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Aker A, Ayotte P, Furgal C, Kenny TA, Little M, Gauthier MJ, Bouchard A, Lemire M. Sociodemographic patterning of dietary profiles among Inuit youth and adults in Nunavik, Canada: a cross-sectional study. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2024; 115:66-82. [PMID: 36482145 PMCID: PMC10830983 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Country (traditional) foods are integral to Inuit culture, but market food consumption is increasing. The Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Nunavik Health Survey (Q2017) reported similar country food consumption frequency compared to that in 2004; however, examining food items individually does not account for diet patterns, food accessibility, and correlations between food items. Our objective was to identify underlying dietary profiles and compare them across sex, age, ecological region, and food insecurity markers, given the links among diet, health, and sociocultural determinants. METHODS Food frequency and sociodemographic data were derived from the Q2017 survey (N = 1176). Latent profile analysis identified dietary profiles using variables for the relative frequencies of country and market food consumption first, followed by an analysis with those for country food variables only. Multinomial logistic regression examined the associations among dietary profiles, sociodemographic factors, and food insecurity markers (to disassociate between food preferences and food access). RESULTS Four overall dietary profiles and four country food dietary profiles were identified characterized by the relative frequency of country and market food in the diet. The patterns were stable across several sensitivity analyses and in line with our Inuit partners' local knowledge. For the overall profiles, women and adults aged 30-49 years were more likely to have a market food-dominant profile, whereas men and individuals aged 16-29 and 50+ years more often consumed a country food-dominant profile. In the country food profiles, Inuit aged 16-29 years were more likely to have a moderate country food profile whereas Inuit aged 50+ were more likely to have a high country food-consumption profile. A low country and market food-consumption profile was linked to higher prevalence of food insecurity markers. CONCLUSION We were able to identify distinct dietary profiles with strong social patterning. The profiles elucidated in this study are aligned with the impact of colonial influence on diet and subsequent country food promotion programs for Inuit youth. These profiles will be used for further study of nutritional status, contaminant exposure, and health to provide context for future public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Aker
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Chris Furgal
- Department of Indigenous Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiff-Annie Kenny
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew Little
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Amélie Bouchard
- Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services, Kuujjuaq, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lemire
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Banerji A, Pelletier VA, Haring R, Irvine J, Bresnahan A, Lavallee B. Food insecurity and its consequences in indigenous children and youth in Canada. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002406. [PMID: 37756390 PMCID: PMC10530329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Food insecurity (FI) is at a crisis level in some Indigenous communities and impacts many of the half million First Nations Inuit and Métis (FNIM) children across Canada, particularly in isolated northern communities. This can lead to malnutrition and can have significant impacts on the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of a child, often with lasting effects across the life course. This is a narrative review article with extensive search of the medical literature with input from the FNIM National organizations. The primary cause of FI is an imbalance between the high price of food relative to household income, where poverty is a driving factor. The cost and lack of availability to healthy foods has resulted in a transition to unhealthy market foods. Food security programs need to be prioritized, multi-faceted and multi-tiered within a framework of food sovereignty. Translational science, research, to practice is also important. The use of successful Indigenous based models of FI, towards food sovereignty using self-determination, Indigenous Knowledge, strength-based models, and ancestral sustainability are critical. Continued community-based evaluation of FI towards sustainable healthy food programs are important for communities to initiate track, evaluate, and grow robust community-based programs to counter-balance FI. Continued scientific research in the fields of FI, food sovereignty, and their relationship to co-occurring conditions related to healthy eating and beverage consumption are vastly important to the health of Indigenous Peoples. These are all part of many Indigenous connection to the earth, through food source, the maintenance of health through ancestral ways of living, set in the premise of looking forward multiple generations towards the continued resiliency through food, diet, relationship, and sovereignty. Food Security is a human right and needs to be urgently addressed for Indigenous children in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Banerji
- Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veronique Anne Pelletier
- Consultant Pediatrician, General Pediatrics, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rodney Haring
- Academic Family Medicine and Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - James Irvine
- Chair, Roswell Park Department of Indigenous Cancer Health, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Bresnahan
- Adjunct Faculty, Frost Centre for Canadian Studies and Indigenous Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada and Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada
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Keshavarz P, Lane G, Pahwa P, Lieffers J, Shafiee M, Finkas K, Desmarais M, Vatanparast H. Dietary Patterns of Off-Reserve Indigenous Peoples in Canada and Their Association with Chronic Conditions. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061485. [PMID: 36986215 PMCID: PMC10053984 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nationally representative nutrition surveys (Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Cycle 2.2, Nutrition 2004 and 2015) were used to examine dietary patterns and their association with socioeconomic/sociodemographic factors and chronic conditions in off-reserve Indigenous population in Canada. A cluster analysis was used to identify dietary patterns (DPs), and the Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF 9.3) was used as the diet quality score and stratified by age/gender groups. In 2004 (n = 1528), the dominant DPs among Indigenous adults (age = 41 ± 2.3) were "Mixed" (mean NRF = 450 ± 12) and "Unhealthy" among men (mean NRF = 426 ± 18), "Fruits" among women (mean NRF = 526 ± 29), and "High-Fat/High-Sugar" among children (age = 10.2 ± 0.5) (mean NRF = 457 ± 12). In 2015 (n = 950), the dominant DPs were "Unhealthy" (mean NRF = 466 ± 6), "Mixed" (mean NRF = 485 ± 21), Healthy-Like (mean NRF = 568 ± 37), and "Mixed" (mean NRF = 510 ± 9) among adults (age = 45.6 ± 2.2), men, women, and children (age = 10.9 ± 0.3) respectively. The majority of Indigenous peoples had the "Unhealthy" DP with a low diet quality, which may contribute to a high prevalence of obesity and chronic diseases. The income level and smoking status among adults and physical inactivity among children were recognized as important factors that may be associated with the dietary intake of off-reserve Indigenous population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Keshavarz
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ginny Lane
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Punam Pahwa
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S0G 5L0, Canada
| | - Jessica Lieffers
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Mojtaba Shafiee
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Kelly Finkas
- Health and Social Development, Cowessess First Nation, Cowessess, SK S0G 5L0, Canada
| | - Marisa Desmarais
- Health and Social Development Department, Community Dietitian, Cowessess First Nation, Cowessess, SK S0G 5L0, Canada
| | - Hassan Vatanparast
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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Brockington M, Beale D, Gaupholm J, Naylor A, Kenny TA, Lemire M, Falardeau M, Loring P, Parmley J, Little M. Identifying Barriers and Pathways Linking Fish and Seafood to Food Security in Inuit Nunangat: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2629. [PMID: 36767995 PMCID: PMC9916245 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish and seafood play an important role in improving food security in Inuit Nunangat. Therefore, this scoping review aims to explore (1) what topics and/or themes have been widely explored in the literature related to barriers and pathways linking fish and seafood to food security; (2) where research, policy, and action gaps exist; and (3) how fisheries currently contribute to food security. METHODS A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles was conducted using six databases. Articles were screened by two independent reviewers. Eligible studies included primary research conducted in Inuit Nunangat that explored the roles of fish and seafood in food security. RESULTS Thirty-one articles were included for review. Overall, we found that fisheries can influence food security through direct pathways (e.g., consuming fish for nutrition), and through indirect pathways such as increasing household purchasing power (e.g., through employment). Research indicated that policies relating to wildlife and fisheries management need to be integrated with food and health policies to better address food insecurity in Inuit Nunangat. CONCLUSION Future research is needed to establish a more robust understanding of the explicit mechanisms that fish and seafood harvest and/or the participation in commercial fisheries alleviates household food insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Brockington
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dorothy Beale
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Josephine Gaupholm
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Angus Naylor
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Tiff-Annie Kenny
- Centre de Recherche CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lemire
- Centre de Recherche CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marianne Falardeau
- Centre de Recherche CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre D’Études Nordiques (CEN), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Philip Loring
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jane Parmley
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew Little
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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Singh A, Baalasubramanian S, Kalaivani M, Kapoor R, Bhagwat K, Ghosh-Jerath S. Standardisation and application of a novel multiplex assay for estimating micronutrient status and inflammatory markers in women of Sauria Paharia and Santhal tribes of Jharkhand. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:2464-2479. [PMID: 35115060 PMCID: PMC7613878 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to document the method standardisation and assessment of micronutrient and inflammatory markers in women from indigenous tribal communities of Jharkhand using a low-volume, high-throughput assay. This cross-sectional study was done among women of the reproductive age group from Sauria Paharia and Santhal tribal households (HH) in selected villages. Capillary blood samples were collected from the women during a HH survey to estimate ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, retinol binding protein 4 and inflammatory biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) using a multiplex assay. Vitamin D and Hb were estimated using an LC-MS technique and cyanmethaemoglobin method, respectively. A multiplex Luminex-based method was developed and standardised. The assay was used to estimate biomarkers in samples from 413 women (178 and 235 from Sauria Paharia and Santhal tribes, respectively). Over 51 % of women had raised CRP or AGP levels. Fe status was significantly better in Sauria Paharia compared with the Santhal women. Anaemia prevalence was 72 % among Santhal women. The proportion of women with Fe deficiency increased after adjusting for inflammation. The overall prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and insufficiency was 25 and 34 %, respectively, with similar prevalence in both tribes. All Santhal women had sufficient vitamin D levels, while 25 and 20 % of Sauria Paharia women had insufficient and deficient vitamin D levels, respectively. Our low-volume, high-throughput multiplex assays may provide a feasible approach for assessing nutritional biomarkers in nutritionally vulnerable hard-to-reach communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Mani Kalaivani
