1
|
Abdellatif AM, Basha WAA. Insights into microstructure and expression of markers of proliferation, apoptosis and T cells in the spleen of cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis). Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13082. [PMID: 38944689 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ with significant roles in pathogen clearance. It is involved in several avian diseases. The cattle egret is a wild insectivorous bird of agricultural and socioeconomic importance. Data related to microstructural features of cattle egret spleen are lacking. The present study investigated the gross anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the cattle egret spleen. Proliferation (PCNA and PHH3), apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3, C.CASP3) and T-cell (CD3 and CD8) markers were assessed. Grossly, the spleen appeared brownish red, oval-shaped and located at the oesophago-proventricular junction. Histologically, the spleen was surrounded by a thin capsule sending a number of trabeculae which contained branches of the splenic vessels. The white pulp consisted of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath and periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath (PELS). The red pulp was formed of sinusoids and cords. The penicillar capillaries, which represent the terminal segments of the splenic arterial tree were highly branched, wrapped by prominent ellipsoids and directly connected to the splenic sinusoids, suggesting a closed type of circulation. Immunohistochemically, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-expressing cells were distributed with high counts throughout the splenic parenchyma, being highest within the splenic cords and PELS. Both PHH3- and C.CASP3-expressing cells revealed a similar pattern to that of PCNA, although with fewer counts. Large numbers of T cells were observed throughout the splenic parenchyma, mainly within the cords, as revealed by CD3 and CD8 immunoreaction. The present study provides a clear insight into the precise structure of the spleen in cattle egrets and thus improves our understanding about birds' immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdellatif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu X, Huang W, Bishir M, Hodgkinson C, Goldman D, Chang SL. Sex-dependent responses to high concentration of binge ethanol in spleen of adolescent F344 rats. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:1063-1075. [PMID: 38627206 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that binge ethanol induces atrophy of the spleen, a key immune organ, in adolescent male F344 rats. Because there are significant sex effects in immune function, we investigated whether binge ethanol exerts sex-dependent effects on the spleen, including producing splenic atrophy. METHODS We gave F344 rats ethanol (4.8 g/kg/day; 52% w/v; i.g.) on postnatal days [PND] 36 ~ 38 and sacrificed them on PND 39 for spleen collection. We performed immunophenotyping analysis of splenic cells and examined the expression of 158 genes related to alcohol metabolism, epigenetic modification, and immune regulation in the spleens of adolescent (PND 39) male and female rats. RESULTS Following a 3-day ethanol exposure, a loss of body weight, and absolute and relative spleen weight, was seen only in male adolescent rats. Ethanol altered the relative proportions of lymphocyte subtypes in both sexes with different patterns. We also found that 3-day ethanol exposure induced sex-dependent gene expression changes in spleen. Among the 158 genes studied, the expression of only three genes was significantly increased in female rats. However, the expression of 30 genes was significantly increased/decreased in male rats. Female rats had greater expression of alcohol metabolizing enzyme genes in the spleen under physiological conditions and when stimulated by binge ethanol. The genes are involved in epigenetic modification were differentially expressed in a sex-dependent manner. CONCLUSION We found that male adolescent rats were more sensitive to binge ethanol than female rats. Differential expression of the genes related to alcohol metabolism and epigenetic modification (of DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylases) between the sexes could account for the observed sex-dependent responses to binge ethanol in adolescent rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Liu
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenfei Huang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - Muhammed Bishir
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - Colin Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li B, Li W, Liang Y, Zhang C, Kong G, Li Z. Spleen-Derived CCL9 Recruits MDSC to Facilitate Tumor Growth in Orthotopic Hepatoma Mice. Glob Med Genet 2023; 10:348-356. [PMID: 38046278 PMCID: PMC10691915 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Spleen is involved in multiple diseases, the role of the spleen and spleen-derived factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still not clarified. Methods In the current study, a murine H22 orthotopic hepatoma model was established. Three groups were divided: normal mice, tumor-bearing mice with spleen-preserving, and tumor-bearing mice with splenectomy. Spleen and tumor weights were recorded by weeks 1 and 2. The proportion of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) in peripheral blood and tumor tissue was detected using flow cytometry. Protein chip assay was used to compare the differential cytokines between normal liver supernatant and tumor supernatant. The common upregulated cytokines both in spleen and tumor were focused and analyzed using gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) database. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to verify the chip result, and to examine CCL9 expression before and after splenectomy. Spleen MDSC was sorted using flow cytometry, and chemotaxis assay was performed to demonstrate whether CCL9 attracted spleen MDSC. Results The spleen enlarged during tumor progression, and compared with splenectomy group, there were faster tumor growth, shorter survival time, and higher proportions of MDSC in spleen-preserving group. Protein chip assay and GEPIA database revealed CCL9 was the most promising chemokine involved in HCC upregulated both in spleen and tumor tissue. CCL9 attracted MDSC in vitro, the level of CCL9 in tumor tissue was downregulated, and the percentage of MDSC was decreased after splenectomy. Conclusion The results demonstrate that CCL9 may be derived from spleen; it facilitated HCC growth via the chemotaxis of MDSC, targeting CCL9 may be a promising strategy in HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Li
- General Surgery Department of Cadre's Ward, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Tumor Immunology Center of Precision Medical Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxue Liang
- Tumor Immunology Center of Precision Medical Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Kong
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongfang Li
- General Surgery Department of Cadre's Ward, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Naeem M, Ittermann T, Markus MRP, Mousa MFM, von Heder L, Bülow R, Dörr M, Nauck M, Agdassi A, Heidel FH, Völzke H. Associations of spleen volume with markers of blood count and lipid profile in a large population-based study. Ups J Med Sci 2023; 128:9785. [PMID: 37807997 PMCID: PMC10552697 DOI: 10.48101/ujms.v128.9785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study was to investigate associations of spleen volume with blood count markers and lipid profile in the general population. Materials & methods Cross-sectional data from 1,106 individuals aged 30-90 years from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-START-2) were analyzed. Blood count markers included red blood cell (RBC) counts, hemoglobin, platelet count, and white blood cell (WBC) counts. Lipid profile included total-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) as well as triglycerides. Linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, body height, and weight were used to associate standardized spleen volume with blood counts and lipid profile markers. Results Spleen volume was positively associated with RBC (β = 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03 to 0.08) and hemoglobin (β = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.09) but inversely with platelet count (β = -16.3; 95% CI = -20.5 to -12.1) and WBC (β = -0.25; 95% CI = -0.37 to -0.14). Furthermore, spleen volume showed inverse associations with total cholesterol (β = -0.17; 95% CI = -0.24 to -0.09), HDL-C (β = -0.08; 95% CI = -0.10 to -0.05), and LDL-C (β = -0.12; 95% CI = -0.17 to -0.06). There was no significant association of spleen volume with triglycerides. Conclusion Our study showed that the spleen volume is associated with markers of the blood count and lipid profile in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus
- Department of Internal Medicine B – Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Laura von Heder
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute for Radiology and Neuradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B – Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ali Agdassi
- Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian H. Heidel
- Department of Internal Medicine C, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
- Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li HL, Ning SL, Gao YJ, Zhou T, Chen YX. In situ subtotal spleen resection combined with selective pericardial devascularization for the treatment of portal hypertension. World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15:634-642. [PMID: 37206069 PMCID: PMC10190734 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i4.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersplenism and esophageal varices bleeding are the major complications of portal hypertension (PHT). In recent years, increasing attention has been given to spleen preservation operations. The mode and long-term effects of subtotal splenectomy and selective pericardial devascularization for PHT remain controversial.
AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of subtotal splenectomy combined with selective pericardial devascularization for the treatment of PHT.
METHODS This was a retrospective study of 15 patients with PHT who underwent subtotal splenectomy not preserving the splenic artery or vein combined with selective pericardial devascularization in the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from February 2011 to April 2022. Fifteen propensity score-matched patients with PHT who underwent total splenectomy at the same time served as the control group. The patients were followed for up to 11 years after surgery. We compared the postoperative platelet levels, perioperative splenic vein thrombosis, and serum immunoglobulin levels between the two groups. Abdominal enhanced computed tomography was used to evaluate the blood supply and function of the residual spleen. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, evacuation time, and hospital stay were compared between the two groups.
RESULTS The postoperative platelet level of patients in the subtotal splenectomy group was significantly lower than that in the total splenectomy group (P < 0.05), and the postoperative portal system thrombosis rate in the subtotal splenectomy group was also much lower than that in the total splenectomy group. The levels of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) showed no significant differences after surgery compared with before surgery in the subtotal splenectomy group (P > 0.05), but serum immunoglobulin IgG and IgM levels decreased dramatically after total splenectomy (P < 0.05). The operation time in the subtotal splenectomy group was longer than that in the total splenectomy group (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in the amount of intraoperative blood loss, evacuation time, or hospital stay between the two groups.
