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Muzykiewicz-Szymańska A, Nowak A, Kucharska E, Cybulska K, Klimowicz A, Kucharski Ł. Sanguisorba officinalis L. ethanolic extracts and essential oil - chemical composition, antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity, and ex vivo skin permeation study. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1390551. [PMID: 39286626 PMCID: PMC11402713 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1390551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sanguisorba officinalis L. is classified as a medicinal plant and used in traditional medicine. The root of this plant is mainly used as a medicinal raw material, but the above-ground parts are also a valuable source of health-promoting biologically active compounds. Method The study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content (TPC) of extracts prepared in 70% and 40% aqueous ethanol solution (dry extract content 50-500 g/L) from the aerial parts of S. officinalis. The essential oil was isolated from the tested raw material, and its composition was determined using GC-MS. Ethanolic extracts and essential oil have been tested for antibacterial activity. The extract in 70% v/v ethanol (dry extract content: 500 g/L) was subjected to HPLC analysis for the content of selected phenolic acids and an ex vivo skin permeation study. The ability of these metabolites to permeate and accumulate in the skin was analysed. Results Extracts prepared at both ethanol concentrations showed similar antioxidant activity and TPC. Depending on the method, concentration of solvent, and dry extract content (50-500 g/L), the activity ranged from 1.97 to 84.54 g Trolox/L. TPC range of 3.80-37.04 g GA/L. Gallic acid (424 mg/L) and vanillic acid (270 mg/L) had the highest concentrations among the phenolic acids analysed. Vanillic acid (10 μg) permeates the skin at the highest concentration. The highest accumulation in the skin was found for 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (53 μg/g skin), 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (45 μg/g skin), and gallic acid (45 μg/g skin). The tested ethanolic extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. Samples with a dry extract concentration of 500 g/L showed the largest growth inhibition zones. The most sensitive strains to these extracts were P. aeruginosa (24 mm), S. lutea (23 mm), and S. pneumoniae (22 mm). The smallest inhibition zones were observed for B. subtilis (17 mm). The essential oil showed weaker antimicrobial activity (growth inhibition zone 8-10 mm). The GC-MS method identified 22 major components of the essential oil, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, unsaturated terpene alcohols, aliphatic aldehydes, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, sesquiterpene, phytyl ester of linoleic acid, nitrogen compound, phytosterol, terpene ketone, phenylpropanoids, aliphatic alcohol, diterpenoid, aromatic aldehyde, and aliphatic carboxylic acid. Discussion The conducted research has shown that ethanolic extracts from Sanguisorbae herba are a valuable source of compounds with antibacterial and antioxidant potential, including phenolic acids. The fact that selected phenolic acids contained in the tested extract have the ability to permeate and accumulate in the skin provides the basis for conducting extended research on the use of extracts from this plant raw material in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations applied to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Muzykiewicz-Szymańska
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Kucharska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krystyna Cybulska
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kucharski
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Park J, Shin S, Kim Y, Bu Y, Choi HY, Lee K. Effect of Torilis japonica Fruit Extract for Endothelium-Independent Vasorelaxation and Blood Pressure Lowering in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8101. [PMID: 39125672 PMCID: PMC11311312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Torilis japonica (TJ) fruit, is a herb that is traditionally used for erectile dysfunction (ED). Given the shared mechanisms of ED and hypertension through vascular smooth muscle, we hypothesized that TJ would be effective in vasodilation and blood pressure reduction. This study confirmed the authenticity of TJ samples via DNA barcoding and quantified the main active compound, torilin, using HPLC. TJ was extracted with distilled water (TJW) and 50% ethanol (TJE), yielding torilin contents of 0.35 ± 0.01% and 2.84 ± 0.02%, respectively. Ex vivo tests on thoracic aortic rings from Sprague-Dawley rats showed that TJE (3-300 µg/mL) induced endothelium-independent, concentration-dependent vasodilation, unlike TJW. Torilin caused concentration-dependent relaxation with an EC50 of 210 ± 1.07 µM. TJE's effects were blocked by a voltage-dependent K+ channel blocker and alleviated contractions induced by CaCl2 and angiotensin II. TJE inhibited vascular contraction induced by phenylephrine or KCl via extracellular CaCl2 and enhanced inhibition with nifedipine, indicating involvement of voltage-dependent and receptor-operated Ca2+ channels. Oral administration of TJE (1000 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. These findings suggest TJ extract's potential for hypertension treatment through vasorelaxant mechanisms, though further research is needed to confirm its efficacy and safety.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Rats
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Male
- Fruit/chemistry
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkyu Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sujin Shin
- Department of Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.B.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Youngmin Bu
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.B.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Ho-Young Choi
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.B.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Kyungjin Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.B.); (H.-Y.C.)
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Hinkov A, Tsvetkov V, Shkondrov A, Krasteva I, Shishkov S, Shishkova K. Effect of a Total Extract and Saponins from Astragalus glycyphyllos L. on Human Coronavirus Replication In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16525. [PMID: 38003714 PMCID: PMC10671514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Coronaviridae cause diseases in mammals, birds, and wildlife (bats), some of which may be transmissible to humans or specific to humans. In the human population, they can cause a wide range of diseases, mainly affecting the respiratory and digestive systems. In the scientific databases, there are huge numbers of research articles about the antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anthelmintic activities of medicinal herbs and crops with different ethnobotanical backgrounds. The subject of our research is the antiviral effect of isolated saponins, a purified saponin mixture, and a methanol extract of Astragalus glycyphyllos L. In the studies conducted for the cytotoxic effect of the substances, CC50 (cytotoxic concentration 50) and MTC (maximum tolerable concentration) were determined by the colorimetric method (MTT assay). The virus was cultured in the MDBK cell line. As a result of the experiments carried out on the influence of substances on viral replication (using MTT-based colorimetric assay for detection of human Coronavirus replication inhibition), it was found that the extract and the purified saponin mixture inhibited 100% viral replication. The calculated selective indices are about 13 and 18, respectively. The obtained results make them promising for a preparation with anti-Coronavirus action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Hinkov
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Venelin Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Aleksandar Shkondrov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.S.); (I.K.)
| | - Ilina Krasteva
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.S.); (I.K.)
| | - Stoyan Shishkov
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Kalina Shishkova
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.T.); (S.S.)
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Urmi UL, Attard S, Vijay AK, Willcox MDP, Kumar N, Islam S, Kuppusamy R. Antiviral Activity of Anthranilamide Peptidomimetics against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and a Coronavirus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1436. [PMID: 37760732 PMCID: PMC10525570 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of potent antiviral agents is of utmost importance to combat the global burden of viral infections. Traditional antiviral drug development involves targeting specific viral proteins, which may lead to the emergence of resistant strains. To explore alternative strategies, we investigated the antiviral potential of antimicrobial peptidomimetic compounds. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral potential of 17 short anthranilamide-based peptidomimetic compounds against two viruses: Murine hepatitis virus 1 (MHV-1) which is a surrogate of human coronaviruses and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of these compounds were determined in vitro to assess their potency as antiviral agents. Compounds 11 and 14 displayed the most potent inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 2.38 μM, and 6.3 μM against MHV-1 while compounds 9 and 14 showed IC50 values of 14.8 μM and 13 μM against HSV-1. Multiple antiviral assessments and microscopic images obtained through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) collectively demonstrated that these compounds exert a direct influence on the viral envelope. Based on this outcome, it can be concluded that peptidomimetic compounds could offer a new approach for the development of potent antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Laila Urmi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.K.V.); (S.I.); (R.K.)
| | - Samuel Attard
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.A.); (N.K.)
| | - Ajay Kumar Vijay
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.K.V.); (S.I.); (R.K.)
| | - Mark D. P. Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.K.V.); (S.I.); (R.K.)