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ridhima Kapoor
- Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India, Haryana, India
| | - Ketaki Bhagwat
- Indoor Biotechnologies Private India Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Suparna Ghosh-Jerath
- Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India, Haryana, India
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Shafiee M, Keshavarz P, Lane G, Pahwa P, Szafron M, Jennings D, Vatanparast H. Food Security Status of Indigenous Peoples in Canada According to the 4 Pillars of Food Security: A Scoping Review. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2537-2558. [PMID: 35876642 PMCID: PMC9776675 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Food insecurity is a significant public health problem for Indigenous peoples in Canada. A comprehensive literature review is needed to organize the evidence according to the 4 pillars of food security (i.e., availability, access, utilization, and stability) and identify gaps in the published literature on this topic. Therefore, in this scoping review we aimed to summarize the published research discussing any of the 4 pillars of food security among Indigenous peoples in Canada. We conducted a literature search of the following databases: Ovid Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science (Web of Knowledge), and CINAHL, as well as the Indigenous Studies Portal (up to June 19, 2021). Population-based studies of any design were included, except for review-style articles. Articles published in languages other than English were also excluded. Of the 4687 studies identified by the database searches, 91 met our inclusion criteria. Evidence from these studies indicates that all dimensions of food security among Indigenous peoples in Canada have been impacted. Lack of availability of both traditional and market foods is highlighted among Inuit and First Nation communities. Economic disadvantages, high food prices, and lack of access to transportation are major factors affecting the accessibility pillar of food security. Major factors affecting the utilization pillar of food security are the loss of traditional knowledge and skills, lack of knowledge on market foods, low quality of market foods, and food safety issues. Climate change has affected all 4 pillars of food security among Indigenous peoples. These findings suggest that resolving food insecurity issues among Indigenous peoples in Canada, especially those living in remote communities, requires a culturally specific integrated approach targeting food availability, food cost, food knowledge, food safety, and food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shafiee
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pardis Keshavarz
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ginny Lane
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Punam Pahwa
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Michael Szafron
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Derek Jennings
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hassan Vatanparast
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Aker A, Caron-Beaudoin É, Ayotte P, Ricard S, Gilbert V, Avard E, Lemire M. Non-persistent exposures from plasticizers or plastic constituents in remote Arctic communities: a case for further research. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:400-407. [PMID: 35347231 PMCID: PMC9119853 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutant exposures are well-documented in the Arctic, but fewer studies examined non-persistent chemicals, despite increased market food and consumer product consumption. OBJECTIVE To measure phenol, paraben, phthalate, and alternative plasticizer concentrations in Inuit adults. METHODS The study included 30 pooled urine samples from Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Nunavik Inuit Health Survey (Q2017) participants. Creatinine-adjusted geometric mean concentrations (GM) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were compared across sex, age, and regions, and compared to those in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) and the First Nations Biomonitoring Initiative (FNBI). RESULTS Q2017 bisphenol-A concentrations were double the CHMS 2018-2019 concentrations [GM (95% CI): 1.98 (1.69-2.31) versus 0.71 (0.60-0.84) µg/g creatinine], but in line with FNBI [1.74 (1.41-2.13) µg/g creatinine]. Several phthalate concentrations were higher in Q2017 versus CHMS, particularly monobenzyl phthalate, which was was 19-fold higher in Q2017 versus CHMS 2018-2019 [45.26 (39.35-52.06) versus 2.4 (2.0-2.9) µg/g creatinine] and four-fold higher than FNBI. There were also four-fold higher concentrations of the two alternate plasticizer 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TIXB) metabolites in Q2017 compared to CHMS 2018-2019. Women and people living in Ungava Bay had generally higher concentrations of non-persistent chemicals. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest higher concentrations of certain non-persistent chemicals in Inuit versus the general Canadian population. IMPACT Few studies have explored non-persistent chemical distributions in Northern communities, despite the increasing consumer product and market food consumption. We analyzed 30 pooled samples from the Qanuilirpitaa? Nunavik Inuit Health Survey 2017 to assess exposures to common plasticizes and plastic constituents and compare their levels with the general Canadian population and First Nation groups. We observed particularly higher levels of bisphenol-A, of monobenzyl phthalate, and of two 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB) metabolites among Nunavimmiut compared to the general Canadian population, notably among women and Ungava Bay residents. Larger studies are required to confirm our findings and identify potential adverse health effects from these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Aker
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1050 Ch Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Élyse Caron-Beaudoin
- Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, 828 West 10th Avenue, Research Pavilion, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1050 Ch Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Ricard
- Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services, Kuujjuaq, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Gilbert
- Kativik Regional Government based in Saint-Laurent, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada
| | - Ellen Avard
- Nunavik Research Centre, Makivik Corporation, Kuujjuaq, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lemire
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1050 Ch Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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Batal M, Chan HM, Fediuk K, Ing A, Berti P, Sadik T, Johnson-Down L. Associations of health status and diabetes among First Nations Peoples living on-reserve in Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2021; 112:154-167. [PMID: 34181230 PMCID: PMC8239104 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-021-00488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective is to describe self-reported health status, prevalence of diabetes and obesity and their associations in participants from the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES) in order to identify possible correlates of health in First Nations adults. METHODS FNFNES is a participatory study with First Nations Peoples living on reserve lands south of the 60th parallel. Health and diabetes were self-reported, and prevalence of obesity was evaluated. Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and traditional food (TF) activities were investigated for associations with health parameters. RESULTS High prevalence rates of overweight/obesity (78-91%) and diabetes (19% age-standardized prevalence) were found. Smoking rates were high and physical activity was low. In multivariable analyses, obesity was associated with region, income source, age, gender, smoking and self-reported health; diabetes and lesser self-reported health were associated with obesity and lower education. Diabetes was strongly associated with lesser self-reported health and weakly associated with being a smoker. CONCLUSION We have identified possible correlates of health in this population that can help to better understand the underlying concerns and identify solutions for First Nations and their partners. We urge governments and First Nations to address the systemic problems identified with a holistic ecosystem approach that takes into consideration the financial and physical access to food, particularly TF, and the facilitation of improved health behaviour. New mechanisms co-developed with First Nations leadership should focus on supporting sustainable, culturally safe and healthy lifestyles and closing the gaps in nutrition and food insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Batal
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, CP 6128 succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal et du CIUSS du Centre-sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CReSP), 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montréal, QC, H3N 1X7, Canada.
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Karen Fediuk
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Amy Ing
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, CP 6128 succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter Berti
- HealthBridge Foundation of Canada, 1 Nicholas Street, Suite 1004, Ottawa, ON, K1N 7B7, Canada
| | - Tonio Sadik
- Assembly of First Nations, 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1600, Ottawa, ON, K1P 6L5, Canada
| | - Louise Johnson-Down
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, CP 6128 succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada
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Batal M, Chan HM, Fediuk K, Ing A, Berti P, Sadik T, Johnson-Down L. Importance of the traditional food systems for First Nations adults living on reserves in Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2021; 112:20-28. [PMID: 34181221 PMCID: PMC8239073 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-020-00353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the traditional food (TF) systems of First Nations in Canada, including intake, barriers and promoters. METHODS The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study is a cross-Canada participatory study of First Nations adults below the 60th parallel that obtained data for communities excluded from other national studies. A food frequency questionnaire was used to establish frequency of TF intake (number of days in a year) to allow comparisons across ecozones/regions in Canada. Grams of TF intake were also calculated using frequency multiplied by average portions from 24-h recalls. Closed- and open-ended questions attempted to identify some of the key barriers and concerns regarding TF access and use. Multivariable analyses were run to determine what factors are associated with increased TF consumption. RESULTS Across communities, there is a strong preference by adults to have TF in the diet more often. Consumption of land animals was most frequently reported in most ecozones except for the Pacific Maritime and Mixedwood Plains, where fish and plants, respectively, were more frequently consumed. First Nations identified structural and environmental challenges such as development, government regulations and climate change, along with household barriers such as insufficient capital for equipment and transportation, lack of time and absence of a hunter in the household. Multivariable analyses revealed that the highest intake of TF occurred in the Taiga Plains ecozone, and for older individuals and men. CONCLUSION Identifying solutions that empower First Nations at all levels is required to overcome the multiple challenges to the inclusion of TF in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Batal
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, CP 6128 succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal et du CIUSS du Centre-sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CReSP), 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montréal, QC, H3N 1X7, Canada.
