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Yoo TK, Lee SW, Lee MY, Choi H, Sung KC. Influence of MAFLD and NAFLD on arterial stiffness: A longitudinal cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:1769-1778. [PMID: 38644081 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This cohort study investigated associations of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) with risk of increase in arterial stiffness (AS), measured as brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). METHODS AND RESULTS Participants who had health examinations between 2006 and 2019 were analyzed for fatty liver and increased baPWV using liver ultrasonography and automatic volume plethysmography device. Participants were classified based on presence of MAFLD or NAFLD and further divided into subgroups: no fatty liver disease (reference), NAFLD-only, MAFLD-only, and both NAFLD and MAFLD. Subgroups were additionally stratified by sex. Cox proportional hazard model was utilized to analyze the risk of developing baPWV ≥1400 cm/s in participants without baseline elevation of the baPWV. The NAFLD and MAFLD groups exhibited higher risks of increased baPWV (NAFLD: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.35 [95% CI, 1.29-1.42]; MAFLD: aHR, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.31-1.43]) compared to group without the conditions. Incidence of NAFLD or MAFLD were higher in men than in women but aHR of developing the increase in AS was higher in women. In subgroup analysis, the MAFLD-only group presented the strongest associations with increase in AS (aHR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.43-1.64]), with the trend more pronounced in women than in men (Women, aHR, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.08-2.46]; Men, aHR 1.45 [95% CI, 1.35-1.56]). CONCLUSIONS Both NAFLD and MAFLD are significantly associated with elevated AS. These associations tended to be stronger in MAFLD than in NAFLD, in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Yoo
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Seung Wook Lee
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Mi Yeon Lee
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of R&D Management, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Choi
- Walgreens Pharmacy, #6072, Bonston, MA, USA
| | - Ki-Chul Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Jo S, Park SB, Kim H, Im I, Noh H, Kim EM, Kim KY, Oelgeschläger M, Kim JH, Park HJ. hiPSC-derived macrophages improve drug sensitivity and selectivity in a macrophage-incorporating organoid culture model. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035021. [PMID: 38749417 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad4c0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Accurate simulation of different cell type interactions is crucial for physiological and precisein vitrodrug testing. Human tissue-resident macrophages are critical for modulating disease conditions and drug-induced injuries in various tissues; however, their limited availability has hindered their use inin vitromodeling. Therefore, this study aimed to create macrophage-containing organoid co-culture models by directly incorporating human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived pre-macrophages into organoid and scaffold cell models. The fully differentiated cells in these organoids exhibited functional characteristics of tissue-resident macrophages with enriched pan-macrophage markers and the potential for M1/M2 subtype specialization upon cytokine stimulation. In a hepatic organoid model, the integrated macrophages replicated typical intrinsic properties, including cytokine release, polarization, and phagocytosis, and the co-culture model was more responsive to drug-induced liver injury than a macrophage-free model. Furthermore, alveolar organoid models containing these hiPSC-derived macrophages also showed increased drug and chemical sensitivity to pulmonary toxicants. Moreover, 3D adipocyte scaffold models incorporating macrophages effectively simulated in vivo insulin resistance observed in adipose tissue and showed improved insulin sensitivity on exposure to anti-diabetic drugs. Overall, the findings demonstrated that incorporating hiPSC-derived macrophages into organoid culture models resulted in more physiological and sensitivein vitrodrug evaluation and screening systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyea Jo
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bum Park
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilkyun Im
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneul Noh
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Stem Cells and Tissue regeneration, Department Biotechnology, Collage of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jin Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Zhu X, Zeng C, Yu B. White adipose tissue in metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102336. [PMID: 38604293 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition globally, currently lacking universally recognized therapeutic drugs, thereby increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Research has reported an association between white adipose tissue and MAFLD. SCOPE OF REVIEW White adipose tissue (WAT) is involved in lipid metabolism and can contribute to the progression of MAFLD by mediating insulin resistance, inflammation, exosomes, autophagy, and other processes. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which WAT plays a role in the development of MAFLD. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS WAT participates in the occurrence and progression of MAFLD by mediating insulin resistance, inflammation, autophagy, and exosome secretion. Fibrosis and restricted expansion of adipose tissue can lead to the release of more free fatty acids (FFA), exacerbating the progression of MAFLD. WAT-secreted TNF-α and IL-1β, through the promotion of JNK/JKK/p38MAPK expression, interfere with insulin receptor serine and tyrosine phosphorylation, worsening insulin resistance. Adiponectin, by inhibiting the TLR-4-NF-κB pathway and suppressing M2 to M1 transformation, further inhibits the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, improving insulin resistance in MAFLD patients. Various gene expressions within WAT, such as MBPAT7, Nrf2, and Ube4A, can ameliorate insulin resistance in MAFLD patients. Autophagy-related gene Atg7 promotes the expression of fibrosis-related genes, worsening MAFLD. Non-pharmacological treatments, including diabetes-related medications and exercise, can improve MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, PR China
| | - Chuanfei Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, PR China
| | - Baoping Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, PR China.