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.A.); (N.K.)
| | - Salequl Islam
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.K.V.); (S.I.); (R.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Rajesh Kuppusamy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (A.K.V.); (S.I.); (R.K.)
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.A.); (N.K.)
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Abou Baker DH, Hassan EM, El Gengaihi S. An overview on medicinal plants used for combating coronavirus: Current potentials and challenges. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD RESEARCH 2023; 13:100632. [PMID: 37251276 PMCID: PMC10198795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic crisis, causing many morbidities, mortality, and devastating impact on economies, so the current outbreak of the CoV-2 is a major concern for global health. The infection spread quickly and caused chaos in many countries around the world. The slow discovery of CoV-2 and the limited treatment options are among the main challenges. Therefore, the development of a drug that is safe and effective against CoV-2 is urgently needed. The present overview briefly summarizes CoV-2 drug targets ex: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), papain-like protease (PLpro), 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), transmembrane serine protease enzymes (TMPRSS2), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), structural protein (N, S, E, and M), and virulence factors (NSP1, ORF7a, and NSP3c) for which drug design perspective can be considered. In addition, summarize all anti-COVID-19 medicinal plants and phytocompounds and their mechanisms of action to be used as a guide for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha H Abou Baker
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dept., Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad M Hassan
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dept., Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Souad El Gengaihi
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dept., Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Kocyigit A, Guler EM, Irban A, Kiran B, Atayoglu AT. Assessment of Association Between the Potential Immunomodulatory Activity and Drinking Olive Leaf Tea in the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic: An Observational Study. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2022; 28:940-947. [PMID: 36112183 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2022.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in addition to the current measures, the healthy immune system plays an essential role and various natural agents have been recommended to boost innate immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate any association between the potential immunomodulatory activity and drinking olive leaf tea (OLT) in the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: The study was conducted among the workers in a tractor factory where OLT was served in routine. Drinking at least one cup of OLT per day for a minimum of 1 month was the inclusion criteria used in the study. The workers who had a history of vaccination and COVID-19 were excluded from the study, and lymphocyte subsets, interleukin (IL)-2, IFN-γ, COVID-19-specific IgM and IgG levels were analyzed in all the participants to determine the asymptomatic individuals among the participants and compare the immunological parameters. Results: The study was conducted among 336 workers, 183 of them were OLT drinkers and 153 were OLT nondrinkers. The results showed higher values of CD3-/CD16/56 (natural killer [NK]) cells, CD3+/CD16/56 (natural killer T [NKT]) cells, total NK (NK+NKT) cells, and serum IFN-γ, and IL-2 levels in OLT drinkers compared to the nondrinkers. Although all the OLT drinkers and nondrinkers included in the study reported no history of COVID-19, specific COVID-19 IgG levels were found positive in 60% of OLT drinkers and 38% OLT nondrinkers. Conclusions: Peripheral NK and NKT cell values and IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion levels were found higher in the OLT drinking group. There were positive correlations between the OLT drinking frequency and NK cell counts. Moreover, the number of individuals who had "asymptomatic" COVID-19 infection was higher in the OLT drinking group than in the nondrinking cohort. Clinical Trial Registration Number: The trial has been registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov database (CTR NCT05222347).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Hamidiye Medicine Faculty, Health Sciences University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Irban
- Department of Anestesia and Reanimation, Hamidiye Medicine Faculty, Health Sciences University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bayram Kiran
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ali Timucin Atayoglu
- Department of Family Medicine, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jamal QMS. Antiviral Potential of Plants against COVID-19 during Outbreaks-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13564. [PMID: 36362351 PMCID: PMC9655040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several human diseases are caused by viruses, including cancer, Type I diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the past, people have suffered greatly from viral diseases such as polio, mumps, measles, dengue fever, SARS, MERS, AIDS, chikungunya fever, encephalitis, and influenza. Recently, COVID-19 has become a pandemic in most parts of the world. Although vaccines are available to fight the infection, their safety and clinical trial data are still questionable. Social distancing, isolation, the use of sanitizer, and personal productive strategies have been implemented to prevent the spread of the virus. Moreover, the search for a potential therapeutic molecule is ongoing. Based on experiences with outbreaks of SARS and MERS, many research studies reveal the potential of medicinal herbs/plants or chemical compounds extracted from them to counteract the effects of these viral diseases. COVID-19's current status includes a decrease in infection rates as a result of large-scale vaccination program implementation by several countries. But it is still very close and needs to boost people's natural immunity in a cost-effective way through phytomedicines because many underdeveloped countries do not have their own vaccination facilities. In this article, phytomedicines as plant parts or plant-derived metabolites that can affect the entry of a virus or its infectiousness inside hosts are described. Finally, it is concluded that the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants must be analyzed and evaluated entirely in the control of COVID-19 in cases of uncontrollable SARS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
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Balogun TA, Chukwudozie OS, Ogbodo UC, Junaid IO, Sunday OA, Ige OM, Aborode AT, Akintayo AD, Oluwarotimi EA, Oluwafemi IO, Saibu OA, Chuckwuemaka P, Omoboyowa DA, Alausa AO, Atasie NH, Ilesanmi A, Dairo G, Tiamiyu ZA, Batiha GE, Alkhuriji AF, Al-Megrin WAI, De Waard M, Sabatier JM. Discovery of putative inhibitors against main drivers of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Insight from quantum mechanical evaluation and molecular modeling. Front Chem 2022; 10:964446. [PMID: 36304744 PMCID: PMC9593047 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.964446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 triggered a worldwide medical crisis, affecting the world’s social, emotional, physical, and economic equilibrium. However, treatment choices and targets for finding a solution to COVID-19’s threat are becoming limited. A viable approach to combating the threat of COVID-19 is by unraveling newer pharmacological and therapeutic targets pertinent in the viral survival and adaptive mechanisms within the host biological milieu which in turn provides the opportunity to discover promising inhibitors against COVID-19. Therefore, using high-throughput virtual screening, manually curated compounds library from some medicinal plants were screened against four main drivers of SARS-CoV-2 (spike glycoprotein, PLpro, 3CLpro, and RdRp). In addition, molecular docking, Prime MM/GBSA (molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area) analysis, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and drug-likeness screening were performed to identify potential phytodrugs candidates for COVID-19 treatment. In support of these approaches, we used a series of computational modeling approaches to develop therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Out of the screened compounds against the selected SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic targets, only compounds with no violations of Lipinski’s rule of five and high binding affinity were considered as potential anti-COVID-19 drugs. However, lonchocarpol A, diplacol, and broussonol E (lead compounds) were recorded as the best compounds that satisfied this requirement, and they demonstrated their highest binding affinity against 3CLpro. Therefore, the 3CLpro target and the three lead compounds were selected for further analysis. Through protein–ligand mapping and interaction profiling, the three lead compounds formed essential interactions such as hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with amino acid residues at the binding pocket of 3CLpro. The key amino acid residues at the 3CLpro active site participating in the hydrophobic and polar inter/intra molecular interaction were TYR54, PRO52, CYS44, MET49, MET165, CYS145, HIS41, THR26, THR25, GLN189, and THR190. The compounds demonstrated stable protein–ligand complexes in the active site of the target (3CLpro) over a 100 ns simulation period with stable protein–ligand trajectories. Drug-likeness screening shows that the compounds are druggable molecules, and the toxicity descriptors established that the compounds demonstrated a good biosafety profile. Furthermore, the compounds were chemically reactive with promising molecular electron potential properties. Collectively, we propose that the discovered lead compounds may open the way for establishing phytodrugs to manage COVID-19 pandemics and new chemical libraries to prevent COVID-19 entry into the host based on the findings of this computational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toheeb A. Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Toheeb A. Balogun, ; Gaber E. Batiha,
| | - Onyeka S. Chukwudozie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Idris O. Junaid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Olugbodi A. Sunday
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oluwasegun M. Ige
- Department of Marine Biological Resources, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Abdullahi T. Aborode
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Abiola D. Akintayo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Oluwarotimi
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States
| | - Isaac O. Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin A. Saibu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Prosper Chuckwuemaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Nkechi H. Atasie