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Karen Fediuk
- First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Amy Ing
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, CP 6128 succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter Berti
- HealthBridge Foundation of Canada, 1 Nicholas Street, Suite 1004, Ottawa, ON, K1N 7B7, Canada
| | - Tonio Sadik
- Assembly of First Nations, 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1600, Ottawa, ON, K1P 6L5, Canada
| | - Louise Johnson-Down
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, CP 6128 succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada
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Domingo A, Spiegel J, Guhn M, Wittman H, Ing A, Sadik T, Fediuk K, Tikhonov C, Schwartz H, Chan HM, Batal M. Predictors of household food insecurity and relationship with obesity in First Nations communities in British Columbia, Manitoba, Alberta and Ontario. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:1021-1033. [PMID: 32366338 PMCID: PMC8025097 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019004889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To further understandings of household food insecurity in First Nations communities in Canada and its relationship with obesity. DESIGN Analysis of a cross-sectional dataset from the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study representative of First Nations communities south of the 60th parallel. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess associations between food insecurity and sociodemographic factors, as well as the odds of obesity among food-insecure households adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. SETTING Western and Central Canada. PARTICIPANTS First Nations peoples aged ≥19 years. RESULTS Forty-six percent of First Nations households experienced food insecurity. Food insecurity was highest for respondents who received social assistance; had ≤10 years of education; were female; had children in the household; were 19-30 years old; resided in Alberta; and had no year-round road access into the community. Rates of obesity were highest for respondents residing in marginally food-insecure households (female 56·6 %; male 54·6 %). In gender-specific analyses, the odds of obesity were highest among marginally food-insecure households in comparison with food-secure households, for both female (OR 1·57) and male (OR 1·57) respondents, adjusting for sociodemographic variables. For males only, those in severely food-insecure (compared with food-secure) households had lower odds of obesity after adjusting for confounding (OR 0·56). CONCLUSIONS The interrelated challenges of food insecurity and obesity in First Nations communities emphasise the need for Indigenous-led, culturally appropriate and food sovereign approaches to food security and nutrition in support of holistic wellness and prevention of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Domingo
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jerry Spiegel
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Martin Guhn
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hannah Wittman
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amy Ing
- Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QCH3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Tonio Sadik
- Environment, Assembly of First Nations, Ottawa, ONK1P 6L5, Canada
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Karen Fediuk
- First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Constantine Tikhonov
- Environmental Public Health Division, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Indigenous Services Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Harold Schwartz
- Environmental Public Health Division, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Indigenous Services Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Malek Batal
- Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QCH3T 1A8, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montreal, QCH3N 1X7, Canada
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Akande VO, Fawehinmi TO, Ruiter RA, Kremers SP. Healthy Dietary Choices and Physical Activity Participation in the Canadian Arctic: Understanding Nunavut Inuit Perspectives on the Barriers and Enablers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18030940. [PMID: 33499008 PMCID: PMC7908338 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Research shows that unhealthy diets and low physical activity are associated with high rates of obesity-linked chronic diseases amongst Nunavut Inuit. To provide contextual insights and deepen our understanding of the factors that underlie these lifestyle choices, we explored the perspectives of Nunavut Inuit on the barriers and enablers of healthy diets and physical activity participation in the community of Iqaluit. Methods: One-on-one semi-structured photo-elicitation interviews were conducted with 16 participants of 18 years and over (10 women, six men). The interviews uncovered the participants’ perspectives on the factors influencing healthy diets and physical activity in their community. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and uploaded to QSR NVIVO Version 12. Data analysis was achieved using an inductive thematic approach. Results: Six main factors were identified as barriers or enablers to energy balance-related behaviors: cost and affordability of healthy choices; availability of traditional foods and activities; weather conditions and climate change; infrastructure and community resources; social networks of family and friends; and effect of substance use. Conclusion: This study identified six broad areas that should be considered while mapping out interventions to reduce the burden of obesity-related chronic diseases in Nunavut communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor O. Akande
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Health, Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, NU X0A 0H0, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-388-24-31
| | | | - Robert A.C. Ruiter
- Department of Work & Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Stef P.J. Kremers
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Adamou TY, Riva M, Muckle G, Laouan Sidi EA, Lemire M, Ayotte P. Blood mercury and plasma polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations in pregnant Inuit women from Nunavik: Temporal trends, 1992-2017. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140495. [PMID: 32758811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Inuit of Nunavik (Northern Quebec, Canada) are exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury (Hg) through their consumption of marine country foods. A temporal trend study was initiated in 1992 to monitor circulating levels of PCBs and Hg in pregnant Inuit women, since the fetus is most at risk of adverse health effects. We set out (1) to describe temporal trends of PCBs and Hg levels in pregnant Nunavik women between 1992 and 2017; (2) to determine the prevalence of participants exceeding the guidance values in 2017; (3) to investigate relations between marine country food intake and contaminant levels over the study period. A total of 559 pregnant women provided a blood sample for contaminant analysis from 1992 to 2017. PCB congeners were quantified in plasma (serum) by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to electron capture detection or mass spectrometry (MS). We determined whole blood mercury concentration by cold vapor atomic absorption or inductively-coupled plasma MS. We performed multilevel modeling to assess temporal trends in contaminant levels and relations with marine country food consumption. Concentrations of total PCBs and Hg decreased by 84% and 65% between 1992 and 2017, respectively. Nevertheless, 10% and 22% of women in 2017 exceeded guidance values for PCBs and Hg, respectively. While the decline in marine country food intake is the only factor associated with decreasing Hg levels, other factors may explain the decline in PCB levels. Despite the significant decline in PCBs and Hg levels from 1992 to 2017, exposure to these contaminants is still quite prevalent among pregnant Nunavik women. Most of the decline in Hg exposure is likely due to a shift away from marine country foods to store-bought foods, which is a concern given the cultural and nutritional importance of country foods and the high food insecurity that prevails in Nunavik.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Yéro Adamou
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand Vandry 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Mylène Riva
- Canada Research Chair in Housing, Community, and Health, Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Avenue des Pins, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Geography, McGill University, Burnside Hall Building, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Gina Muckle
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; École de psychologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Elhadji Anassour Laouan Sidi
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Mélanie Lemire
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand Vandry 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand Vandry 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de toxicologie, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, 945 avenue Wolfe, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
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McCartan J, van Burgel E, McArthur I, Testa S, Thurn E, Funston S, Kho A, McMahon E, Brimblecombe J. Traditional Food Energy Intake among Indigenous Populations in Select High-Income Settler-Colonized Countries: A Systematic Literature Review. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa163. [PMID: 33274307 PMCID: PMC7695808 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional diets of Indigenous Peoples globally have undergone a major transition due to settler colonialism. This systematic review aims to provide a perspective of traditional food intake of Indigenous populations in high-income settler-colonized countries. For inclusion, studies reported the primary outcome of interest-traditional food contribution to total energy intake (% of energy)-and occurred in Canada, the United States (including Hawaii and Alaska), New Zealand, Australia, and/or Scandinavian countries. Primary outcome data were reported and organized by date of data collection by country. Forty-nine articles published between 1987 and 2019 were identified. Wide variation in contribution of traditional food to energy was reported. A trend for decreasing traditional food energy intake over time was apparent; however, heterogeneity in study populations and dietary assessment methods limited conclusive evaluation of this. This review may inform cross-sectoral policy to protect the sustainable utilization of traditional food for Indigenous Peoples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia McCartan
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Be Active Sleep Eat (BASE) Facility, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma van Burgel
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Be Active Sleep Eat (BASE) Facility, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isobelle McArthur
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Be Active Sleep Eat (BASE) Facility, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharni Testa
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Be Active Sleep Eat (BASE) Facility, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Thurn
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Be Active Sleep Eat (BASE) Facility, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Funston
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Be Active Sleep Eat (BASE) Facility, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angel Kho
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Be Active Sleep Eat (BASE) Facility, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma McMahon
- Menzies School of Health Research, Spring Hill, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julie Brimblecombe
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Be Active Sleep Eat (BASE) Facility, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Royal Darwin Hospital Campus, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
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Drivers and health implications of the dietary transition among Inuit in the Canadian Arctic: a scoping review. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:2650-2668. [PMID: 32914743 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020002402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study undertook a systematic scoping review on the drivers and implications of dietary changes among Inuit in the Canadian Arctic. DESIGN A keyword search of peer-reviewed articles was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, Circumpolar Health Bibliographic Database and High North Research Documents. Eligibility criteria included all full-text articles of any design reporting on research on food consumption, nutrient intake, dietary adequacy, dietary change, food security, nutrition-related chronic diseases or traditional food harvesting and consumption among Inuit populations residing in Canada. Articles reporting on in vivo and in vitro experiments or on health impacts of environmental contaminants were excluded. RESULTS A total of 162 studies were included. Studies indicated declining country food (CF) consumption in favour of market food (MF). Drivers of this transition include colonial processes, poverty and socio-economic factors, changing food preferences and knowledge, and climate change. Health implications of the dietary transition are complex. Micro-nutrient deficiencies and dietary inadequacy are serious concerns and likely exacerbated by increased consumption of non-nutrient dense MF. Food insecurity, overweight, obesity and related cardiometabolic health outcomes are growing public health concerns. Meanwhile, declining CF consumption is entangled with shifting culture and traditional knowledge, with potential implications for psychological, spiritual, social and cultural health and well-being. CONCLUSIONS By exploring and synthesising published literature, this review provides insight into the complex factors influencing Inuit diet and health. Findings may be informative for future research, decision-making and intersectoral actions around risk assessment, food policy and innovative community programmes.