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4
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Alghamdi W, Mosli M, Alqahtani SA. Gut microbiota in MAFLD: therapeutic and diagnostic implications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2024; 15:20420188241242937. [PMID: 38628492 PMCID: PMC11020731 DOI: 10.1177/20420188241242937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is becoming a significant contributor to chronic liver disease globally, surpassing other etiologies, such as viral hepatitis. Prevention and early treatment strategies to curb its growing prevalence are urgently required. Recent evidence suggests that targeting the gut microbiota may help treat and alleviate disease progression in patients with MAFLD. This review aims to explore the complex relationship between MAFLD and the gut microbiota in relation to disease pathogenesis. Additionally, it delves into the therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota, such as diet, exercise, antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and fecal microbiota transplantation, and discusses novel biomarkers, such as microbiota-derived testing and liquid biopsy, for their diagnostic and staging potential. Overall, the review emphasizes the urgent need for preventive and therapeutic strategies to address the devastating consequences of MAFLD at both individual and societal levels and recognizes that further exploration of the gut microbiota may open avenues for managing MAFLD effectively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Alghamdi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Mosli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alqahtani
- Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Pan Z, El Sharkway R, Bayoumi A, Metwally M, Gloss BS, Brink R, Lu DB, Liddle C, Alqahtani SA, Yu J, O'Connell PJ, George J, Eslam M. Inhibition of MERTK reduces organ fibrosis in mouse models of fibrotic disease. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadj0133. [PMID: 38569018 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) drives fibrosis and disease progression in a number of chronic disorders, but targeting this ubiquitously expressed cytokine may not yield a viable and safe antifibrotic therapy. Here, we sought to identify alternative ways to inhibit TGFβ signaling using human hepatic stellate cells and macrophages from humans and mice in vitro, as well as mouse models of liver, kidney, and lung fibrosis. We identified Mer tyrosine kinase (MERTK) as a TGFβ-inducible effector of fibrosis that was up-regulated during fibrosis in multiple organs in three mouse models. We confirmed these findings in liver biopsy samples from patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). MERTK also induced TGFβ expression and drove TGFβ signaling resulting in a positive feedback loop that promoted fibrosis in cultured cells. MERTK regulated both canonical and noncanonical TGFβ signaling in both mouse and human cells in vitro. MERTK increased transcription of genes regulating fibrosis by modulating chromatin accessibility and RNA polymerase II activity. In each of the three mouse models, disrupting the fibrosis-promoting signaling loop by reducing MERTK expression reduced organ fibrosis. Pharmacological inhibition of MERTK reduced fibrosis in these mouse models either when initiated immediately after injury or when initiated after fibrosis was established. Together, these data suggest that MERTK plays a role in modulating organ fibrosis and may be a potential target for treating fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Pan
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Rasha El Sharkway
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ali Bayoumi
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Mayada Metwally
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Brian S Gloss
- Westmead Research Hub, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Bo Lu
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Saleh A Alqahtani
- Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Philip J O'Connell
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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Wu J, Pan J, Zhou W, Ji G, Dang Y. The role of N6-methyladenosine in macrophage polarization: A novel treatment strategy for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116145. [PMID: 38198958 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA methylation modifications, as a widespread type of modification in eukaryotic cells, especially N6-methyladenosine (m6A), are associated with many activities in organisms, including macrophage polarization and progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Macrophages in the liver are of diverse origin and complex phenotype, exhibiting different functions in development of NASH. In the review, we discuss the functions of m6A and m6A-related enzymes in macrophage polarization. Furthermore, we retrospect the role of macrophage polarization in NASH. Finally, we discuss the prospects of m6A in macrophages and NASH, and provide guidance for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Wu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiashu Pan
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yanqi Dang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
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7
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Nawaz A, Manzoor A, Ahmed S, Ahmed N, Abbas W, Mir MA, Bilal M, Sheikh A, Ahmad S, Jeelani I, Nakagawa T. Therapeutic approaches for chronic hepatitis C: a concise review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1334160. [PMID: 38283838 PMCID: PMC10811011 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1334160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant global health concern, prompting the need for effective treatment strategies. This in-depth review critically assesses the landscape of HCV treatment, drawing parallels between traditional interferon/ribavirin therapy historically pivotal in HCV management and herbal approaches rooted in traditional and complementary medicine. Advancements in therapeutic development and enhanced clinical outcomes axis on a comprehensive understanding of the diverse HCV genome, its natural variations, pathogenesis, and the impact of dietary, social, environmental, and economic factors. A thorough analysis was conducted through reputable sources such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, books, and dissertations. This review primarily focuses on the intricate nature of HCV genomes and explores the potential of botanical drugs in both preventing and treating HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah Nawaz
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Azhar Manzoor
- Department of Surgery, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, and Surgery, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K), Pakistan
| | - Waseem Abbas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Mir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Alisha Sheikh
- Jammu Institute of Ayurveda and Research, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Saleem Ahmad
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ishtiaq Jeelani
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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8
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Ramírez-Mejía MM, Qi X, Abenavoli L, Romero-Gómez M, Eslam M, Méndez-Sánchez N. Metabolic dysfunction: The silenced connection with fatty liver disease. Ann Hepatol 2023; 28:101138. [PMID: 37468095 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2023.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a global public health burden. Despite the increase in its prevalence, the disease has not received sufficient attention compared to the associated diseases such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. In 2020 it was proposed to rename NAFLD to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in order to recognize the metabolic risk factors and the complex pathophysiological mechanisms associated with its development. Furthermore, along with the implementation of the proposed diagnostic criteria, the aim is to address the whole clinical spectrum of the disease, regardless of BMI and the presence of other hepatic comorbidities. As would it be expected with such a paradigm shift, differing viewpoints have emerged regarding the benefits and disadvantages of renaming fatty liver disease. The following review aims to describe the way to the MAFLD from a historical, pathophysiological and clinical perspective in order to highlight why MAFLD is the approach to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Ramírez-Mejía
- Plan of Combined Studies in Medicine (PECEM-MD/PhD), Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xingshun Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area), Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (HUVR/CSIC/US), University of Seville, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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9
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Cao Y, Fang X, Sun M, Zhang Y, Shan M, Lan X, Zhu D, Luo H. Preventive and therapeutic effects of natural products and herbal extracts on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3867-3897. [PMID: 37449926 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common condition that is prevalent in patients who consume little or no alcohol, and is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver. The disease is becoming increasingly common with the rapid economic development of countries. Long-term accumulation of excess fat can lead to NAFLD, which represents a global health problem with no effective therapeutic approach. NAFLD is a complex, multifaceted pathological process that has been the subject of extensive research over the past few decades. Herbal medicines have gained attention as potential therapeutic agents to prevent and treat NAFLD due to their high efficacy and low risk of side effects. Our overview is based on a PubMed and Web of Science database search as of Dec 22 with the keywords: NAFLD/NASH Natural products and NAFLD/NASH Herbal extract. In this review, we evaluate the use of herbal medicines in the treatment of NAFLD. These natural resources have the potential to inform innovative drug research and the development of treatments for NAFLD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxue Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyang Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yegang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Mengyao Shan
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xintian Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Difu Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haoming Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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10
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Liu J, Song Y, Wang Y, Hong H. Vitamin D/vitamin D receptor pathway in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1145-1157. [PMID: 37861098 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2274099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, but underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has emphasized the therapeutic role of vitamin D in NAFLD, but the specific mechanism remains to be investigated. AREAS COVERED This review summarized the roles of vitamin D/VDR (vitamin D receptor) pathway in different types of liver cells (such as hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, liver macrophages, T lymphocytes, and other hepatic immune cells) in case of NAFLD. Meanwhile, the effects of pathways in the gut-liver axis, adipose tissue-liver axis, and skeletal muscle-liver axis on the development of NAFLD were further reviewed. Relevant literature was searched on PubMed for the writing of this review. EXPERT OPINION The precise regulation of regional vitamin D/VDR signaling pathway based on cell-specific or tissue-specific function will help clarify the potential mechanism of vitamin D in NAFLD, which may provide new therapeutic targets to improve the safety and efficacy of vitamin D based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Institute of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Xiamen Institute of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huashan Hong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Department of Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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11