CONCLUSION Subtotal splenectomy not preserving the splenic artery or vein combined with selective pericardial devascularization is a safe and effective surgical treatment for patients with PHT, not only correcting hypersplenism but also preserving splenic function, especially immunological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shang-Lei Ning
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Jing Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Xin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song M, Zhang J, Huo S, Zhang X, Cui Y, Li Y. Mitophagy alleviates AIF-mediated spleen apoptosis induced by AlCl3 through Parkin stabilization in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113762. [PMID: 37028746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) accumulates in the spleen and causes spleen apoptosis. Mitochondrial dyshomeostasis represents primary mechanisms of spleen apoptosis induced by Al. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is located in the gap of the mitochondrial membrane and can be released into the nucleus, leading to apoptosis. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase1 (PINK1)/E3 ubiquitin ligase PARK2 (Parkin)-mediated mitophagy maintains mitochondrial homeostasis by removing damaged mitochondria, but its function in AIF-mediated spleen apoptosis induced by Al is not clear. In our study, aluminium trichloride (AlCl3) was diluted in water for 90 d and administered to 75 male C57BL/6N mice at 0, 44.8, 59.8, 89.7, and 179.3 mg/kg body weight. AlCl3 triggered PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy, induced AIF release and AIF-mediated spleen apoptosis. AlCl3 was administered to sixty male C57BL/6N mice of wild type and Parkin knockout for 90 d at 0 and 179.3 mg/kg body weight. The results indicated that Parkin deficiency decreased mitophagy, aggravated mitochondrial damage, AIF release and AIF-mediated spleen apoptosis induced by AlCl3. According to our results, PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and AIF-mediated spleen apoptosis are caused by AlCl3, whereas mitophagy is protective in AIF-mediated apoptosis induced by AlCl3.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bremner JD, Piccinelli M, Garcia EV, Moncayo VM, Elon L, Nye JA, Cooke CD, Washington BP, Ortega RA, Desai SR, Okoh AK, Cheung B, Soyebo BO, Shallenberger LH, Raggi P, Shah AJ, Daaboul O, Jajeh MN, Ziegler C, Driggers EG, Murrah N, De Cecco CN, van Assen M, Krafty RT, Quyyumi AA, Vaccarino V. A Pilot Study of Neurobiological Mechanisms of Stress and Cardiovascular Risk. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2023; 11:3787. [PMID: 37484871 PMCID: PMC10361343 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v11i4.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of death and disability. Although psychological stress has been identified as an important potential contributor, mechanisms by which stress increases risk of heart disease and mortality are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to assess mechanisms by which stress acts through the brain and heart to confer increased CHD risk. Methods Coronary Heart Disease patients (N=10) underwent cardiac imaging with [Tc-99m] sestamibi single photon emission tomography at rest and during a public speaking mental stress task. Patients returned for a second day and underwent positron emission tomography imaging of the brain, heart, bone marrow, aorta (indicating inflammation) and subcutaneous adipose tissue, after injection of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose for assessment of glucose uptake followed mental stress. Patients with (N=4) and without (N=6) mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia were compared for glucose uptake in brain, heart, adipose tissue and aorta with mental stress. Results Patients with mental stress-induced ischemia showed a pattern of increased uptake in the heart, medial prefrontal cortex, and adipose tissue with stress. In the heart disease group as a whole, activity increase with stress in the medial prefrontal brain and amygdala correlated with stress-induced increases in spleen (r=0.69, p=0.038; and r=0.69, p=0.04 respectfully). Stress-induced frontal lobe increased uptake correlated with stress-induced aorta uptake (r=0.71, p=0.016). Activity in insula and medial prefrontal cortex was correlated with post-stress activity in bone marrow and adipose tissue. Activity in other brain areas not implicated in stress did not show similar correlations. Increases in medial prefrontal activity with stress correlated with increased cardiac glucose uptake with stress, suggestive of myocardial ischemia (r=0.85, p=0.004). Conclusions These findings suggest a link between brain response to stress in key areas mediating emotion and peripheral organs involved in inflammation and hematopoietic activity, as well as myocardial ischemia, in Coronary Heart Disease patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Marina Piccinelli
- Department Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ernest V. Garcia
- Department Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Valeria M. Moncayo
- Department Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lisa Elon
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathon A. Nye
- Department Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - C. David Cooke
- Department Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brianna P. Washington
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rebeca Alvarado Ortega
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shivang R. Desai
- Department Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexis K. Okoh
- Department Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brian Cheung
- Department Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Britt O. Soyebo
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Paolo Raggi
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute and the Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amit J. Shah
- Department Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Obada Daaboul
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Carrie Ziegler
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Nancy Murrah
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carlo N. De Cecco
- Department Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marly van Assen
- Department Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Robert T. Krafty
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arshed A. Quyyumi
- Department Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Liu Y, Peng F, Wei X, Hao H, Li W, Zhao Y. Cedrol from ginger alleviates rheumatoid arthritis through dynamic regulation of intestinal microenvironment. Food Funct 2022; 13:11825-11839. [PMID: 36314362 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01983c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The imbalance of intestinal flora would induce immune inflammation. Cedrol (CE), found from ginger by our group earlier, has been proven to play an excellent role in ameliorating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via acting on JAK3, MAPK, and NF-κB. However, there have been no studies on CE ameliorating RA through the regulation of the micro-environment. In this study, the adjuvant arthritis model (AIA) is established to evaluate the weight, arthritis score, paw swelling, bone destruction, immune organ index, inflammatory cell infiltration, cartilage erosion, and metabolic enzymes of kidneys in AIA rats after CE intervention. The results indicated CE could alleviate paw swelling, reduce arthritis score, decrease the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in serum in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibit the immune organ index of the spleen while having no significant effect on metabolic enzymes of the kidney. In addition, pathological sections of ankle and knee joints suggested CE might significantly prevent inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, and joint degeneration and protect articular cartilage. Then, for the first time, 16S rRNA gene was applied to analyze the regulatory effect of CE on intestinal flora. CE could effectively improve the uniformity, diversity, and richness of intestinal flora, reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria, and increase the proportion of beneficial bacteria, and it significantly inhibited the abundance of Prevotella in RA rats, which was 12.43 times smaller than that in methotrexate. The distribution and excretion of CE in vivo were detected by GC-MS. It was found that CE would massively accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, which is then mainly excreted through feces. Interestingly, the research suggested that CE, which plays a role in the dynamic regulation of the intestinal micro-environment, could be used as a potential component to prevent RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
- Chinese Medicine Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030000, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Chinese Medicine Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030000, China.
| | - Fei Peng
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xinrui Wei
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Huiqin Hao
- Chinese Medicine Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030000, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The mechanisms of aluminum-induced immunotoxicity in chicks. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102251. [PMID: 36435164 PMCID: PMC9700292 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant representing a significant global health hazard to human and animal health, including chicks. Al toxicity causes oxidative stress, leading to tissue injury, and consequently causes various diseases. NRF2 signaling is vital for protecting cells against oxidative stress. Nuclear xenobiotic receptors are activated by exogenous toxins, thereby inducing the transcription of cytochrome P450 enzyme systems (CYP450s) isoforms involved in xenobiotic metabolism and transport. However, little is known about Al-induced oxidative stress, nuclear xenobiotic receptors and fibrosis in chicks and the mechanisms involved. In this study, male chicks were treated with 0 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg Al2(SO4)3 to evaluate the mechanisms for Al-induced immunotoxicity. Histopathology revealed pathological injury, fibrin aggregation, disruption of the Nuclear Xenobiotic Receptors, and alteration of CYP450s homeostasis in Al-treated chicks due to oxidative stress. Notably, regulation of the NRF2 pathway and CYP450s and fibrosis-related genes was found to play a vital role in inhibiting immunotoxicity. This study provides new insights regarding the mechanisms of Al-induced immunotoxicity, including activation of the nuclear xenobiotic receptors, triggering oxidative stress, and altering the homeostasis of CYP450s in chicks. Further, it provides a theoretical basis for controlling Al exposure and highlights the importance of further studying its mechanisms to provide additional information for formulating preventive measures.
Collapse
|
10
|
Aloe-Emodin Suppresses Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via a PI3K-Dependent Mechanism in a Murine Model of Sepsis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9697887. [PMID: 35978995 PMCID: PMC9377882 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9697887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background This study was designed to assess the impact of aloe-emodin (AE) on oxidative stress and inflammation in a murine model of LPS-induced sepsis. In addition, the mechanistic basis for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity was assessed. Methods Male ICR mice received an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg), and the preventive properties of AE (80 or 150 mg/kg) on these mice were assessed by monitoring spleen index, and levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related factors. Peripheral blood TNF-α and IL-6 levels were assessed via ELISA kits, while changes in hepatic SOD and GSH-Px levels were assessed using appropriate biochemical kits. Splenic PI3K, AKT, and mTOR levels were assessed via qPCR and western blotting. Results Relative to animals in the LPS model group, those in the AE treatment groups exhibited reduced spleen index, decreased inflammatory cytokine levels, and improved SOD and GSH-Px activity in liver tissues. Splenic PI3K, Akt, and mTOR levels were also reduced in response to AE treatment. Conclusions These findings indicated that AE can alleviate sepsis-related tissue damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress, at least in part by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These results offer a clinical basis for the use of AE to treat sepsis and associated diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Aggeletopoulou I, Thomopoulos K, Mouzaki A, Triantos C. Vitamin D–VDR Novel Anti-Inflammatory Molecules—New Insights into Their Effects on Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158465. [PMID: 35955597 PMCID: PMC9369388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is consistent evidence that vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with liver dysfunction, disease severity, and poor prognosis in patients with liver disease. Vitamin D and its receptor (VDR) contribute to the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The presence of genetic variants of vitamin D- and VDR-associated genes has been associated with liver disease progression. In our recent work, we summarized the progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in vitamin D–VDR signaling and discussed the functional significance of VDR signaling in specific cell populations in liver disease. The current review focuses on the complex interaction between immune and liver cells in the maintenance of liver homeostasis and the development of liver injury, the interplay of vitamin D and VDR in the development and outcome of liver disease, the role of vitamin D- and VDR-associated genetic variants in modulating the occurrence and severity of liver disease, and the therapeutic value of vitamin D supplementation in various liver diseases. The association of the vitamin D–VDR complex with liver dysfunction shows great potential for clinical application and supports its use as a prognostic index and diagnostic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (I.A.); (C.T.)