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Luongo G, Skinner K, Phillipps B, Yu Z, Martin D, Mah CL. The Retail Food Environment, Store Foods, and Diet and Health among Indigenous Populations: a Scoping Review. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:288-306. [PMID: 32780322 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Describe the state of knowledge on how the retail food environment contributes to diet-related health and obesity among Indigenous populations, and assess how the literature incorporates Indigenous perspectives, methodologies and engagement throughout the research process. Outcomes included dietary behaviour (purchasing, intakes and diet quality) and diet-related health outcomes (weight-related outcomes, non-communicable diseases and holistic health or definitions of health as defined by Indigenous populations involved in the study). RECENT FINDINGS Of fifty included articles (1996-2019), the largest proportions described Indigenous communities in Canada (20 studies, 40%), the USA (16, 32%) and Australia (9, 18%). Among articles that specified the Indigenous population of focus (42 studies, 84%), the largest proportion (11 studies, 26%) took place in Inuit communities, followed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities (8 studies, 19%). The included literature encompassed four main study designs: type A, dietary intakes of store foods (14 studies, 28%), and type B, store food environments (16, 32%), comprised the greatest proportion of articles; the remainder were type C, store food environments and diet (7, 14%), and type D, store food environment interventions (13, 26%). Of the studies that assessed diet or health outcomes (36, 72%), 22 (61%) assessed dietary intakes; 16 (44%) sales/purchasing; and 8 (22%) weight-related outcomes. Store foods tended to contribute the greatest amount of dietary energy to the diets of Indigenous peoples and increased non-communicable disease risk as compared to traditional foods. Multi-pronged interventions appeared to have positive impacts on dietary behaviours, food purchasing and nutrition knowledge; promotion and nutrition education alone had more mixed effects. Of the nine studies which were found to have strong engagement with Indigenous populations, eight had moderate or high methodological quality. Eighteen studies (36%) did not mention any engagement with Indigenous populations. The literature confirmed the importance of store foods to the total energy intake of the contemporary diets of Indigenous people, the gaps in accessing both retail food environments and traditional foods and the potential for both new dietary assessment research and retail food environment intervention strategies to better align with and privilege Indigenous Ways of Knowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Luongo
- School of Health Administration, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, 2nd floor, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Kelly Skinner
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Breanna Phillipps
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ziwa Yu
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, 5869 University Avenue, PO BOX 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Debbie Martin
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Stairs House, 6230 South Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Catherine L Mah
- School of Health Administration, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, 2nd floor, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims at measuring the association between household food insecurity and psychological distress in adolescents in Inuit communities, concurrently and overtime from childhood to adolescence. DESIGN The study used measures of internalising behaviours (anxiety, withdrawn attitude, somatic complaints and depression) as indicators of psychological distress during adolescence, a concurrent measure of household food insecurity in adolescence and an assessment of longitudinal patterns of household food insecurity from childhood to adolescence. We collected descriptive information at birth, childhood and adolescence on potential confounders. SETTING Inuit communities of Nunavik in northern Quebec, Canada. PARTICIPANTS The study consisted of 212 participants from the Nunavik Child Development Study, who have been assessed at birth, childhood (mean age = 11 years, range = 9-13 years) and adolescence (mean age = 18 years, range = 16-21 years). RESULTS Concurrent severe household food insecurity in adolescence was associated with higher measures of psychological distress: depression (βstd = 0·26, P < 0·01) and withdrawn attitude (βstd = 0·20, P = 0·04). Persistent household food insecurity (both at childhood and adolescence) was associated with higher levels of adolescent depression (βstd = 0·18, P = 0·02) and anxiety (βstd = 0·17, P = 0·03). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents from Nunavik living with higher food insecurity and those having experienced food insecurity in both childhood and adolescence were more likely to report symptoms of psychological distress. Considering the high level of distress experienced by young Inuit, existing initiatives to reduce food insecurity in Nunavik communities should be targeted to include children and adolescents.
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Exploring Nunavut Public Health System's Readiness to Implement Obesity Prevention Policies and Programs in the Canadian Arctic. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1584956. [PMID: 31211133 PMCID: PMC6532304 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1584956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Rapid changes in the food and built environments in the Canadian Arctic have contributed to a dramatic increase in the prevalence rates of obesity. The objective of this study was to explore the determinants of Nunavut public health system's commitment to implement obesity prevention policies and programs in the territory to reduce the burden of obesity-related diseases. Methods In total, 93 program managers, program officers, and policy analysts who are responsible for program and policy development and implementation within the Nunavut Department of Health (NDH) were asked to complete the validated Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC) questionnaire. Organization-level readiness (commitment) was determined based on aggregated individual-level data using bivariate correlations and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results Of the 93 questionnaires that were distributed only 67 (72%) were returned fully completed. Organization-level commitment to implement obesity prevention policies and programs was low. Only 2.9% of respondents strongly agreed that NDH was committed to implementing obesity prevention policies and programs. The study showed a strong positive correlation between NDH's commitment and perceived value (r = .73), perceived efficacy (r = .50), and resource availability (r = .25). There was no correlation between commitment and knowledge. In the multivariate linear regression model, perceived value was the only significant predictor of NDH's commitment to implement obesity prevention policies and programs (β = 0.66). Conclusions Successful adoption and implementation of obesity prevention policies and programs in the Canadian Arctic largely depend on the perception of value and benefits of and belief in the change efforts among employees of the Nunavut Department of Health. Convincing policy makers of the value of preventive policies and programs is an important and necessary first step towards decreasing the prevalence of obesity in the Inuit population.