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Liu L, Wang C, Deng S, Yuan T, Zhu X, Deng Y, Qin Y, Wang Y, Yang P. Transition patterns of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease status in relation to arterial stiffness progression: a health check-up cohort study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9690. [PMID: 37322025 PMCID: PMC10272131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a new diagnostic criterion based on hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysfunction. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the association of MAFLD dynamic transitions with arterial stiffness progression has yet to be conducted. This cohort study included 8807 Chinese health check-up participants (median follow-up = 50.2 months). Participants were categorized into four groups according to MAFLD status at baseline and follow-up (none, persistent, developed and regressed). Arterial stiffness progression was assessed by the annual brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) increase and arterial stiffness incidence. Compared with the non-MAFLD group, the annual increase in ba-PWV was highest in the persistent-MAFLD group [6.75 cm/s/year, (95% CI 4.03-9.33)], followed by the developed-[6.35 cm/s/year, (95% CI 3.80-8.91)] and the regressed-[1.27 cm/s/year, (95% CI - 2.18 to 4.72)] MAFLD groups. Similarly, compared with the non-MAFLD group, the persistent-MAFLD group had a 1.31-fold increased arterial stiffness risk [OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.03-1.66]. The associations of MAFLD transition patterns with arterial stiffness incidence did not differ across any clinically specific subgroups evaluated. Furthermore, the potential effect of dynamic changes in cardiometabolic risk factors on arterial stiffness incidence among persistent-MAFLD participants was mostly driven by annual fasting glucose and triglyceride increases. In conclusion, persistent MAFLD was associated with an increased risk of arterial stiffness development. Moreover, in persistent-MAFLD subjects, elevated blood glucose and triglyceride levels might facilitate the arterial stiffness incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- General Surgery Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shuwen Deng
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhu
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yuling Deng
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yuexiang Qin
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Pingting Yang
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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12
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Xu GX, Wei S, Yu C, Zhao SQ, Yang WJ, Feng YH, Pan C, Yang KX, Ma Y. Activation of Kupffer cells in NAFLD and NASH: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1199519. [PMID: 37261074 PMCID: PMC10228659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1199519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are emerging as the leading causes of liver disease worldwide. These conditions can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, and other related ailments. At present, liver transplantation remains the sole treatment option for end-stage NASH, leading to a rapidly growing socioeconomic burden. Kupffer cells (KCs) are a dominant population of macrophages that reside in the liver, playing a crucial role in innate immunity. Their primary function includes phagocytosing exogenous substances, presenting antigens, and triggering immune responses. Moreover, they interact with other liver cells during the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and this crosstalk may either delay or exacerbate disease progression. Stimulation by endogenous signals triggers the activation of KCs, resulting in the expression of various inflammatory factors and chemokines, such as NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-1B, and IL-6, and contributing to the inflammatory cascade. In the past 5 years, significant advances have been made in understanding the biological properties and immune functions of KCs in NAFLD, including their interactions with tissue molecules, underlying molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and relevant therapeutic interventions. Having a comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms and characteristics can have enormous potential in guiding future strategies for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Ma
- *Correspondence: Kun-Xing Yang, ; Yong Ma,
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13
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Alharthi J, Pan Z, Gloss BS, McLeod D, Weltman M, George J, Eslam M. Loss of metabolic adaptation in lean MAFLD is driven by endotoxemia leading to epigenetic reprogramming. Metabolism 2023; 144:155583. [PMID: 37146900 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lean patients with MAFLD have an initial adaptive metabolic response characterised by increased serum bile acids and Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) activity. How this adaptive response wanes resulting in an equal or perhaps worse long-term adverse outcome compared to patients with obese MAFLD is not known. We show that patients with lean MAFLD have endotoxemia while their macrophages demonstrate excess production of inflammatory cytokines in response to activation by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands when compared to healthy subjects. Alterations of the lean MAFLD macrophage epigenome drives this response and suppresses bile acids signalling to drive inflammation. Our data suggests that selectively restoring bile acids signalling might restore adaptive metabolic responses in patients with MAFLD who are lean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaher Alharthi
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyan Pan
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian S Gloss
- Westmead Research Hub, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Duncan McLeod
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Weltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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14
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Pan Z, Alqahtani SA, Eslam M. MAFLD and chronic kidney disease: two sides of the same coin? Hepatol Int 2023; 17:519-521. [PMID: 37069420 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Pan
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Saleh A Alqahtani
- Liver Transplant Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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15
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Lei F, Wang XM, Wang C, Huang X, Liu YM, Qin JJ, Zhang P, Ji YX, She ZG, Cai J, Li HP, Zhang XJ, Li H. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease increased the risk of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in China. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1109673. [PMID: 37082131 PMCID: PMC10110917 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1109673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aimsMetabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was proposed to substitute NAFLD in 2020. This new term highlights the systematic metabolic disturbances that accompany fatty liver. We evaluated the correlations between MAFLD and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (SCA) based on a nationwide health examination population in China.MethodsWe performed a nationwide cross-sectional population and a Beijing retrospective cohort from 2009 to 2017. SCA was defined as elevated carotid intima-media thickness. The multivariable logistic and Cox models were used to analyze the association between MAFLD and SCA.Results153,482 participants were included in the cross-sectional study. MAFLD was significantly associated with SCA in fully adjusted models, with an odds ratio of 1.66; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62-1.70. This association was consistent in the cohort, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.31. The association between baseline MAFLD and incident SCA increased with hepatic steatosis severity. Subgroup analysis showed an interaction between age and MAFLD, with a higher risk in younger groups (HR:1.67, 95% CI: 1.17-2.40).ConclusionIn this large cross-section and cohort study, MAFLD was significantly associated with the presence and development of SCA. Further, the risk was higher among MAFLD individuals with high hepatic steatosis index and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lei
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changquan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
| | - Xuewei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye-Mao Liu
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
- Department of Cardiology, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
| | - Juan-Juan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Xiao Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huo-ping Li
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
- Department of Cardiology, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Li, ; Xiao-Jing Zhang, ; Huo-ping Li,
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Li, ; Xiao-Jing Zhang, ; Huo-ping Li,
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Li, ; Xiao-Jing Zhang, ; Huo-ping Li,
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16
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Liu J, Li W, Bian Y, Jiang X, Zhu F, Yin F, Yin L, Song X, Guo H, Liu J. Garlic-derived exosomes regulate PFKFB3 expression to relieve liver dysfunction in high-fat diet-fed mice via macrophage-hepatocyte crosstalk. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 112:154679. [PMID: 36791628 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although macrophage-mediated low-grade chronic inflammation and liver dysfunction have been found to be associated with the development of non-alcoholic fatty (NAFLD) and widely reported, but strategies and drugs targeting macrophages for the treatment of NAFLD are limited. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Garlic-derived exosomes (GDE) can be useful for NAFLD due to its anti-inflammatory activity. Clarify whether GDE improves liver dysfunction through macrophage-hepatocyte crosstalk. METHODS GDE was isolated with PEG precipitation and ultracentrifuge. Inflammatory cytokines were detected by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Expression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) was determined using qRT-PCR and western blot. Crosstalk between macrophages and hepatocytes was identified through a co-culture experiment. Small RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were used to identify the key element of GDE regulating the expression of PFKFB3 gene. RESULTS GDE regulated the expression of PFKFB3 to reduce the inflammatory response in LPS-treated differentiated THP-1 macrophages. Data from small RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis reveal that miR-396e, one of the most abundant miRNAs of GDE, is the key component to regulate PFKFB3 expression. Mechanistically, miR-396e-mediating PFKFB3 expression plays a crucial role in GDE inhibiting inflammatory response and enhancing lipid metabolism in hepatocytes via the macrophage-hepatocyte crosstalk. Notably, GDE supplementation reduced the inflammatory response and improved liver dysfunction in high-fat diet-fed mice. CONCLUSION GDE may be useful for improving the symptoms of NAFLD via macrophage-hepatocyte crosstalk and its role in PFKFB3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Weizhao Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yangping Bian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Fuyun Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China.
| | - Li Yin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xiaomei Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 118, Xingguang Avenue, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 118, Xingguang Avenue, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing 401147, China.