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Nigeria Correctional Service, Enugu Custodial Centre, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ayooluwa Ilesanmi
- Department of Chemistry, Mississipi University for Women Columbus, Columbus, United States
| | - Gbenga Dairo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL, United States
| | - Zainab A. Tiamiyu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University Dutsin-ma, Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria
| | - Gaber E. Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Toheeb A. Balogun, ; Gaber E. Batiha,
| | - Afrah Fahad Alkhuriji
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michel De Waard
- Smartox Biotechnology, Saint-Egréve, France
- L‘institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- LabEx Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7051, Marseille, France
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Structure and antiviral activity of a pectic polysaccharide from the root of Sanguisorba officinalis against enterovirus 71 in vitro/vivo. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 281:119057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Soleymani S, Naghizadeh A, Karimi M, Zarei A, Mardi R, Kordafshari G, Esmaealzadeh N, Zargaran A. COVID-19: General Strategies for Herbal Therapies. J Evid Based Integr Med 2022; 27:2515690X211053641. [PMID: 34985368 PMCID: PMC8744081 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x211053641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in early 2020 with the outbreak of a highly pathogenic human coronavirus. The world is facing a challenge and there is a pressing need for efficient drugs. Plants and natural compounds are a proven rich resource for new drug discovery. Considering the potential of natural products to manage the pandemic, this article was designed to provide an inclusive map of the stages and pathogenetic mechanisms for effective natural products on COVID-19. New drug discovery for the COVID-19 pandemic can encompass both prevention and disease management strategies. Preventive mechanisms that may be considered include boosting the immune response and hand hygiene in the preexposure phase; and blocking of virus binding and entry in the postexposure phase. Potential therapeutic target mechanisms include virus-directed therapies and host-directed therapies. Several medicinal plants and natural products, such as Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal and propolis for prevention; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) for treatment; and Ammoides verticillata (Desf.) Briq and Nigella sativa L. for both prevention and treatment have been found effective and are good targets for future research. The examples of phytochemical compounds that may be effective include aloin and terpenes as anti-septics; isothymol, dithymoquinone, and glycyrrhizin as inhibitors of virus binding and entry; glycyrrhizin, and berberine as replication suppressants; ginsenoside Rg1 and parthenolide as immunomodulators; and eriocitrin, rhoifolin, hesperidin, naringin, rutin, and veronicastroside as anti-complements. Recognizing different mechanisms of fighting against this virus can lead to a more systematic approach in finding natural products and medicinal plants for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Soleymani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayeh Naghizadeh
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Karimi
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Zarei
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raefeh Mardi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Kordafshari
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niusha Esmaealzadeh
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Zargaran
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Wu Y, Crich D, Pegan SD, Lou L, Hansen MC, Booth C, Desrochers E, Mullininx LN, Starling EB, Chang KY, Xie ZR. Polyphenols as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp). Molecules 2021; 26:7438. [PMID: 34946521 PMCID: PMC8706955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the antiviral nature of polyphenols, and many polyphenols have been proposed to inhibit SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2. Our previous study revealed the inhibitory mechanisms of polyphenols against DNA polymerase α and HIV reverse transcriptase to show that polyphenols can block DNA elongation by competing with the incoming NTPs. Here we applied computational approaches to examine if some polyphenols can also inhibit RNA polymerase (RdRp) in SARS-CoV-2, and we identified some better candidates than remdesivir, the FDA-approved drug against RdRp, in terms of estimated binding affinities. The proposed compounds will be further examined to develop new treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.W.); (L.L.)
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Lei Lou
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Madelyn C. Hansen
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.C.H.); (C.B.); (E.D.); (L.N.M.); (E.B.S.)
| | - Carson Booth
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.C.H.); (C.B.); (E.D.); (L.N.M.); (E.B.S.)
| | - Ellison Desrochers
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.C.H.); (C.B.); (E.D.); (L.N.M.); (E.B.S.)
| | - Lauren Nicole Mullininx
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.C.H.); (C.B.); (E.D.); (L.N.M.); (E.B.S.)
| | - Edward B. Starling
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.C.H.); (C.B.); (E.D.); (L.N.M.); (E.B.S.)
| | - Kuan Y. Chang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Ru Xie
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.W.); (L.L.)
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12
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Samanta P, Ghosh AR. Environmental perspectives of COVID-19 outbreaks: A review. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5822-5850. [PMID: 34629805 PMCID: PMC8475003 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i35.5822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began in December 2019 in China and has led to a global public health emergency. Previously, it was known as 2019-nCoV and caused disease mainly through respiratory pathways. The COVID-19 outbreak is ranked third globally as the most highly pathogenic disease of the twenty-first century, after the outbreak of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome in 2002 and 2012, respectively. Clinical, laboratory, and diagnostic methodology have been demonstrated in some observational studies. No systematic reviews on COVID-19 have been published regarding the integration of COVID-19 outbreaks (monitoring, fate and treatment) with environmental and human health perspectives. Accordingly, this review systematically addresses environmental aspects of COVID-19 outbreak such as the origin of SARS-CoV-2, epidemiological characteristics, diagnostic methodology, treatment options and technological advancement for the prevention of COVID-19 outbreaks. Finally, we integrate COVID-19 outbreaks (monitoring, fate and treatment) with environmental and human health perspectives. We believe that this review will help to understand the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as a multipurpose document, not only for the scientific community but also for global citizens. Countries should adopt emergency preparedness such as prepare human resources, infrastructure and facilities to treat severe COVID-19 as the virus spreads rapidly globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palas Samanta
- Department of Environmental Science, Sukanta Mahavidyalaya, University of North Bengal, Dhupguri 735210, West Bengal, India
| | - Apurba Ratan Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
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13
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Wu Y, Pegan SD, Crich D, Desrochers E, Starling EB, Hansen MC, Booth C, Nicole Mullininx L, Lou L, Chang KY, Xie ZR. Polyphenols as alternative treatments of COVID-19. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5371-5380. [PMID: 34567475 PMCID: PMC8452152 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although scientists around the world have put lots of effort into the development of new treatments for COVID-19 since the outbreak, no drugs except Veklury (remdesivir) have been approved by FDA. There is an urgent need to discover some alternative antiviral treatment for COVID-19. Because polyphenols have been shown to possess antiviral activities, here we conducted a large-scale virtual screening for more than 400 polyphenols. Several lead compounds such as Petunidin 3-O-(6″-p-coumaroyl-glucoside) were identified to have promising binding affinities and convincing binding mechanisms. Analyzing the docking results and ADME properties sheds light on the potential efficacy of the top-ranked drug candidates and pinpoints the key residues on the target proteins for the future of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences., School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Ellison Desrochers
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Edward B Starling
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Madelyn C Hansen
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Carson Booth
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | | | - Lei Lou
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Kuan Y Chang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhong-Ru Xie
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
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14
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Farshi P, Kaya EC, Hashempour-Baltork F, Khosravi-Darani K. The effect of plant metabolites on coronaviruses: A comprehensive review focusing on their IC50 values and molecular docking scores. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:457-483. [PMID: 34488609 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210831152511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have caused worldwide outbreaks in different periods. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), was the first emerged virus from this family, followed by MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) and SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV or COVID 19), which is newly emerged. Many studies have been conducted on the application of chemical and natural drugs for treating these coronaviruses and they are mostly focused on inhibiting the proteases of viruses or blocking their protein receptors through binding to amino acid residues. Among many substances which are introduced to have an inhibitory effect against coronaviruses through the mentioned pathways, natural components are of specific interest. Secondary and primary metabolites from plants, are considered as potential drugs to have an inhibitory effect on coronaviruses. IC50 value (the concentration in which there is 50% loss in enzyme activity), molecular docking score and binding energy are parameters to understand the ability of metabolites to inhibit the specific virus. In this study we did a review of 154 papers on the effect of plant metabolites on different coronaviruses and data of their IC50 values, molecular docking scores and inhibition percentages are collected in tables. Secondary plant metabolites such as polyphenol, alkaloids, terpenoids, organosulfur compounds, saponins and saikosaponins, lectins, essential oil, and nicotianamine, and primary metabolites such as vitamins are included in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastou Farshi
