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Rodrigues da Silva PH, Leffa DT, Luethi MS, Silva RF, Ferrazza CP, Picon FA, Grevet EH, Bau CHD, Rovaris DL, Razza LB, Caumo W, Camprodon JA, Rohde LAP, Brunoni AR. Baseline brain volume predicts home-based transcranial direct current stimulation effects on inattention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 177:403-411. [PMID: 39089118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Home-based transcranial direct current stimulation (Hb-tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that utilizes low-intensity electric currents delivered via scalp electrodes to modulate brain activity. It holds significant promise for addressing inattention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, its effectiveness varies among individuals, and predicting outcomes remains uncertain, partially due to the influence of individual differences in ADHD-related brain anatomy. METHODS We analyzed data from a subsample, composed by twenty-nine adult patients with ADHD, of the Treatment of Inattention Symptoms in Adult Patients with ADHD (TUNED) trial. Fourteen patients underwent active anodal right cathodal left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) Hb-tDCS for 4 weeks and fifteen received sham-related tDCS intervention. Inattention outcome was evaluated at both baseline and endpoint (4th week). Baseline structural measures of the DLPFC, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and subcortical structures, previously associated with ADHD, were quantified. Several linear mixed models, with a three-way interaction between the fixed predictors brain volume or thickness, time, and treatment were calculated. Multiple comparison corrections were applied using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. RESULTS Baseline volume of the left DLPFC regions middle frontal gyrus (t (25) = 3.33, p-adjusted = 0.045, Cohen's d = 1.33, 95% CI = [0.45, 2.19]), inferior frontal gyrus (orbital part) (t (25) = 3.10, p-adjusted = 0.045, Cohen's d = 1.24, 95% CI = [0.37, 2.08]), and of the left ACC supragenual (t (25) = 3.15, p-adjusted = 0.045, Cohen's d = 1.26, 95% CI = [0.39, 2.11]) presented significant association with the inattentive score improvement only in the active tDCS group. More specifically, the smaller these regions were, the more the symptoms improved following anodal right cathodal left DLPFC Hb-tDCS. CONCLUSION Hb-tDCS was associated with greater improvement in brain areas related to attention regulation. Brain MRI can be potentially used to predict clinical response to tDCS in ADHD adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Rodrigues da Silva
- Departamento de Psiquiatria da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | | | - Matthias S Luethi
- Departamento de Psiquiatria da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eugenio Horacio Grevet
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD and Developmental Psychiatry Programs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claiton Henrique Dotto Bau
- Department of Genetics and Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD and Developmental Psychiatry Programs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego Luiz Rovaris
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lais B Razza
- Department of Head and Skin, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Joan A Camprodon
- Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - André R Brunoni
- Departamento de Psiquiatria da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Kouklari EC, Tsermentseli S, Pavlidou A. Hot and cool executive function and theory of mind in children with and without specific learning disorders. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38975692 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2024.2375659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Executive function (EF) in specific learning disorders (SLD) has been investigated using mainly cool EF tasks, whilst less is known about hot EF and theory of mind (ToM) in this population. The aim of this study was to examine group differences in hot and cool EF and ToM in school-aged children with SLD relative to typically developing peers. It also attempted to investigate whether EF measures are significant predictors of ToM in SLD and typical development. Cross-sectional data were collected from 135 school-aged children with and without SLD (8-10 years old), tested on measures of cool & hot EF and ToM. Significant group differences were observed in EFs inhibition (p= .04), working memory (p= .04) and delay of gratification (p < .001), as well as ToM mental state/emotion recognition (p = .019). Inhibition and planning contributed to 22% of the explained variance of ToM mental state/emotion recognition, but not false belief overall. Results suggest that cool EF may be a crucial predictor of ToM in children with and without SLD. Finally, stepwise logistic regression analysis identified specific hot EF and ToM measures contributing to group differentiation, specifically delay of gratification (odds ratio=.995, 95% CI [.993-.998]) and mental state/emotion recognition (odds ratio= .89, 95% CI [.796-.995]). This study contributes to our understanding of cognitive deficits and socio-cognitive impairment in children with SLD, which hold promise for informing interventions aimed at addressing these cognitive challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia-Chrysanthi Kouklari
- Department of Child Psychiatry, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Zhang C, Jian L, Li X, Guo W, Deng W, Hu X, Li T. Mendelian randomization analysis of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma proteome identifies potential drug targets for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105197. [PMID: 38876042 PMCID: PMC11225168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for new therapeutics for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is evident. Brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and plasma protein biomarkers with causal genetic evidence could represent potential drug targets. However, a comprehensive screen of the proteome has not yet been conducted. METHODS We employed a three-pronged approach using Mendelian Randomization (MR) and Bayesian colocalization analysis. Firstly, we studied 608 brains, 214 CSF, and 612 plasma proteins as potential causal mediators of ADHD using MR analysis. Secondly, we analysed the consistency of the discovered biomarkers across three distinct subtypes of ADHD: childhood, persistent, and late-diagnosed ADHD. Finally, we extended our analysis to examine the correlation between identified biomarkers and Tourette syndrome and pervasive autism spectrum disorder (ASD), conditions often linked with ADHD. To validate the MR findings, we conducted sensitivity analysis. Additionally, we performed cell type analysis on the human brain to identify risk genes that are notably enriched in various brain cell types. FINDINGS After applying Bonferroni correction, we found that the risk of ADHD was increased by brain proteins GMPPB, NAA80, HYI, CISD2, and HYI, TIE1 in CSF and plasma. Proteins GMPPB, NAA80, ICA1L, CISD2, TIE1, and RMDN1 showed overlapped loci with ADHD risk through Bayesian colocalization. Overexpression of GMPPB protein was linked to an increase in the risk for all three ADHD subtypes. While ICA1L provided protection against both ASD and ADHD, CISD2 increased the probability of both disorders. Cell-specific studies revealed that GMPPB, NAA80, ICA1L, and CISD2 were predominantly present on the surface of excitatory-inhibitory neurons. INTERPRETATION Our comprehensive MR investigation of the brain, CSF, and plasma proteomes revealed seven proteins with causal connections to ADHD. Particularly, GMPPB and TIE1 emerged as intriguing targets for potential ADHD therapy. FUNDING This work was partly funded by the Key R & D Program of Zhejiang (T.L. 2022C03096); the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project (C.Z. 82001413); Postdoctoral Foundation of West China Hospital (C.Z. 2020HXBH163).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingqi Jian
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xun Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tao Li
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Bartlett G, Frings D, Chaplin E. Evaluating Doppel's impact on Anxiety and Focus amongst adults with ADHD. PLOS DIGITAL HEALTH 2024; 3:e0000555. [PMID: 39074080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children. Amongst adults, it is often underdiagnosed and associated with comorbidities including anxiety. This study presents a trial evaluating the efficacy of Doppel, a wrist-worn wearable that provides vibrations linked to one's heart rate to improve symptoms of anxiety and poor focus amongst young adults with ADHD. Young adults (aged 18-25) used either an active or comparator Doppel for 8 weeks, completing measures of anxiety and focus at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Participants in both groups experienced a reduction in anxiety and an increase in focus across the trial duration. No superiority for vibrations linked to one's heart rate was found. Whilst the current study cannot determine a specific mechanism of action, the findings provide some promising initial evidence as to the potential for direct-to-consumer digital health products to be useful in symptom management amongst young adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Bartlett
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, England
| | - Daniel Frings
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, England
| | - Eddie Chaplin
- Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, England
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Almalki AH, Alnemari RM, Abduljabbar MH, Abdelazim AH. Development of fluorescence probe for spectrofluorimetric determination of viloxazine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical form and rat plasma; additional pharmacokinetic study. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4812. [PMID: 38965972 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurological condition frequently identified in early childhood and frequently co-occurs with other neuropsychological disorders, particularly autism. Viloxazine hydrochloride, a non-stimulant medication, has recently gained approval for treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. This paper describes the first spectrofluorimetric method for precisely measuring the content of viloxazine in pharmaceutical capsules and rat plasma. This method employed NBD-Cl (4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole) as a fluorescent probe, which transformed viloxazine in an alkaline environment into a remarkably sensitive fluorescent adduct. Upon excitation at 476 nm, this adduct becomes detectable at a wavelength of 536 nm. The method was validated using ICH criteria, revealing acceptable linearity across a concentration range of 200-2000 ng/ml and high sensitivity with LOD and LOQ values of 46.774 ng/ml and 141.741 ng/ml, respectively. This method was adeptly applied in a pharmacokinetic study of viloxazine in rat plasma following a single oral dose (10 mg/kg), yielding a mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 1721 ng/ml, achieved within 1.5 h. Furthermore, the environmental impact of the technique was assessed using two greenness assessment tools, revealing a notable level of eco-friendliness and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiah H Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M Alnemari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram H Abduljabbar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Abdelazim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Lee YS, Sprong ME, Shrestha J, Smeltzer MP, Hollender H. Trajectory Analysis for Identifying Classes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children of the United States. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2024; 20:e17450179298863. [PMID: 39130191 PMCID: PMC11311732 DOI: 10.2174/0117450179298863240516070510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Background Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder that affects attention and behavior. People with ADHD frequently encounter challenges in social interactions, facing issues, like social rejection and difficulties in interpersonal relationships, due to their inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Methods A National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) database was employed to identify patterns of ADHD symptoms. The children who were born to women in the NLSY study between 1986 and 2014 were included. A total of 1,847 children in the NLSY 1979 cohort whose hyperactivity/inattention score was calculated when they were four years old were eligible for this study. A trajectory modeling method was used to evaluate the trajectory classes. Sex, baseline antisocial score, baseline anxiety score, and baseline depression score were adjusted to build the trajectory model. We used stepwise multivariate logistic regression models to select the risk factors for the identified trajectories. Results The trajectory analysis identified six classes for ADHD, including (1) no sign class, (2) few signs since preschool being persistent class, (3) few signs in preschool but no signs later class, (4) few signs in preschool that magnified in elementary school class, (5) few signs in preschool that diminished later class, and (6) many signs since preschool being persistent class. The sensitivity analysis resulted in a similar trajectory pattern, except for the few signs since preschool that magnified later class. Children's race, breastfeeding status, headstrong score, immature dependent score, peer conflict score, educational level of the mother, baseline antisocial score, baseline anxious/depressed score, and smoking status 12 months prior to the birth of the child were found to be risk factors in the ADHD trajectory classes. Conclusion The trajectory classes findings obtained in the current study can (a) assist a researcher in evaluating an intervention (or combination of interventions) that best decreases the long-term impact of ADHD symptoms and (b) allow clinicians to better assess as to which class a child with ADHD belongs so that appropriate intervention can be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Lee