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China.
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17
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Chang Y, Wu X, Lu S, Du J, Long Y, Zhu Y, Qin H. Engineered procyanidin-Fe nanoparticle alleviates intestinal inflammation through scavenging ROS and altering gut microbiome in colitis mice. Front Chem 2023; 11:1089775. [PMID: 37065822 PMCID: PMC10090317 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1089775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation, intestinal barrier injury, and imbalance of gut microbiota. Excess accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is closely correlated with the development and reoccurrence of IBD. Previous researches demonstrate that procyanidin, as a natural antioxidant, exhibits strong ability of eliminating ROS, thus showing good therapeutic effects in the inflammation-related diseases. Non-etheless, its poor stability and solubility always limits the therapeutic outcomes. Here, we typically designed an antioxidant coordination polymer nanoparticle using the engineering of procyanidin (Pc) and free iron (Fe), named Pc-Fe nanozyme, for effectively scavenging ROS and further inhibiting inflammation while altering the gut microbiome for the treatment of colitis. Furthermore, in vitro experiments uncover that Pc-Fe nanoparticles exert strong multi biomimic activities, including peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase, for the scavenging of ROS and protecting cells from oxidative injury. In addition, the colon accumulation of Pc-Fe nanozyme effectively protects the intestinal mucosa from oxidative damage while significantly downregulates pro-inflammatory factors, repairs the intestinal barriers and alternates gut microbiome after orally administrated in sodium dextran sulfate (DSS) induced colitis mice. The results collectively illustrate that the multienzyme mimicking Pc-Fe nanozyme owns high potential for treating IBD through scavenging ROS, inhibiting inflammation, repairing gut barriers and alternating gut microbiome, which further promising its clinical translation on IBD treatment and other ROS induced intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Chang
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiawei Wu
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengwei Lu
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahao Du
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yixiu Long
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yixiu Long, ; Yefei Zhu, ; Huanlong Qin,
| | - Yefei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yixiu Long, ; Yefei Zhu, ; Huanlong Qin,
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Shanghai Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Yixiu Long, ; Yefei Zhu, ; Huanlong Qin,
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18
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Crespo M, Nikolic I, Mora A, Rodríguez E, Leiva-Vega L, Pintor-Chocano A, Horrillo D, Hernández-Cosido L, Torres JL, Novoa E, Nogueiras R, Medina-Gómez G, Marcos M, Leiva M, Sabio G. Myeloid p38 activation maintains macrophage-liver crosstalk and BAT thermogenesis through IL-12-FGF21 axis. Hepatology 2023; 77:874-887. [PMID: 35592906 PMCID: PMC9936978 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity features excessive fat accumulation in several body tissues and induces a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that contributes to the development of diabetes, steatosis, and insulin resistance. Recent research has shown that this chronic inflammation is crucially dependent on p38 pathway activity in macrophages, suggesting p38 inhibition as a possible treatment for obesity comorbidities. Nevertheless, we report here that lack of p38 activation in myeloid cells worsens high-fat diet-induced obesity, diabetes, and steatosis. Deficient p38 activation increases macrophage IL-12 production, leading to inhibition of hepatic FGF21 and reduction of thermogenesis in the brown fat. The implication of FGF21 in the phenotype was confirmed by its specific deletion in hepatocytes. We also found that IL-12 correlates with liver damage in human biopsies, indicating the translational potential of our results. Our findings suggest that myeloid p38 has a dual role in inflammation and that drugs targeting IL-12 might improve the homeostatic regulation of energy balance in response to metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Crespo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ivana Nikolic
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alfonso Mora
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares , Madrid , Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares , Madrid , Spain
| | - Luis Leiva-Vega
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Daniel Horrillo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Lipobeta group , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid , Spain.,Laboratorio LAFEMEX, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Lourdes Hernández-Cosido
- Department of General Surgery , University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL , Salamanca , Spain.,Department of Surgery , University of Salamanca , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Jorge L Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine , University Hospital of Salamanca-Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL) , Salamanca , Spain.,Department of Medicine , University of Salamanca , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Eva Novoa
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) , University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) , University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Lipobeta group , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid , Spain.,Laboratorio LAFEMEX, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine , University Hospital of Salamanca-Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL) , Salamanca , Spain.,Department of Medicine , University of Salamanca , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Magdalena Leiva
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares , Madrid , Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares , Madrid , Spain
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19
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Bian Y, Li W, Jiang X, Yin F, Yin L, Zhang Y, Guo H, Liu J. Garlic-derived exosomes carrying miR-396e shapes macrophage metabolic reprograming to mitigate the inflammatory response in obese adipose tissue. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 113:109249. [PMID: 36496060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation originating from the adipose tissue and imbalance of lipid metabolism in the liver are the main drivers of the development of obesity and its related metabolic disorders. In this work, we found that garlic-derived exosomes (GDE) supplementation improved insulin resistance, altered the levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) by decreasing the accumulation of macrophages in HFD-fed mice. Meanwhile, we also observed that GDE regulated the expression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), one of the critical glycolytic enzymes, to shape the metabolic reprograming of macrophage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and mitigate the inflammatory response in adipocytes via macrophage-adipocyte cross-talk. Data from small RNA sequencing, bioinformatical analysis and the gene over-expression revealed that miR-396e, one of the most abundant miRNAs of GDE, played a critical role in promoting the metabolic reprogramming of macrophage by directly targeting PFKFB3. The findings of this study not only provide an in-depth understanding of GDE protecting against inflammation in obesity but supply evidence to study the molecular mechanisms associated with the interspecies communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangping Bian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhao Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Yin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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20
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A metabolic associated fatty liver disease risk variant in MBOAT7 regulates toll like receptor induced outcomes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7430. [PMID: 36473860 PMCID: PMC9726889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of toll-like receptor (TLR) tolerance results in tissue damage, and hyperactivation of the TLRs and subsequent inflammatory consequences have been implicated as risk factors for more severe forms of disease and poor outcomes from various diseases including COVID-19 and metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Here we provide evidence that membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7 (MBOAT7) is a negative regulator of TLR signalling. MBOAT7 deficiency in macrophages as observed in patients with MAFLD and in COVID-19, alters membrane phospholipid composition. We demonstrate that this is associated with a redistribution of arachidonic acid toward proinflammatory eicosanoids, induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and remodelling of the accessible inflammatory-related chromatin landscape culminating in macrophage inflammatory responses to TLRs. Activation of MBOAT7 reverses these effects. These outcomes are further modulated by the MBOAT7 rs8736 (T) MAFLD risk variant. Our findings suggest that MBOAT7 can potentially be explored as a therapeutic target for diseases associated with dysregulation of the TLR signalling cascade.