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Thomopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (I.A.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (I.A.); (C.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Y, Huang W, Dai K, Liu N, Wang J, Lu X, Ma J, Zhang M, Xu M, Long X, Liu J, Kou Y. Inflammatory response of gut, spleen, and liver in mice induced by orally administered Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2088936. [PMID: 35756539 PMCID: PMC9225697 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2088936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a primary periopathogen in the initiation and development of periodontal disease. Evidence has shown that P. gingivalis is associated with systemic diseases, including IBD and fatty liver disease. Inflammatory response is a key feature of diseases related to this species. Methods C57BL/6 mice were administered either PBS, or P. gingivalis. After 9 weeks, the inflammatory response in gut, spleen, and liver was analyzed. Results The findings revealed significant disturbance of the intestinal microbiota and increased inflammatory factors in the gut of P. gingivalis-administered mice. Administrated P. gingivalis remarkably promoted the secretion of IRF-1 and activated the inflammatory pathway IFN-γ/STAT1 in the spleen. Histologically, mice treated with P. gingivalis exhibited hepatocyte damage and lipid deposition. The inflammatory factors IL-17a, IL-6, and ROR-γt were also upregulated in the liver of mice fed with P. gingivalis. Lee’s index, spleen index, and liver index were also increased. Conclusion These results suggest that administrated P. gingivalis evokes inflammation in gut, spleen, and liver, which might promote the progression of various systemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingman Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenkai Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Lishui University School of Medicine, Lishui, Zhejing, China
| | - Ni Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoying Lu
- Department of Oral Biology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengqi Xu
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Long
- Department of Oral Biology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yurong Kou
- Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Department of Oral Biology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu XY, Li D, Li TY, Wu YL, Piao JS, Piao MG. Vitamin A - modified Betulin polymer micelles with hepatic targeting capability for hepatic fibrosis protection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 174:106189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
14
|
Shin JM, Son YJ, Ha IJ, Erdenebileg S, Jung DS, Song DG, Kim YS, Kim SM, Nho CW. Artemisia argyi extract alleviates inflammation in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model and enhances immunomodulatory effects in lymphoid tissues. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:64. [PMID: 35277165 PMCID: PMC8917695 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal system has increased. IBD, characterized by aberrant immune responses against antigens, is thought to be caused by the invasion of enterobacteria. The pathogenesis of IBD is complicated, hence novel effective therapeutic agents are warranted. Therefore, this study evaluates the potential of Artemisia argyi, a medicinal herb, in alleviating IBD.
Methods
The effectiveness of the A. argyi ethanol extract was verified both in vitro and in vivo. Inflammation was induced in RAW 264.7 cells by 1 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and by 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model. During the ten-day colitis induction, 200 mg/kg of A. argyi ethanol extract was orally administered to the treatment group. Levels of inflammation-related proteins and genes were analyzed in the colon, serum, and lymphoid tissues, i.e., Peyer’s patches (PPs) and spleen. The chemical constituent of the A. argyi ethanol extract was identified using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis.
Results
A. argyi ethanol extract treatment ameliorated IBD symptoms and reduced the expression of inflammation-related proteins and genes in the colon and serum samples. Furthermore, A. argyi treatment induced the activation of anti-oxidative associated proteins, such as nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1); and the treatment have also inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a central mediator of inflammatory responses. A. argyi enhanced the immunomodulatory effects in the PPs and spleen, which may stem from interleukin-10 (IL-10) upregulation. Chemical analysis identified a total of 28 chemical compounds, several of which have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects.
Conclusions
The effectiveness of the A. argyi ethanol extract in alleviating IBD was demonstrated; application of the extract successfully mitigated IBD symptoms, and enhanced immunomodulatory responses in lymphoid tissues. These findings suggest A. argyi as a promising herbal medicine for IBD treatment.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kalmukova O, Shemetova H, Skrypnyk N, Savchuk O, Dzerzhynsky M. MELATONIN IMPROVES SPLEEN HISTOPHYSIOLOGY OF RATS WITH DIET-INDUCED OBESITY: CHRONOTHERAPY APPROACH. BULLETIN OF TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV. SERIES: BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.17721/1728.2748.2022.90.34-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most commoncharacteristics of obesity is the development of a systemic low-grade proinflammatory state in the entire body, including the immune organs. Spleen enlargement during diet-induced obesity contributes to the development of chronic inflammation. Melatonin due to immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and systemic metabolic rolesis proposed to be an effective candidate for anti-obesity therapy. As immune systems demonstrate pronounced circadian rhythmicity and immune cells have different types of melatonin receptors, a chronotherapeutic approach might be used to choose the most effective regimes of melatonin administration for the correction of obesity-provoked damage to the spleen. Thus, the main goal of our research was the analysis of the rats' spleen histophysiology during the development of high-calorie diet-inducedobesity (HCD) after administering melatonin daily at different times (morning or evening). Melatonin was administered by gavage for 7 weeks in the dose of 30 mg/kg 1 h before lights-off (HCD ZT11, M ZT11, evening), or 1 h after lights-on (HCD ZT01, M ZT01, morning). For assessment of the morpho-functional state of the spleen,the histopathological evaluation of red and white pulp in different zones of lymphoid follicles was implemented. It was observed that obesity development wasaccompaniedbyhyperemia and vessel dilatation in the red pulp; while in the white pulp notable deformation of germinal centers and destroyed borders between zones of lymphoid follicles were noticed.The HCD group demonstrated a decrease inthe relative amount of the white pulp, the crosssectional area of germinal centers, and the cross-sectional area of the marginal zone; whilethe increased relative amount of red pulp and marginal zone/germinal centers ratiowere detected compared with control. Melatonin administration to obese rats increases the relative amount of the white pulp (HCD ZT11 group), the cross-sectional area of germinal centers (HCD ZT01 and HCD ZT11 groups), and the cross-sectional area of the marginal zone (HCD ZT11 group), and decreasesmarginal zone/germinal centers ratio (HCD ZT01 group) in comparison with the HCD group.Also,it was demonstrated that a choice between the morning or evening regimes of the melatonin treatment did not affect the histophysiology of the spleen in rats receivingthe standard diet (M ZT01 and M ZT11 groups). These results indicate that melatonin can be considered to be a powerful potential therapeutic agent for the amelioration of obesity-induced changes in the spleen.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gu H, Gwon MH, Kim SM, Yun JM. Dietary glucosinolates inhibit splenic inflammation in high fat/cholesterol diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:798-806. [PMID: 34858556 PMCID: PMC8601941 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.6.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. The spleen is the largest organ of the lymphatic system and has an important role in immunity. Obesity-induced inflammatory responses are triggered by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) pathway signaling. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), major dietary glucosinolates present in cruciferous vegetables, have been reported to produce anti-inflammatory effects on various diseases. However, the effects of PEITC and DIM on the obesity-induced inflammatory response in the spleen are unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of PEITC and DIM on the spleen and their mechanism in high fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD)-fed C57BL/6 mice. MATERIALS/METHODS We established an animal model of HFCD-induced obesity using C57BL/6 mice. The mice were divided into six groups: normal diet with AIN-93G diet (CON), high fat diet (60% calories from fat) with 1% cholesterol (HFCD), HFCD with PEITC 30 mg/kg/day or 75 mg/kg/day (HFCD+P30, HFCD+P75), and HFCD with DIM 1.5 mg/kg/day or 7.5 mg/kg/day (HFCD+D1.5, HFCD+D7.5). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze protein and mRNA levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, interleukin 6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88 in spleen tissue. RESULTS Serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the HFCD group than in groups fed a HFCD with PEITC or DIM. Levels of NF-κB p65 protein and TLR2/4, MyD88, NF-κB p65, IL-6, and COX-2 mRNA were significantly higher in the HFCD group than in the CON group and were reduced by the PEITC and DIM supplements. CONCLUSIONS PEITC- and DIM-supplemented diets improved splenic inflammation by modulating the TLR2/4-MyD88 pathway in HFCD-fed mice. We suggest that dietary glucosinolates may at least partially improve obesity-induced inflammation of the spleen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HyunJi Gu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Gwon
- Department of Education, Graduate School of Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Yun
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khan N, Kaur S, Knuth CM, Jeschke MG. CNS-Spleen Axis - a Close Interplay in Mediating Inflammatory Responses in Burn Patients and a Key to Novel Burn Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:720221. [PMID: 34539655 PMCID: PMC8448279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.720221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe burn-induced inflammation and subsequent hypermetabolic response can lead to profound infection and sepsis, resulting in multiple organ failure and high mortality risk in patients. This represents an extremely challenging issue for clinicians as sepsis is the leading cause of mortality in burn patients. Since hyperinflammation and immune dysfunction are a result of an immune imbalance, restoring these conditions seem to have promising benefits for burn patients. A key network that modulates the immune balance is the central nervous system (CNS)-spleen axis, which coordinates multiple signaling pathways, including sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. Modulating inflammation is a key strategy that researchers use to understand neuroimmunomodulation in other hyperinflammatory disease models and modulating the CNS-spleen axis has led to improved clinical outcomes in patients. As the immune balance is paramount for recovery in burn-induced sepsis and patients with hyperinflammatory conditions, it appears that severe burn injuries substantially alter this CNS-spleen axis. Therefore, it is essential to address and discuss the potential therapeutic techniques that target the CNS-spleen axis that aim to restore homeostasis in burn patients. To understand this in detail, we have conducted a systematic review to explore the role of the CNS-spleen axis and its impact on immunomodulation concerning the burn-induced hypermetabolic response and associated sepsis complications. Furthermore, this thorough review explores the role of the spleen, CNS-spleen axis in the ebb and flow phases following a severe burn, how this axis induces metabolic factors and immune dysfunction, and therapeutic techniques and chemical interventions that restore the immune balance via neuroimmunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noorisah Khan