- School of Integrated Sciences, Sustainability, and Public Health, College of Health, Science, and Technology, University of Illinois at Springfield, Illinois, United States
| | - Matthew Evan Sprong
- School of Public Management and Policy, College of Public Affairs and Education, University of Illinois at Springfield, llinois, United States
| | - Junu Shrestha
- School of Integrated Sciences, Sustainability, and Public Health, College of Health, Science, and Technology, University of Illinois at Springfield, Illinois, United States
| | - Matthew P. Smeltzer
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Heaven Hollender
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Zhang Z, Tan J, Luo Q. Associations between breakfast skipping and outcomes in neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive performance, and frailty: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:252. [PMID: 38566068 PMCID: PMC10988815 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have identified a correlation between breakfast skipping and a heightened risk of mental health issues. This investigation aimed to employ a Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach to explore the potential causal links between breakfast skipping and various psychiatric, neurological disorders, cognitive performance, and frailty. METHODS Utilizing data from genome-wide association studies within European demographics, this research scrutinized the association between breakfast habits and several neuropsychiatric conditions and physical health outcomes, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Bipolar Disorder (BD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Narcolepsy, Insomnia, cognitive performance, and frailty. In this MR analysis, the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method was primarily utilized for evaluation. Outcomes were reported as Odds Ratios (OR) and regression coefficients (β), and underwent validation through False Discovery Rate (FDR) corrections, thereby offering a rigorous evaluation of the effects of breakfast habits on both mental and physical health dimensions. RESULTS Findings demonstrate a significant causal link between skipping breakfast and an increased risk of ADHD (OR = 2.74, 95%CI: 1.54-4.88, PFDR = 0.003) and MDD (OR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.22-2.37, PFDR = 0.005). Conversely, no substantial causal associations were identified between breakfast skipping and AD, BD, narcolepsy, or insomnia (PFDR > 0.05). Moreover, a notable causal relationship was established between skipping breakfast and a reduction in cognitive performance (β = -0.16, 95%CI: -0.29-0.04, PFDR = 0.024) and an increase in frailty (β = 0.29, 95%CI: 0.12-0.45, PFDR = 0.003). CONCLUSION The MR analysis reveals that skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of ADHD, MDD, decreased cognitive performance, and greater frailty, while showing no associations were found with AD, BD, narcolepsy, or insomnia. These findings warrant further investigation into the underlying mechanisms and emphasize the importance of regular breakfast consumption for mental and physical well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinglan Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghua Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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García-Hermoso A, Ezzatvar Y, Izquierdo M, López-Gil JF. Can an active lifestyle reduce the risk of obesity in adulthood among adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms? An ambispective cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2024; 334:115770. [PMID: 38350293 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Various studies have associated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with obesity, but the role of physical activity in this connection is uncertain. This study examined whether adopting an active lifestyle can mitigate the link between adolescent ADHD and the risk of adult obesity. Longitudinal data from the Add Health Study (Waves I, III, and V) were used. Participants self-reported ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, combined) during Wave III and self-assessed their recent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. An "active lifestyle" required meeting activity criteria in both adolescence (Wave I) and adulthood (Wave III-V). Of 2609 participants, 1.42 % exhibited combined ADHD symptoms. A non-linear relationship was observed between inattentive/hyperactive scores and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Individuals with ≥ 6 hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms had higher BMI (1.29 kg/m²) and WC (1.27 cm) at adulthood. Logistic regressions indicate that, compared to individuals without ADHD maintaining an active lifestyle, both inactive participants with and without ADHD show an elevated risk of obesity (odds ratio [OR]=1.56 to 2.63) and abdominal obesity in adulthood (OR = 1.51 to 2.50). Mediation analysis models further confirm these findings, suggesting that physical activity may explain this association. Though exact mechanisms warrant further exploration, adopting an active lifestyle offers promise for reducing obesity risk among individuals with ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Yasmin Ezzatvar
- Department of Nursing, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Manjur SM, Diaz LRM, Lee IO, Skuse DH, Thompson DA, Marmolejos-Ramos F, Constable PA, Posada-Quintero HF. Detecting Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using Multimodal Time-Frequency Analysis with Machine Learning Using the Electroretinogram from Two Flash Strengths. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06290-w. [PMID: 38393437 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06290-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are conditions that similarly alter cognitive functioning ability and challenge the social interaction, attention, and communication skills of affected individuals. Yet these are distinct neurological conditions that can exhibit diverse characteristics which require different management strategies. It is desirable to develop tools to assist with early distinction so that appropriate early interventions and support may be tailored to an individual's specific requirements. The current diagnostic procedures for ASD and ADHD require a multidisciplinary approach and can be lengthy. This study investigated the potential of electroretinogram (ERG), an eye test measuring retinal responses to light, for rapid screening of ASD and ADHD. METHODS Previous studies identified differences in ERG amplitude between ASD and ADHD, but this study explored time-frequency analysis (TFS) to capture dynamic changes in the signal. ERG data from 286 subjects (146 control, 94 ASD, 46 ADHD) was analyzed using two TFS techniques. RESULTS Key features were selected, and machine learning models were trained to classify individuals based on their ERG response. The best model achieved 70% overall accuracy in distinguishing control, ASD, and ADHD groups. CONCLUSION The ERG to the stronger flash strength provided better separation and the high frequency dynamics (80-300 Hz) were more informative features than lower frequency components. To further improve classification a greater number of different flash strengths may be required along with a discrimination comparison to participants who meet both ASD and ADHD classifications and carry both diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irene O Lee
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences Unit, Population Policy and Practice Program, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David H Skuse
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences Unit, Population Policy and Practice Program, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dorothy A Thompson
- Tony Kriss Visual Electrophysiology Unit, Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Paul A Constable
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hugo F Posada-Quintero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 06269, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Klein SR, Blum K, Gold MS, Thanos PK. Chronic Methylphenidate Effects on Brain Gene Expression: An Exploratory Review. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:577-592. [PMID: 38379637 PMCID: PMC10876479 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s445719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MP) is a psychostimulant commonly prescribed for individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but it is also taken with and without a prescription for performance enhancement. Prior research has characterized the effects of MP on behavior, cognition, and neurochemistry. This exploratory review covers the uses of MP and examined the effects of MP on gene expression in the brain following exposure. Overall, MP causes a wide-spread potentiation of genes, in a region-specific manner; consequently, inducing neuronal alterations, such as synaptic plasticity and transmission, resulting in observed behaviors and affects. Monoamine neurotransmitters and post-synaptic density protein genes generally had a potentiating effect in gene expression after exposure to MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Rae Klein
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Center for Sports, Exercise, & Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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Pinto Silva R, Mota B, Candeias L, Viana V, Guardiano M. Irony Understanding in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparative Analysis. Cureus 2024; 16:e53892. [PMID: 38465167 PMCID: PMC10924699 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that can significantly impact a child's daily life and academic performance. Some studies have noted challenges in social cognition among children with ADHD, specifically in aspects like emotion perception and processing, empathy, Theory of Mind, and pragmatics. One of the lesser-explored aspects of ADHD is its potential impact on higher-level language skills, such as irony understanding. Our goal in this study was to compare irony comprehension in two groups: schoolchildren with normal development and schoolchildren with ADHD. METHODS We performed a comparative cross-sectional study on a total of 35 children aged between 6 and 12 years: 17 with ADHD and 18 not neurodevelopmentally impaired. Irony comprehension was evaluated using an assessment method validated for the Portuguese population: Turtle on the Island - Battery of Assessment of Executive Functions in Children (TI-BAFEC). We also applied the EACE (Emotional Awareness and Coping in Children) scale. It is the Portuguese adaptation of the Assessment of Children's Emotion Skills and assesses children's emotional knowledge. RESULTS We obtained two comparable groups concerning sociodemographic data. The analysis of the data, using the Mann-Whitney U Test, showed that in all parameters, the control group consistently exhibited superior performance compared to the ADHD group. However, only TI-BAFEC (p = 0.005) and emotional behavior (p = 0.007) showed a significant statistical variance between the two groups. CONCLUSION This article shows that children with ADHD encounter challenges in grasping irony. However, the underlying cognitive processes contributing to these difficulties warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Mota
- Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, PRT
| | - Linda Candeias
- Psychology, Prisma - Therapies and Development Center, Porto, PRT
| | - Victor Viana
- Psychology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, PRT
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12