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Méndez-Sánchez N, Fan JG, El-Kassas M, Girala M. MAFLD: A quick fact check. Liver Int 2022; 42:2903-2906. [PMID: 36082586 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease has taken importance during the last two years, given the new criteria for diagnosis compared to the previous criteria used to define non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Multiple studies have also shown that this definition better adjusts to the pathogenesis and patient characteristics with fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohamed El-Kassas
- Department of Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marcos Girala
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
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22
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Lanthier N, Lebrun V, Molendi-Coste O, van Rooijen N, Leclercq IA. Liver Fetuin-A at Initiation of Insulin Resistance. Metabolites 2022; 12:1023. [PMID: 36355106 PMCID: PMC9693222 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatokines (liver secreted proteins with possible distant action) are emerging potential players in insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Here, we explored the effect of a high-fat diet on the expression of fetuin-A, one of those candidate liver proteins, and its relationship with liver macrophage activation. Mice were fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet for 3 days, known to initiate steatosis and liver insulin resistance. A preventive liver macrophage depletion was obtained by intravenous injection of clodronate-loaded liposomes. The mRNA and protein expression of fetuin-A was evaluated by qPCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence on different insulin-sensitive tissues (liver, adipose tissue, and muscle). Short-term high-fat diet-induced steatosis, liver macrophage activation, and hepatic insulin resistance together with a significantly increased expression of liver AHSG (α2-HS glycoprotein/fetuin-A) mRNA and serum fetuin-A concentration. On immunofluorescence, fetuin-A was mostly expressed in centrilobular hepatocytes. This increase in fetuin-A under high-fat diet was not evidenced in other peripheral insulin-sensitive tissues (skeletal muscle and adipose tissue). The mRNA expression of α2-HS glycoprotein was 800 times higher within the liver compared with the adipose tissue or the muscle. Liver macrophage depletion that significantly ameliorated insulin sensitivity was associated with a significant decrease in α2-HS glycoprotein mRNA expression. In conclusion, this study demonstrated liver fetuin-A overexpression at the initiation of high-fat diet feeding, concurrent with hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Targeting liver macrophages in this setting reduced liver α2-HS glycoprotein expression suggesting that fetuin-A acts as an hepatokine with proinsulin resistance effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lanthier
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Lebrun
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Molendi-Coste
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle A. Leclercq
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Khurana A, Navik U, Allawadhi P, Yadav P, Weiskirchen R. Spotlight on liver macrophages for halting liver disease progression and injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:707-719. [PMID: 36202756 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2133699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past two decades, understanding of hepatic macrophage biology has provided astounding details of their role in the progression and regression of liver diseases. The hepatic macrophages constitute resident macrophages, Kupffer cells, and circulating bone marrow monocyte-derived macrophages, which play a diverse role in liver injury and repair. Imbalance in the macrophage population leads to pathological consequences and is responsible for the initiation and progression of acute and chronic liver injuries. Further, distinct populations of hepatic macrophages and their high heterogeneity make their complex role enigmatic. The unique features of distinct phenotypes of macrophages have provided novel biomarkers for defining the stages of liver diseases. The distinct mechanisms of hepatic macrophages polarization and recruitment have been at the fore front of research. In addition, the secretome of hepatic macrophages and their immune regulation has provided clinically relevant therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED Herein we have highlighted the current understanding in the area of hepatic macrophages, and their role in the progression of liver injury. EXPERT OPINION It is essential to ascertain the physiological and pathological role of evolutionarily conserved distinct macrophage phenotypes in different liver diseases before viable approaches may see a clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khurana
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda - 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Pharmacy, Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (VIPER), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences (Pt. B. D. S. UHS), Rohtak - 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Poonam Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda - 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
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24
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Chi ZC. Progress in understanding of association between metabolic associated fatty liver disease and viral infectious diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:783-794. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i18.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease with the highest incidence in the world, which affects 1/4-1/3 of the world population and has a serious effect on people's health. As is a multi-systemic disease, MAFLD is closely related to the occurrence and prognosis of many diseases. Studies have shown that MAFLD is associated with viral infectious diseases, and their interaction affects the prognosis of the disease. This paper reviews the research progress in this field in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chun Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China
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25
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Autophagy Dysregulation in Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A New Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710055. [PMID: 36077452 PMCID: PMC9456355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. To date, there is no FDA-approved treatment, so there is an urgent need to determine its pathophysiology and underlying molecular mechanisms. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that removes damaged organelles and misfolded proteins after cell injury through endoplasmic reticulum stress or starvation, which inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell survival. Recent studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role in removing lipid droplets from hepatocytes. Autophagy has also been reported to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and provide energy for the hepatic stellate cells activation during liver fibrosis. Thyroid hormone, irisin, melatonin, hydrogen sulfide, sulforaphane, DA-1241, vacuole membrane protein 1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, sodium-glucose co-transporter type-2 inhibitors, immunity-related GTPase M, and autophagy-related gene 7 have been reported to ameliorate MAFLD via autophagic induction. Lipid receptor CD36, SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and leucine aminopeptidase 3 play a negative role in the autophagic function. This review summarizes recent advances in the role of autophagy in MAFLD. Autophagy modulates major pathological changes, including hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis, suggesting the potential of modulating autophagy for the treatment of MAFLD.
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El-Arabey AA, Abdalla M. GATA3 as an immunomodulator in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110141. [PMID: 36058260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the leading risk factor associated with Metabolic dysfunction Associated with Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD), Insulin Resistance (IR), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Notably, MAFLD affects 25% of the world's adult population, ranging from 13.5% in Africa to 31.8% in the Middle East. The prevalence of MAFLD is 80-90% in obese adults and 30-50% in patients with diabetes. According to the recent WHO update, more than 400 million people will experience T2DM by 2025. Furthermore, the worldwide obesity incidence rate has risen in the preceding years. Adipogenesis deterioration is a critical step in the induction of obesity correlated with MAFLD, IR and T2DM. The well-known transcription factor GATA3 is highly expressed in the preadipocytes-adipocytes transition of embryonic stem cells and obese people with IR. In this regard, the reduction of GATA3 improves the differentiation of adipocytes. Omental adipose tissue inflammation by upregulation of macrophages infiltration is strongly linked with body mass index in insulin tolerance of obese people. In particular, the dynamic interaction between macrophages and adipocytes significantly regulates obese adipose tissue's inflammatory status and influences IR by reducing the differentiation of adipocytes, macrophage function, and glucose transport. Emerging evidence demonstrated that GATA3 is a master regulator for macrophage polarization and infiltration. Hence, we will shed light on GATA3 as an emerging target for immunomodulation in human obesity associated with MAFLD, IR, and T2DM by reducing macrophages' recruitment and inflammation of muscles and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ahmed El-Arabey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Research Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Jinan Children's Hospital), Jinan, China.