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Batal M, Decelles S. A Scoping Review of Obesity among Indigenous Peoples in Canada. J Obes 2019; 2019:9741090. [PMID: 31281674 PMCID: PMC6589240 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9741090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigenous populations in Canada are heavily affected by the burden of obesity, and certain communities, such as First Nations on reserve, are not included in the sampling framework of large national health surveys. A scoping review of ever published original research reporting obesity rates (body mass index ≥ 30), among adult Indigenous peoples in Canada, was conducted to identify studies that help close the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) data gap for obesity prevalence in Indigenous populations in Canada and to make comparisons based on ethnicity, sex, time, and geography. First Nations on reserve with self-reported height and weight had higher rates of obesity (30%-51%) than First Nations off reserve (21%-42%) and non-Indigenous populations (12%-31%) in their respective province or territory, with the exception of Alberta, where rates in First Nations on reserve (30% and 36%) were lower or similar to those reported in First Nations off reserve (38%). First Nations on reserve with predominantly measured height and weight (42%-66%) had higher rates of obesity compared to Inuit in Quebec (28%), Nunavut (33%), and Newfoundland and Labrador (41%), while the rates were similar to those in Inuit in Northwest Territories (49%). Obesity in these large studies conducted among Inuit was based solely on measured height and weight. Studies in First Nations and Inuit alike showed higher prevalence of obesity in women, as well as an increase with time. No recent studies measured the obesity rates for First Nations in Yukon and Northwest Territories and for Métis living in settlements of Northern Alberta. Researchers are encouraged to conduct total diet studies in these regions, and to use existing data to analyze the associations between obesity, road access, latitude, food environment, and traditional food intake, to further inform community planning and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Batal
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2405 Ch de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1A8
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition Changes and Development (TRANSNUT), Nutrition Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada H3T 1A8
| | - Stéphane Decelles
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition Changes and Development (TRANSNUT), Nutrition Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada H3T 1A8
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Fardet A, Rock E. Perspective: Reductionist Nutrition Research Has Meaning Only within the Framework of Holistic and Ethical Thinking. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:655-670. [PMID: 30204836 PMCID: PMC6247347 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, it seems that nutrition is in a state of great confusion, especially for the general public. For decades, some nutrients (e.g., cholesterol, saturated fats, sugars, gluten, salt) and food groups (e.g., dairy, cereals, meats) have been regularly denigrated. In this position paper, we hypothesize that such a state of confusion is mainly the result of the reductionist paradigm applied to nutrition research for more than a century, and by being pushed to its extreme, this perspective has led to accusations about some nutrients and foods. However, the real issue is about foods taken as a whole and therefore about their degree of processing, which affects both the food matrix and composition. Indeed, we eat whole foods, not nutrients. Therefore, the objectives of this article are to emphasize the need for more holistic approaches in nutrition to preserve our health, animal welfare, and planet. We propose to first redefine the food health potential on a holistic basis and then to show that reductionism and holism are interconnected approaches that should coexist. Then, we try to explain how extreme reductionism has been disconnected from reality and ethical considerations and has ultimately led to environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity, notably through very specific crops, and to an increased prevalence of chronic diseases. Furthermore, to address the confusion of the general public and to simplify nutritional messages, we propose 3 holistic golden rules based on scientific evidence to protect human health, animal welfare, and the environment (climate and biodiversity). Finally, we try to show how these 3 rules can be easily applied worldwide while respecting the environment, cultural traditions, and heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fardet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Edmond Rock
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Kenny TA, Fillion M, Simpkin S, Wesche SD, Chan HM. Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and Inuit Nutrition Security in Canada. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:590-607. [PMID: 30116999 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) has been fundamental to the diet and culture of Arctic Indigenous Peoples for thousands of years. Although caribou populations observe natural cycles of abundance and scarcity, several caribou herds across the Circumpolar North have experienced dramatic declines in recent decades due to a range of interrelated factors. Broadly, the objectives of this study are to examine food and nutrition security in relation to wildlife population and management status across Inuit Nunangat (the Inuit homeland, consisting of four regions across the Canadian Arctic). Specifically, we: (1) characterize the contribution of caribou to Inuit nutrition across northern Canada and (2) evaluate the population and management status of caribou herds/populations harvested by Inuit. Dietary data were derived from the 2007-2008 Inuit Health Survey, which included dietary information for Inuit adults (n = 2097) residing in thirty-six communities, spanning three regions (the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Nunavut, and Nunatsiavut) of the Canadian North. Published information regarding the range, abundance, status, and management status of caribou herds/populations was collected through document analysis and was validated through consultation with northern wildlife experts (territorial governments, co-management, and/or Inuit organizations). While caribou contributed modestly to total diet energy (3-11% of intake) across the regions, it was the primary source of iron (14-37%), zinc (18-41%), copper (12-39%), riboflavin (15-39%), and vitamin B12 (27-52%), as well as a top source of protein (13-35%). Restrictions on Inuit subsistence harvest (harvest quotas or bans) are currently enacted on at least six northern caribou herds/populations with potential consequences for country food access for over twenty-five Inuit communities across Canada. A holistic multi-sectorial approach is needed to ensure the sustainability of wildlife populations, while supporting Inuit food and nutrition security in the interim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiff-Annie Kenny
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Sarah Simpkin
- Geographic, Statistical and Government Information Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sonia D Wesche
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Inuit Country Food Diet Pattern Is Associated with Lower Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018; 118:1237-1248.e1. [PMID: 29685826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inuit have experienced a rapid transition in diet and lifestyle over the past several decades, paralleled by the emergence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. OBJECTIVE To identify contemporary dietary patterns among Inuit and investigate their association with cardiovascular disease outcomes. DESIGN This was an association study in a cross-sectional population health and nutrition survey. PARTICIPANTS The participants included 1,570 adults (aged ≥18 years) from Nunavut in the International Polar Year Inuit Health Survey 2007-2008 who completed diet/health questionnaires and provided blood samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes measured included the prevalence of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Principal component analysis was used to derive dietary patterns based on the consumption of nine market food groups and four country food groups reported in 24-hour dietary recalls. The associations between cardiovascular outcomes and identified dietary patterns were examined with logistic regression. RESULTS Three dietary patterns were identified: market food, country food-fat, and country food-fish. The market food diet, characterized by high consumption of market-bought meat, cereals, vegetables, and added oil, was associated with elevated prevalence of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 1.44, 95% CI 0.82 to 2.51; OR 2.27, 95% CI 0.88 to 5.83; and OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.88 to 2.09). The country food-fish diet, characterized by high fish consumption and low sugar and sweets intake, was inversely associated with the prevalence of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and hyperlipidemia (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.37; OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.20; OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.07 to 2.13; and OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.22). The country food-fat diet, characterized by high marine mammal and added fat intake, was positively associated with the prevalence of coronary heart disease. CONCLUSIONS A diet featuring high food variety, high fish intake, and low sugar intake was negatively associated with the prevalence of cardiovascular outcomes among Inuit.
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Dietary sources of energy and nutrients in the contemporary diet of Inuit adults: results from the 2007–08 Inuit Health Survey. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:1319-1331. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017003810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the major components of the contemporary Inuit diet and identify the primary sources of energy and essential nutrients.DesignDietary data were derived from the 24 h recall collected by the Inuit Health Survey (IHS) from 2007 to 2008. The population proportion method was used to determine the percentage contribution of each group. Unique food items/preparations (ninety-three country foods and 1591 market foods) were classified into eight country food groups and forty-one market food groups. Nutrient composition of each food item was obtained from the Canadian Nutrient File.SettingThirty-six communities across three Inuit regions of northern Canada.SubjectsA representative sample (n2095) of non-pregnant Inuit adults (≥18 years), selected through stratified random sampling.ResultsDespite their modest contribution to total energy intake (6·4–19·6 %, by region) country foods represented a major source of protein (23–52 %), Fe (28–54 %), niacin (24–52 %) and vitamins D (up to 73 %), B6(18–55 %) and B12(50–82 %). By contrast, the three most popular energy-yielding market foods (i.e. sweetened beverages, added sugar and bread) collectively contributed approximately 20 % of total energy, while contributing minimally to most micronutrients. A notable exception was the contribution of these foods to Ca (13–21 %) and vitamins E (17–35 %) and C (as much as 50 %). Solid fruits were consumed by less than 25 % of participants while vegetables were reported by 38–59 % of respondents.ConclusionsCountry foods remain a critical dimension of the contemporary Inuit diet.
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Mansuri S, Badawi A, Kayaniyil S, Cole DE, Harris SB, Mamakeesick M, Wolever T, Gittelsohn J, Maguire JL, Connelly PW, Zinman B, Hanley AJ. Traditional foods and 25(OH)D concentrations in a subarctic First Nations community. Int J Circumpolar Health 2017; 75:31956. [PMID: 28156417 PMCID: PMC5035507 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v75.31956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sub-optimal vitamin D status is common worldwide and the condition may be associated with increased risk for various chronic diseases. In particular, low vitamin D status is highly prevalent in indigenous communities in Canada, although limited data are available on the determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in this population. The relationship between traditional food consumption and vitamin D status has not been well documented. Objective To investigate the determinants of serum 25(OH)D status in a First Nations community in Ontario, Canada, with a focus on the role of traditional food consumption and activities. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted within the Sandy Lake Health and Diabetes Project (2003–2005). A total of 445 participants (>12 years of age) were assessed for serum 25(OH)D status, anthropometric and lifestyle variables, including traditional and non-traditional dietary practices and activities. Diet patterns were identified using factor analysis, and multivariate linear regression analysis was used to analyse the determinants of 25(OH)D concentrations. Results Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations were 22.1 nmol/L (16.9, 29.9 nmol/L) in men and 20.5 nmol/L (16.0, 27.3 nmol/L) in women. Multivariate determinants of higher serum 25(OH)D included higher consumption of traditional and healthier market foods, higher wild fish consumption, male gender, spring/summer season of blood collection and more frequent physical activity. Significant negative determinants included hours of TV/day, higher BMI and higher consumption of unhealthy market foods. Conclusions Traditional food consumption contributed independently to higher 25(OH)D concentrations in a First Nations community with a high prevalence of sub-optimal vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudaba Mansuri
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Alaa Badawi
- b Office of Biotechnology Genomics and Population Health, Public Health Agency of Canada , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Sheena Kayaniyil
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - David E Cole
- c Sunnybrook Research Institute Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Stewart B Harris
- d Center for Studies in Family Medicine Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario , London , ON , Canada
| | - Mary Mamakeesick
- e Sandy Lake Health and Diabetes Project Sandy Lake , ON , Canada
| | - Thomas Wolever
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Joel Gittelsohn
- f Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Jonathon L Maguire
- g Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Philip W Connelly
- g Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Bernard Zinman
- h Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Anthony J Hanley
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
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El Hayek Fares J, Weiler HA. Implications of the nutrition transition for vitamin D intake and status in Aboriginal groups in the Canadian Arctic. Nutr Rev 2017; 74:571-83. [PMID: 27534942 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aboriginal Canadians have low intakes of vitamin D and are shifting away from consumption of traditional foods. Higher body mass index, skin pigmentation, and geographic latitude of residence further predispose Canadian Aboriginal populations to low vitamin D status. Low vitamin D status could compromise bone health and other health outcomes. Studies assessing vitamin D status of different Aboriginal groups are limited. The aim of this review is to examine the literature on vitamin D status and intakes of Canadian Aboriginal populations living in the Arctic. PubMed was searched for relevant articles published from 1983 to 2013. The prevalence of 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency ranged from 13.9% to 76.0% among children and adults in the summer. Furthermore, mean vitamin D intakes among all age groups were below the estimated average requirement. As vitamin D deficiency has been recently associated with chronic diseases, and Aboriginal populations living in the Arctic are at high risk for low vitamin D status, their vitamin D status should be assessed regularly across seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy El Hayek Fares
- J.E.H. Fares and H.A. Weiler are with the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and the Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. J.E.H. Fares is with the Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University, Zouk Mikael, Lebanon
| | - Hope A Weiler
- J.E.H. Fares and H.A. Weiler are with the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and the Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. J.E.H. Fares is with the Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University, Zouk Mikael, Lebanon.