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. United States
| | - Eda Ceren Kaya
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. United States
| | - Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
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15
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Ayatollahi SA, Sharifi-Rad J, Tsouh Fokou PV, Mahady GB, Ansar Rasul Suleria H, Krishna Kapuganti S, Gadhave K, Giri R, Garg N, Sharma R, Ribeiro D, Rodrigues CF, Reiner Ž, Taheri Y, Cruz-Martins N. Naturally Occurring Bioactives as Antivirals: Emphasis on Coronavirus Infection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:575877. [PMID: 34267652 PMCID: PMC8277242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.575877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak is a significant threat to human health and the worldwide economy. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases, such as pneumonia-like upper respiratory tract illnesses, gastroenteritis, encephalitis, multiple organ failure involving lungs and kidneys which might cause death. Since the pandemic started there have been more than 107 million COVID-19 infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and ∼2.4 million deaths globally. SARS-CoV-2 is easily transmitted from person-to-person and has spread quickly across all continents. With the continued increase in morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19, and the damage to the global economy, there is an urgent need for effective prevention and treatment strategies. The advent of safe and effective vaccines has been a significant step forward in the battle against COVID-19, however treatment of the symptoms associated with the disease still requires new anti-viral and anti-inflammatory drug therapies. To this end, scientists have been investigating available natural products that may be effective against SARS-CoV-2, with some products showing promise in fighting several viral infections. Since many natural products are dietary components or are prepared as dietary supplements people tend to consider them safer than synthetic drugs. For example, Traditional Chinese Medicines have been effectively utilized to treat SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with promising results. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of COVID-19 therapies and the therapeutic potential of medicinal plant extracts and natural compounds for the treatment of several viral infections, with special emphasis on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Realistic strategies that can be employed for the effective use of bioactive compounds for anti-SARS-CoV-2 research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gail B. Mahady
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Daniel Ribeiro
- Northern Superior Health School of the Portuguese Red Cross, Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Célia F. Rodrigues
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yasaman Taheri
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine/Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Kim CH. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Natural Products as Potentially Therapeutic Agents. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:590509. [PMID: 34122058 PMCID: PMC8194829 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.590509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a β-coronavirus, is the cause of the recently emerged pandemic and worldwide outbreak of respiratory disease. Researchers exchange information on COVID-19 to enable collaborative searches. Although there is as yet no effective antiviral agent, like tamiflu against influenza, to block SARS-CoV-2 infection to its host cells, various candidates to mitigate or treat the disease are currently being investigated. Several drugs are being screened for the ability to block virus entry on cell surfaces and/or block intracellular replication in host cells. Vaccine development is being pursued, invoking a better elucidation of the life cycle of the virus. SARS-CoV-2 recognizes O-acetylated neuraminic acids and also several membrane proteins, such as ACE2, as the result of evolutionary switches of O-Ac SA recognition specificities. To provide information related to the current development of possible anti-SARS-COV-2 viral agents, the current review deals with the known inhibitory compounds with low molecular weight. The molecules are mainly derived from natural products of plant sources by screening or chemical synthesis via molecular simulations. Artificial intelligence-based computational simulation for drug designation and large-scale inhibitor screening have recently been performed. Structure-activity relationship of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 natural compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkhwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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17
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Kosari M, Noureddini M, Khamechi SP, Najafi A, Ghaderi A, Sehat M, Banafshe HR. The effect of propolis plus Hyoscyamus niger L. methanolic extract on clinical symptoms in patients with acute respiratory syndrome suspected to COVID-19: A clinical trial. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4000-4006. [PMID: 33860587 PMCID: PMC8251320 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused a global health crisis. Nevertheless, no antiviral treatment has yet been proven effective for treating COVID‐19 and symptomatic supportive cares have been the most common treatment. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of propolis and Hyoscyamus niger L. extract in patients with COVID‐19. This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 50 cases referred to Akhavan and Sepehri Clinics, Kashan university of medical sciences, Iran. Subjects were divided into two groups (intervention and placebo). This syrup (containing 1.6 mg of methanolic extract along with 450 mg of propolis per 10 mL) was administered three times a day to each patient for 6 days. The clinical symptoms of COVID‐19 such as: dry cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, chest pain, fever, dizziness, headache, abdominal pain, and diarrhea were reduced with propolis plus Hyoscyamus niger L. extract than the placebo group. However, the administration of syrup was not effective in the control of nausea and vomiting. In conclusion, syrup containing propolis and Hyoscyamus niger L. extract had beneficial effects in ameliorating the signs and symptoms of COVID‐19 disease, in comparison with placebo groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Kosari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Noureddini
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Seyed Peyman Khamechi
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Evidence Based Integrative Medicine Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Najafi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaderi
- Clinical Research Development Unit-Matini/Kargarnejad Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medical, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sehat
- Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Banafshe
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medical, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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18
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Zhou X, Ge X, Zhang Y, Han J, Guo X, Chen Y, Zhou L, Yang H. Attenuation of porcine deltacoronavirus disease severity by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus coinfection in a weaning pig model. Virulence 2021; 12:1011-1021. [PMID: 33797313 PMCID: PMC8023240 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1908742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a potentially emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe diarrhea in young pigs, with a risk of fatal dehydration. Its pathogenicity on neonatal piglet has been previously reported, however, it is less known if the coinfection with immunosuppressive pathogens can influence PDCoV disease manifestation. Here, a coinfection model of PDCoV and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a global-spread immunosuppressive virus, was set to study their interaction. Weaning pigs in the coinfection group were intranasally inoculated with PRRSV NADC30-like virus and latterly orally inoculated with PDCoV at three day-post-inoculation (DPI). Unexpectedly, compared with pigs in the PDCoV single-infected group, the coinfected pigs did not show any obvious diarrhea, as PDCoV fecal shedding, average daily weight gain (ADWG), gross and microscopic lesions and PDCoV IHC scores consistently indicated that PRRSV coinfection lessened PDCoV caused diarrhea. Additionally, three proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6, which can be secreted by PRRSV infected macrophages, were detected to be highly expressed at the intestine from both PRRSV infected groups. By adding to PDCoV-infected cells, these three cytokines were further confirmed to be able to inhibit the PDCoV replication post its cellular entry. Meanwhile, the inhibition effect of the supernatant from PRRSV-infected PAMs could be obviously blocked by the antagonist of these three cytokines. In conclusion, PRRSV coinfection increased TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in the microenvironment of intestines, which inhibits the PDCoV proliferation, leading to lessened severity of diarrhea. The findings provide some new insight into the pathogenesis and replication regulation of PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
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19
