCID: PMC5437676 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine test results generated by veterinarians throughout Canada from 2013-2014 were evaluated to assess the geographical distribution of canine infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia spp., and Anaplasma spp. METHODS The percent positive test results of 115,636 SNAP® 4Dx® Plus tests from dogs tested were collated by province and municipality to determine the distribution of these vector-borne infections in Canada. RESULTS A total of 2,844/115,636 (2.5%) dogs tested positive for antibody to B. burgdorferi. In contrast, positive test results for D. immitis antigen and antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. were low, with less than 0.5% of dogs testing positive for any one of these three agents nationwide. Provincial seroprevalence for antibodies to B. burgdorferi ranged from 0.5% (Saskatchewan)-15.7% (Nova Scotia); the areas of highest percent positive test results were in proximity to regions in the USA considered endemic for Lyme borreliosis, including Nova Scotia (15.7%) and Eastern Ontario (5.1%). These high endemic foci, which had significantly higher percent positive test results than the rest of the nation (P < 0.0001), were surrounded by areas of moderate to low seroprevalence in New Brunswick (3.7%), Quebec (2.8%), and the rest of Ontario (0.9%), as well as northward and westward through Manitoba (2.4%) and Saskatchewan (0.5%). Insufficient results were available from the westernmost provinces, including Alberta and British Columbia, to allow analysis. CONCLUSION Increased surveillance of these vector-borne disease agents, especially B. burgdorferi, is important as climate, vector range, and habitat continues to change throughout Canada. Using dogs as sentinels for these pathogens can aid in recognition of the public and veterinary health threat that each pose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Herrin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Andrew S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Susan E Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Elhamiani Khatat S, Daminet S, Kachani M, Leutenegger CM, Duchateau L, El Amri H, Hing M, Azrib R, Sahibi H. Anaplasma spp. in dogs and owners in north-western Morocco. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:202. [PMID: 28438220 PMCID: PMC5404288 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic pathogen of increased interest worldwide which has been detected in northern Africa. Anaplasma platys is also present in this region and could possibly have a zoonotic potential. However, only one recent article reports on the human esposure to A. phagocytophilum in Morocco and no data are available on canine exposure to both bacteria. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological study aiming to assess both canine and human exposure to Anaplasma spp. in Morocco. A total of 425 dogs (95 urban, 160 rural and 175 working dogs) and 11 dog owners were sampled from four cities of Morocco. Canine blood samples were screened for Anaplasma spp. antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for A. phagocytophilum and A. platys DNA by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the msp2 gene. Human sera were tested for specific A. phagocytophilum immunoglobulin G (IgG) using a commercial immunofluorescence assay (IFA) kit. RESULTS Anaplasma spp. antibodies and A. platys DNA were detected in 21.9 and 7.5% of the dogs, respectively. Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was not amplified. Anaplasma platys DNA was significantly more frequently amplified for working dogs. No statistically significant differences in the prevalence of Anaplasma spp. antibodies or A. platys DNA detection were observed between sexes, age classes or in relation to exposure to ticks. A total of 348 Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) ticks were removed from 35 urban and working dogs. The majority of dog owners (7/10) were seroreactive to A. phagoyctophilum IgG (one sample was excluded because of hemolysis). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the occurrence of Anaplasma spp. exposure and A. platys infection in dogs, and A. phagocytophilum exposure in humans in Morocco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elhamiani Khatat
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Ghent University, Ghent, Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Ghent University, Ghent, Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Malika Kachani
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA USA
| | | | - Luc Duchateau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Ghent University, Ghent, Merelbeke Belgium
| | | | - Mony Hing
- National Reference Laboratory for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Laboratory of Clinical Biology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rahma Azrib
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hamid Sahibi