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Terranova Ap C, Pozzebon F, Cinquetti A, Perilli M, Palumbi S, Favretto Ap D, Viel Ap G, Aprile Ap A. Driving impairment due to psychoactive substances and attention deficit disorder: A pilot study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24083. [PMID: 38293447 PMCID: PMC10825441 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Attention disorder and substance use disorder are linked to driving impairment and increased road crash involvement. This study explores attention deficits in a population of drivers found driving under the influence (DUI) of psychoactive substances. Methods A case-control study was conducted comparing subjects with a previous DUI episode (cases) to subjects who were negative for DUI offenses (controls). Personal, socio-demographic, and DUI data were collected for both groups. All subjects were administered the Continuous Performance Test-third edition (CPT-3), which measures dimensions of attention, including inattentiveness, impulsivity, sustained attention, and vigilance. Possible associations with a previous DUI episode, the use of illicit substances or excessive alcohol use, and road crash involvement were analyzed statistically. Results Overall, the study included 147 subjects (100 cases, 47 controls). The parameter distributions of detectability, probability of ADHD, and inattentiveness indicated statistical differences between the two groups. No attention deficits predicted substance use disorder or excessive alcohol consumption. Inattentiveness was an independent risk factor for previous road collision involvement. Conclusions The results suggest that alterations exist in some attention dimensions in a population of DUI subjects who were users of alcohol or other psychoactive substances and involved in road traffic crashes. The CPT-3 had successfully distinguished between the two study groups, and after validation, it could be useful in the process of reinstating a driver's license. Future research should expand the study sample to better understand the relevance of the proposed methodological approach in terms of prevention, rehabilitation, and the monitoring of subjects evaluated for driving eligibility requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Terranova Ap
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Francesco Pozzebon
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cinquetti
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Matteo Perilli
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Stefano Palumbi
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Donata Favretto Ap
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Guido Viel Ap
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Anna Aprile Ap
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
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13
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Gumma SD, Elotla SF, Ibrahim OY, Rizkalla NH. Nutrients patterns and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among Egyptian children: a sibling and community matched case-control study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:64-71. [PMID: 37752197 PMCID: PMC10774123 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis has been growing among children, with great public health concern. The relationship between nutrient intake pattern and ADHD remains unclear. AIM To identify the nutrient intake patterns and its association with ADHD in children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study involved 146 children with ADHD, 141 control sibling, and 146 community controls. ADHD diagnosis was confirmed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-V) criteria following the assessment by the long-form Conner's Scale. Dietary intakes were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Nutrients patterns were identified using the principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS ADHD children have significantly higher mean total energy intake than community controls and siblings (8867.9, 4481.9 and 7308.2 KJ, respectively, p < 0.001). Four nutrient patterns extracted by the PCA explained 75.9% of the total variance. Lower tertiles of "predominantly calcium-phosphorus; pattern 1" and "predominantly-vitamins; pattern 3" were significantly associated with increasing odds of ADHD, compared to community controls (p for trend: 0.002 and 0.005, respectively), while the same associations were noted in "predominantly-vitamins" and "predominantly Zinc-Iron; pattern 2" when compared to siblings (p for trend: <0.001 and <0.001, respectively). However, Higher tertiles of macronutrients; pattern 4" were associated with increased ADHD odds, compared to either community controls or siblings (p for trend: 0.017 and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Lower intakes of nutrients patterns of minerals and vitamins, and higher intakes of macronutrients were associated with increased likelihood of ADHD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Dahshan Gumma
- Department of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sally Fawzy Elotla
- Department of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Omneya Youssef Ibrahim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Nadia Hosny Rizkalla
- Department of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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14
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Al Ghamdi K, AlMusailhi J. Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Towards Better Diagnosis and Management. Med Arch 2024; 78:159-163. [PMID: 38566879 PMCID: PMC10983102 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2024.78.159-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHA) is one of the most common comorbid disorders of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that can accompany autism, triggered by it, or be a consequence of it. Objective This review explored the prevalence of the comorbidity of both disorders, neurobiological background, symptoms, latest assessment methods, and therapeutic approaches. Results and Discussion: It concluded that effective assessment, diagnosis and management of ADHD in ASD children and adults is essential for this group of patients to thrive and live a good quality of life. Further research is recommended to explore the most effective intervention for such important members of our society. Conclusion More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying these comorbidities, and to prevent the misdiagnosis and mismanagement of these disorders. Also, to develop up to date personalized therapeutic plans for such children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud Al Ghamdi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher AlMusailhi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Jallow J, Halt AH, Kerkelä M, Hurtig T, Miettunen J. Association of temperament and character traits with ADHD and its comorbidities. Nord J Psychiatry 2024; 78:64-70. [PMID: 37772465 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2023.2262994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that personality traits may be associated with ADHD and comorbid concerns. We investigated temperament and character traits associated with internalizing and externalizing comorbidities in adolescents with or without ADHD. METHODS The population consisted of a subsample (n = 457) of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986) that comprised 16-year-old adolescents with and without symptoms of ADHD. ADHD and psychiatric comorbidities were assessed using the Kiddie-SADS-PL and temperament and character profiles were determined with TCI-125. Outcomes were examined using Pearson's chi-square test, Analyses of Covariance and Cohen's d. RESULTS The adolescents with ADHD endorsed more novelty seeking and less persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness than those without. Comparison of the personality traits and psychiatric comorbidities with the ADHD cases showed that comorbidities did not particularly affect the temperament and character profiles, but rather ADHD accounted for the differences between the personality traits. However, the temperament and character traits predicted externalizing and internalizing psychiatric disorders in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal unique comorbidity-related temperament factors, which may have implications for adaptive and personalizing intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jandeh Jallow
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anu-Helmi Halt
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Martta Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Hurtig
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Ittiphakorn P, Erridge S, Holvey C, Coomber R, Rucker JJ, Sodergren MH. UK Medical Cannabis Registry: An analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2023; 43:596-606. [PMID: 38058251 PMCID: PMC10739081 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aims to analyze the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and safety outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients treated with cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs). METHODS Patients were identified from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. Primary outcomes were changes in the following patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months from baseline: EQ-5D-5L index value, generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire, and the single-item sleep quality score (SQS). Secondary outcomes assessed the incidence of adverse events. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.050. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients met the inclusion criteria. Significant improvements were identified in general HRQoL assessed by EQ-5D-5L index value at 1, 3, and 6 months (p < 0.050). Improvements were also identified in GAD-7 and SQS scores at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (p < 0.010). 61 (89.71%) adverse events were recorded by 11 (16.18%) participants, of which most were moderate (n = 26, 38.24%). CONCLUSION An association between CBMP treatment and improvements in anxiety, sleep quality, and general HRQoL was observed in patients with ADHD. Treatment was well tolerated at 12 months. Results must be interpreted with caution as a causative effect cannot be proven. These results, however, do provide additional support for future evaluation within randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Ittiphakorn
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Simon Erridge
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Sapphire Medical ClinicsLondonUK
| | | | - Ross Coomber
- Sapphire Medical ClinicsLondonUK
- St. George's Hospital NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - James J. Rucker
- Department of Psychological MedicineKings College LondonLondonUK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Mikael H. Sodergren
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Sapphire Medical ClinicsLondonUK
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17
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Alalalmeh SO, Hegazi OE, Shahwan M, Alshehri FS, Ashour AM, Algarni AS, Alorfi NM. Amphetamines in child medicine: a review of ClinicalTrials.gov. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1280562. [PMID: 37854716 PMCID: PMC10579567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1280562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Globally, the use of amphetamines as therapeutic agents in pediatric medicine is a crucial area of concern, especially given the population's vulnerability. Methods: On 6 August 2023, a search was conducted on ClinicalTrials.gov using "amphetamine" as the keyword. Two independent examiners screened trials against set criteria, including a focus on amphetamine, completion status, an interventional approach, and included children. Ongoing or observational studies were excluded. Data extracted from the qualified trials encompassed primary objectives, participant counts, study duration, and outcomes, with the aim of analyzing children disorders treated by amphetamine. Results: On 6 August 2023, a search of the ClinicalTrials.gov database with the term "amphetamines" identified 179 clinical trials. After extensive exclusion criteria, 19 trials were ultimately selected for analysis. The predominant condition under investigation was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), present in 84.2% of studies. Key study characteristics included: phase 4 trials (36.8%), randomized allocation (63.2%), and the parallel intervention model (42.1%). Masking techniques varied, with no masking in 42.1% of studies, and double and quadruple masking both accounting for 21.1%. Geographically, 78.9% of the studies' participants were from the United States. Conclusion: This study highlights the notable therapeutic potential of amphetamines in pediatric ADHD populations and emphasizes the importance of recognizing potential side effects and addiction risks. As pharmacogenomics offers the prospect of personalized treatments, there is potential to increase therapeutic efficacy and decrease adverse reactions. It is vital to balance these benefits against the inherent risks, understanding the need for continued research to optimize the use of amphetamines in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer O. Alalalmeh
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omar E. Hegazi
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fahad S. Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanood S. Algarni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M. Alorfi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Sadr-Salek S, Costa AP, Steffgen G. Psychological Treatments for Hyperactivity and Impulsivity in Children with ADHD: A Narrative Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1613. [PMID: 37892276 PMCID: PMC10605405 DOI: 10.3390/children10101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of the ADHD types (hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, and combined) in children has rarely been studied separately, although their prognostic courses differ widely. In addition, data show that improvements in hyperactivity/impulsivity are hard to achieve. Thus, we focused on treatments tailored to hyperactivity/impulsivity. We examined meta-analyses and systematic reviews within the inter- and intra-individual treatments and found that psychoeducation and training for parents, school-based interventions, reinforcement strategies, and neurofeedback consistently showed small to moderate effect sizes in reducing hyperactivity/impulsivity in children. Conversely, emotional self-regulation, social skills, and cognitive trainings showed unsatisfactory results. In summary, we found that the quality of usual care can be surpassed when the designated interventions are purposefully combined into a multimodal treatment program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Sadr-Salek