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Supreet Kaur
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carly M Knuth
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang W, Wan L, Chen P, Lu W. Docosahexaenoic acid activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway to alleviate impairment of spleen cellular immunity in intrauterine growth restricted rat pups. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4987-4993. [PMID: 34466073 PMCID: PMC8381073 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) impairs immune function in children. IUGR is associated with an imbalance of oxidative stress and abnormal apoptosis. Therefore, an IUGR rats model was established to determine the antioxidant capacity and apoptosis in newborn IUGR rats and explored whether these effects were regulated after Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation to rat pups. First, eight normal-birth-weight (NBW) and eight IUGR neonatal rats (a 10% low-protein diet) were used to obtain the antioxidant capacity and apoptosis in IUGR rat pups. Then, 32 newborn rats were randomly assigned to the normal birth weight (NBW), DHA supplementation for NBW (ND), IUGR, and DHA supplementation for IUGR (ID) groups. Starting from the 7th day after birth, DHA was given to the experimental group and the same volume of distilled water was given to the control group for 21 days. (1) DHA improved the serum and spleen CD4/CD8 ratios and IL-4 and IFN-γ mRNA expression. (2) DHA decreased the level of MDA, but increased T-AOC in serum and spleen. (3) DHA increased the protein expression of Bcl-2 while decreased Bax. (4) DHA increased protein expression of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and the downstream antioxidant genes GSH-PX and CAT. DHA may alleviate the impairment of spleen cellular immunity in IUGR rat pups by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis related to the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Jiang
- Children's Institute of Three Gorges University, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443003, PR China
| | - Lijia Wan
- Department of Neonatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Pingyang Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Wei Lu
- Children's Institute of Three Gorges University, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443003, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hu Y, Zhou W, Sun S, Guan Y, Ma J, Xie Y. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-based prediction for splenectomy in patients with suspected splenic lymphoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1009. [PMID: 34277809 PMCID: PMC8267279 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Diagnostic splenectomy is often performed on patients with suspected splenic lymphoma. However, unnecessary splenectomy entails more harm than benefit for patients. Therefore, a preliminary screening method for patients with suspected splenic lymphoma that has high sensitivity and specificity is urgently needed. Methods From the pathology database at Huadong and Huashan Hospital, we retrospectively identified 60 patients of suspected splenic lymphoma who underwent fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) before receiving a splenectomy and did not show any increase in FDG uptake except in the spleen. We compared the indicators of PET-CT, such as the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and the SUVmax of 18F-FDG uptake ratios between the spleen/liver, spleen/bone marrow, and liver/bone marrow. Results No significant differences were detected in SUVmax, TLG, MTV, or the SUVmax ratio of the liver/bone marrow between the lymphoma and benign groups. However, the SUVmax ratios of the spleen/liver and spleen/bone marrow were significantly higher in the lymphoma group than in the benign group (P=0.001; P=0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined a spleen/liver SUVmax ratio of >2.42 and a spleen/bone marrow SUVmax ratio of >1.45 to be the indications for requiring a diagnostic splenectomy for lymphoma. Parallel testing increased the specificity and sensitivity of the test. Conclusions Patients whose PET-CT results are inconclusive regarding the need for splenectomy may benefit from our prediction model. Future large-scale prospective clinical trials are required to verify these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Hu
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyan Zhou
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiexian Ma
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhui Xie
- Department of Hematology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
High-fat diet-induced splenic, hepatic, and skeletal muscle architecture damage: cellular and molecular players. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3671-3679. [PMID: 34050900 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The trend of consuming food high in calories, fat, and sugar with little nutritional value and reduced physical exercise has resulted in an alarming ratio of overweight and obese subjects worldwide. Low-grade chronic inflammation is the key feature of obesity that causes an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines in circulation. The current study was aimed to investigate the effect of high-fat diet on the architecture of spleen, liver, and skeletal muscle and changes in the expression of hepatic cytokines. Two groups of experimental rats were established, against control that were given different percentage of fats in their diet. After a period of sixteen weeks, rats were dissected and their organs were excised out and processed accordingly. Spleen sections of experimental groups, revealed increased recruitment of lymphocytes, sinusoidal dilatations, necrotic lymphocytes, increased ratio of white-to-red pulp, and hemosiderin and iron deposits in red pulp indicating immune system activation. Hepatic sections showed enlarged sinusoidal spaces, disruptive hepatocytes, necrosis and dilation of portal veins. Sections of skeletal muscle showed degenerating fibers, increased fat accumulation, and recruitment of macrophages. Elevated expression of IFN-γ and decreased expression of IFN-α and IFN-β cytokines verified the adverse effect of high-fat diet on immune system as well. Fats tend to accumulate in organs due to increased intake of fat-rich diet disturbing their normal function and histology. In addition, gene expression analysis of cytokines confirmed the effect of high-fat diet as an inflammatory agent.
Collapse
|
21
|
Schagatay E, Holmström P, Mulder E, Limbu P, Schagatay FS, Engan H, Lodin-Sundström A. Spleen Volume and Contraction During Apnea in Mt. Everest Climbers and Everest Base Camp Trekkers. High Alt Med Biol 2021; 21:84-91. [PMID: 32182148 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2019.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human spleen can contract and transiently boost the blood with stored erythrocytes. We measured spleen volume and contraction during apneas in two groups, each containing 12 Caucasian participants (each 3 women): one group planning to summit Mt. Everest (8848 m; "Climbers") and another trekking to Everest Base Camp (5300 m; "Trekkers"). Tests were done in Kathmandu (1370 m) 1-3 days after arrival, before the Climb/Trek. Age, height, weight, vital capacity, resting heart rate, and arterial oxygen saturation were similar between groups (not significant). After 15 minutes of sitting rest, all participants performed a 1-minute apnea and, after 2 minutes of rest, 1 maximal duration apnea was performed. Six of the climbers did a third apnea and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) was measured. Three axial spleen diameters were measured by ultrasonic imaging before and after the apneas for spleen volume calculation. Mean (standard deviation) baseline spleen volume was larger in Climbers [367 (181) mL] than in Trekkers [228 (70) mL; p = 0.022]. Spleen contraction occurred during apneas in both groups, with about twice the magnitude in Climbers. Three apneas in six of the Climbers resulted in a spleen volume reduction from 348 (145) to 202 (91) mL (p = 0.005) and an Hb elevation from 147.9 (13.1) to 153.3 (11.3) g/L (p = 0.024). Maximal apneic duration was longer in Climbers [88 (23) seconds vs. 67 (18) seconds in Trekkers; p = 0.023]. We concluded that a large spleen characterizes Climbers, suggesting that spleen function may be important for high-altitude climbing performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Schagatay
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Ostersund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Holmström
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Eric Mulder
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Prakash Limbu
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xie L, Lin Y, Deng Y, Lei B. The Effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the Spleen and T Lymphocytes. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:416-420. [PMID: 33902347 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has infected millions of individuals in the world. However, the long-term effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the organs of recovered patients remains unclear. This study is to evaluate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the spleen and T lymphocytes. Seventy-six patients recovered from COVID-19, including 66 cases of moderate pneumonia and 10 cases of severe pneumonia were enrolled in the observation group. The control group consisted of 55 age-matched healthy subjects. The thickness and length of spleen were measured by using B-ultrasound and the levels of T lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry. Results showed that the mean length of spleen in the observation group was 89.57 ± 11.49 mm, which was significantly reduced compared with that in the control group (103.82 ± 11.29 mm, p < 0.001). The mean thicknesses of spleen between observation group and control group were 29.97 ± 4.04 mm and 32.45 ± 4.49 mm, respectively, and the difference was significant (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in the size of spleen between common pneumonia and severe pneumonia (p > 0.05). In addition, the decreased count of T lymphocyte was observed in part of recovered patients. The counts of T suppressor lymphocytes in patients with severe pneumonia were significantly decreased compared with those with moderate pneumonia (p = 0.005). Therefore, these data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection affects the size of spleen and T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanlan Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yushu Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine & Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Lei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Siqueira BS, Ceglarek VM, Gomes ECZ, Vettorazzi JF, Rentz T, Nenevê JZ, Volinski KZ, Moraes SS, Malta A, de Freitas Mathias PC, de Oliveira Emilio HR, Balbo SL, Grassiolli S. Vagotomy and Splenectomy Reduce Insulin Secretion and Interleukin-1β. Pancreas 2021; 50:607-616. [PMID: 33939676 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vagotomy, when associated with splenectomy, on adiposity and glucose homeostasis in Wistar rats. METHODS Rats were divided into 4 groups: vagotomized (VAG), splenectomized (SPL), VAG + SPL, and SHAM. Glucose tolerance tests were performed, and physical and biochemical parameters evaluated. Glucose-induced insulin secretion and protein expression (Glut2/glucokinase) were measured in isolated pancreatic islets. Pancreases were submitted to histological and immunohistochemical analyses, and vagus nerve neural activity was recorded. RESULTS The vagotomized group presented with reduced body weight, growth, and adiposity; high food intake; reduced plasma glucose and triglyceride levels; and insulin resistance. The association of SPL with the VAG surgery attenuated, or abolished, the effects of VAG and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion and interleukin-1β area in β cells, in addition to lowering vagal activity. CONCLUSIONS The absence of the spleen attenuated or blocked the effects of VAG on adiposity, triglycerides and glucose homeostasis, suggesting a synergistic effect of both on metabolism. The vagus nerve and spleen modulate the presence of interleukin-1β in β cells, possibly because of the reduction of glucose-induced insulin secretion, indicating a bidirectional flow between autonomous neural firing and the spleen, with repercussions for the endocrine pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Schumaker Siqueira