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Jiang N, Li H, Sun Y, Zeng J, Yang F, Kantawong F, Wu J. Network Pharmacology and Pharmacological Evaluation Reveals the Mechanism of the Sanguisorba Officinalis in Suppressing Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:618522. [PMID: 33746755 PMCID: PMC7969657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.618522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sanguisorba Officinalis L. (SO) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), commonly applied to treat complex diseases, such as anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and hemostatic effects. Especially, it has been reported to exert anti-tumor effect in various human cancers. However, its effect and pharmacological mechanism on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Methods: In this study, network pharmacology approach was applied to characterize the underlying mechanism of SO on HCC. Active compounds and potential targets of SO, as well as related genes of HCC were obtained from the public databases, the potential targets and signaling pathways were determined by protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. And the compound-target and target-pathway networks were constructed. Subsequently, in vitro experiments were also performed to further verify the anticancer effects of SO on HCC. Results: By using the comprehensive network pharmacology analysis, 41 ingredients in SO were collected from the corresponding databases, 12 active ingredients screened according to their oral bioavailability and drug-likeness index, and 258 potential targets related to HCC were predicted. Through enrichment analysis, SO was found to show its excellent therapeutic effects on HCC through several pathways, mainly related to proliferation and survival via the EGFR, PI3K/AKT, NFκB and MAPK signaling pathways. Additionally, in vitro, SO was found to inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and down-regulate cell migration and invasion in various HCC cells. Moreover, western blot analysis showed that SO treatment down-regulated the expression of p-EGFR, p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-NFκB and p-MAPK proteins in HepG2 cells. These results validated that SO exerted its therapeutic effects on HCC mainly by the regulation of cell proliferation and survival via the EGFR/MAPK and EGFR/PI3K/AKT/NFκB signaling pathways. Conclusion: Taken together, this study, revealed the anti-HCC effects of SO and its potential underlying therapeutic mechanisms in a multi-target and multi-pathway manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- International Education School, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yueshan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fahsai Kantawong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jianming Wu
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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20
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Elmahallawy EK, Mohamed Y, Abdo W, El-Gohary FA, Ahmed Awad Ali S, Yanai T. New Insights Into Potential Benefits of Bioactive Compounds of Bee Products on COVID-19: A Review and Assessment of Recent Research. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:618318. [PMID: 33628764 PMCID: PMC7897699 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.618318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of COVID-19 represents one of the biggest challenges facing the world today. Despite the recent attempts to understand the epidemiological pattern and pathogenesis of the disease, detailed data about the physiology and pathology of the disease is still out of reach. Moreover, the lack of a widespread vaccine prompts an urgent call for developing a proper intervention strategy against the virus. Importantly, identification of novel molecules that target replication of the virus represents one of the promising strategies for the control this pandemic crisis. Among others, honey bee products contain numerous bioactive compounds such as propolis and several phenolic compounds that possess a wide range of therapeutic properties for combating various pathological disorders and infectious agents. The intention of the present review is to highlight the stages of SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle, the molecular mechanisms explaining the health benefits of honey bee products on COVID-19 physiology and pathology and the possible limitations. Further future research is suggested to explore more about bee natural bioactive compounds as potential candidates against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mohamed
- Laboratory of Kafr El Sheikh Fever Hospital, Kafr El Sheikh Fever Hospital, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Fatma A. El-Gohary
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Ahmed Awad Ali
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- Laboratory of Wildlife and Forensic Pathology/Biomedical Science Examination and Research Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
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21
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Mehany T, Khalifa I, Barakat H, Althwab SA, Alharbi YM, El-Sohaimy S. Polyphenols as promising biologically active substances for preventing SARS-CoV-2: A review with research evidence and underlying mechanisms. FOOD BIOSCI 2021; 40:100891. [PMID: 33495727 PMCID: PMC7817466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, antiviral drugs and/or vaccines are not yet available to treat or prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we narrated the available data, from credible publishers, regarding the possible role of polyphenols and natural extracts-containing polyphenols in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and their immune-boosting properties. It was revealed that polyphenols could be considered as promising biologically active substances for the prevention of COVID-19. The underlying potential mechanism behind this action is mostly due to the antiviral activities and the immune-regulation functions of polyphenols against COVID-19-infections. Antivirus polyphenolic-based medications can mitigate SARS-CoV-2-enzymes, which are vital for virus duplication and infection. It was also found that triterpenoid, anthraquinone, flavonoids, and tannins are possible keys to scheming antiviral therapies for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2-proteases. The identified pharmacophore structures of polyphenols could be utilized in the explanation of novel anti-COVID-19 designs. The advantage of using mixtures containing polyphenols is related to the high-safety profile without having major side-effects, but further randomized controlled trials are required in the upcoming studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Mehany
- Food Technology Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Khalifa
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Egypt
| | - Hassan Barakat
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Egypt
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Althwab
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef M Alharbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sobhy El-Sohaimy
- Food Technology Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Technology and Organization of Public Catering, Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service, South Ural State University, 454080, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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22
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Vougogiannopoulou K, Corona A, Tramontano E, Alexis MN, Skaltsounis AL. Natural and Nature-Derived Products Targeting Human Coronaviruses. Molecules 2021; 26:448. [PMID: 33467029 PMCID: PMC7831024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 human coronavirus (HCoV), has brought the international scientific community before a state of emergency that needs to be addressed with intensive research for the discovery of pharmacological agents with antiviral activity. Potential antiviral natural products (NPs) have been discovered from plants of the global biodiversity, including extracts, compounds and categories of compounds with activity against several viruses of the respiratory tract such as HCoVs. However, the scarcity of natural products (NPs) and small-molecules (SMs) used as antiviral agents, especially for HCoVs, is notable. This is a review of 203 publications, which were selected using PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, evaluates the available literature since the discovery of the first human coronavirus in the 1960s; it summarizes important aspects of structure, function, and therapeutic targeting of HCoVs as well as NPs (19 total plant extracts and 204 isolated or semi-synthesized pure compounds) with anti-HCoV activity targeting viral and non-viral proteins, while focusing on the advances on the discovery of NPs with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and providing a critical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Vougogiannopoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Biomedical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, E block, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS55409042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Biomedical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, E block, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS55409042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Michael N. Alexis
- Molecular Endocrinology Team, Inst of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
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Elbaz AM, Ibrahim NS, Shehata AM, Mohamed NG, Abdel-Moneim AME. Impact of multi-strain probiotic, citric acid, garlic powder or their combinations on performance, ileal histomorphometry, microbial enumeration and humoral immunity of broiler chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:115. [PMID: 33438056 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress, one of the critical obstacles to poultry sector in subtropical and tropical countries, reduces performance, immune response, and animal welfare. This study examined the effect of dietary inclusion of probiotic (PRO), citric acid (CIT), garlic powder (GAR) or their combinations on growth, blood constituents, ileal microflora and morphology and humoral immunity of broiler chickens subjected to cyclic heat stress. Four hundred ninety one-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 7 groups with 7 replicates of 10 birds each as follows: control (C) group received the basal diet without supplements, PRO, CIT and GAR groups supplemented with 0.5 g kg-1 multi-strain probiotic mixture (MPM), citric acid and garlic powder, respectively. PRO-CIT and PRO-GAR groups treated with 0.5 g kg-1 MPM, and 0.5 g kg-1 citric acid and garlic powder, while CIT-GAR group fed diet with 0.5 g kg-1 of citric acid and garlic powder. Results revealed that dietary supplements and their combinations improved (P < 0.001) growth performance and decreased abdominal fat of heat-stressed birds. Dietary supplements decreased (P < 0.01) serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL, while HDL was elevated (P < 0.05). Feed additives reduced (P < 0.01) ileal enumeration of Escherichia coli and total coliform while Lactobacillus count was increased (P < 0.05) only in MPM-enriched groups. Supplementation of these natural products improved (P < 0.01) ileal architecture while humoral immune response was not significantly influenced except antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus which was increased (P < 0.05) in MPM-supplemented groups. Conclusively, addition of the dietary supplements and their combinations, particularly, probiotic and citric acid combination can improve productive performance, and intestinal flora and histomorphometry of broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nashaat S Ibrahim
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal, 13759, Egypt
| | - Abdelrazeq M Shehata
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt.,Department of Dairy Science & Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Noureldeen G Mohamed
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal, 13759, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal, 13759, Egypt.