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Bouchard É, Sharma R, Bachand N, Gajadhar AA, Jenkins EJ. Pathology, clinical signs, and tissue distribution of Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2017; 6:234-240. [PMID: 28879089 PMCID: PMC5573777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite found in vertebrates worldwide for which felids serve as definitive hosts. Despite low densities of felids in northern Canada, Inuit people in some regions show unexpectedly high levels of exposure, possibly through handling and consumption of Arctic wildlife. Free-ranging caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are widely harvested for food across the Canadian North, show evidence of seroexposure to T. gondii, and are currently declining in numbers throughout the Arctic. We experimentally infected three captive reindeer (conspecific with caribou) with 1000, 5000 or 10,000 oocysts of T. gondii via stomach intubation to assess clinical signs of infection, pathology, and tissue distribution. An unexposed reindeer served as a negative control. Signs of stress, aggression, and depression were noted for the first two weeks following infection. By 4 weeks post infection, all infected reindeer were positive on a modified agglutination test at the highest titer tested (1:200) for antibodies to T. gondii. At 20 weeks post infection, no gross abnormalities were observed on necropsy. Following histopathology and immunohistochemistry, tissue cysts were visualized in the reindeer given the highest and lowest dose of oocysts. Focal pleuritis and alveolitis were associated with respiratory problems in reindeer given the middle dose. DNA of T. gondii was detected following traditional DNA extraction and conventional PCR on 25 mg samples from 17/33 muscles and organs, and by magnetic capture DNA extraction from 100 g samples from all 26 tissues examined. This research demonstrated that reindeer/caribou can serve as intermediate hosts for T. gondii, and that the parasite may be associated with health effects in wildlife. The presence of T. gondii in all tissues tested, many of which are commonly consumed raw, smoked, or dried in northern communities, suggests that caribou may serve as a source of human exposure to T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Bouchard
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Nicholas Bachand
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Alvin A Gajadhar
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Emily J Jenkins
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B4, Canada
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Crittenden AN, Schnorr SL. Current views on hunter‐gatherer nutrition and the evolution of the human diet. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162 Suppl 63:84-109. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Crittenden
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Anthropometry, and Nutrition, Department of AnthropologyUniversity of NevadaLas Vegas, Las Vegas Nevada
| | - Stephanie L. Schnorr
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, Department of AnthropologyUniversity of OklahomaNorman Oklahoma
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Abstract
Diet is a major determinant of community composition in the human gut microbiome, and "traditional" diets have been associated with distinct and highly diverse communities, compared to Western diets. However, most traditional diets studied have been those of agrarians and hunter-gatherers consuming fiber-rich diets. In contrast, the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic have been consuming a traditional diet low in carbohydrates and rich in animal fats and protein for thousands of years. We hypothesized that the Inuit diet and lifestyle would be associated with a distinct microbiome. We used deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to compare the gut microbiomes of Montrealers with a Western diet to those of the Inuit consuming a range of traditional and Western diets. At the overall microbial community level, the gut microbiomes of Montrealers and Inuit were indistinguishable and contained similar levels of microbial diversity. However, we observed significant differences in the relative abundances of certain microbial taxa down to the subgenus level using oligotyping. For example, Prevotella spp., which have been previously associated with high-fiber diets, were enriched in Montrealers and among the Inuit consuming a Western diet. The gut microbiomes of Inuit consuming a traditional diet also had significantly less genetic diversity within the Prevotella genus, suggesting that a low-fiber diet might not only select against Prevotella but also reduce its diversity. Other microbes, such as Akkermansia, were associated with geography as well as diet, suggesting limited dispersal to the Arctic. Our report provides a snapshot of the Inuit microbiome as Western-like in overall community structure but distinct in the relative abundances and diversity of certain genera and strains. IMPORTANCE Non-Western populations have been shown to have distinct gut microbial communities shaped by traditional diets. The hitherto-uncharacterized microbiome of the Inuit may help us to better understand health risks specific to this population such as diabetes and obesity, which increase in prevalence as many Inuit transition to a Western diet. Here we show that even Inuit consuming a mostly traditional diet have a broadly Western-like microbiome. This suggests that similarities between the Inuit diet and the Western diet (low fiber, high fat) may lead to a convergence of community structures and diversity. However, certain species and strains of microbes have significantly different levels of abundance and diversity in the Inuit, possibly driven by differences in diet. Furthermore, the Inuit diet provides an exception to the correlation between traditional diets and high microbial diversity, potentially due to their transitioning diet. Knowledge of the Inuit microbiome may provide future resources for interventions and conservation of Inuit heritage.
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Gautier L, Pirkle CM, Furgal C, Lucas M. Assessment of the implementation fidelity of the Arctic Char Distribution Project in Nunavik, Quebec. BMJ Glob Health 2016; 1:e000093. [PMID: 28588959 PMCID: PMC5321351 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In September 2011, the Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services began supporting the Arctic Char Distribution Project (AC/DP) for pregnant women. This initiative promoted consumption of the fish Arctic char-a traditional Inuit food-by pregnant women living in villages of Nunavik, an area in northern Quebec (Canada) inhabited predominantly by people of Inuit ethnicity. This intervention was intended to reduce exposure to contaminants and improve food security in Inuit communities. METHODS We assessed the project's implementation based on data collected from background documentation, field notes and qualitative interviews with project recipients and implementers. Themes emerging from the data are critically discussed in the light of the framework for implementation fidelity developed by Carroll et al in 2007. RESULTS Pregnant women fully embraced the initiative because of its cultural appropriateness. However, project implementation was incomplete: first because it did not cover all intended geographic areas, and second because of a recurring inconsistency in the supply and distribution of the fish. In addition, the initiative has been inconsistently funded and relies on multiple funding sources. DISCUSSION This work highlights the extent to which project complexity can impede successful implementation, particularly in terms of communication and coordination. We provide recommendations for improving project implementation and suggest amendments to the implementation fidelity framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gautier
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Public Health Research Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Centre d'Etudes en Sciences Sociales sur les Mondes Africains, Américains et Asiatiques, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Catherine M Pirkle
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii-Mãnoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Christopher Furgal
- Indigenous Environmental Studies Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Lucas
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Binnington MJ, Curren MS, Chan HM, Wania F. Balancing the benefits and costs of traditional food substitution by indigenous Arctic women of childbearing age: Impacts on persistent organic pollutant, mercury, and nutrient intakes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:554-566. [PMID: 27329691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For indigenous Arctic Canadians, traditional food consumption represents a key source of nutrients and environmental contaminants. Particularly, ingestion of marine mammal blubber and meat may lead to persistent organic pollutant levels and mercury intakes that exceed regulatory thresholds for sensitive populations. We investigated whether temporary adjustments to the consumption of traditional food derived from marine mammals appreciably impacted contaminant exposure and nutrient intakes among indigenous women of childbearing age. Such adjustments can be motivated by the desire to lower contaminant exposure or to increase nutrition, or by the diminishing availability of other traditional food sources. We combined the contaminant fate and transport model GloboPOP with the food chain bioaccumulation model ACC-Human Arctic to simulate polychlorinated biphenyl exposures in female 2007-08 Inuit Health Survey participants. We also calculated daily mercury and nutrient intake rates. Our results suggest that a temporary decrease in marine mammal consumption is largely ineffective at reducing exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, because of their long elimination half-lives. In contrast, substitution of marine mammals was highly efficient at reducing mercury intake, but also appreciably lowered intakes of iron, manganese, selenium, and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The impact of increasing intake of traditional food derived from marine mammals during childbearing age greatly depended on baseline consumption rates; replacement is ill-advised for those who already consume a lot of traditional food due to greater polychlorinated biphenyl and mercury exposures, while replacement was potentially beneficial for those with very limited marine mammal consumption due to increased nutrient intakes. Our calculations primarily suggest that considering baseline traditional food intake rates is critical to devising reproductive dietary adjustment strategies that maximize nutrient intake while minimizing environmental contaminant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Binnington
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Meredith S Curren