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Elhamiani Khatat S, Khallaayoune K, Errafyk N, Van Gool F, Duchateau L, Daminet S, Kachani M, El Amri H, Azrib R, Sahibi H. Detection of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. anibodies, and Dirofilaria immitis antigens in dogs from seven locations of Morocco. Vet Parasitol 2017; 239:86-89. [PMID: 28410950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In Morocco no data has been published on canine exposure to Anaplasma spp., Borrrelia burgdorferi, and Ehrlichia spp., and only one report is available on the occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to collect current data on the canine exposure to these vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) in Morocco. A total of 217 urban (n=57), rural (n=110) and military (n=50) dogs from seven Moroccan locations were screened for Anaplasma spp., B. burgdorferi and Ehrlichia spp. antibodies and for D. immitis antigens using a commercial in-clinic ELISA test. Of these dogs, 182 (83.9%) tested positive for at least one pathogen and positivity to two or three pathogens was found in 14.3% and 2.3% of the dogs, respectively. Ehrlichia spp. antibodies (34.6%) were the most frequently detected followed by Anaplasma spp. antibodies (16.6%) and D. immitis antigens (16.1%). None of the dogs was tested seropositive to B. burgdorferi. Statistically significant differences in seropositivity rates were found for Ehrlichia spp. and D. immitis in rural dogs especially those from the north central region (p<0.001) but not for Anaplasma spp. No significant difference was found according to the health status of the dog. This study demonstrates that Moroccan dogs are at high risk of acquiring a vector-borne infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elhamiani Khatat
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Madinat Al Irfane, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, 10101, Morocco; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Khalid Khallaayoune
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Madinat Al Irfane, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, 10101, Morocco.
| | - Nabil Errafyk
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Madinat Al Irfane, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, 10101, Morocco.
| | - Frans Van Gool
- EXCELVET-Consultants, Twin Center, Tour Ouest, Angle Boulevard Zerktouni et El Massira, 20000, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Malika Kachani
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, USA.
| | - Hamid El Amri
- Laboratory of the Royal Gendarmerie, Avenue Ibn Sina, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Rahma Azrib
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Madinat Al Irfane, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, 10101, Morocco.
| | - Hamid Sahibi
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Madinat Al Irfane, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, 10101, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu Y, Lund RB, Nordone SK, Yabsley MJ, McMahan CS. A Bayesian spatio-temporal model for forecasting the prevalence of antibodies to Ehrlichia species in domestic dogs within the contiguous United States. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:138. [PMID: 28274248 PMCID: PMC5343545 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs in the United States are hosts to a diverse range of vector-borne pathogens, several of which are important zoonoses. This paper describes factors deemed to be significantly related to the prevalence of antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. in domestic dogs, including climatic conditions, geographical factors, and societal factors. These factors are used in concert with a spatio-temporal model to construct an annual seroprevalence forecast. The proposed method of forecasting and an assessment of its fidelity are described. Methods Approximately twelve million serological test results for canine exposure to Ehrlichia spp. were used in the development of a Bayesian approach to forecast canine infection. Data used were collected on the county level across the contiguous United States from routine veterinary diagnostic tests between 2011–2015. Maps depicting the spatial baseline Ehrlichia spp. prevalence were constructed using Kriging and head-banging smoothing methods. Data were statistically analyzed to identify factors related to antibody prevalence via a Bayesian spatio-temporal conditional autoregressive (CAR) model. Finally, a forecast of future Ehrlichia seroprevalence was constructed based on the proposed model using county-level data on five predictive factors identified at a workshop hosted by the Companion Animal Parasite Council and published in 2014: annual temperature, percentage forest coverage, percentage surface water coverage, population density and median household income. Data were statistically analyzed to identify factors related to disease prevalence via a Bayesian spatio-temporal model. The fitted model and factor extrapolations were then used to forecast the regional seroprevalence for 2016. Results The correlation between the observed and model-estimated county-by-county Ehrlichia seroprevalence for the five-year period 2011–2015 is 0.842, demonstrating reasonable model accuracy. The weighted correlation (acknowledging unequal sample sizes) between 2015 observed and forecasted county-by-county Ehrlichia seroprevalence is 0.970, demonstrating that Ehrlichia seroprevalence can be forecasted accurately. Conclusions The forecast presented herein can be an a priori alert to veterinarians regarding areas expected to see expansion of Ehrlichia beyond the accepted endemic range, or in some regions a dynamic change from historical average prevalence. Moreover, this forecast could potentially serve as a surveillance tool for human health and prove useful for forecasting other vector-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Robert B Lund