- Service Psychologique, Solidarité Jeunes asbl—Haus 13, 48, rue Victor Hugo, L-4140 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Andreia P. Costa
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, MSH, 11 Porte des Sciences, L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Georges Steffgen
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, MSH, 11 Porte des Sciences, L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
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19
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Yang L, Corpeleijn E, Hartman E. A prospective analysis of physical activity and mental health in children: the GECKO Drenthe cohort. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:114. [PMID: 37749578 PMCID: PMC10521540 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health problems in young people have become a global health burden. The positive effects of physical activity on mental health in adults are well known but still not clear in children. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent physical activity in early childhood would affect mental health in middle childhood. METHODS From the Dutch GECKO Drenthe birth cohort, 850 children (51.5% boys) were enrolled in this analysis. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured at age 5-6 using ActiGraph GT3X. Mental health was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age 5-6 and age 10-11. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between physical activity, sedentary time and SDQ subscales, stratified by gender, adjusting for age, BMI, maternal education level, family size, accelerometer wear time and season, and additionally adjusting for SDQ scores at age 5-6 to take tracking of mental health over time into account. RESULTS Greater physical activity volume at age 5-6 was associated with lower peer problems scores at age 10-11 in boys and girls. An increase in MVPA was associated with lower peer problems scores in boys (b = -0.445, -0.713 to -0.176) and girls (b = -0.354, -0.601 to -0.107), however, increased sedentary time was linked to higher peer problems scores in boys (b = 1.18, 0.455 to 1.906) and girls (b = 0.870, 0.191 to 1.550). For hyperactivity, higher levels of physical activity volume and MVPA were associated with higher hyperactivity scores in boys. Increased sedentary time was related to lower hyperactivity scores in boys. Further adjustment for SDQ scores at age 5-6 attenuated associations between physical activity and hyperactivity in boys but hardly changed the relationships with peer problems. No significant associations between physical activity and other SDQ subscales or total difficulties scores were observed, neither in boys nor in girls. CONCLUSIONS Children who are more physically active at age 5-6 have fewer peer problems at age 10-11, and for boys, greater activity levels at age 5-6 could be an indicator of hyperactivity at age 10-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Hartman
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ragadran J, Kamal Nor N, Ismail J, Ong JJ, Sundaraj C. Estimating the Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Parents of Children with ADHD and the Association with Their Children's Disease Severity and Adherence to Medication. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1440. [PMID: 37761401 PMCID: PMC10529668 DOI: 10.3390/children10091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Up to half of the affected children have a parent with ADHD. In this study, the risk of ADHD among parents of ADHD children was estimated. The associations between parental ADHD and child ADHD severity and medication adherence were determined. METHODOLOGY Parents of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD attending the University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) were recruited between June to August 2022 and the administered Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) self-report short form, Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale (performance section), and Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS). RESULTS Forty-five children with ADHD were recruited and 15 out of 45 (33%) parents were detected to have ADHD. ADHD severity was worse in children with ADHD parents for total severity (mean of 34.67 vs. 29.13, p = 0.047) and difficult behaviours at home (mean of 7.87 vs. 6.27, p = 0.036). The children's academic performance and behavioural challenges at home and school were positively correlated with the parental ADHD scores for 'inattention' and 'problems with self-care' subscales. CONCLUSIONS A total of 33% of ADHD children had parents with ADHD. ADHD children with ADHD parents were more likely to have behavioural problems at home and more severe ADHD. However, no statistical significance was noted with medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jananheendaran Ragadran
- Department of Paediatrics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Faculty, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Norazlin Kamal Nor
- Department of Paediatrics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Faculty, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Juriza Ismail
- Department of Paediatrics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Faculty, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jun Jean Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Charlotte Sundaraj
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Putrajaya, Putrajaya 62502, Malaysia
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Gimbach S, Vogel D, Fried R, Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Döpfner M, Ammer R. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ADHD medicine consumption in 47 countries and regions. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 73:24-35. [PMID: 37119560 PMCID: PMC10106831 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication consumption globally and nationally using pharmaceutical sales data from 2014 to 2021 across 47 countries and regions. A seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model (SARIMA) was applied to the time series until the end of 2019 at country level and used for the prediction of the ADHD medication consumption in 2020 and 2021. The deviations from the actual to the forecasted sales, which simulate the development without the emergence of COVID-19, yield estimates for the pandemic's impact. In 36 of the 47 countries and regions, the actual sales in 2020 were lower than predicted, with an average relative drop of 6.2% in defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day at country-level. In 2021, most countries recorded actually higher ADHD medication use than predicted at the end of 2019. On average, the consumption increased per country by 1.60%. The deviations strongly correlate with the stringency of anti-pandemic government policies. The findings suggest that the pandemic led to a substantially lower consumption of ADHD medication in 2020. However, in 2021 the pandemic had an accelerating effect as the increasing consumption trends are more pronounced than before the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gimbach
- Medical Department, MEDICE Arzneimittel Pütter GmbH & Co. KG, 58638 Iserlohn, Germany,; Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Vogel
- Medical Department, MEDICE Arzneimittel Pütter GmbH & Co. KG, 58638 Iserlohn, Germany
| | - Roland Fried
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Döpfner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50969 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard Ammer
- Medical Department, MEDICE Arzneimittel Pütter GmbH & Co. KG, 58638 Iserlohn, Germany,; Poliklinik und Innere Medizin, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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22
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Suri D, Zanni G, Mahadevia D, Chuhma N, Saha R, Spivack S, Pini N, Stevens GS, Ziolkowski-Blake A, Simpson EH, Balsam P, Rayport S, Ansorge MS. Dopamine transporter blockade during adolescence increases adult dopamine function, impulsivity, and aggression. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3512-3523. [PMID: 37532798 PMCID: PMC10618097 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02194-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive developmental periods shape neural circuits and enable adaptation. However, they also engender vulnerability to factors that can perturb developmental trajectories. An understanding of sensitive period phenomena and mechanisms separate from sensory system development is still lacking, yet critical to understanding disease etiology and risk. The dopamine system is pivotal in controlling and shaping adolescent behaviors, and it undergoes heightened plasticity during that time, such that interference with dopamine signaling can have long-lasting behavioral consequences. Here we sought to gain mechanistic insight into this dopamine-sensitive period and its impact on behavior. In mice, dopamine transporter (DAT) blockade from postnatal (P) day 22 to 41 increases aggression and sensitivity to amphetamine (AMPH) behavioral stimulation in adulthood. Here, we refined this sensitive window to P32-41 and identified increased firing of dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo as a neural correlate to altered adult behavior. Aggression can result from enhanced impulsivity and cognitive dysfunction, and dopamine regulates working memory and motivated behavior. Hence, we assessed these behavioral domains and found that P32-41 DAT blockade increases impulsivity but has no effect on cognition, working memory, or motivation in adulthood. Lastly, using optogenetics to drive dopamine neurons, we find that increased VTA but not SNc dopaminergic activity mimics the increase in impulsive behavior in the Go/NoGo task observed after adolescent DAT blockade. Together our data provide insight into the developmental origins of aggression and impulsivity that may ultimately improve diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies for related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Suri
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Giulia Zanni
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Darshini Mahadevia
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nao Chuhma
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Rinki Saha
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stephen Spivack
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nicolò Pini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gregory S Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Annette Ziolkowski-Blake
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Eleanor H Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Peter Balsam
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stephen Rayport
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mark S Ansorge
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Morales‐Muñoz I, Upthegrove R, Lawrence K, Thayakaran R, Kooij S, Gregory AM, Marwaha S. The role of inflammation in the prospective associations between early childhood sleep problems and ADHD at 10 years: findings from a UK birth cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:930-940. [PMID: 36597271 PMCID: PMC10952536 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several underlying mechanisms potentially account for the link between sleep and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including inflammation. However, studies so far have been cross sectional. We investigate (a) the association between early childhood sleep and probable ADHD diagnosis in childhood and (b) whether childhood circulating inflammatory markers mediate these prospective associations. METHODS Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were available for 7,658 10-year-old children. Parent-reported sleep duration, night awakening frequency and regular sleep routines were collected at 3.5 years. The Development and Wellbeing Assessment was administered to capture children with clinically relevant ADHD symptoms, or probable ADHD diagnosis. Blood samples were collected at 9 years, from which two inflammatory markers were obtained [interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP)]. Logistic regression analyses were applied to investigate the associations between sleep variables at 3.5 years and probable ADHD diagnosis at 10 years. Further, path analysis was applied to examine the potential mediating role of inflammation at 9 years (as measured by CRP and IL-6) in the associations between early sleep and ADHD at 10 years. RESULTS Less regular sleep routines (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.28-0.93, p = .029), shorter nighttime sleep (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.56-0.89, p = .004) and higher night awakening frequency (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.06-1.52, p = .009) at 3.5 years were associated with higher odds of ADHD at 10 years. Further, IL-6 at 9 years, but not CRP, mediated the association between irregular sleep routines and ADHD (bias-corrected estimate, -0.002; p = .005) and between night awakening and ADHD (bias-corrected estimate, 0.002; p = .003). CONCLUSIONS Several sleep problems in early childhood constitute a risk factor for probable ADHD diagnosis at 10 years. Further, these associations are partially mediated by IL-6 at 9 years. These results open a new research vista to the pathophysiology of ADHD and highlight sleep and inflammation as potential preventative targets for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental HealthUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Kate Lawrence