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | - Vanessa Marieli Ceglarek
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | | | | | - Thiago Rentz
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas
| | - Juliane Zanon Nenevê
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | - Karoline Zanella Volinski
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | - Sandra Schmidt Moraes
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | - Ananda Malta
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá
| | | | - Sandra Lucinei Balbo
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang T, Cai Z, Chen Y, Lee WK, Kwan CS, Li M, Chan ASC, Chen ZF, Cheung AKL, Leung KCF. MALDI-MS Imaging Analysis of Noninflammatory Type III Rotaxane Dendrimers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2488-2494. [PMID: 32813518 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rotaxane dendrimers with hyperbranched macromolecular interlocked structures and size modulation capacity demonstrate drug binding and release ability upon external stimuli. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) can offer the high-throughput screening of endogenous/exogenous compounds. Herein, we reported a novel method to display the in situ spatial distribution of label-free monodispersed type III rotaxane dendrimers (RDs) G1 (first generation, size ∼1.5 nm) and G2 (second generation, size ∼5 nm) that were explored as potential drug vehicles in spleen tissue by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-MSI). Experimental results indicated that the trans-2-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenylidene]malononitrile (DCTB) matrix exhibited the best performance for monodispersed type III RDs G1 and G2. The optimized method was successfully applied to map the in vivo spatial distribution of type III RDs G1 and G2 in the spleen from intraperitoneally injected mice. The MALDI-MSI images revealed that RDs G1 and G2 were relatively stable in the spleen within 24 h after administration. It was found that the identified type III RDs G1 and G2 penetrated through the tunica serosa and were predominantly localized in red pulp regions of spleens. They were also mapped in a marginal zone of spleens simultaneously. There was almost no toxicity of type III RDs G1 and G2 to mice spleens from the H&E results. Furthermore, the type III RDs did not induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or THP-1 monocytes. The MSI analysis not only demonstrated its ability to image select rotaxane dendrimers in a rapid and efficient manner but also provided tremendous assistance on the applications of the further treatment of cancerous tissue as safe drug carriers. Furthermore, the new strategy demonstrated in this study could be applied on other label-free mechanically interlocked molecules, molecular machines, and macromolecules, which opened a new path to evaluate the toxicological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of these novel materials at the suborgan level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wang Ka Lee
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chak-Shing Kwan
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Albert S C Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Lee & Man Technology Company Ltd., 8 Huanshi Avenue, Nansha, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yu HP, Liu FC, Lin CY, Umoro A, Trousil J, Hwang TL, Fang JY. Suppression of neutrophilic inflammation can be modulated by the droplet size of anti-inflammatory nanoemulsions. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:773-791. [PMID: 32193978 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to develop nanoemulsions containing phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor rolipram with different droplet sizes, to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect against activated neutrophils and a related lung injury. Materials & methods: We prepared nanoemulsions of three different sizes, 68, 133 and 188 nm. Results: The nanoemulsion inhibited the superoxide anion but not elastase release in primary human neutrophils. The large-sized nanoemulsions were mostly internalized by neutrophils, resulting in the reduction of intracellular Ca2+ half-life. The peripheral organ distribution of near-infrared dye-tagged nanoemulsions increased, following the decrease in droplet diameter. Rolipram entrapment into intravenous nanoemulsions ameliorated pulmonary inflammation. The smallest droplet size showed improvement, compared with the largest size. Conclusion: We established a foundation for the development of nanoemulsions against inflamed lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ani Umoro
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Jiří Trousil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 11720, Czech Republic
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Research Center for Food & Cosmetic Safety & Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science & Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Research Center for Food & Cosmetic Safety & Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science & Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Q, Zhang HX, Chen Y, Wang Y, Yang M, Guo M. Zinc Deficiency Induces Oxidative Damage and Causes Spleen Fibrosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 194:203-209. [PMID: 31172426 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for animals. Zn controls the action of more than 300 enzymes and plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Evidence has shown that Zn has an antioxidant function, and oxidative damage can occur with Zn deficiency. To assess the effect of Zn deficiency-induced spleen fibrosis, Zn-deficient mice, normal mice, and high-Zn mice were generated and assessed. The Zn content of the spleen in each group was determined, and histopathological examination of the spleens of each group was performed. In the film, we found that the spleens of the Zn-deficient group had high levels of proteinaceous material exudation, interstitial broadening, and lymphocyte reduction, with increased collagen, α-SMA expression, antioxidants, and oxygen free radicals. Zn deficiency inhibited the expression of antioxidants in mice, and the activity of oxygen free radicals in Zn-deficient mice was increased. The detection of α-SMA, collagen 1, and TGF-β by fluorescence quantitative PCR revealed that the expression index increased in Zn-deficient mice. In addition, to verify the effect of Zn deficiency on the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulatory system, MMPs were determined by real-time PCR, and the expression in the Zn deficiency group was lower than that in the normal group and high-Zn group. The MMP-2 and MMP-13 analyses showed that the expression of the high-Zn group was significantly higher than that of the normal group, indicating that Zn plays an important role in its expression. The above experimental analysis showed that Zn deficiency induces oxygen free radical damage, which further leads to spleen fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Burrow K, Young W, McConnell M, Carne A, Barr D, Reid M, Bekhit AED. The Effect of Sheep and Cow Milk Supplementation of a Low Calcium Diet on the Distribution of Macro and Trace Minerals in the Organs of Weanling Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E594. [PMID: 32106433 PMCID: PMC7146164 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of either sheep or cow milk supplementation to a low calcium and phosphorus diet on growth and organ mineral distribution in weanling rats. Rats were fed diets consisting of either a control chow, a 50% reduced calcium and phosphorous chow (low Ca/P), low Ca/P and sheep milk, or low Ca/P and cow milk diet for 28 days. Food intake of the rats, the growth rate of the rats, and the concentrations of minerals in the soft organs and serum were determined. Rats fed the low Ca/P diet alone had lower weight gain than rats consuming either of the milk-supplemented diets (p < 0.05). Both sheep milk and cow milk supplementation overcame the effects of consuming a diet restricted in calcium and phosphorus but the sheep milk was effective at a significantly lower level of milk intake (p < 0.05). Significant differences (p < 0.05) in essential and trace mineral concentrations due to milk type were observed in the kidney, spleen, and liver. For non-essential minerals, significant differences (p < 0.05), related to diet, were observed in all organs for arsenic, cesium, rubidium, and strontium concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Burrow
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Michelle McConnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - David Barr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (D.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Malcolm Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (D.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Alaa El-Din Bekhit
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yao L, Dolo PR, Li Z, Widjaja J, Zhu X. Intermittent Splenic Artery Occlusion Plus Gauze Compression Is a Simple and Effective Treatment for Iatrogenic Splenic Injury. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922862. [PMID: 32096484 PMCID: PMC7059433 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of intermittent splenic artery occlusion plus gauze compression in treating iatrogenic splenic injury. Material/Methods We retrospectively analyzed 12 iatrogenic splenic injury cases (grade I to III) treated with intermittent splenic artery occlusion plus gauze compression. The hemostatic effect was then observed after unblocking and decompression. The total operation time, gauze compression time, total blood loss, blood loss from the injured spleen, and platelet counts of each patient before and 1 week after surgery were noted. Results The average operation time was 209.58±57.11 min, and the average gauze compression time after spleen artery occlusion was 23.75±4.33 min. The average total blood loss and blood loss due to iatrogenic spleen injury were 468.33±138.22 ml and 264.17±165.72 ml, respectively. Two cases (both grade I) had successful hemostasis after 15 min of splenic artery occlusion and wound compression. Another 9 cases (all grade II) and 1 case (grade III) attained hemostasis after 25 min and 30 min, respectively, of splenic artery occlusion and wound compression. The platelet counts of all patients were within the normal range before and 1 week after surgery. No postoperative complications occurred. Conclusions Intermittent splenic artery occlusion plus gauze compression is a simple and effective treatment for iatrogenic splenic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ponnie Robertlee Dolo
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Zhichao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jason Widjaja
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rhu J, Cho J. Ruptured splenic peliosis in a patient with no comorbidity: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:535-539. [PMID: 32110663 PMCID: PMC7031832 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i3.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splenic peliosis is a disease characterized by widespread blood-filled cystic cavities within the parenchyma. Patients with this disease are usually asymptomatic; therefore, spontaneous or trauma-related rupture of the hemorrhagic cysts can occasionally cause life-threatening hemorrhagic shock.
CASE SUMMARY A 51-year-old male patient with abdominal pain visited our emergency medical center two times with an interval of 2 mo. The patient was discharged from the hospital without treatment at his first visit; however, at the time of second admission, the hemoperitoneum with multiple cystic lesions of the spleen was found incidentally on the abdomen computed tomography scan. Since the patient was stable hemodynamically, a scheduled surgery was performed. The operative findings were consistent with splenic peliosis, and laparoscopic splenectomy was performed to prevent recurrent rupture of the hemorrhagic cysts.