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27
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Yu L, Hong W, Lu S, Li Y, Guan Y, Weng X, Feng Z. The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Steatohepatitis: Therapeutic Targets and Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:780496. [PMID: 35350750 PMCID: PMC8957978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.780496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is among the most prevalent primary liver diseases worldwide and can develop into various conditions, ranging from simple steatosis, through non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to fibrosis, and eventually cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nevertheless, there is no effective treatment for NAFLD due to the complicated etiology. Recently, activation of the NLPR3 inflammasome has been demonstrated to be a contributing factor in the development of NAFLD, particularly as a modulator of progression from initial hepatic steatosis to NASH. NLRP3 inflammasome, as a caspase-1 activation platform, is critical for processing key pro-inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis. Various stimuli involved in NAFLD can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, depending on the diverse cellular stresses that they cause. NLRP3 inflammasome-related inhibitors and agents for NAFLD treatment have been tested and demonstrated positive effects in experimental models. Meanwhile, some drugs have been applied in clinical studies, supporting this therapeutic approach. In this review, we discuss the activation, biological functions, and treatment targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in the context of NAFLD progression. Specifically, we focus on the different types of therapeutic agents that can inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and summarize their pharmacological effectiveness for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,The Third Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Hong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shen Lu
- The Third Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanrong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yaya Guan
- The Third Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- The Third Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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28
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Elsherif SA, Alm AS. Role of macrophages in liver cirrhosis: fibrogenesis and resolution. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:14-19. [PMID: 35354672 PMCID: PMC8968231 DOI: 10.5115/acb.21.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, chronic liver disease accounts for approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide. Liver injury induces a series of events causing inflammation. Chronic inflammation ends in liver fibrosis. A stage of fibrinolysis occurs on stopping insult. Kupffer cells play their role to initiate inflammatory responses, while infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages have a role both in chronic inflammation and fibrosis and in fibrosis resolution. Ly-6C high expressing monocytes act during fibrogenesis, while Ly-6C low expressing monocytes are restorative macrophages which promote resolution of fibrosis after end of the injury. Recent studies have identified new phenotypes, such as metabolically activated M, oxidized, which may have a role in fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine Ahmed Elsherif
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.,istology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Merit University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Salah Alm
- istology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Merit University, Sohag, Egypt
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29
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Alharthi J, Eslam M. Biomarkers of Metabolic (Dysfunction)-associated Fatty Liver Disease: An Update. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:134-139. [PMID: 35233382 PMCID: PMC8845164 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is rapidly increasing and affects up to two billion individuals globally, and this has also resulted in increased risks for cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplants. In addition, it has also been linked to extrahepatic consequences, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and various types of cancers. However, only a small proportion of patients with MAFLD develop these complications. Therefore, the identification of high-risk patients is paramount. Liver fibrosis is the major determinant in developing these complications. Although, liver biopsy is still considered the gold standard for the assessment of patients with MAFLD. Because of its invasive nature, among many other limitations, the search for noninvasive biomarkers for MAFLD remains an area of intensive research. In this review, we provide an update on the current and future biomarkers of MAFLD, including a discussion of the associated genetics, epigenetics, microbiota, and metabolomics. We also touch on the next wave of multiomic-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaher Alharthi
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Correspondence to: Mohammed Eslam, Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-4144. Tel: +61-2-8890-7705, Fax: +61-2-9635-7582, E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common comorbidity and has wide ranging extrahepatic manifestations, including through cardiometabolic pathways. As such, there is growing interest in the impact of NAFLD on cerebrovascular disease and brain health more broadly. In this review, we assess recent research into understanding the association between NAFLD and brain health while highlighting potential clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS Mechanistically, NAFLD is characterized by both a proinflammatory and proatherogenic state, which results in vascular inflammation and neurodegeneration, potentially leading to clinical and subclinical cerebrovascular disease. Mounting epidemiological evidence suggests an association between NAFLD and an increased risk and severity of stroke, independent of other vascular risk factors. Studies also implicate NAFLD in subclinical cerebrovascular disease, such as carotid atherosclerosis and microvascular disease. In contrast, there does not appear to be an independent association between NAFLD and cognitive impairment. SUMMARY The current literature supports the formulation of NAFLD as a multisystem disease that may also have implications for cerebrovascular disease and brain health. Further prospective studies are needed to better assess a temporal relationship between the two diseases, confirm these early findings, and decipher mechanistic links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Khanna
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Neal S. Parikh
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | - Lisa B. VanWagner
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
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31
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Zheng Y, Fang D, Huang C, Zhao L, Gan L, Chen Y, Liu F. Gentiana scabra Restrains Hepatic Pro-Inflammatory Macrophages to Ameliorate Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:816032. [PMID: 35115947 PMCID: PMC8803634 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.816032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a progressive metabolic disease that is emerging as a global epidemic. Considering that the complex pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, barely specific pharmacological therapy is recommended in current guidelines. Gentiana scabra (GS) is a commonly used herb in Tibetan medicine, which has received much attention in recent years due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-fibrosis. However, the therapeutic mechanisms are still unclear. Our investigation demonstrated a regulatory effect of GS on pro-inflammatory macrophages, which was extensively investigated in NAFLD that revealed intimate participation in the disease evolution, and the non-canonical IKK family member TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) was involved in this process. Plasmid vectors for shTBK1 and amlexanox (AML), an inhibitor of TBK1, were used in this study to verify the mechanisms of TBK1 both in vitro and in vivo, while a co-culture system for hepatocytes and BMDMs was constructed to confirm the critical role of macrophages for inflammatory cascade. The results revealed that metabolic burden up-regulated the phosphorylation of TBK1, resulting in activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, and consequently caused an elevated expression of MCP1 to induce the macrophage recruitment and accelerate the inflammatory cascade. In contrast, GS could inhibit the TBK1 phosphorylation and the MCP1 expression to restrain the recruitment of pro-inflammatory macrophages, so as to provide curative effects on metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. Considering that GS is non-toxic and can be used as a kind of tea for long-term drinking, we propose it may be an effective option for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD, which deserves further exploration and application, and may provide new insights to improve the current standardized intervention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Fang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Longhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyuan Huang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liming Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - Youlan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengbin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Baiyun Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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32
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Pan Z, Chan WK, Eslam M. The role of B cells in metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2021; 10:875-877. [PMID: 35004959 PMCID: PMC8683912 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn-21-404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Pan
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wah-Kheong Chan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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33