- Department of PsychologySt Mary's University Twickenham LondonLondonUK
| | - Rasiah Thayakaran
- Institute of Applied Health ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sandra Kooij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHDThe HagueThe Netherlands
| | - Alice M Gregory
- Department of Psychology, GoldsmithsUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Steven Marwaha
- Institute for Mental HealthUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Specialist Mood Disorders ClinicZinnia CentreBirminghamUK
- The Barberry National Centre for Mental HealthBirminghamUK
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Neuchat EE, Bocklud BE, Kingsley K, Barham WT, Luther PM, Ahmadzadeh S, Shekoohi S, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. The Role of Alpha-2 Agonists for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Review. Neurol Int 2023; 15:697-707. [PMID: 37218982 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), which is marked by symptoms such as inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that can affect academic, social, and personal functioning in children and adolescents. This review summarizes clinical trials demonstrating the effectiveness of Alpha-2 agonists in reducing symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with ADHD. Studies were identified through a systematic search of PubMed and Cochrane databases. However, these medications' long-term safety and efficacy remain uncertain, with a lack of data on their effects on growth, cardiovascular function, and other adverse events. Further studies are required to determine these medications' optimal dose and treatment duration. METHODS Medications that target the noradrenergic system, such as Alpha-2 agonists, have been increasingly used as a treatment option for ADHD, with guanfacine and clonidine being two of the most commonly used medications. They function by selectively targeting Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brain leading to improved attention and reduced hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms in children with ADHD. RESULTS Clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of Alpha-2 agonists in treating ADHD in children by reducing symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. However, these medications' long-term safety and efficacy still need to be completely understood. Due to a lack of information on the effects of Alpha-2 agonists on growth, cardiovascular function, and other long-term adverse events, more studies must investigate the optimal dose and treatment duration for these medications. CONCLUSIONS Despite these concerns, Alpha-2 agonists remain a valuable treatment option for ADHD in children, especially those unable to tolerate stimulant medications or who have coexisting conditions such as tic disorders. Future research should continue to explore the safety and efficacy of Alpha-2 agonists in the long term. In conclusion, Alpha-2 agonists show promise as a treatment for ADHD in children; however, the safety and efficacy of these drugs in the long term are not yet completely understood. Additional studies are required to investigate the optimal dose and treatment duration for these medications in their use as a treatment for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa E Neuchat
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Brooke E Bocklud
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Kali Kingsley
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - William T Barham
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Patrick M Luther
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Shahab Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Sahar Shekoohi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
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Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Mondal S, Jana S. The role of biofield energy treatment on psychological symptoms, mental health disorders, and stress-related quality of life in adult subjects: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Gen Fam Med 2023; 24:154-163. [PMID: 37261039 PMCID: PMC10227731 DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western and Eastern cultures have practiced biofield energy therapy for thousands of years, but empirical research on effectiveness of this therapy is relatively nascent. Study was aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of biofield therapy on psychological symptoms and mental health disorders in adult subjects. METHODS Seventy-seven participants (39 male and 38 female) underwent clinical trial. This trial was simple randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, open-label, and single-center with subjects, who have one or more psychological symptoms. Two sessions of biofield energy attunement were given in-person at day 0 and 90 for 3 min (treatment group, n = 35) and others allocated to naive attunement (placebo group, n = 42). Subjects were assessed psychological questionnaire scoring using standard scale of assessment and levels of physiological biomarkers in serum were determined by parameter-specific ELISA. RESULTS Perceived psychological symptoms/scores (asthenia, sleep disturbances, anxiety, depression, stress, confusion, future fearness, sexual desireness, motivation, confidence, emotional trauma, etc.) were significantly (p ≤ 0.0001) improved in the treatment group than placebo control group. Furthermore, physiological biomarkers: vitamins (B12, C, and D3 metabolites), immune biomarker (CD8+CD28-), neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and dopamine), hormones (oxytocin, 17-β-estradiol, and insulin), and antiaging protein (klotho) levels were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) increased in treatment group than placebo. Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and oxidative stress biomarkers (isoprostane and oxidized LDL) were reduced in treatment group compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that experimenter's biofield energy plays a significant role in information transfer processes that contribute to individual's state of physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being as well as improved overall health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sambhu Mondal
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.ThaneIndia
| | - Snehasis Jana
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.ThaneIndia
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Rodrigo-Yanguas M, Martín-Moratinos M, González-Tardón C, Sanchez-Sanchez F, Royuela A, Bella-Fernández M, Blasco-Fontecilla H. Effectiveness of a Personalized, Chess-Based Training Serious Video Game in the Treatment of Adolescents and Young Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Serious Games 2023; 11:e39874. [PMID: 37093628 PMCID: PMC10167585 DOI: 10.2196/39874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with traditional approaches, gaming strategies are promising interventions for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We developed a serious game, The Secret Trail of Moon (TSTM), for ADHD treatment. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this clinical trial was to demonstrate the effectiveness of an add-on, either TSTM or Therapeutic Chess (TC), in previously optimally drug-titrated, clinically stable patients with ADHD. METHODS This study is a prospective, unicentric, randomized clinical trial in clinically stable patients with ADHD, aged 12 to 22 years. The TSTM (n=35) and TC groups (n=34) performed 12 weekly sessions of their respective treatments. The control group (CG) patients (n=35) were called by phone every week, but they received no cognitive intervention. The primary end point was the change from baseline to end point in the parent "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2" (BRIEF-2; patients' parents) in the per-protocol population (31 serious videogame: 24 TC and 34 CG). RESULTS Our study failed to probe clear-cut improvements in the global score of the BRIEF-2. However, the TC group showed improvements in measures of emotional control, emotional regulation, and inattention. The TSTM group showed improvements in measures of emotional regulation, inattention, and school context. CONCLUSIONS TSTM and TC did not improve executive function symptoms, but they improved ADHD symptomatology related to emotional regulation. Further studies with bigger samples are required to confirm these preliminary findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04355065; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04355065.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodrigo-Yanguas
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Moratinos
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Royuela
- Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Bella-Fernández
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
- Ita Mental Health, Madrid, Spain
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Muhammad N, Murugesan BG, Singal P, Antai A, Jain L. Diagnostic Dilemma of Differentiating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) From Mood Disorders and Other Common Psychiatric Illnesses in Substance Use Patient Population. Cureus 2023; 15:e37372. [PMID: 37041853 PMCID: PMC10084797 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To raise awareness of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as an underdiagnosed, undertreated disorder in adult patients with comorbid substance use disorder (SUD) who are misdiagnosed with other common psychiatric illnesses and to reduce fear and hesitancy in prescribing stimulants as treatment in such a patient population. ADHD diagnosis is easier in the child and adolescent population than the adults due to comorbidities of other psychiatric illnesses and SUD. However, diagnosing ADHD appropriately in an increasing number of adult patients presents challenges. Even if they get diagnosed appropriately, the stigma of substance use disorder holds the providers prescribing stimulant medications for such patient populations due to the high comorbidity of ADHD with SUD. Accurate diagnosis of ADHD in adults is a worthwhile endeavor as this diagnosis is comorbidly present in many mood and substance use disorders patients. Treating ADHD in this population can improve clinical symptoms and overall quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar Muhammad
- Psychiatry, Cornerstone Family Healthcare, New York, USA
| | - Bhavani G Murugesan
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Prakamya Singal
- Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Angelica Antai
- Radiology, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, NGA
| | - Lakshit Jain
- Psychiatry, University of Connecticut, Hartford, USA
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28
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Shared genetic architecture between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and lifespan. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:981-990. [PMID: 36906694 PMCID: PMC10209393 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence linking ADHD to a reduced life expectancy. The mortality rate in individuals with ADHD is twice that of the general population and it is associated with several factors, such as unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, social adversity, and mental health problems that may in turn increase mortality rates. Since ADHD and lifespan are heritable, we used data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of ADHD and parental lifespan, as proxy of individual lifespan, to estimate their genetic correlation, identify genetic loci jointly associated with both phenotypes and assess causality. We confirmed a negative genetic correlation between ADHD and parental lifespan (rg = -0.36, P = 1.41e-16). Nineteen independent loci were jointly associated with both ADHD and parental lifespan, with most of the alleles that increased the risk for ADHD being associated with shorter lifespan. Fifteen loci were novel for ADHD and two were already present in the original GWAS on parental lifespan. Mendelian randomization analyses pointed towards a negative causal effect of ADHD liability on lifespan (P = 1.54e-06; Beta = -0.07), although these results were not confirmed by all sensitivity analyses performed, and further evidence is required. The present study provides the first evidence of a common genetic background between ADHD and lifespan, which may play a role in the reported effect of ADHD on premature mortality risk. These results are consistent with previous epidemiological data describing reduced lifespan in mental disorders and support that ADHD is an important health condition that could negatively affect future life outcomes.