CONCLUSION Splenic peliosis is extremely rare, and we suggest splenectomy is necessarily required as a definite treatment for ruptured splenic peliosis to rescue patients with hemodynamic instability and to prevent recurrent rupture of hemorrhagic cysts in patients with stable hemodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Rhu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Jinbeom Cho
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guareschi ZM, Ceglarek VM, Rodrigues PF, Huning LP, Festinalli C, Amorim JPDA, Grassiolli S. Exercise and Vitamin D Supplementation Modify Spleen Morphology in Lean, but not, in Monosodium-Glutamate-Obese Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.14302/issn.2578-2371.jslr-19-2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of exercise and vitamin D supplementation on histological aspects of the spleens of lean and obese rats. Male Wistar rats received neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4g/Kg), while Control (CON) rats received an equimolar solution. At 30 days of age, CON and MSG rats were subdivided into Exercised (E) or Sedentary (S) groups and Vitamin D (VD; 12µg/Kg) supplemented or non-supplemented (NS) groups. At the 86th day of life, rats were euthanized, and their body weights and adiposity were evaluated. Spleens were submitted to histomorphometric analysis of the white pulp (WP), germinal center (GC) and lymphatic nodule (LN). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (p<0.05). MSG treatment promoted a reduction in spleen weight, increased LN thickness and WP area, but reduced GC occupation, compared to spleens of CON-lean rats (p<0.05). Exercise and VD did not provoke changes in the spleens of MSG-obese rats. In CON-lean rats, E and VD induced augmentation of LN thickness. VD supplementation increased the WP area, while E reduced GC area occupation in spleens of CON-lean rats (p<0.05). In conclusion, exercise and VD supplementation increased LN thickness and WP area, but had the opposite effect on the GC in spleens of CON-lean rats. However, neither exercise nor VD supplementation prevented the development of morphological abnormalities in the spleens of MSG-obese rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Maria Guareschi
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Physiology, University of West Parana (Unioeste), Cascavel, PR, Brazil. +55 4532203257
| | - Vanessa Marieli Ceglarek
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Physiology, University of West Parana (Unioeste), Cascavel, PR, Brazil. +55 4532203257
| | - Patrick Fontes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Physiology, University of West Parana (Unioeste), Cascavel, PR, Brazil. +55 4532203257
| | - Luiz Pierre Huning
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Physiology, University of West Parana (Unioeste), Cascavel, PR, Brazil. +55 4532203257
| | - Cintia Festinalli
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Physiology, University of West Parana (Unioeste), Cascavel, PR, Brazil. +55 4532203257
| | | | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Physiology, University of West Parana (Unioeste), Cascavel, PR, Brazil. +55 4532203257
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Choi Y, Lee S, Kim S, Lee J, Ha J, Oh H, Lee Y, Kim Y, Yoon Y. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) consumption influences gut microbiota composition. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:221-225. [PMID: 31298050 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1639637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated if vitamin E consumption affects gut microbiota. Mice were grouped into control, low vitamin E (LV), and high vitamin E (HV). LV and HV were fed DL-α-tocopherol at 0.06 mg/20 g and 0.18 mg/20 g of body weight per day, respectively, for 34 days. Body weight of mice was measured before and after vitamin E treatment. Animals were sacrificed, liver, spleen, small intestine and large intestine collected, and weight and length were measured. Composition of gut microbiota was determined by microbiome analysis. Spleen weight index of LV was the highest. However, liver weight indices and intestinal lengths were not different. Body weights of LV group were higher than those of control. Ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was different in LV compared to control and HV. These results indicate that low-level consumption of vitamin E increases spleen and body weight, and changes gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukyung Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soomin Lee
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jimyeong Ha
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemin Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yewon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.,Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Avdic U, Ahl M, Öberg M, Ekdahl CT. Immune Profile in Blood Following Non-convulsive Epileptic Seizures in Rats. Front Neurol 2019; 10:701. [PMID: 31333561 PMCID: PMC6615316 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a prolonged epileptic seizure with subtle symptoms that may delay clinical diagnosis. Emerging experimental evidence shows brain pathology and epilepsy development following NCSE. New diagnostic/prognostic tools are therefore needed for earlier and better stratification of treatment. Here we examined whether NCSE initiates a peripheral immune response in blood serum from rats that experienced electrically-induced NCSE. ELISA analysis showed an acute transient increase in serum protein levels including interleukin-6 6 h post-NCSE, similar to the immune reaction in the brain. At 4 weeks post-NCSE, when 75% of rats subjected to NCSE had also developed spontaneous seizures, several immune proteins were altered. In particular, markers associated with microglia, macrophages and antigen presenting cells, such as CD68, MHCII, and galectin-3, were increased and the T-cell marker CD4 was decreased in serum compared to both non-stimulated controls and NCSE rats without spontaneous seizures, without correlation to interictal epileptiform activity. Analyses of serum following intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed an acute increase in interleukin-6, but at 4 weeks unaltered levels of MHCII and galectin-3, an increase in CD8 and CD11b and a decrease in CD68. None of the increased serum protein levels after NCSE or LPS could be confirmed in spleen tissue. Our data identifies the possibility to detect peripheral changes in serum protein levels following NCSE, which may be related to the development of subsequent spontaneous seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Una Avdic
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matilda Ahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Öberg
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yu H, Zhang J, Ji Q, Yu K, Wang P, Song M, Cao Z, Zhang X, Li Y. Melatonin alleviates aluminium chloride-induced immunotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis associated with the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:131-141. [PMID: 30771656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether melatonin (MT) treatment can attenuate immunotoxicity induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in rat spleen. Forty-eight healthy male Wistar rats were randomly allocated and treated with AlCl3 and/or MT. Rats were orally administered with AlCl3 for 90 days, from 61st days, rats were injected intraperitoneally with MT for 30 days. Firstly, we found that MT relieved the AlCl3-induced immunosuppression by improving spleen structural damage, CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets, IL-2 and TNF-α mRNA expressions and decreasing CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets. Secondly, MT attenuated the AlCl3-induced oxidative stress in rat spleen by decreasing the levels of ROS and MDA, while increasing the activities of SOD and CAT. Thirdly, MT relieved the AlCl3-induced apoptosis in rat spleen by increasing the MMP and Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expressions, while decreasing apoptosis rates, activity of Caspase-3 and pro-apoptotic gene expression. Finally, MT increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and Nrf2 target genes (HO-1, NQO1, SOD1 and CAT) mRNA expressions in the spleen of AlCl3-exposed rat. These results suggest that MT may alleviate AlCl3-induced immunotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis associated with the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway, which could lay the foundation for the treatment of AlCl3 immunotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kaiyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Peiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University Hospital, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yuksel S, Guleç MA, Gultekin Z, Caglar A, Beytemur O, Alagoz E, Eker AA, Subaşı C, Karaoz E. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biomechanical effects of splenectomy on Achilles tendon healing in rats. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:200-208. [PMID: 29860899 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1483361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess Achilles tendon repair in rats following splenectomy to simulate patients with musculoskeletal system injury who had splenectomy after spleen injury, a situation often seen in orthopedics and traumatology practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats (10 months old; average weight, 394.5 ± 28.3 g). The rats were fed with standard rodent food ad libitum at 22°C in a dark environment for 12 h. They were divided into two groups, namely the splenectomy (total splenectomy and Achilles tendon repair) and control groups (only Achilles tendon repair; n = 16). Four weeks after the surgery, the rats were euthanized, and their Achilles tendons were examined histopathologically, immunohistochemically, and biomechanically. RESULTS In the splenectomy group, proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, showed significantly lower values than those in the control group (p ˂0.01); moreover, the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines like vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, interleukin-2, interleukin-10, and hepatocyte growth factor were significantly higher than in the control group (p ˂ 0.001). The average ultimate tensile strengths were 2.58 ± 0.5 in the splenectomy and 2.78 ± 0.3 in the control group (p = 0.043). The average εUTS values were 0.33 ± 0.5 in the splenectomy and 0.44 ± 0.1 in the control group (p = 0.021). CONCLUSION Splenectomy may positively influence Achilles tendon healing through modification of the proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory ratio in favor of anti-inflammatory cytokines by causing a decrease in spleen-originated inflammatory cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Yuksel
- a Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital , Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - M Akif Guleç
- a Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital , Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Zeki Gultekin
- a Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital , Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Aysel Caglar
- b Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital , Department of Pathology , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ozan Beytemur
- a Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital , Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ender Alagoz
- a Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital , Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - A Akdogan Eker
- c Yıldız Technical University , Department of Mechanical Engineering , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Cansu Subaşı
- d Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell) , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- d Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell) , Istanbul , Turkey.,e İstinye University, Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice , İstanbul , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Palmiere C, Tettamanti C, Scarpelli MP, Tse R. The forensic spleen: Morphological, radiological, and toxicological investigations. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:384-387. [PMID: 30803735 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The spleen is only uncommonly investigated in the forensic setting. Thorough examinations are performed in some specific situations such as splenic trauma (including iatrogenic trauma from cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts), anaphylaxis, drowning, and sepsis-related deaths. The aim of this review is to present the available literature focusing on a few selected splenic diseases as well as forensic investigations performed on the spleen in order to summarize the most frequent situations in which this routinely unexplored organ may merit more extensive examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Palmiere
- CURML, University Center of Legal Medicine, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland.