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Shila K Nordone
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Movilla R, García C, Siebert S, Roura X. Countrywide serological evaluation of canine prevalence for Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), Dirofilaria immitis and Ehrlichia canis in Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:421. [PMID: 27474020 PMCID: PMC4966591 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) have become a major concern for canine and human public health. The aim of the study described here is to add epidemiological data regarding four pathogens responsible for CVBD, namely anaplasmosis, borreliosis, dirofilariosis and ehrlichiosis in a national survey conducted in Mexico. METHODS Seventy-four veterinary centres located in 21 federal Mexican states were asked to test dogs with clinical signs suspect for CVBD and healthy dogs, for detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) and Ehrlichia canis using the SNAP® 4DX® from IDEXX® Laboratories. RESULTS A total of 1706 dogs were tested, including 943 apparently healthy and 722 CVBD-suspect dogs. Infected dogs were 36.7 %. The highest percentages of infection with E. canis (51.0 %) and Anaplasma spp. (16.4 %) were obtained in the northwestern region, while D. immitis was most frequently found in the northeastern region of the country (8.9 %). Four dogs from the northwestern, northeastern, eastern and southeastern regions, respectively, were positive for B. burgdorferi (sensu lato). Northcentral regions showed lowest overall prevalence of infection (2.4 %). Co-infections were detected in 8.8 % of the dogs tested. Statistically significant lower positivity was found among dogs aged less than one year (23.2 %) and small-sized dogs (27.6 %), while higher prevalence of infection was found in dogs living outdoors (42.0 %), dogs with detectable tick infestation (43.3 %) and dogs that received treatment for tick-transmitted infections (58.8 %). Seropositivity was a risk factor for the presence of clinical signs as follows: Anaplasma spp. (OR = 2.63; 95 % CI: 1.88-3.67; P < 0.0001), D. immitis (OR = 2.52; 95 % CI: 1.61-3.95; P < 0.0001), E. canis (OR = 3.58; 95 % CI: 2.88-4.45; P < 0.0001), mixed infections (OR = 4.08; 95 % CI: 2.79-5.96; P < 0.0001), one or more agents (OR = 3.58; 95 % CI: 2.91-4.42; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Canine serological evidence supports that dogs from Mexico are at risk of acquiring Anaplasma spp., D. immitis and/or E. canis, while B. burgdorferi (sensu lato) transmission is minimal in the country. Practitioners play a fundamental role in the detection and control of these diseases to protect dogs and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Movilla
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de l’Hospital, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos García
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlán UNAM, Mexico Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City D.F., Mexico
| | - Susanne Siebert
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 40789 Monheim and Marketing Companion Animal Products (CAP), InternationalBuilding 6210, 2.56, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de l’Hospital, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
McMahan CS, Wang D, Beall MJ, Bowman DD, Little SE, Pithua PO, Sharp JL, Stich RW, Yabsley MJ, Lund RB. Factors associated with Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence among dogs in the United States. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:169. [PMID: 27004557 PMCID: PMC4804572 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs in the United States are hosts to a diverse range of ticks and tick-borne pathogens, including A. phagocytophilum, an important emerging canine and human pathogen. Previously, a Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC)-sponsored workshop proposed factors purported to be associated with the infection risk for tick-transmitted pathogens in dogs in the United States, including climate conditions, socioeconomic characteristics, local topography, and vector distribution. Methods Approximately four million test results from routine veterinary diagnostic tests from 2011–2013, which were collected on a county level across the contiguous United States, are statistically analyzed with the proposed factors via logistic regression and generalized estimating equations. Spatial prevalence maps of baseline Anaplasma spp. prevalence are constructed from Kriging and head-banging smoothing methods. Results All of the examined factors, with the exception of surface water coverage, were significantly associated with Anaplasma spp. prevalence. Overall, Anaplasma spp. prevalence increases with increasing