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Miele L, Napodano C, Cesario A, De Magistris A, Pocino K, Basile U, Rapaccini GL, Gasbarrini A, Grieco A. COVID-19, adaptative immune response and metabolic-associated liver disease. Liver Int 2021; 41:2560-2577. [PMID: 34555255 PMCID: PMC8661993 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are associated with a higher risk of a severer coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) course, since fatty liver is commonly associated with metabolic disorders, fatty liver itself is considered as a major contributor to low-grade inflammation in obesity and diabetes. Recently a comprehensive term, metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), has been proposed. The hepatic inflammatory status observed in MAFLD patients is amplified in presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Intestinal dysbiosis is a powerful activator of inflammatory mediator production of liver macrophages. The intestinal microbiome plays a key role in MAFLD progression, which results in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Therefore, patients with metabolic disorders and COVID-19 can have a worse outcome of COVID-19. This literature review attempts to disentangle the mechanistic link of MAFLD from COVID-19 complexity and to improve knowledge on its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Miele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e ChirurgicheFondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCSRomeItaly,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia TraslazionaleScuola di Medicina e ChirurgiaUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Cecilia Napodano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e ChirurgicheFondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCSRomeItaly,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia TraslazionaleScuola di Medicina e ChirurgiaUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Alfredo Cesario
- Open Innovation ManagerScientific DirectorateFondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCSUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Antonio De Magistris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e ChirurgicheFondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Krizia Pocino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia TraslazionaleScuola di Medicina e ChirurgiaUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Umberto Basile
- Dipartimento di Scienze di laboratorio e infettivologicheFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Gian L. Rapaccini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e ChirurgicheFondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCSRomeItaly,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia TraslazionaleScuola di Medicina e ChirurgiaUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e ChirurgicheFondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCSRomeItaly,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia TraslazionaleScuola di Medicina e ChirurgiaUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Antonio Grieco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e ChirurgicheFondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCSRomeItaly,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia TraslazionaleScuola di Medicina e ChirurgiaUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
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Heo YJ, Choi SE, Lee N, Jeon JY, Han SJ, Kim DJ, Kang Y, Lee KW, Kim HJ. Visfatin exacerbates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a methionine-choline-deficient diet mouse model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:2592-2600. [PMID: 33600604 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is characterized by hepatic inflammation that can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Visfatin, an adipocytokine, was reported to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and can be associated with liver fibrosis. We investigated the role of visfatin on hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD)-diet-induced steatohepatitis mouse model. METHODS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were randomly assigned into one of three groups: (1) saline-injected control diet group; (2) saline-injected MCD diet group; and (3) visfatin-injected MCD diet group (n = 8 per group). Mice were administered intravenous saline or 10 μg/kg of recombinant murine visfatin for 2 weeks. Histologic assessment of liver and biochemical and molecular measurements of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, reactive oxidative stress (ROS), inflammation, and fibrosis were performed in livers from these animals. RESULTS Visfatin injection aggravated hepatic steatosis and increased plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations. Visfatin increased inflammatory cell infiltration (as indicated by F4/80, CD68, ly6G, and CD3 mRNA expression) and expression of chemokines in the liver. Visfatin also increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and activated fibrosis markers (CTGF, TIMP1, collagen 1α2, collagen 3α2, αSMA, fibronectin, and vimentin) in liver. Livers of visfatin-injected mice showed upregulation of ER stress and ROS and activation of JNK signaling. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that visfatin aggravates hepatic inflammation together with induction of ER and oxidative stress and exacerbates fibrosis in an MCD-diet-fed mouse model of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jung Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-E Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nami Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Young Jeon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Jung Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yup Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Woo Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Liu S, Wang J, Wu S, Niu J, Zheng R, Bie L, Xin Z, Wang S, Lin H, Zhao Z, Wang T, Xu M, Lu J, Chen Y, Xu Y, Wang W, Ning G, Bi Y, Li M, Xu Y. The progression and regression of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease are associated with the development of subclinical atherosclerosis: A prospective analysis. Metabolism 2021; 120:154779. [PMID: 33895182 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been proposed and diagnosed based on modified criteria. However, evidence for the risks of developing subclinical atherosclerosis with MAFLD transitions according to its new definition has never been reported. METHODS Using data from a community-based cohort, 6232 participants aged 40 years or older were included and were followed up for a median of 4.3 years during 2010-2015. Participants were categorized into four groups (stable non-MAFLD, MAFLD regressed to non-MAFLD, non-MAFLD progressed to MAFLD, and stable MAFLD). Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as elevated carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), elevated brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV), or microalbuminuria. RESULTS Compared with the stable non-MAFLD category, participants who progressed to MAFLD at follow-up visit had a 1.356-fold increased risk of developing elevated CIMT [odds ratio (OR) = 1.356; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.134-1.620], and a 1.458-fold increased risk of incident microalbuminuria (OR = 1.458; 95% CI = 1.034-2.056) after adjustment for confounders, respectively. In addition, participants with stable MAFLD showed 17.6%, 32.4%, and 35.4% increased risks of developing elevated CIMT, elevated ba-PWV and microalbuminuria, respectively. Compared with the stable MAFLD category, participants with MAFLD and low probability of fibrosis at baseline who regressed to non-MAFLD at follow-up visit had a 29.4% decreased risk of developing elevated CIMT (OR = 0.706; 95% CI = 0.507-0.984), a 43.1% decreased risk of developing elevated ba-PWV (OR = 0.569; 95% CI = 0.340-0.950), but was not significantly associated with incident microalbuminuria (OR = 0.709; 95% CI = 0.386-1.301). The decreased risks attributed to MAFLD regression were more evident in participants without diabetes or dyslipidemia, as well as in those with 0-1 metabolic risk abnormalities, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MAFLD was significantly associated with higher risks of developing subclinical atherosclerosis. Moreover, the regression of MAFLD might modify the risks of developing subclinical atherosclerosis, especially among those with low probability of fibrosis or less metabolic risk abnormalities. Since 40% of baseline participants with missing data on MAFLD measurement at follow-up were excluded, the conclusions should be speculated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujing Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingya Niu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhan Bie
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuojun Xin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieli Lu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Clinical Trials Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Bi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mian Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Does the risk of cardiovascular events differ between biopsy-proven NAFLD and MAFLD? Hepatol Int 2021; 15:380-391. [PMID: 33694066 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-021-10157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, NAFLD was renamed metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aimed to compare cardiovascular risk (CVR) and CVD between patients with NAFLD and MAFLD. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study of biopsy-proven liver steatosis performed between 2013 and 2018 at a university hospital. Cases were divided into NAFLD or MAFLD and demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected to assess CVR (through the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk estimator and atherogenic indices) and CVD. RESULTS Out of 1233 liver biopsies, 171 (13.9%) presented steatosis. Of these, 109 patients met diagnostic criteria for NAFLD (63.7%) and 154 (90.1%), for MAFLD. In the NAFLD group, 78% of the cases had steatohepatitis, 24.8% had cirrhosis, and 3.7%, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the MAFLD group, 72.7% of the cases had liver inflammatory activity, 28.6% had cirrhosis, and 13.6% had HCC. In patients with MAFLD and NAFLD, CVR was intermediate/high (36.4 and 25.7%, p = 0.209) and CVD occurred in 20.1 and 12.8% (p = 0.137) of the cases, respectively, with no influence of liver injury severity. We observed a significant increase in high 10-year CVR (p = 0.020) and CVD (p = 0.007) in patients with MAFLD and concomitant viral infection (HCV and/or HBV) compared to cases with MAFLD only. CONCLUSION Patients with both NAFLD and MAFLD had intermediate/high CVR, with a high rate of CVD. Patients with MAFLD and concomitant viral infection showed significantly increased CVR and CVD compared to those without viral infection.