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Allen S, Bradley SK, Savage E. Experience and impact of the 1-2-3 magic parent programme for children with ADHD on the family unit from the mothers' perspectives: A narrative analysis. J Child Health Care 2023; 27:5-17. [PMID: 34404274 DOI: 10.1177/13674935211039933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parent programmes are often used in the clinical management of children with ADHD. Research into parent programmes has predominantly been concerned with their effectiveness and much less attention has been paid to the impact that they may be having on the family and the inter-relationships between family members. This study explores the perspectives and experiences of parents of children with ADHD, who participated in a parent programme, including its impact on the family unit. A purposive sample of six mothers of children with ADHD who completed a 1-2-3 Magic parent programme in Ireland was invited to take part in this qualitative study. Data were collected by means of individual in-depth, semi-structured interviews and a narrative inquiry approach further informed analysis of the interview data. Two major narrative constructions of experience: 'parent programme as positive' and 'parent programme as negative' were identified. Outcomes from this study illustrated some unintended consequences caused by the parent programme (i.e. sibling rivalry and conflict arising between family members). Mothers believed that the parent programme was a beneficial intervention, but it was not without its flaws and they felt it was helpful for their family when used in conjunction with other supports and mediations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Allen
- Nursing and Midwifery Department, 8795University College Cork, College of Medicine and Health, Brookfield Health Sciences Complex, Ireland.,School of Nursing and Midwifery Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen K Bradley
- Jigginstown Manor, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,Faculty of Lifelong Learning, Institute of Technology, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Eileen Savage
- Nursing and Midwifery Department, 8795University College Cork, College of Medicine and Health, Brookfield Health Sciences Complex, Ireland
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30
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Custódio L, Vizetto‐Duarte C, Cebeci F, Özçelik B, Sharopov F, Gürer ES, Kumar M, Iriti M, Sharifi‐Rad J, Calina D. Natural products of relevance in the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. EFOOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/efd2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology University of Algarve Faro Portugal
| | - Catarina Vizetto‐Duarte
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Fatma Cebeci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Bayburt University Bayburt Turkey
| | - Beraat Özçelik
- Department Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
- BIOACTIVE Research & Innovation Food Manufacturing Industry Trade LTD Co., Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Avicenna Tajik State Medical University Dushanbe Tajikistan
| | - Eda Sönmez Gürer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Sivas Cumhuriyet University Sivas Turkey
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology Mumbai India
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova Craiova Romania
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31
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Lim CG, Soh CP, Lim SSY, Fung DSS, Guan C, Lee TS. Home-based brain-computer interface attention training program for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a feasibility trial. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:15. [PMID: 36698168 PMCID: PMC9878772 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent child neurodevelopmental disorder that is treated in clinics and in schools. Previous trials suggested that our brain-computer interface (BCI)-based attention training program could improve ADHD symptoms. We have since developed a tablet version of the training program which can be paired with wireless EEG headsets. In this trial, we investigated the feasibility of delivering this tablet-based BCI intervention at home. METHODS Twenty children diagnosed with ADHD, who did not receive any medication for the preceding month, were randomised to receive the 8-week tablet-based BCI intervention either in the clinic or at home. Those in the home intervention group received instructions before commencing the program and got reminders if they were lagging on the training sessions. The ADHD Rating Scale was completed by a blinded clinician at baseline and at week 8. Adverse events were monitored during any contact with the child throughout the trial and at week 8. RESULTS Children in both groups could complete the tablet-based intervention easily on their own with minimal support from the clinic therapist or their parents (at home). The intervention was safe with few reported adverse effects. Clinician-rated inattentive symptoms on the ADHD-Rating Scale reduced by 3.2 (SD 6.20) and 3.9 (SD 5.08) for the home-based and clinic-based groups respectively, suggesting that home-based intervention was comparable to clinic-based intervention. CONCLUSIONS This trial demonstrated that the tablet version of our BCI-based attention training program can be safely delivered to children in the comfort of their own home. Trial registration This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01344044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Guan Lim
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, 10, Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
| | - Chui Pin Soh
- grid.414752.10000 0004 0469 9592Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, 10, Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747 Singapore
| | - Shernice Shi Yun Lim
- grid.414752.10000 0004 0469 9592Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, 10, Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747 Singapore
| | - Daniel Shuen Sheng Fung
- grid.414752.10000 0004 0469 9592Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, 10, Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747 Singapore
| | - Cuntai Guan
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tih-Shih Lee
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Rajah N, Mattock R, Martin A. How do childhood ADHD symptoms affect labour market outcomes? ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2023; 48:101189. [PMID: 36563579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity are the main symptoms of ADHD, which affects up to one in ten European and North American children. Existing research shows these symptoms are associated with school exclusion and poor academic performance during childhood and adolescence. Using the British Cohort Study (n = 17,196 people born in April 1970), this is the first study of relationships between ADHD symptoms measured during childhood (age 10) and labour market outcomes measured beyond early adulthood (ages 26-46); and the first to explore the role of childhood circumstances (at birth) and academic performance (ages 10 and 26) in explaining those relationships. A one standard deviation increase in childhood symptoms reduced employment by up to two percentage points and pay by up to four percentage points. Differences in academic performance at age 10 accounted for almost half the observed variation in employment outcomes, indicating a possible role for educational interventions in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Rajah
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, University College London, UK; Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Richard Mattock
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Adam Martin
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, UK.
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Almeida AS, Nunes F, Marques DM, Machado ACL, Oliveira CB, Porciuncula LO. Sex differences in maternal odor preferences and brain levels of GAP-43 and sonic hedgehog proteins in infant SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 436:114102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Johnson D, Clark C, Hagerman R. Targeted Treatments for Fragile X Syndrome. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:225-253. [PMID: 36928853 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The histories of targeted treatment trials in fragile X syndrome (FXS) are reviewed in animal studies and human trials. Advances in understanding the neurobiology of FXS have identified a number of pathways that are dysregulated in the absence of FMRP and are therefore pathways that can be targeted with new medication. The utilization of quantitative outcome measures to assess efficacy in multiple studies has improved the quality of more recent trials. Current treatment trials including the use of cannabidiol (CBD) topically and metformin orally have positive preliminary data, and both of these medications are available clinically. The use of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE4D), BPN1440, which raised the level of cAMP that is low in FXS has very promising results for improving cognition in adult males who underwent a controlled trial. There are many more targeted treatments that will undergo trials in FXS, so the future looks bright for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Johnson
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Courtney Clark
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Fan HC, Chen CM, Tsai JD, Chiang KL, Tsai SCS, Huang CY, Lin CL, Hsu CY, Chang KH. Association between Exposure to Particulate Matter Air Pollution during Early Childhood and Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316138. [PMID: 36498210 PMCID: PMC9740780 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Recently, a growing number of studies have provided evidence to suggest a strong correlation between air pollution exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we assessed the relationship between early-life exposure to particulate matter (PM)10, PM2.5, and ADHD; (2) Methods: The National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) contains the medical records, drug information, inspection data, etc., of the people of Taiwan, and, thus, could serve as an important research resource. Air pollution data were based on daily data from the Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan). These included particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). The two databases were merged according to the living area of the insured and the location of the air quality monitoring station; (3) Results: The highest levels of air pollutants, including PM2.5 (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.58-2.02) and PM10 (aHR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.37-1.70), had a significantly higher risk of ADHD; (4) Conclusions: As such, measures for air quality control that meet the WHO air quality guidelines should be strictly and uniformly implemented by Taiwanese government authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Dau Tsai
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Liang Chiang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung 433, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Stella Chin-Shaw Tsai
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Huang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chung Y. Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hsi Chang
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- General Education Center, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan
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Hai T, Swansburg R, Kahl CK, Frank H, Stone K, Lemay JF, MacMaster FP. Right Superior Frontal Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Pediatric ADHD. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1895-1906. [PMID: 35815438 PMCID: PMC9605998 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the right Superior Frontal Gyrus (right-SFG) and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) in children with ADHD and their clinical relevance with Executive Function (EF) and ADHD symptom severity. METHODS About 26 children with ADHD and 24 typically developing children (TDC; 7‒16 years) underwent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and completed an EF assessment battery. RESULTS Significantly thinner right-SFG in the ADHD group was found compared to the TDC group (t (48) = 2.81, p = .007, Cohen's d = 0.84). Linear regression models showed that 12.5% of inattention, 13.6% of hyperactivity, and 9.0% of EF variance was accounted for by the right-SFG thickness. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the right-SFG thickness were found in our ADHD group and were associated with parent ratings of inattentive and hyperactive symptoms as well with EF ratings. These results replicate previous findings of thinner right-SFG and are consistent with the delayed cortical maturation theory of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasmia Hai
- University of Calgary, AB, Canada,University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank P. MacMaster
- University of Calgary, AB, Canada,Addictions and Mental Health Strategic Clinical Network, Calgary, AB, Canada,Frank P. MacMaster, Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children’s Hospital, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada.
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Alkalay S, Dan O. Effect of short-term methylphenidate on social impairment in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2022; 16:93. [PMID: 36443766 PMCID: PMC9706974 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common disorders in school-age children. In addition to learning difficulties associated with the disorder's core symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity, children with ADHD display substantial social impairments. Methylphenidate (MPH) in formulations such as Ritalin or Concerta mitigates inattention and hyperactivity, but the effects of the therapy on social behavior in children with ADHD are not clear. This review aims to determine the effectiveness of short term (up to 6 months) MPH treatment on three domains of social skills in children aged 6-14 with ADHD: (i) Recognition of nonverbal emotional expressions, which are a marker of inherent (unlearned) social understanding, (ii) theory of mind (ToM) components that relate to learned cognition and social communication, and (iii) social competence in everyday environments. 15 relevant studies were identified based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The results show mixed effects: the overall social performance as evaluated by parents, teachers or peers, and some components of ToM, were found to improve following a weeks-long course of MPH treatment. However, the effects of the medication are less clear when evaluating momentary/nonverbal social responses such as reactions to emotional facial expressions. While the findings of this review indicate that an MPH medication regime of order weeks to months could improve, to a degree, social impairment in children with ADHD, more studies are required to identify the medications' mechanism and confirm such a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Alkalay
- Department of Psychology, The Center for Psychobiological Research, Max Stern Jezreel Valley Academic College, P.O.B. 72, 10806, Sede Nahum, Israel.
| | - Orrie Dan
- Department of Psychology, The Center for Psychobiological Research, Max Stern Jezreel Valley Academic College, P.O.B. 72, 10806 Sede Nahum, Israel
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Nazarova VA, Sokolov AV, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1066988. [PMID: 36467081 PMCID: PMC9713849 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders having a high influence on social interactions. The number of approved treatments and clinical trials for ADHD have increased markedly during the recent decade. This analytical review provides a quantitative overview of the existing pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of ADHD treatments investigated in clinical trials during 1999-2021. A total of 695 interventional trials were manually assessed from clinicaltrial.gov with the search term « ADHD», and trial data has been used for analysis. A clear majority of the studies investigated non-pharmacological therapies (∼80%), including many behavioral options, such as social skills training, sleep and physical activity interventions, meditation and hypnotherapy. Devices, complementary and other alternative methods of ADHD treatment are also gaining attention. The pharmacological group accounts for ∼20% of all the studies. The most common drug classes include central nervous system stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate hydrochloride, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, amphetamine sulfate, mixed amphetamine salts, a combination of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride and serdexmethylphenidate chloride), selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine, viloxazine), and alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists (guanfacine hydrochloride, clonidine hydrochloride). Several studies investigated antidepressants (e.g., bupropion hydrochloride, vortioxetine), and atypical antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine, aripiprazole) but these are yet not approved by the FDA for ADHD treatment. We discuss the quantitative trends in clinical trials and provide an overview of the new drug agents and non-pharmacological therapies, drug targets, and novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Nazarova
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandr V. Sokolov
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Chondral/Desmal Osteogenesis in 3D Spheroids Sensitized by Psychostimulants. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206218. [PMID: 36294540 PMCID: PMC9605537 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 6.4 million children in the United States of America. Children and adolescents, the main consumers of ADHD medication, are in the bone growth phase, which extends over a period of up to two decades. Thus, impaired proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts can result in impaired bone formation. The aim of this study is to investigate, for the first time, the effects of the ADHD-medication modafinil, atomoxetine and guanfacine on bone growth and repair in vitro. Using two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell models, we investigated the chondrogenic/osteogenic differentiation, proliferation and viability of human mesenchymal progenitor cells. Real-time cell proliferation was measured by xCELLigence. Live/dead staining and size measurement of hMSC- and MG63 monolayer and spheroids were performed after administration of therapeutic plasma concentrations of modafinil, atomoxetine and guanfacine. Chondrogenic differentiation was quantified by RTqPCR. The chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by histological cryo-sections. Modafinil, atomoxetine and guanfacine reduced chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation terms of transcript expression and at the histological level. Cell viability of the MG63- and hMSC monolayer was not impeded by ADHD-medication. Our in vitro results indicate that modafinil, atomoxetine and guanfacine may impair chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation in a 3D model reflecting the in vivo physiologic condition.