precipitation and forestation coverage and decreases with increasing temperature, population density, relative humidity, and elevation. Interestingly, socioeconomic status and deer/vehicle collisions were positively and negatively correlated with canine Anaplasma seroprevalence, respectively. A spatial map of the canine Anaplasma hazard is an auxiliary product of the analysis. Anaplasma spp. prevalence is highest in New England and the Upper Midwest. Conclusions The results from the two posited statistical models (one that contains an endemic areas assumption and one that does not) are in general agreement, with the major difference being that the endemic areas model estimates a larger prevalence in Western Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. As A. phagocytophilum is zoonotic, the results of this analysis could also help predict areas of high risk for human exposure to this pathogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1431-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | - Dwight D Bowman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Susan E Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Patrick O Pithua
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Julia L Sharp
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Roger W Stich
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert B Lund
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Meichner K, Qurollo BA, Anderson KL, Grindem CB, Savage M, Breitschwerdt EB. Naturally Occurring Ehrlichia ewingii and Mycoplasma sp. Co-Infection in a Goat. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1735-8. [PMID: 26473432 PMCID: PMC4895659 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Meichner
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| | - B A Qurollo
- Department of Clinical Science, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| | - K L Anderson
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| | - C B Grindem
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| | - M Savage
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Science, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hegarty BC, Qurollo BA, Thomas B, Park K, Chandrashekar R, Beall MJ, Thatcher B, Breitschwerdt EB. Serological and molecular analysis of feline vector-borne anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis using species-specific peptides and PCR. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:320. [PMID: 26062723 PMCID: PMC4465321 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the exception of Bartonella spp. or Cytauxzoon felis, feline vector-borne pathogens (FVBP) have been less frequently studied in North America and are generally under-appreciated as a clinical entity in cats, as compared to dogs or people. This study investigated selected FVBP seroreactivity and PCR prevalence in cats using archived samples. Methods Feline blood samples submitted to the Vector Borne Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory (VBDDL) at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU-CVM) between 2008 and 2013 were tested using serological assays and PCR. An experimental SNAP® Multi-Analyte Assay (SNAP® M-A) (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. Westbrook, Maine, USA) was used to screen all sera for antibodies to Anaplasma and Ehrlichia genus peptides and A.phagocytophilum, A.platys, B.burgdorferi, E.canis, E.chaffeensis, and E.ewingii species-specific peptides. PCR assays were used to amplify Anaplasma or Ehrlichia DNA from extracted ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-anti-coagulated blood samples. Amplicons were sequenced to identify species. Results Overall, 7.8 % (56/715) of cats were FVBP seroreactive and 3.2 % (13/406) contained Anaplasma or Ehrlichia DNA. Serologically, B.burgdorferi (5.5 %) was the most prevalent FVBP followed by A.phagocytophilum (1.8 %). Ehrlichia spp. antibodies were found in 0.14 % (12/715) of cats with species-specific seroreactivity to E.canis (n = 5), E.ewingii (n = 2) and E.chaffeensis (n = 1). Of seropositive cats, 16 % (9/56) were exposed to more than one FVBP, all of which were exposed to B.burgdorferi and either A.phagocytophilum (n = 7) or E.ewingii (n = 2). Based upon PCR and DNA sequencing, 4, 3, 3, 2, and 1 cat were infected with A.phagocytophilum, A.platys, E. ewingii, E. chaffeensis and E.canis, respectively. Conclusions Cats are exposed to and can be infected with vector-borne pathogens that commonly infect dogs and humans. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence for E.chaffeensis and E.ewingii infection in naturally-exposed cats in North America. Results from this study support the need for regional, serological and molecular FVBP prevalence studies, the need to further optimize serodiagnostic and PCR testing for cats, and the need for prospective studies to better characterize clinicopathological disease manifestations in cats infected with FVBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Hegarty
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Barbara A Qurollo
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Brittany Thomas
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Karen Park
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|