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Remali J, Aizat WM. A Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds and Their Modes of Action Against Coronavirus Infection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:589044. [PMID: 33519449 PMCID: PMC7845143 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.589044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has demonstrated the need for development of new vaccine candidates and therapeutic drugs to fight against the underlying virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, no antiviral treatment is available to treat COVID-19 as treatment is mostly directed to only relieving the symptoms. Retrospectively, herbal medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years as a medicinal alternative including for the treatment of various viral illnesses. However, a comprehensive description using various medicinal plants in treating coronavirus infection has not to date been described adequately, especially their modes of action. Most other reports and reviews have also only focused on selected ethnobotanical herbs such as Traditional Chinese Medicine, yet more plants can be considered to enrich the source of the anti-viral compounds. In this review, we have screened and identified potential herbal medicinal plants as anti-coronavirus medication across major literature databases without being limited to any regions or ethnobotanic criteria. As such we have successfully gathered experimentally validated in vivo, in vitro, or in silico findings of more than 30 plants in which these plant extracts or their related compounds, such as those of Artemisia annua L., Houttuynia cordata Thunb., and Sambucus formosana Nakai, are described through their respective modes of action against specific mechanisms or pathways during the viral infection. This includes inhibition of viral attachment and penetration, inhibition of viral RNA and protein synthesis, inhibition of viral key proteins such as 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) and papain-like protease 2 (PLpro), as well as other mechanisms including inhibition of the viral release and enhanced host immunity. We hope this compilation will help researchers and clinicians to identify the source of appropriate anti-viral drugs from plants in combating COVID-19 and, ultimately, save millions of affected human lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan Mohd Aizat
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
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25
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease broke out as unexplained pneumonia in Wuhan, China. The disease soon became a pandemic and was formally named as coronavirus disease or COVID-19. The causative virus has been named as SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The most common complication in COVID-19-affected patients appears to be acute respiratory distress syndrome. At present, mainly symptomatic treatments are being given to COVID-19 patients, and no drug has been proved to cure the disease. There has been vying among pharmaceutical and researcher to devise a cure. The phytotherapy or the phytomedicines have been acknowledged as effective immunity booster and potential to eliminate the viral infection. The Chinese approach toward traditional herbal medicines has already being acknowledged as antiviral and RNA synthesis inhibitors globally. The secondary metabolites of plants such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids have been the source of countless medicinal compounds. For example, well-known antimalarial chloroquine phosphate (analogue of quinine, originally extracted from the bark of cinchona tree) has broad-spectrum antiviral activities. Antiviral phytomedicines have already been used in past two coronavirus outbreaks, that is, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Ethnobotany or the folklore knowledge of medicinal plants, for instance, has also played a major role in the development of new drugs for centuries. Some species such as Lycoris radiata, Artemisia annua, Lindera aggregata, Isatis indigotica, Torreya nucifera, and Houttuynia cordata have already have proven their efficacies against certain ailments. Different plant parts can be consumed as raw or be modified into decoctions and tea for maximizing their effectivity. Moreover, phytochemicals can be regarded as best source of alternative and cheaper counterparts to synthetic medicines. Specifically, plants possessing antiinfluenza and antimalarial activities are potential candidates. Therefore this chapter will elucidate the phytoactive compounds and their sources and efficiencies in mitigating the COVID-19. This chapter will also serve a guideline to phytotherapy-based industries and public health.
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Attia YA, Alagawany MM, Farag MR, Alkhatib FM, Khafaga AF, Abdel-Moneim AME, Asiry KA, Mesalam NM, Shafi ME, Al-Harthi MA, Abd El-Hack ME. Phytogenic Products and Phytochemicals as a Candidate Strategy to Improve Tolerance to Coronavirus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:573159. [PMID: 33195565 PMCID: PMC7606864 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.573159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are the causative agents of many infectious diseases in human and animals. These included severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), avian infectious bronchitis (IBV) in poultry, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans. These results had considerable death burdens and negative influences on social-economic life. Since the appearance of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, continuous investigations have been carried out by researchers to find active compounds, mainly from plants, as natural sources, that could inhibit or stop the proliferation of the causative agent of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). The most common symptoms caused by infections with COVID-19 can include cough, fever, and sore throat. Nevertheless, there is a shortage of active antiviral compounds for treating different strains of coronavirus. Herbal medicine is a class of medication that originates from nature and is aimed at decreasing the use of preservatives, excipients, or other additives and, consequently, lesser side effects. The rapid spread of COVID-19 infection besides the lack of knowledge about any treatments and the growing concern of the public from the virus directed us toward writing this review article in an aim to provide alternatives to the allopathic medicine use. There is a wealth of chemical diversity in the naturally existing compounds, including their antiviral activities, which may encourage their utilization as therapeutics against viral infections, including coronaviruses. The majority of publications on the herbal remedies of coronavirus, MERS, or SARS focused primarily on the use of polar compounds. These substances displayed encouraging inhibitory influences on coronavirus in humans. These include psoralidin, scutellarein, silvestrol, tryptanthrin, caffeic acid, quercetin, myricetin, saikosaponin B2, griffithsin (lectins), and isobavachalcone. Some other agents like lycorine may be useful, if the antiviral activity is obtained by concentrations below the toxic plasma levels. According to the available literatures, the most promising inhibitors of coronaviruses are polyphenolic compounds, which are small molecules with conjugated fused ring structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Fatmah M. Alkhatib
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, UmmAl-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa F. Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | | | - Khalid A. Asiry
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura M. Mesalam
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal, Egypt
| | - Manal E. Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Harthi
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Coronaviruses and Nature's Pharmacy for the Relief of Coronavirus Disease 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 30:603-621. [PMID: 33041391 PMCID: PMC7537782 DOI: 10.1007/s43450-020-00104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current challenges to the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 should open new prospects in the search for novel drugs from medicinal plants and other natural products. This paper provides details of natural agents that inhibit human coronavirus entry into cells, general replication, and specific chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro)-mediated replication. Medicinal plants, fungi, and marine organisms as remedies for human coronaviruses in China, Lebanon, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Africa are described. Common species include Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud., Artemisia annua L., Artemisia apiacea Hance, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl, edible brown algae Ecklonia cava Kjellman, Euphorbia neriifolia L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Pelargonium sidoides DC., Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc., Sanguisorba officinalis L., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem., and Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zucc. At least fifty natural compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, lignins, and tannins, which inhibit various strains of human coronaviruses, are presented. Given the scarcity of efficacious and safe vaccines or drugs for coronavirus disease 2019, natural products are low-hanging fruits that should be harnessed as the new global frontier against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Chojnacka K, Witek-Krowiak A, Skrzypczak D, Mikula K, Młynarz P. Phytochemicals containing biologically active polyphenols as an effective agent against Covid-19-inducing coronavirus. J Funct Foods 2020; 73:104146. [PMID: 32834835 PMCID: PMC7392194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of Covid-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-19, along with the lack of targeted medicaments and vaccines, forced the scientific world to search for new antiviral formulations. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about plant extracts containing polyphenols that inhibit Covid-19. Many plant-derived natural compounds (polyphenols) might provide a starting point for the research on the use of plant extracts in coronavirus treatment and prevention. Antivirus polyphenolic drugs can inhibit coronavirus enzymes, which are essential for virus replication and infection. This group of natural substances (betulinic acid, indigo, aloeemodine, luteolin, and quinomethyl triterpenoids, quercitin or gallates) is a potential key to designing antiviral therapies for inhibiting viral proteases. The known pharmacophore structures of bioactive substances can be useful in the elaboration of new anti-Covid-19 formulations. The benefit of using preparations containing phytochemicals is their high safety for patients and no side effects.