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Kjær MB, George J, Kazankov K, Grønbæk H. Current perspectives on the pathophysiology of metabolic associated fatty liver disease: are macrophages a viable target for therapy? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:51-64. [PMID: 32878486 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1817740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a new nomenclature for fatty liver replacing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MAFLD has emerged as the leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality with increasing incidence due to its close association with the global epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Macrophages play a key role in MAFLD development and progression of steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Therefore, targeting macrophages may be a new therapeutic approach for MAFLD and MAFLD with steatohepatitis. AREAS COVERED We provide a comprehensive review of the significant role of macrophages in MAFLD. Further, we evaluate the current status of lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatments with a focus on effects mediated through direct or indirect targeting of macrophages. EXPERT OPINION Targeting macrophages holds promise as a treatment option for the management of MAFLD and steatohepatitis. Improved stratification of patients according to MAFLD phenotype would contribute to more adequate design enhancing the yield of clinical trials ultimately leading to personalized medicine for patients with MAFLD. Furthermore, reflecting the multifactorial pathogenesis of MAFLD, combination therapies based on the various pathophysiological driver events including as pertinent to this review, macrophage recruitment, polarization and action, present an intriguing target for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Breinholt Kjær
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Konstantin Kazankov
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
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Yang F, Huang P, Shi L, Liu F, Tang A, Xu S. Phoenixin 14 Inhibits High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Experimental Mice. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:3865-3874. [PMID: 33061293 PMCID: PMC7519838 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s258857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases. The development of NAFLD is closely associated with hepatic lipotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The new concept of NAFLD treatment is to seek molecular control of lipid metabolism and hepatic redox hemostasis. Phoenixin is a newly identified neuropeptide with pleiotropic effects. This study investigated the effects of phoenixin 14 against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD in mice. Materials and Methods For this study, we used HFD-induced NAFLD mice models to analyze the effect of phonenixin14. The mice were fed on HFD and normal diet and also given phoenixin 14 (100 ng/g body weight) by gastrogavage for 10 weeks. The peripheral blood samples were collected for biochemical assays. The liver tissues were examined for HFD-induced tissue fibrosis, lipid deposition and oxidative activity including SOD, GSH, and MDA. The liver tissues were analyzed for the inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress pathway genes. Results The results indicate that phoenixin 14 significantly ameliorated HFD-induced obesity and fatty liver. The biochemical analysis of blood samples revealed that phoenixin 14 ameliorated HFD-induced elevated circulating alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, suggesting that phoenixin 14 has a protective role in liver function and lipid metabolism. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Oil Red O staining of the liver showed that phoenixin 14 alleviated HFD-induced tissue damage and lipid deposition in the liver. Furthermore, the mice administered with phoenixin 14 had increased hepatic SOD activity, increased production of GSH and reduced MDA activity, as well as reduced production of TNF-α and IL-6 suggesting that phoenixin 14 exerts beneficial effects against inflammation and ROS. The findings suggest an explanation of how mechanistically phoenixin 14 ameliorated HFD-induced reduced activation of the SIRT1/AMPK and NRF2/HO-1 pathways. Conclusion Collectively, this study revealed that phoenixin 14 exerts a protective effect in experimental NAFLD mice. Phoenixin could be of the interest in preventive modulation of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, People's Republic of China
| | - Liandong Shi
- Department of Ultrasonography, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Ministry of Health Care, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimei Tang
- Department of Ministry of Health Care, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, People's Republic of China
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Allen JN, Dey A, Cai J, Zhang J, Tian Y, Kennett M, Ma Y, Liang TJ, Patterson AD, Hankey-Giblin PA. Metabolic Profiling Reveals Aggravated Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet-Fed Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Lacking Ron Receptor Signaling. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080326. [PMID: 32796650 PMCID: PMC7464030 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents the progressive sub-disease of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease that causes chronic liver injury initiated and sustained by steatosis and necroinflammation. The Ron receptor is a tyrosine kinase of the Met proto-oncogene family that potentially has a beneficial role in adipose and liver-specific inflammatory responses, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. Since its discovery two decades ago, the Ron receptor has been extensively investigated for its differential roles on inflammation and cancer. Previously, we showed that Ron expression on tissue-resident macrophages limits inflammatory macrophage activation and promotes a repair phenotype, which can retard the progression of NASH in a diet-induced mouse model. However, the metabolic consequences of Ron activation have not previously been investigated. Here, we explored the effects of Ron receptor activation on major metabolic pathways that underlie the development and progression of NASH. Mice lacking apolipoprotein E (ApoE KO) and double knockout (DKO) mice that lack ApoE and Ron were maintained on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 18 weeks. We observed that, in DKO mice, the loss of ligand-dependent Ron signaling aggravated key pathological features in steatohepatitis, including steatosis, inflammation, oxidation stress, and hepatocyte damage. Transcriptional programs positively regulating fatty acid (FA) synthesis and uptake were upregulated in the absence of Ron receptor signaling, whereas lipid disposal pathways were downregulated. Consistent with the deregulation of lipid metabolism pathways, the DKO animals exhibited increased accumulation of FAs in the liver and decreased level of bile acids. Altogether, ligand-dependent Ron receptor activation provides protection from the deregulation of major metabolic pathways that initiate and aggravate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn N. Allen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Adwitia Dey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Mary Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Yanling Ma
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (Y.M.); (T.J.L.)
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (Y.M.); (T.J.L.)
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (P.A.H.-G.); Tel.: +1-814-867-4565; (A.D.P.); +1-814-863-0128 (P.A.H.-G.)
| | - Pamela A. Hankey-Giblin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (P.A.H.-G.); Tel.: +1-814-867-4565; (A.D.P.); +1-814-863-0128 (P.A.H.-G.)
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