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 4908D - 269 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Rosol R, Powell-Hellyer S, Chan HM. Impacts of decline harvest of country food on nutrient intake among Inuit in Arctic Canada: impact of climate change and possible adaptation plan. Int J Circumpolar Health 2016; 75:31127. [PMID: 27388896 PMCID: PMC4937722 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v75.31127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pervasive food insecurity and the diet transition away from local, nutrient-rich country foods present a public health challenge among Inuit living in the Canadian Arctic. While environmental factors such as climate change decreased the accessibility and availability of many country food species, new species were introduced into regions where they were previously unavailable. An adaptation such as turning to alternate country food species can be a viable solution to substitute for the nutrients provided by the declined food species. The objective of this study was to estimate the impact on nutrient intake using hypothetical scenarios that current commonly harvested country foods were reduced by 50%, and were replaced with alternate or new species. Methods Data collected during the 2007–2008 Inuit Health Survey from 36 Canadian Arctic communities spanning Nunavut, the Inuvialuit Settlement Region and Nunatsiavut were used. Results A 50% decline in consumption of fish, whale, ringed seals and birds (the food that was reported to be in decline) resulted in a significant decrease in essential nutrient intake. Possible substitute foods were identified but some nutrients such as zinc and especially vitamin D were most often found lacking in the alternative diet. Conclusions If the alternative species are not available or feasible, more expensive and less nutritionally dense store-bought foods may be sought. Given the superior quality of country foods and their association with food security, and Inuit cultural health and personal identity, developing skills and awareness for adaptation, promoting regional sharing networks, forming a co-management agency and continuing nutritional monitoring may potentially preserve the nutritional integrity of Inuit diet, and in turn their health and cultural survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rosol
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada;
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Knudsen AKS, Long M, Pedersen HS, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Lifestyle, reproductive factors and food intake in Greenlandic pregnant women: the ACCEPT - sub-study. Int J Circumpolar Health 2015; 74:29469. [PMID: 26582354 PMCID: PMC4652332 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v74.29469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decades, Greenland has changed from a hunter society to a more western lifestyle, causing less intake of traditional food, such as marine mammals, fish and seabirds. These changes in the living conditions and food habits might impact the maternal health in Greenland. Objectives To describe lifestyle, reproductive factors and food intake in Greenlandic pregnant women, and to assess possible age and geographical differences. Design Cross-sectional study of 189 Greenlandic pregnant women. Inclusion criteria were ≥18 years and lived >50% of their life in Greenland. Data were collected in 2010–2011, and information was obtained from lifestyle and food frequency questionnaires. Two age groups for comparison were given for the pregnant women (<27 years vs. ≥27 years) with regard to the median age. Region groups for comparison were West, Disko Bay, South, North and East. Results Population characteristics showed that 43.3% had pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) >25.0 kg/m2, 46.3% were current smokers in the beginning of their pregnancy and few participants consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Women <27 years were more in doubt regarding planned breastfeeding period and consumed more dried fish and fast food. A trend for higher alcohol intake during pregnancy was found for women ≥27 years. The regional differences showed that women living >50% in North, South and West had a higher alcohol intake during pregnancy. Women in North had the fewest breastfeeding plans. Women in Disko Bay had the lowest intake of terrestrial species. No significant geographical differences were found for intake of marine mammals or seabirds. Conclusions The present study found relatively high BMI level and high smoking frequency in Greenlandic pregnant women. Age and region differences were found for alcohol consumption, breastfeeding plans and food intake profile. Further research is needed to implement relevant maternal health intervention programs in Greenland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane-Kersti Skaarup Knudsen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Eva Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;
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High protein and cholesterol intakes associated with emergence of glucose intolerance in a low-risk Canadian Inuit population. Public Health Nutr 2015; 19:1804-11. [PMID: 26494416 PMCID: PMC4890340 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015003080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objective The rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Inuit is 12·2 % in individuals over 50 years of age, similar to the Canadian prevalence. Given marked dietary transitions in the Arctic, we evaluated the dietary and other correlates of not previously diagnosed glucose intolerance, defined as type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. Design Cross-sectional analyses were limited to adults with a completed 2 h oral glucose tolerance test and without pre-existing diabetes. Anthropometric assessments, health and medication usage questionnaires and a 24 h dietary recall were administered. Setting Canadian International Polar Year Inuit Health Survey (2007–2008). Subjects Inuit adults (n 777). Results Glucose intolerance was associated with older age and adiposity. Percentage of energy from protein above the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range of 35 %, compared with intake within the range, was associated with increased odds of glucose intolerance (OR=1·98; 95 % CI 1·09, 3·61) in multivariable analyses. Further, cholesterol intake in the highest three quartiles combined (median exposures of 207, 416 and 778 mg/d, respectively) compared with the lowest quartile (median intake of 81 mg/d) was associated with glucose intolerance (OR=2·15; 95 % CI 1·23, 3·78) in multivariable analyses. Past-day traditional food consumption was borderline protective of glucose intolerance (P=0·054) and high fibre intake was not significantly protective (P=0·08). Conclusions The results contribute to the existing literature on high protein and cholesterol intakes as they may relate to diabetes risk.
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Galloway T, Johnson-Down L, Egeland GM. Socioeconomic and Cultural Correlates of Diet Quality in the Canadian Arctic: Results from the 2007–2008 Inuit Health Survey. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2015; 76:117-25. [DOI: 10.3148/cjdpr-2015-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We examined the impact of socioeconomic and cultural factors on dietary quality in adult Inuit living in the Canadian Arctic. Methods: Interviews and a 24-h dietary recall were administered to 805 men and 1292 women from Inuit regions in the Canadian Arctic. We examined the effect of age, sex, education, income, employment, and cultural variables on respondents' energy, macronutrient intake, sodium/potassium ratio, and healthy eating index. Logistic regression was used to assess the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on diet quality indicators. Results: Age was positively associated with traditional food (TF) consumption and greater energy from protein but negatively associated with total energy and fibre intake. Associations between SES and diet quality differed considerably between men and women and there was considerable regional variability in diet quality measures. Age and cultural variables were significant predictors of diet quality in logistic regression. Increased age and use of the Inuit language in the home were the most significant predictors of TF consumption. Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with studies reporting a nutrition transition in circumpolar Inuit. We found considerable variability in diet quality and complex interaction between SES and cultural variables producing mixed effects that differ by age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Galloway
- Department of Anthropology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Louise Johnson-Down
- Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment, School of Dietetics and Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - Grace M. Egeland
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen
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Akande VO, Hendriks AM, Ruiter RAC, Kremers SPJ. Determinants of dietary behavior and physical activity among Canadian Inuit: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015; 12:84. [PMID: 26104152 PMCID: PMC4479248 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-015-0252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased dependence on Western diets and low physical activity have largely contributed to weight gain and associated chronic diseases in the Canadian Inuit population. The purpose of this study was to systematically review factors influencing dietary and physical activity behaviors to guide health promotion interventions and provide recommendations for future studies. Method We conducted a systematic literature review to identify relevant articles. Searches were conducted between May 2014 and July 2014, and inclusive of articles published up until July 2014. Articles were searched using four databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Eligible studies focused on diet and/or physical activity or determinants of diet and/or physical activity in Canadian Inuit population, and were published in English. Results A total of 45 articles were included in the analysis. A detailed appraisal of the articles suggested that many Inuit have disconnected from the traditional ways of life, including harvesting and processing of traditional food species and the associated physical activity. In the last two decades there has been a significant shift from consumption of healthy traditional foods to energy-dense store-bought foods particularly among younger Inuit (<50 years of age). Additionally, low socioeconomic status (SES) and high transportation cost affect food accessibility and contribute to poor dietary choices in the population. However, a few articles that described the mediating role of psychosocial factors reported that higher SES, increased healthful food knowledge, and self-efficacy towards healthy dietary behavior, were associated with greater intentions to make healthier food choices and participate in physical activity. Conclusion It is evident that the rapid social, cultural, and environmental changes in the Arctic have altered dietary and physical activity behaviors of Canadian Inuit. However, our understanding is limited on how these behaviours might be influenced in the face of these changes. Prospective studies are needed to advance our knowledge of cognitive and environmental determinants of Inuit energy balance-related behaviours. These studies can inform the development of health promotion interventions in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor O Akande
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna M Hendriks
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A C Ruiter
- Department of Work & Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6200, MD, Netherlands
| | - Stef P J Kremers
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
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Jenkins EJ, Simon A, Bachand N, Stephen C. Wildlife parasites in a One Health world. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:174-80. [PMID: 25662272 PMCID: PMC7106350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One Health emphasizes the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health. Wildlife parasites are ubiquitous; how do we decide which are One Health issues? We propose questions to help to prioritize wildlife parasites in a One Health context. We suggest principles for taking action on wildlife parasites with One Health significance.