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Dopamine Receptor Expression and the Pathogenesis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Scoping Review of the Literature. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-022-00253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Asgharian P, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sabernavaei M, Hosseini K, Forouhandeh H, Ebrahimi T, Sharafi-Badr P, Tarhriz V, Soofiyani SR, Helon P, Rajkovic J, Durna Daştan S, Docea AO, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D, Koch W, Cho WC. Pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential of natural compounds in neuropsychiatric disorders: An update. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:926607. [PMID: 36188551 PMCID: PMC9521271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.926607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases are a group of disorders that cause significant morbidity and disability. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Various medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutics in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Nowadays, using medicinal plants as an alternative medication has been considered due to their biological safety. Despite the wide range of medications, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects and eventually lose their response. By considering the therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants in the case of side effects, patients may prefer to use them instead of chemical drugs. Today, the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is diverse and increasing, and these plants are a precious heritage for humanity. Investigation about traditional medicine continues, and several studies have indicated the basic pharmacology and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine. In this article, we discuss five of the most important and common psychiatric illnesses investigated in various studies along with conventional therapies and their pharmacological therapies. For this comprehensive review, data were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, DynaMed Plus, ScienceDirect, and TRIP database. Preclinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed biocompounds are presented in detail. The bioactive compounds analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although comparative studies have been carefully reviewed in the preclinical pharmacology field, no clinical studies have been found to confirm the efficacy of herbal medicines compared to FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, future clinical studies are needed to accelerate the potential use of natural compounds in the management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parina Asgharian
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santo Tomas, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mahsa Sabernavaei
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Haleh Forouhandeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ebrahimi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paria Sharafi-Badr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Paweł Helon
- Branch in Sandomierz, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Sandomierz, Poland
| | - Jovana Rajkovic
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Vahideh Tarhriz, ; Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, ; Jovana Rajkovic, ; Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Daniela Calina, ; Wojciech Koch, ; William C. Cho,
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Ganjeh P, Hagmayer Y, Meyer T, Kuhnert R, Ravens-Sieberer U, von Steinbuechel N, Rothenberger A, Becker A. Physical activity and the development of general mental health problems or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children and adolescents: A cross-lagged panel analysis of long-term follow-up epidemiological data. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:933139. [PMID: 36177095 PMCID: PMC9513200 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.933139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that physical activity (PA) can provide a helpful, low-risk, and cost-effective intervention for children and adolescents suffering from mental health problems. This longitudinal study aimed to assess whether PA prevents the development of mental health problems, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Data were analyzed from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) collected from more than 15.000 children and adolescents at three different time points over a period of more than 10 years. Parents scored the PA of the study participants on three frequency levels according to WHO recommendations, and mental health problems were assessed by means of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The total problem score (SDQ-Total) and the hyperactivity/inattention symptoms sub-scale (SDQ-H/I) were used in an autoregressive cross-lagged model to examine their relationship with PA. The results showed that PA of boys and girls at preschool age was inversely associated with the occurrence of mental health problems and, in particular, ADHD symptoms about 6 years later. Higher levels of PA were associated with better general mental health and fewer ADHD symptoms at the next time point (Wave 1). These effects were not observed from preadolescence (Wave 1) to adolescence (Wave 2), neither for girls nor for boys. These findings indicate that medium-to-high PA may be a supportive factor for good mental health in children in preschool and elementary school. Future studies will have to show whether PA may be a helpful add-on for interventional programs for improving general mental health and alleviating ADHD symptoms among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ganjeh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Parisa Ganjeh
| | - York Hagmayer
- Department of Cognitive Science and Decision Psychology, Georg-Elias-Müller-Institute for Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ronny Kuhnert
- Unit Mental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole von Steinbuechel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Long Y, Pan N, Ji S, Qin K, Chen Y, Zhang X, He M, Suo X, Yu Y, Wang S, Gong Q. Distinct brain structural abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders: A comparative meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:368. [PMID: 36068207 PMCID: PMC9448791 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As two common mental disorders during the period of adolescence that extend to early adulthood, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) have considerable diagnostic co-occurrence and shared neuropsychological impairments. Our study aimed to identify overlapping and distinct brain structural abnormalities associated with ADHD and SUDs among adolescents and young adults. A systematic literature search on voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies of ADHD and SUDs was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science. Data were extracted and analyzed to identify brain abnormalities using Seed-based d-Mapping software. Data-driven functional decoding was conducted to identify the psychophysiological functioning associated with brain alterations. 13 and 14 VBM studies for ADHD (619 patients and 483 controls) and SUDs (516 patients and 413 controls), respectively, were included. Patterns of decreased gray matter volume (GMV) were found in the left precentral gyrus, bilateral superior frontal gyri, and left inferior frontal gyrus in the ADHD group compared to the control group. In contrast, individuals with SUDs, relative to controls, were characterized by increased GMV in the left putamen and insula. Comparative analysis indicated larger regional GMV in the right inferior parietal lobule and smaller volumes in the left putamen and left precentral gyrus in the ADHD group than in the SUDs group. Dissociable brain structural abnormalities in adolescents and young adults with ADHD and SUDs potentially implicate different pathogeneses and provide a reference for differential diagnosis and early detection for shared symptomology and comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Long
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nanfang Pan
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyu Ji
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kun Qin
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.24827.3b0000 0001 2179 9593Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Ying Chen
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min He
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueling Suo
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China. .,Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen, China.
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Southon C. The relationship between executive function, neurodevelopmental disorder traits, and academic achievement in university students. Front Psychol 2022; 13:958013. [PMID: 36118426 PMCID: PMC9478894 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulties with executive function have often been identified in individuals with various neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD). Additionally, in childhood and adolescence, executive functioning is an important predictor of academic achievement. However, less research has explored these relationships in adult students, and those with a high level of neurodevelopmental disorder traits but no clinical diagnosis. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess whether ASD, ADHD, and DCD traits can predict academic achievement in university students, and whether traits of these neurodevelopmental conditions moderate the relationship between executive function and academic achievement. Both neurotypical students and those with a clinical diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder were able to participate, with the majority being neurotypical. Participants completed four self-report questionnaires and provided a measure of academic achievement based on their university assignment results. Traits of ASD, ADHD, and DCD alone did not predict achievement, however, traits of ADHD and DCD significantly moderated the relationship between executive function and academic achievement. ASD traits did not significantly moderate this relationship. Implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
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Quintero J, Gutiérrez-Casares JR, Álamo C. Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:1489-1517. [PMID: 35951288 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by persistent inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Moreover, ADHD is commonly associated with other comorbid diseases (depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, etc.). The ADHD symptomatology interferes with subject function and development. The treatment of ADHD requires a multidisciplinary approach based on a combination of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments with the aim of ameliorating the symptomatology; among first-line pharmacological treatments are stimulants [such as methylphenidate (MPH) and lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX)]. In this review we explored recent ADHD- and stimulants-related literature, with the aim of compiling available descriptions of molecular pathways altered in ADHD, and molecular mechanisms of current first-line stimulants MPH and LDX. While conducting the narrative review, we applied structured search strategies covering PubMed/MEDLINE database and performed handsearching of reference lists on the results of those searches. The aetiology and pathophysiology of ADHD are incompletely understood; both genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the disorder and its grade of burden, and also the relationship between the molecular mechanisms of pharmacological treatments and their clinical implications. The lack of comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular pathology makes both the diagnosis and treatment difficult. Few published studies evaluating molecular data on the mechanism of action (MoA) of MPH and LDX on ADHD are available and most of them are based on animal models. Further studies are necessary to improve the knowledge of ADHD pathophysiology and how the MoAs of MPH and LDX differentially modulate ADHD pathophysiology and control ADHD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Quintero
- Servicio de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Gutiérrez-Casares
- Unidad Ambulatoria de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental de la Infancia, Niñez y Adolescencia, Hospital Perpetuo Socorro, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Cecilio Álamo
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Supporting GPs in the Management of Children and Young People with ADHD Through Project ECHO ®: Results from a Self-Efficacy Survey. Int J Integr Care 2022; 22:1. [PMID: 35891627 PMCID: PMC9284998 DOI: 10.5334/ijic.6531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) accounts for a high proportion of paediatric outpatient visits in Australia. Shared care by general practitioners (GPs) would deliver more timely care, closer to home, however GPs indicated the need for interprofessional training support. This study describes the use of Project ECHO®, a guided practice model, to support GPs with ADHD management, by connecting them virtually with an interprofessional team of paediatric specialists using a structured methodology. Methods: A retrospective pre/post-knowledge and self-efficacy survey across twenty-seven aspects of ADHD management was administered, using a seven-point Likert scale. Results: Significant improvement (p < 0.001) in provider self-efficacy was demonstrated across all tested domains. Discussion: Use of the ECHO model™ by an interprofessional team of paediatric specialists achieved an increase in GP knowledge and self-efficacy in the local management of children and young people with complex healthcare needs. Learnings indicate viability to expand the application of the ECHO model™ to address fragmentation for other priority populations across the Australian healthcare and human service sector landscape. Conclusion: Use of the ECHO model™ to support and train GPs was successful. Integration of care was achieved through strengthened partnerships between content and context experts, and the ECHO model™’s case-based learning methodology.