| | | | - Maria Pia Scarpelli
- CURML, University Center of Legal Medicine, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland
| | - Rexson Tse
- Department of Forensic Pathology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1148, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Huang N, Ji FP, Zhang S, Li Z, Li J, Zhou R, Zhang S, Wei W, Li L, Chen H, Li B, Kong G, Yang J, Li Z. Spleen-Associated Effects on Immunity in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Cirrhosis with Portal Hypertension. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:95-105. [PMID: 30676849 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to investigate the histologic and immunological changes of portal hypertension (PH) pre- and postsplenectomy in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 30 patients with HBV-related cirrhosis and PH at pre- and postsplenectomy time points and from 15 healthy subjects. Spleen tissue specimens were collected from 15 of the patients with HBV-related cirrhosis and from 8 control patients who had undergone splenectomy due to trauma. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the immune effector cells and the expression of negative immune regulators. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the immunophenotypes and percentages. The spleen of cirrhotic patients with PH showed extensive depletion of splenic CD4, CD8, and human leukocyte antigen DR cells along with overexpression of the inhibitory receptors programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 and their ligands (PD-L2 and galectin-9). Peripheral blood of patients with PH showed remarkable decrease in proportions of CD8 T cell and natural killer (NK) cells and increase in regulatory T (Treg) cells, as well as high expression of PD-1 in CD4/8 T cells. Compared with presplenectomy patients, cirrhotic patients with PH showed increased proportions of CD8 and NK cells, decreased proportion of Treg cells, and decreased expression of PD-1 in peripheral blood CD4/8 T cells after splenectomy. PH-spleen could lead to peripheral tolerance and immunosuppression in HBV cirrhotic patients, and splenectomy may cause beneficial immunological changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Huang
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,2 Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biotherapy and Translational Medicine, and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fan Pu Ji
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,3 Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic and Splenic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,4 Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,2 Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biotherapy and Translational Medicine, and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,3 Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic and Splenic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,2 Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biotherapy and Translational Medicine, and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,2 Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biotherapy and Translational Medicine, and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,3 Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic and Splenic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shaoying Zhang
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liang Li
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,2 Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biotherapy and Translational Medicine, and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Baohua Li
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,2 Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biotherapy and Translational Medicine, and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guangyao Kong
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Yang
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,2 Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biotherapy and Translational Medicine, and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,5 Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zongfang Li
- 1 National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,2 Shaanxi Provincial Engineering Research Center of Biotherapy and Translational Medicine, and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China .,3 Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic and Splenic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kumari D, Nair N, Bedwal RS. Morphological changes in spleen after dietary zinc deficiency and supplementation in Wistar rats. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 71:206-217. [PMID: 30785058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary zinc deficiency and supplementation on the spleen morphology. METHODS Pre-pubertal Wistar rats (40-50 g) were divided into two groups with 6 sub-groups each viz. zinc control (ZC, 100 μg/g zinc diet), pair fed (PF, 100 μg/g zinc diet), zinc deficient (ZD, <1 μg/g zinc diet, zinc supplementation control (ZCS), zinc supplementation pair-fed (PFS) and zinc supplementation deficient (ZDS, 100 μg/g zinc control diet). Experiments were set for 2- and 4-weeks followed by 4 weeks of zinc supplementation. RESULTS In the present study body weight and BMI decreased significantly along with incidence of splenomegaly as typified by the increased splenic index in deficient groups compared with that of respective control groups. Histopathological changes such as disorganization of red pulp, several infiltered lymphocytes, vacuolization, loss of cellularity, karyolysis, dissolution of matrix, indistinct differentiation between red and white pulp were evident in spleen of 2ZD and 4ZD group animals. Degeneration was more severe after 4 weeks of zinc deficiency as giant cells formation and hypertrophy were also evident. CONCLUSION The findings revealed that zinc deficiency causes growth retardation and splenomegaly. Degenerative and atrophic changes in rat spleen suggest reduced cellular defense potential which will have a direct effect on immunity. Zinc supplementation may prove to be beneficial as there were varying degrees of cellular recovery after cessation of zinc deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Kumari
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Neena Nair
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
| | - R S Bedwal
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Palmiere C, Tettamanti C, Scarpelli MP, Tse R. The forensic spleen: Morphological, radiological, and toxicological investigations. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 291:94-99. [PMID: 30173072 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The spleen is infrequently investigated in forensic pathology routine. Thorough examinations are performed in very specific situations such as splenic trauma (including iatrogenic trauma from cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts), anaphylaxis-related deaths, drowning and sepsis. The purpose of this review article is to provide a general overview of available literature focusing on a few selected splenic diseases as well as available forensic investigation techniques performed on the spleen in order to summarize the most frequent situations of forensic interest in which this routinely unexplored organ may merit more extensive examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Palmiere
- CURML, University Center of Legal Medicine, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland.
| | | | - Maria Pia Scarpelli
- CURML, University Center of Legal Medicine, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland
| | - Rexson Tse
- Department of Forensic Pathology, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1148, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ge Y, Guo G, Ge B, Yin H, Yin H. The spleen microbiota of small wild mammals reveals distinct patterns with tick-borne bacteria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006499. [PMID: 29975692 PMCID: PMC6033388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wild mammals serve as reservoirs for a variety of microbes and play an important role in the enzootic cycles of these microbes. Some of them are vector-borne bacteria in the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Rickettsia of the order Rickettsiales, which can cause febrile illnesses in human beings as well as animals. Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. and many spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia spp. are transmitted to mammalian hosts by tick vectors during blood meals. As a powerful sequencing method, the next generation sequencing can reveal the complexity of bacterial communities in humans and animals. Compared with limited studies on blood microbiota, however, much fewer studies have been carried out on spleen microbiota, which is very scarce in wild mammals. Chongming Island is the third biggest island in China. It was unclear whether there were any vector-borne bacteria in Chongming Island. In the present study, we explored the bacterial microbiota in the spleens of wild mice and shrews from the rural areas of Chongming Island and investigated the prevalence of vector-borne bacteria. Methodology/Principal findings Genomic DNAs were extracted from the spleen samples of 35 mice and shrews. The 16S rDNA V3-V4 regions of the DNA extracts were amplified by PCR and subjected to the 16S rDNA-targeted metagenomic sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq platform. All the 35 spleen samples obtained data with sufficient coverage (99.7–99.9%) for analysis. More than 1,300,000 sequences were obtained after quality control and classified into a total of 1,967 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) clustered at 97% similarity. The two most abundant bacterial phyla were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria according to the analysis of rarefied sequences. Among the bacterial communities detected in this study, Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Coxiella were adjacently clustered by hierarchical analysis. Significant differences in many bacterial features between Anaplasma-positive and Anaplasma-negative samples were identified by LEfSe analysis and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, suggesting that the Anaplasma-infection of small wild mammals was associated with a specific pattern of spleen microbiota. Conclusions/Significance Our study has comprehensively characterized the complex bacterial profiles in the spleens of wild mice and shrews from Chongming Island, Shanghai city. This work has revealed distinct spleen bacterial communities associated with tick-borne bacteria in wild animals. The detection of tick-borne bacteria highlights the risk of contracting pathogens with public health importance upon tick-exposure in the studied areas. In this study, the 16S rDNA-targeted metagenomic sequencing was used to determine the bacterial community and diversity in the spleens of small wild mammals from China. The 16S rDNAs were amplified from the spleen genomic DNAs of 35 small wild mice and shrews and sequenced by Illumina MiSeq technology. More than 1,300,000 sequences were obtained after quality control and classified into a total of 1,967 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) clustered at 97% similarity. The two most abundant bacterial phyla were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria according to the analysis of rarefied sequences. Within the bacterial communities detected in this study, vector-borne bacteria, Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Coxiella, were adjacently clustered by hierarchical analysis. Significant differences in many bacterial features between Anaplasma-positive and Anaplasma-negative samples were observed, suggesting that the infection of small wild mammals with Anaplasma is associated with a distinct pattern of spleen microbiota. This study has revealed the complex bacterial profiles in the spleens of wild mice and shrews. The detection of vector-borne bacteria highlights the role of wild mice and shrews as animal reservoirs with potential public health importance in the studied areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ge
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Guangpu Guo
- Departement of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Yin
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Barrea L, Di Somma C, Muscogiuri G, Tarantino G, Tenore GC, Orio F, Colao A, Savastano S. Nutrition, inflammation and liver-spleen axis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:3141-3158. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1353479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- I.O.S. & COLEMAN Srl, Medicina Futura Medical Center, Acerra, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Orio
- Department of Sports Science and Wellness, Unit of Endocrinology, “Parthenope” University of Naples, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton 38, Naples, Italy
- Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton 38, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
In vitro and in vivo assessment of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of Xylaria nigripes mycelium. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|
42
|
Dekita M, Wu Z, Ni J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Yan X, Nakanishi H, Takahashi I. Cathepsin S Is Involved in Th17 Differentiation Through the Upregulation of IL-6 by Activating PAR-2 after Systemic Exposure to Lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:470. [PMID: 28769800 PMCID: PMC5511830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive links have been found between periodontitis and numerous diseases in humans via persistent inflammation throughout the body. However, the main factors responsible for maintaining this pro-inflammatory condition are poorly understood. The spleen, the largest secondary immune organ, is a central hub regulating the immune response/inflammation due to the dendritic cell (DC) response to CD4+ T cell subtype differentiation, and lysosomal proteinase cathepsin S (CatS) is known to be involved in DC functions. In the present study, we found that CatS-induced IL-6 production by splenic DCs subsequently promotes Th17 differentiation, in response to systemic exposure to lipopolysaccharide derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis (PgLPS). The population of CD11c+ DCs was significantly increased in the splenic marginal zone (MZ) locally of wild-type (DBA/2) mice with splenomegaly but not in that of CatS deficient (CatS-/-) mice after systemic exposure to PgLPS for 7 consecutive days (5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal). Similarly, the population of Th17+CD4+ T cells was also significantly increased in the splenic MZ of wild-type mice but not in that of CatS-/- mice after PgLPS exposure. Furthermore, the increase in the Th17+ CD4+ T cell population paralleled increases in the levels of CatS and IL-6 in CD11c+ cells in the splenic MZ. In isolated primary splenic CD11c+ cells, the mRNA expression and the production of IL-6 was dramatically increased in wild-type mice but not in CatS-/- mice after direct stimulation with PgLPS (1 μg/ml), and this PgLPS-induced increase in the IL-6 expression was completely abolished by pre-treatment with Z-Phe-Leu-COCHO (Z-FL), the specific inhibitor of CatS. The PgLPS activated protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 in the isolated splenic CD11c+ cells was also significantly inhibited by CatS deficiently. In addition, the PgLPS-induced increase in the IL-6 production by splenic CD11c+ cells was completely abolished by pre-treatment with FSLLRY-NH2, a PAR2 antagonist, as well as Akti, a specific inhibitor of Akt. These findings indicate that CatS plays a critical role in driving splenic DC-dependent Th17 differentiation through the upregulation of IL-6 by activating PAR2 after exposure to components of periodontal bacteria. Therefore, CatS-specific inhibitors may be effective in alleviating periodontitis-related immune/inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Dekita