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Key Words
- 3CLpro, 3C-like protease
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- Antiviral
- Bioactivity
- CBE, CBM, Herbal extracts from Rhizoma Cibotii
- CC50, 50% cytotoxicity concentration
- CDC, Cholesterol-dependent cytolysin
- CPE, Cytopathogenic effect
- CTH, Herbal extract from Cassiae Semen
- Coronavirus
- Covid-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019
- DBM, Herbal extract from Dioscoreae Rhizoma
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- EC50, 50% effective concentration
- FA, Fatty acid
- FFA, Free fatty acid
- GCG, Gallocatechin gallate
- GSH, Herbal extract from Gentianae Radix
- IC50, 50% inhibitory concentrations
- MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- MNP, Marine Natural Product
- MTT test, Cytotoxicity test using 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) −2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Mpro, The major protease
- PLY, Pneumolysin
- PLpro, The papain-like protease
- Pandemic
- Phytochemicals
- Plant extracts
- Polyphenols
- RNA, Ribonucleic acid
- SARS-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus
- TCH, Herbal extract from Loranthi Ramus
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - D Skrzypczak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - K Mikula
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - P Młynarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Sarkar C, Mondal M, Torequl Islam M, Martorell M, Docea AO, Maroyi A, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D. Potential Therapeutic Options for COVID-19: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:572870. [PMID: 33041814 PMCID: PMC7522523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.572870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented challenge for the researchers to offer safe, tolerable, and effective treatment strategies for its causative agent known as SARS-CoV-2. With the rapid evolution of the pandemic, even the off-label use of existing drugs has been restricted by limited availability. Several old antivirals, antimalarial, and biological drugs are being reconsidered as possible therapies. The effectiveness of the controversial treatment options for COVID-19 such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, angiotensin 2 conversion enzyme inhibitors and selective angiotensin receptor blockers was also discussed. A systemic search in the PubMed, Science Direct, LitCovid, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and ClinicalTrials.gov data bases was conducted using the keywords "coronavirus drug therapy," passive immunotherapy for COVID-19', "convalescent plasma therapy," (CPT) "drugs for COVID-19 treatment," "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," "2019-nCoV," "coronavirus immunology," "microbiology," "virology," and individual drug names. Systematic reviews, case presentations and very recent clinical guidelines were included. This narrative review summarizes the available information on possible therapies for COVID-19, providing recent data to health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science School, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj (Dhaka), Bangladesh
| | - Milon Mondal
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science School, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj (Dhaka), Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepción, Chile
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Alfred Maroyi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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Orhan IE, Senol Deniz FS. Natural Products as Potential Leads Against Coronaviruses: Could They be Encouraging Structural Models Against SARS-CoV-2? NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2020; 10:171-186. [PMID: 32529545 PMCID: PMC7289229 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
New coronavirus referred to SARS-CoV-2 has caused a worldwide pandemic (COVID-19) declared by WHO. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is akin to SARS-CoV, which was the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 as well as to that of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012. SARS-CoV-2 has been revealed to belong to Coronaviridiae family as a member of β-coronaviruses. It has a positive-sense single-stranded RNA with the largest RNA genome. Since its genomic sequence has a notable similarity to that of SARS-CoV, antiviral drugs used to treat SARS and MERS are now being also applied for COVID-19 treatment. In order to combat SARS-CoV-2, many drug and vaccine development studies at experimental and clinical levels are currently conducted worldwide. In this sense, medicinal plants and the pure natural molecules isolated from plants have been reported to exhibit significant inhibitory antiviral activity against SARS-CoV and other types of coronaviruses. In the present review, plant extracts and natural molecules with the mentioned activity are discussed in order to give inspiration to researchers to take these molecules into consideration against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - F Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
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Ali I, Alharbi OML. COVID-19: Disease, management, treatment, and social impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138861. [PMID: 32344226 PMCID: PMC7175909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 was originated from Wuhan city of Hubei Province in China in December 2019. Since then it has spread in more than 210 countries and territories. It is a viral disease due to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The patients show flu-like symptoms with a dry cough, sore throat, high fever, and breathing problems. The disease due to SARS-CoV-2 was named as COVID-19. About 2.2 million people have been infected with more than 0.15 million deaths globally. The United States of America is the most affected country with the highest patients of about 0.7 million. Despite great efforts, there is no treatment of this disease. However, prevention and management are the best options. This article describes SARS-CoV-2, disease, prevention and management, treatment and social impact on society. It was analyzed that a combination of antiviral drugs with hydroxyl-chloroquine and azithromycin (with the consultation of a medical practitioner) may be the best option to treat the patients, depending on the patient's conditions and symptoms. However, Unani therapy may be useful along with allopathic treatment. It is urgently advised and requested that all the persons should follow the preventive measures, managements and quarantine strictly without any religious discrepancy otherwise the situation may be the worst. Also, there is an urgent requirement to educate our new generation for science and technology to fight against any such disaster in future; if any. There is no need to be panic and proper prevention and management are essential to combat this disease. This article may be useful to create awareness among the public, to prevent, manage and treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawara 41477, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central University), New Delhi 11025, India.
| | - Omar M L Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawara 41477, Saudi Arabia
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Park S, Hahm DH, Joo M, Kim K, Kwon S, Choi H, Lee H. The role of Korean Medicine in the post-COVID-19 era: an online panel discussion part 2 - basic research and education. Integr Med Res 2020; 9:100488. [PMID: 32789108 PMCID: PMC7378014 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experiencing difficulties and challenges though COVID-19 pandemic, there are voices that it needs to be discussed to seek direction of basic research and college education of Korean Medicine (KM) so that KM community can play a significant role in the future infectious disease outbreaks. Methods This paper summarizes the edited highlights of an online video meeting by Google meet on May 19, 2020, organized by the Korean Medicine Convergence Research Information Center. Five researchers specialized in immunology, microbiology, virology, preventive medicine, and herbology, respectively, presented what KM community should prepare for the future acute infectious disease outbreaks by learning from the previous research on antiviral effect of herbs for coronavirus and the experiences of the present COVID-19 pandemic. Results There are a lot of herbs or natural products with potential anti-coronavirus effects reported from in vitro experiments and despite criticism, many clinical trials on traditional herbal medicine for COVID-19 are being conducted. In addition to establishing research evidence, KM community should train and produce public health professionals among Korean Medicine Doctors (KMDs) and official participation in public healthcare system should be ensured in terms of regulation and policy. Newly developed KM treatments can be interpreted by the KM theories and also should be allowed by regulations for KMDs to utilize them. Conclusion The present online discussion suggested directions of basic research for acute viral infections diseases utilizing KM and how to enforce relevant education and regulations in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunju Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Kyongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, South Korea
| | - Sunoh Kwon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hoyoung Choi
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyangsook Lee
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Information Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Mani JS, Johnson JB, Steel JC, Broszczak DA, Neilsen PM, Walsh KB, Naiker M. Natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: A review. Virus Res 2020; 284:197989. [PMID: 32360300 PMCID: PMC7190535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are responsible for a growing economic, social and mortality burden, as the causative agent of diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and COVID-19. However, there is a lack of effective antiviral agents for many coronavirus strains. Naturally existing compounds provide a wealth of chemical diversity, including antiviral activity, and thus may have utility as therapeutic agents against coronaviral infections. The PubMed database was searched for papers including the keywords coronavirus, SARS or MERS, as well as traditional medicine, herbal, remedy or plants, with 55 primary research articles identified. The overwhelming majority of publications focussed on polar compounds. Compounds that show promise for the inhibition of coronavirus in humans include scutellarein, silvestrol, tryptanthrin, saikosaponin B2, quercetin, myricetin, caffeic acid, psoralidin, isobavachalcone, and lectins such as griffithsin. Other compounds such as lycorine may be suitable if a therapeutic level of antiviral activity can be achieved without exceeding toxic plasma concentrations. It was noted that the most promising small molecules identified as coronavirus inhibitors contained a conjugated fused ring structure with the majority being classified as being polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice S Mani
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bruce Hwy, North Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Joel B Johnson
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bruce Hwy, North Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason C Steel
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bruce Hwy, North Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel A Broszczak
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation (Q-Block), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul M Neilsen
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bruce Hwy, North Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Kerry B Walsh
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bruce Hwy, North Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Mani Naiker
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bruce Hwy, North Rockhampton, QLD, Australia; Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, CQUniversity, Bruce Hwy, North Rockhampton, QLD, Australia.