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Qian Y, Markowitz JS. Prediction of Carboxylesterase 1-mediated In Vivo Drug Interaction between Methylphenidate and Cannabinoids using Static and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:968-979. [PMID: 35512806 PMCID: PMC11022897 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cannabis products has increased substantially. Cannabis products have been perceived and investigated as potential treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Accordingly, co-administration of cannabis products and methylphenidate (MPH), a first-line medication for ADHD, is possible. Oral MPH undergoes extensive presystemic metabolism by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a hepatic enzyme which can be inhibited by two prominent cannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). This prompts further investigation into the likelihood of clinical interactions between MPH and these two cannabinoids through CES1 inhibition. In the present study, inhibition parameters were obtained from a human liver S9 system and then incorporated into static and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for prediction of potential clinical significance. The inhibition of MPH hydrolysis by THC and CBD was reversible, with estimated unbound inhibition constants (Ki,u) of 0.031 and 0.091 µM, respectively. The static model predicted a mild increase in MPH exposure by concurrent THC (34%) and CBD (94%) from smoking a cannabis cigarette and ingestion of prescriptive CBD, respectively. PBPK models suggested no significant interactions between single doses of MPH and CBD (2.5 - 10 mg/kg) when administered simultaneously, while a mild interaction (area under drug concentration-time curve increased by up to 55% and maximum concentration by up to 45%) is likely if multiple doses of CBD (10 mg/kg twice daily) are administered. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic disposition of MPH can be potentially influenced by THC and CBD under certain clinical scenarios. Whether the magnitude of predicted interactions translates into clinically relevant outcomes requires verification in an appropriately designed clinical study. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrated a potential mechanism of drug-drug interactions between methylphenidate (MPH) and two major cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] and cannabidiol [CBD]) not previously reported. We predicted a mild interaction between MPH and THC when the cannabinoid exposure occurred via cannabis smoking. Mild interactions between MPH and CBD were predicted with multiple oral administrations of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Qian
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John S Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Wang Y, Xu X, Chen H, Zhu M, Guo X, Gao F. Micro-RNAs from Plasma-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Biomarkers for Tic Disorders Diagnosis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070829. [PMID: 35884636 PMCID: PMC9312839 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tic disorders (TDs) are a series of childhood neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by involuntary motor and/or vocal tics and commonly comorbid with several other psychopathological and/or behavioral disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder), which indeed aggravate clinical symptoms and complicate diagnosis and treatment. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) derived from small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been recognized as novel circulating biomarkers of disease. To identify specific miRNAs derived from plasma sEVs for TDs’ diagnosis and prognosis, we used official EV isolation and purification methods to characterize the plasma-derived EV miRNAs from children with different types of TDs. Nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and immunoblot analysis of EV surface markers were applied to confirm the features and quality of sEVs. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approach was adapted to identify novel circulating sEVs-derived miRNAs with altered expression levels in paired comparisons of TDs versus healthy controls (HCs), transient tic disorder (TTD) versus chronic motor or vocal tic disorder (CTD), and TTD versus Tourette Syndrome (TS). GO term and KEGG pathway were performed for functional analysis and the receiver operator curve analysis was followed to test the diagnosis efficacy of differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) derived from plasma sEVs among paired groups, namely, TDs versus HCs, TTD versus CTD, and TTD versus TS. As a result, 10 miRNAs (hsa-let-7a, hsa-let-7b, hsa-let-7c, hsa-let-7e, hsa-let-7f, hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-30b-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, and hsa-miR-1469) have demonstrated a significantly different expression signature in the TDs group compared to HCs with excellent area under curve (AUC) values of 0.99, 0.973, 0.997, 1, 0.99, 0.997, 0.987, 0.993, 0.977, and 0.997, respectively, and the diagnostic efficacy of miRNAs was also estimated for discriminating TTD from CTD or TS. In our research, we finally obtained several potential sEVs-derived miRNA biomarkers to assess the diagnosis and prognosis of TDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; (Y.W.); (X.X.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (X.G.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; (Y.W.); (X.X.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (X.G.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Haihua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; (Y.W.); (X.X.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (X.G.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Mengying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; (Y.W.); (X.X.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (X.G.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xiaotong Guo
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; (Y.W.); (X.X.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (X.G.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; (Y.W.); (X.X.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (X.G.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-133-965-185-10
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Pandria N, Petronikolou V, Lazaridis A, Karapiperis C, Kouloumpris E, Spachos D, Fachantidis A, Vasiliou D, Vlahavas I, Bamidis P. An Information System for Symptom Diagnosis and Improvement of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The ADHD360 Project (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e40189. [PMID: 36169998 PMCID: PMC9557982 DOI: 10.2196/40189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders during childhood; however, the diagnosis procedure remains challenging, as it is nonstandardized, multiparametric, and highly dependent on subjective evaluation of the perceived behavior. Objective To address the challenges of existing procedures for ADHD diagnosis, the ADHD360 project aims to develop a platform for (1) early detection of ADHD by assessing the user’s likelihood of having ADHD characteristics and (2) providing complementary training for ADHD management. Methods A 2-phase nonrandomized controlled pilot study was designed to evaluate the ADHD360 platform, including ADHD and non-ADHD participants aged 7 to 16 years. At the first stage, an initial neuropsychological evaluation along with an interaction with the serious game developed (“Pizza on Time”) for approximately 30-45 minutes is performed. Subsequently, a 2-week behavior monitoring of the participants through the mADHD360 app is planned after a telephone conversation between the participants’ parents and the psychologist, where the existence of any behaviors characteristic of ADHD that affect daily functioning is assessed. Once behavior monitoring is complete, the research team invites the participants to the second stage, where they play the game for a mean duration of 10 weeks (2 times per week). Once the serious game is finished, a second round of behavior monitoring is performed following the same procedures as the initial one. During the study, gameplay data were collected and preprocessed. The protocol of the pilot trials was initially designed for in-person participation, but after the COVID-19 outbreak, it was adjusted for remote participation. State-of-the-art machine learning (ML) algorithms were used to analyze labeled gameplay data aiming to detect discriminative gameplay patterns among the 2 groups (ADHD and non-ADHD) and estimate a player’s likelihood of having ADHD characteristics. A schema including a train-test splitting with a 75:25 split ratio, k-fold cross-validation with k=3, an ML pipeline, and data evaluation were designed. Results A total of 43 participants were recruited for this study, where 18 were diagnosed with ADHD and the remaining 25 were controls. Initial neuropsychological assessment confirmed that the participants in the ADHD group showed a deviation from the participants without ADHD characteristics. A preliminary analysis of collected data consisting of 30 gameplay sessions showed that the trained ML models achieve high performance (ie, accuracy up to 0.85) in correctly predicting the users’ labels (ADHD or non-ADHD) from their gameplay session on the ADHD360 platform. Conclusions ADHD360 is characterized by its notable capacity to discriminate player gameplay behavior as either ADHD or non-ADHD. Therefore, the ADHD360 platform could be a valuable complementary tool for early ADHD detection. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04362982; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04362982 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/40189
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Pandria
- Medical Physics and Digital Innovation Lab, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileia Petronikolou
- Medical Physics and Digital Innovation Lab, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Lazaridis
- Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Eleftherios Kouloumpris
- Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Spachos
- Medical Physics and Digital Innovation Lab, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anestis Fachantidis
- Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Vlahavas
- Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Bamidis
- Medical Physics and Digital Innovation Lab, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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50
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Mckenzie A, Meshkat S, Lui LMW, Ho R, Di Vincenzo JD, Ceban F, Cao B, McIntyre RS. The effects of psychostimulants on cognitive functions in individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 149:252-259. [PMID: 35303614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a broad range of deficits in cognitive functions which has significant implications for quality of life. Psychostimulants are demonstrated to improve symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, however, their impact on cognition remains incompletely characterized. Herein, the aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the extant literature reporting on the effects of psychostimulants on cognitive function in individuals with ADHD. METHOD A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to July 2021 was conducted. Additional studies were identified through Google Scholar and a manual search of the reference lists of relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were original studies that evaluated the cognitive function of individuals with ADHD taking psychostimulants drugs. We assessed the quality of the included papers using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). RESULTS A total of 10 studies involving 753 subjects with ADHD and 194 healthy controls were identified and eligible for inclusion. Nine studies evaluated the impact of methylphenidate on cognitive function and one study investigated the use of lisdexamfetamine. Results indicated that attentional deficits such as memory, vigilance, divided attention, phasic and tonic alertness, and focused attention were improved in ADHD patients treated with psychostimulants. The efficacy of psychostimulants in improving other domains of cognition remains inconclusive due to conflicting evidence or insignificant findings (ie. academic performance and executive function). Overall, results indicate that psychostimulants may improve only select domains of cognition (ie. memory and attention). CONCLUSION Psychostimulants are reported to improve several disparate aspects of cognition among individuals with ADHD. Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationships between cognition and behavior in ADHD, as well as the impact of medication on these distinct aspects of functioning. Further research is also needed to determine whether the pro-cognitive effect of stimulants would be transferable to other mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mckenzie
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shakila Meshkat
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leanna M W Lui
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua D Di Vincenzo
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Felicia Ceban
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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