One Health has gained a remarkable profile in the animal and public health communities, in part owing to the pressing issues of emerging infectious diseases of wildlife origin. Wildlife parasitology can offer insights into One Health, and likewise One Health can provide justification to study and act on wildlife parasites. But how do we decide which wildlife parasites are One Health issues? We explore toxoplasmosis in wildlife in the Canadian Arctic as an example of a parasite that poses a risk to human health, and that also has potential to adversely affect wildlife populations of conservation concern and importance for food security and cultural well-being. This One Health framework can help communities, researchers, and policymakers prioritize issues for action in a resource-limited world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7H 5B4, SK, Canada.
| | - Audrey Simon
- Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 7C6, QC, Canada
| | - Nicholas Bachand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7H 5B4, SK, Canada
| | - Craig Stephen
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7H 5B4, SK, Canada
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Valera B, Sohani Z, Rana A, Poirier P, Anand SS. The ethnoepidemiology of obesity. Can J Cardiol 2014; 31:131-41. [PMID: 25661548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity varies significantly across ethnic groups and among aboriginal people in Canada and appears to be increasing overall in children and youth, which will have significant health consequences in the future. Individual health behaviours, genetic predisposition, and community-level factors all contribute to the high burden of overweight and obesity across communities in Canada. Preliminary studies indicate that individuals who live in neighbourhoods in Canada with increased walkability, fewer fast food outlets, and higher socioeconomic status have lower rates of overweight/obesity when compared with other neighbourhoods. However, more research is required to understand the impact of community level factors on overweight/obesity trends in Canadian ethnic groups, including children and youth, and aboriginal people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Valera
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Zahra Sohani
- Population Genomics Program, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayesha Rana
- Population Genomics Program, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Population Genomics Program, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Labonté MÈ, Dewailly É, Lucas M, Chateau-Degat ML, Couture P, Lamarche B. Traditional Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Elevated Cholesterol among the Inuit of Nunavik. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:1208-1215.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sheehy T, Kolahdooz F, Roache C, Sharma S. Changing Dietary Patterns in the Canadian Arctic: Frequency of Consumption of Foods and Beverages by Inuit in Three Nunavut Communities. Food Nutr Bull 2014; 35:244-52. [DOI: 10.1177/156482651403500211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Inuit in Arctic regions are experiencing a rapid diet and lifestyle transition. There are limited data on food consumption patterns among this unique population, raising concerns about assessing the risk for the development of diet-related chronic diseases. Objective To assess the current frequency of consumption of foods and beverages among Inuit in Nunavut, Arctic Canada. Methods A cross-sectional dietary study was con- ducted among randomly selected Inuit adults from three communities in Nunavut using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The participants were 175 women and 36 men with median (IQR) ages of 41.0 (32.5–48.5) and 40.1 (30.0–50.0) years, respectively. The mean and median frequencies of consumption over a 30-day period were computed for 147 individual food items and grouped as foods or beverages. Results The 30 most frequently consumed foods were identified. Non-nutrient-dense foods (i.e., high-fat and high-sugar foods) were the most frequently consumed food group (median intake, 3.4 times/day), followed by grains (2.0 times/day) and traditional meats (1.7 times/ day). The frequency of consumption of fruits (0.7 times/ day) and vegetables (0.4 times/day) was low. The median values for the three most frequently consumed food items were sugar or honey (once/day), butter (0.71 times/day), and Coffee-mate (0.71 times/day). Apart from water, coffee, and tea, the most frequently consumed beverages were sweetened juices (0.71 times/day) and regular pop (soft drinks) (0.36 times/day). This study showed that non-nutrient-dense foods are consumed most frequently in these Inuit communities. Conclusions The results have implications for dietary quality and provide useful information on current die- tary practices to guide nutritional intervention programs.
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Nilsson LM, Berner J, Dudarev AA, Mulvad G, Odland JØ, Parkinson A, Rautio A, Tikhonov C, Evengård B. Indicators of food and water security in an Arctic Health context--results from an international workshop discussion. Int J Circumpolar Health 2013; 72:21530. [PMID: 23940840 PMCID: PMC3739967 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2012, a literature search with the aim of describing indicators on food and water security in an Arctic health context was initialized in collaboration between the Arctic Human Health Expert Group, SDWG/AHHEG and the AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme within the Arctic Council) Human Health Assessment Group, AMAP/HHAG. In December 2012, workshop discussions were performed with representatives from both of these organizations, including 7 Arctic countries. The aim of this article is to describe the workshop discussions and the rational for the 12 indicators selected and the 9 rejected and to discuss the potential feasibility of these. Advantages and disadvantages of candidate indicators were listed. Informative value and costs for collecting were estimated separately on a 3-level scale: low, medium and high. Based on these reviews, the final selection of promoted and rejected indicators was performed and summarized in tables. Among 10 suggested indicators of food security, 6 were promoted: healthy weight, traditional food proportion in diet, monetary food costs, non-monetary food accessibility, food-borne diseases and food-related contaminants. Four were rejected: per-person dietary energy supply, food security modules, self-estimated food safety and healthy eating. Among 10 suggested indicators of water security, 6 were promoted: per-capita renewable water, accessibility of running water, waterborne diseases, drinking-water-related contaminants, authorized water quality assurance and water safety plans. Four were rejected: water consumption, types of water sources, periodic water shortages and household water costs.
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Bjerregaard P, Jørgensen ME. Prevalence of obesity among Inuit in Greenland and temporal trend by social position. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:335-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health; University of Southern Denmark; Copenhagen; Denmark
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Bjerregaard P, Jørgensen ME. Prevalence of Obesity Among Inuit in Greenland and Temporal Trend by Social Position. Am J Hum Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhb.22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health; University of Southern Denmark; Copenhagen; Denmark
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Saudny H, Leggee D, Egeland G. Design and methods of the Adult Inuit Health Survey 2007-2008. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 71:19752. [PMID: 23166895 PMCID: PMC3500824 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.19752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Canadian International Polar Year (IPY) program made it possible to undertake much needed health research in 3 jurisdictions within the Canadian Inuit Nunangat (homeland) over a 2-year period: Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), Nunavut Territory, and Nunatsiavut. Design The Adult Inuit Health Survey (IHS) was a cross-sectional survey and provides baseline data upon which future comparisons can be made for prospectively assessing factors leading to the progression of chronic diseases among Canadian Inuit. With the help of the Canadian Coast Guard Ship Amundsen, which was equipped with research and laboratory facilities, 33 coastal communities were visited; land survey teams visited 3 inland communities. Results The Adult IHS succeeded in obtaining important baseline information concerning the health status and living conditions of 2,595 adults living in ISR, Nunavut and Nunatsiavut. Conclusion Information from this survey will be useful for future comparisons and the opportunity to link with the International Inuit Cohort, a follow-up evaluation, and for the development of future health policies and public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Saudny
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition/Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment-CINE, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Canada.
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Galloway T, Blackett H, Chatwood S, Jeppesen C, Kandola K, Linton J, Bjerregaard P. Obesity studies in the circumpolar Inuit: a scoping review. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 71:18698. [PMID: 22765938 PMCID: PMC4981754 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.18698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among circumpolar populations, recent research has documented a significant increase in risk factors which are commonly associated with chronic disease, notably obesity. OBJECTIVE The present study undertakes a scoping review of research on obesity in the circumpolar Inuit to determine the extent obesity research has been undertaken, how well all subpopulations and geographic areas are represented, the methodologies used and whether they are sufficient in describing risk factors, and the prevalence and health outcomes associated with obesity. DESIGN Online databases were used to identify papers published 1992-2011, from which we selected 38 publications from Canada, the United States, and Greenland that used obesity as a primary or secondary outcome variable in 30 or more non-pregnant Inuit ("Eskimo") participants aged 2 years or older. RESULTS The majority of publications (92%) reported cross-sectional studies while 8% examined retrospective cohorts. All but one of the studies collected measured data. Overall 84% of the publications examined obesity in adults. Those examining obesity in children focused on early childhood or adolescence. While most (66%) reported 1 or more anthropometric indices, none incorporated direct measures of adiposity. Evaluated using a customized quality assessment instrument, 26% of studies achieved an "A" quality ranking, while 18 and 39% achieved quality rankings of "B" and "C", respectively. CONCLUSIONS While the quality of studies is generally high, research on obesity among Inuit would benefit from careful selection of methods and reference standards, direct measures of adiposity in adults and children, studies of preadolescent children, and prospective cohort studies linking early childhood exposures with obesity outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Galloway
- Centre for Indigenous People's Nutrition and Environment, School of Dietetics and Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Egeland GM. IPY Inuit Health Survey speaks to need to address inadequate housing, food insecurity and nutrition transition. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 70:444-6. [PMID: 22208993 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v70i5.17854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Parkinson AJ. The international polar year: continuing the arctic human health legacy. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 70:447-9. [PMID: 22208994 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v70i5.17856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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