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Junjun Ni
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan.,Center of Implant Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yicong Liu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Xu Yan
- The VIP Department, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takahashi
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Karabulut B, Karaman NA, Caydere M, Karabulut R. Effect of Splenectomy to Short Bowel Syndrome in Rats. Indian J Surg 2017; 79:201-205. [PMID: 28659672 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-016-1465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of splenectomy in the short bowel syndrome. Twenty-four Wistar-albino rats weighing between 210 and 375 g were used. They were divided into three groups. In group A, short bowel syndrome (SBS) was created by 75 % bowel resection. In group B, SBS and splenectomy was performed. In group C, after transecting the bowel, it was anastomosed. Before and 45 days after the procedures, all rats were weighed. In all three groups, the first and final weight of the rats, the final bowel weight and length, the ileal and jejunal crypt depths, the villus height, the luminal diameter, the bowel wall thickness, and the number of apoptotic cells and mitosis per 100 crypt cell were compared. Periportal fibrosis, infiltration, bile stasis, and bile duct proliferation were detected in liver samples. The rat intestinal length and weight was the least in group B while the jejunal crypt depth was higher in group B than in group A and it was exactly the opposite for the jejunal and ileal villus heights. The ileal and jejunal luminal diameter, the ileal bowel wall thickness, the jejunal and ileal apoptotic cell number, the jejunal mitosis, and the periportal fibrosis were highest in group B. Adding splenectomy to an SBS model has a negative impact on bowel adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Karabulut
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Gezegen Sokak 1/10, Gaziosmanpasa 06670, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nihan Ayyildiz Karaman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Gezegen Sokak 1/10, Gaziosmanpasa 06670, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Caydere
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Karabulut
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Znalesniak EB, Fu T, Salm F, Händel U, Hoffmann W. Transcriptional Responses in the Murine Spleen after Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Inflammasome and Mucus-Associated Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061245. [PMID: 28604600 PMCID: PMC5486068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen plays an important role in coordinating both adaptive and innate immune responses. Here, the transcriptional response to T. gondii infection in the murine spleen was characterized concerning inflammasome sensors (two different models: seven days after oral or four weeks after intraperitoneal infection). Additionally, Tff1KO and Tff3KO mice were investigated because TFF genes are often upregulated during inflammation. The expression of the pattern-recognition receptors Nlrp3, Nlrp12, and Nlrp1a was significantly increased after infection. This increase was diminished in Tff1KO and Tff3KO mice pointing towards a positive regulation of the inflammatory response by Tff1 and Tff3. Furthermore, the transcription of Tff1 (encoding a motogenic lectin) and other secretory genes was analyzed, i.e., gastrokines (Gkn), IgG Fc binding protein (Fcgbp), and the mucin Muc2. The corresponding gene products belong to an interactome protecting mucous epithelia. Tff1 was significantly induced after infection, which might increase the motility of immune cells. In contrast, Gkn3, Fcgbp, and Muc2 were downregulated seven days after oral infection; whereas four weeks after i.p. infection only Gkn3 remained downregulated. This might be an indication that Gkn3, Fcgbp, and Muc2 are involved in the transient disruption of the splenic architecture and its reorganization, which is characteristic after T. gondii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva B Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ting Fu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Händel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Emerging Role of the Spleen in the Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies, Nanoparticles and Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061249. [PMID: 28604595 PMCID: PMC5486072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
After being absorbed, drugs distribute in the body in part to reach target tissues, in part to be disposed in tissues where they do not exert clinically-relevant effects. Therapeutically-relevant effects are usually terminated by drug metabolism and/or elimination. The role that has been traditionally ascribed to the spleen in these fundamental pharmacokinetic processes was definitely marginal. However, due to its high blood flow and to the characteristics of its microcirculation, this organ would be expected to be significantly exposed to large, new generation drugs that can hardly penetrate in other tissues with tight endothelial barriers. In the present review, we examine the involvement of the spleen in the disposition of monoclonal antibodies, nanoparticles and exosomes and the possible implications for their therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. The data that we will review lead to the conclusion that a new role is emerging for the spleen in the pharmacokinetics of new generation drugs, hence suggesting that this small, neglected organ will certainly deserve stronger attention by pharmacologists in the future.
Collapse
|
46
|
The Spleen: A Hub Connecting Nervous and Immune Systems in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061216. [PMID: 28590409 PMCID: PMC5486039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders have been identified as major health problems affecting a large portion of the world population. In addition, obesity and insulin resistance are principal risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Altered immune responses are common features of both hypertension and obesity and, moreover, the involvement of the nervous system in the modulation of immune system is gaining even more attention in both pathophysiological contexts. For these reasons, during the last decades, researches focused their efforts on the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms connecting immune system to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. On the other hand, it has been reported that in these pathological conditions, central neural pathways modulate the activity of the peripheral nervous system, which is strongly involved in onset and progression of the disease. It is interesting to notice that neural reflex can also participate in the modulation of immune functions. In this scenario, the spleen becomes the crucial hub allowing the interaction of different systems differently involved in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize the major findings that dissect the role of the immune system in disorders related to metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, and how this could also be influenced by neural reflexes.
Collapse
|
47
|
Ma J, Li R, Liu Y, Qu G, Liu J, Guo W, Song H, Li X, Liu Y, Xia T, Yan B, Liu S. Carbon Nanotubes Disrupt Iron Homeostasis and Induce Anemia of Inflammation through Inflammatory Pathway as a Secondary Effect Distant to Their Portal-of-Entry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603830. [PMID: 28195425 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous toxicological studies have been performed on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a few studies have investigated their secondary and indirect effects beyond the primary target tissues/organs. Here, a cascade of events are investigated: the initiating event and the subsequent key events necessary for the development of phenotypes, namely CNT-induced pro-inflammatory effects on iron homeostasis and red blood cell formation, which are linked to anemia of inflammation (AI). A panel of CNTs are prepared including pristine multiwall CNTs (P-MWCNTs), aminated MWCNTs (MWCNTs-NH2 ), polyethylene glycol MWCNTs (MWCNTs-PEG), polyethyleneimine MWCNTs (MWCNTs-PEI), and carboxylated MWCNTs (MWCNTs-COOH). It has been demonstrated that all CNT materials provoke inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and stimulate hepcidin induction, associated with disordered iron homeostasis, irrespective of exposure routes including intratracheal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal administration. Meanwhile, PEG and COOH modifications can ameliorate the activation of IL-6-hepcidin signaling. Long-term exposure of MWCNTs results in AI and extramedullary erythropoiesis. Thus, an adverse outcome pathway is identified: MWCNT exposure leads to inflammation, hepatic hepcidin induction, and disordered iron metabolism. Together, the combined data depict the hazardous secondary toxicity of CNTs in incurring anemia through inflammatory pathway. This study will also open a new avenue for future investigations on CNT-induced indirect and secondary adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ruibin Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wenli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Haoyang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xinghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Bing Yan
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xiao W, Hu Z, Li T, Li J. Bone fracture healing is delayed in splenectomic rats. Life Sci 2016; 173:55-61. [PMID: 27956350 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Splenectomy is sometimes required in bone fracture patients. The present study aims to investigate the effect of splenectomy on fracture healing in rats. MAIN METHODS Rats underwent osteotomy were subjected to splenectomy. The effects of splenectomy were evaluated at day 0, 3, 15 and 30 post-fracture. Double immunofluorescence staining was used to examine the expression of macrophages marker F4/80 and CD11b. H&E staining was used to examine the histological changes in fracture sites. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), the ligand for receptor activator of NF-κB (RANKL) and collagens in the fracture site. Activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum was determined using a biochemical kit. Serum levels of osteocalcin and inflammatory cytokines were determined using ELISA kits. Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of ALP and osteocalcin in the fracture site. KEY FINDINGS Results showed that the recruitment of macrophages and the production of inflammatory cytokines were inhibited in the fracture rats underwent splenectomy. Importantly, histological examination showed that fracture healing was delayed in splenectomized rats. In addition, the protein expression of OPG and RANKL in the fracture site was diminished, the activity of ALP and the level of osteocalcin in the serum and their mRNA expression in the fracture site were reduced, and the protein expression of type I collage a1 and type II collage a1 was inhibited in fracture rats underwent splenectomy compared with that in rats without splenectomy. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate that splenectomy delays fracture healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan'an Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwei Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Grunewald STF, Rezende AB, Figueiredo BBM, Mendonça ACDP, Almeida CDS, de Oliveira EE, de Paoli F, Teixeira HC. Autotransplantation of Spleen Mitigates Drug-Induced Liver Damage in Splenectomized Mice. J INVEST SURG 2016; 30:368-375. [DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2016.1255806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Teixeira Ferraz Grunewald
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora. 36036-900, Juiz de Fora—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alice Belleigoli Rezende
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora. 36036-900, Juiz de Fora—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Bruna Muniz Figueiredo
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora. 36036-900, Juiz de Fora—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Paula Mendonça
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora. 36036-900, Juiz de Fora—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caroline de Souza Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora. 36036-900, Juiz de Fora—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erick Esteves de Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora. 36036-900, Juiz de Fora—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Paoli
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora. 36036-900, Juiz de Fora—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Henrique Couto Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora. 36036-900, Juiz de Fora—Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ma J, Li R, Qu G, Liu H, Yan B, Xia T, Liu Y, Liu S. Carbon nanotubes stimulate synovial inflammation by inducing systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18070-18086. [PMID: 27714147 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06041b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have promising applications in a wide range of biomedical fields, including imaging, drug/gene delivery and other therapeutics; however, the biosafety concerns of CNTs should be addressed. To date, many reports have documented the toxicological effects on the cells, tissue or organs that are in direct contact with the tubes; however, there is limited evidence to unravel the secondary toxicity upon CNT treatment. Moreover, more effort is needed to gain a definitive understanding of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for CNTs, and a pragmatic framework for risk assessment has not been established yet. In the current study, we aimed to decipher the secondary toxicity to joints under CNT exposure. We demonstrated that carboxylated multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs-COOH) significantly provoked systemic pro-inflammatory responses, leading to synovial inflammation within knee joints, as evidenced by the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells in the synovium and meniscus. Mechanistic studies showed that MWCNTs-COOH stimulated pro-inflammatory effects by activating macrophages, and the secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines primed the synoviocytes and chondrocytes, resulting in enhanced production of a large array of enzymes involved in articular cartilage degeneration, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) members and cyclooxygenase (COX) members, and increased enzymatic activity of MMPs was demonstrated. Blockade of the cytokines by antibodies significantly attenuated the production of these enzymes. Our current study thus suggests that there is a novel secondary toxicity of CNTs, namely a new AOP to understand the indirect effects of carbon nanotubes: synovial inflammation due to the alteration of the priming state of synoviocytes and chondrocytes under CNT-induced systemic inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Ruibin Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yajun Liu
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|