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Torequl Islam M, Nasiruddin M, Khan IN, Mishra SK, Kudrat-E-Zahan M, Alam Riaz T, Ali ES, Rahman MS, Mubarak MS, Martorell M, Cho WC, Calina D, Docea AO, Sharifi-Rad J. A Perspective on Emerging Therapeutic Interventions for COVID-19. Front Public Health 2020; 8:281. [PMID: 32733837 PMCID: PMC7362761 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses with an unusual large RNA genome and a unique replication mechanism, which are characterized by club-like spikes that protrude from their surface. An outbreak of a novel coronavirus 2019 infection has posed significant threat to the health and economies in the whole world. This article reviewed the viral replication, pathogenicity, prevention and treatment strategies. With a lack of approved treatment options for this virus, alternative approaches to control the spread of disease is in urgent need. This article also covers some management strategies which may be applied to this virus outbreak. Ongoing clinical studies related to possible treatments for COVID-19, potential vaccines, and alternative medication such as natural compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nasiruddin
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Ishaq N. Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Siddhartha Kumar Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | | | - Thoufiqul Alam Riaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Eunus S. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - M. Safiur Rahman
- Environmental and Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bourhia M, Amrati FEZ, Ullah R, Alqahtani AS, Bousta D, Ibenmoussa S, Khlil N. Coronavirus Treatments: What Drugs Might Work Against COVID-19? Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20945442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 virus outbreak as a pandemic on May 27, 2020. Since then, more than 5 488 825 cases across the world have been recorded at the time of revising this article. Governments around the world have imposed serious containment measures, meanwhile, the healthcare system is overburdened due to large increases in COVID-19 cases. However, no specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus drugs or vaccines have yet been shown to be effective to fight this causative virus of acute infectious pneumonia. The current review was conducted to look for potential natural and synthesized drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Previously published data in journals, textbooks, periodicals, websites, and sources, including data about the treatment of human coronavirus with natural and synthesized drugs, were taken from the online bibliographical databases. The results showed that syndic drugs approved for other human diseases have been used to improve the symptoms of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Several clinical trials across the world evidenced beneficial effects of natural and synthesized drugs in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. On the other hand, many studies have provided a deep understanding of the therapeutic effects of conventional and traditional medicine in identifying naturally occurring drugs effective against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Both natural and synthesized drugs should come together to fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus and other potential emerging dangerous viral diseases since they have shown promising findings in clinical trials conducted with COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bourhia
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Environment, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima Ez-Zahra Amrati
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Nutrition and Climatic Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalila Bousta
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Nutrition and Climatic Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Samir Ibenmoussa
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Environment, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Naima Khlil
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Environment, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
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Boukhatem MN, Setzer WN. Aromatic Herbs, Medicinal Plant-Derived Essential Oils, and Phytochemical Extracts as Potential Therapies for Coronaviruses: Future Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E800. [PMID: 32604842 PMCID: PMC7356962 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After its recent discovery in patients with serious pneumonia in Wuhan (China), the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), named also Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread quickly. Unfortunately, no drug or vaccine for treating human this coronavirus infection is available yet. Numerous options for controlling or preventing emerging 2019-nCoV infections may be predicted, including vaccines, interferon therapies, and small-molecule drugs. However, new interventions are likely to require months to years to develop. In addition, most of the existing antiviral treatments frequently lead to the development of viral resistance combined with the problem of side effects, viral re-emergence, and viral dormancy. The pharmaceutical industry is progressively targeting phytochemical extracts, medicinal plants, and aromatic herbs with the aim of identifying lead compounds, focusing principally on appropriate alternative antiviral drugs. Spices, herbal medicines, essential oils (EOs), and distilled natural products provide a rich source of compounds for the discovery and production of novel antiviral drugs. The determination of the antiviral mechanisms of these natural products has revealed how they interfere with the viral life cycle, i.e., during viral entry, replication, assembly, or discharge, as well as virus-specific host targets. Presently, there are no appropriate or approved drugs against CoVs, but some potential natural treatments and cures have been proposed. Given the perseverance of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, this review paper will illustrate several of the potent antiviral chemical constituents extracted from medicinal and aromatic plants, natural products, and herbal medicines with recognized in vitro and in vivo effects, along with their structure-effect relationships. As this review shows, numerous potentially valuable aromatic herbs and phytochemicals are awaiting assessment and exploitation for therapeutic use against genetically and functionally different virus families, including coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nadjib Boukhatem
- Département de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université - Saad Dahlab - Blida 1, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA;
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
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Fuzimoto AD, Isidoro C. The antiviral and coronavirus-host protein pathways inhibiting properties of herbs and natural compounds - Additional weapons in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic? J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:405-419. [PMID: 32691005 PMCID: PMC7260130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As of March 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. Articles published after the SARS-CoV-1 (2002) epidemic suggest that the use of an herbal-drug integrative medical approach could have contributed to a lower fatality rate and a more rapid response in controlling the outbreak. Methods Pubmed was searched for articles that investigated the antiviral properties and mechanisms of action of herbs or natural compounds against the SARS-coronavirus (CoV). Results Forty-three (43) relevant papers were located. A general count rendered 450+ herbs and natural compounds with antiviral properties against the SARS-CoV and related viruses. From the 43 articles, thirty-one (31) uncovered the mechanisms of action of the natural substances able to oppose the coronavirus. Discussion A series of herbs and natural compounds demonstrated moderate to strong antiviral activity. Research on many herbs-natural compounds also showed potent and significant inhibition of CoV-host protein pathways responsible for different phases of viral replication specifically targeting 3CLPRO, PLPRO, RdRp, helicase protein, S protein, N protein, 3a protein, Cathepsin L, Nsp1, Nsp3c, and ORF7a, and the S protein/ACE-2 interaction. Conclusion The herbs-natural compounds with antiviral activity and that caused inhibition/blockade of the CoV-host protein pathways are potential therapeutic candidates. The homology between the SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 is around 80%. Thus, effective herbs-compounds for the former would likely be beneficial for the latter also depending on target protein similarities between the viruses. Here we provide the mechanistic bases supporting an integrative approach that includes natural compounds to fight coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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Saxena SK, Kumar S, Bhatt MLB, Saxena SK. Therapeutic Development and Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19. CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) 2020. [PMCID: PMC7189400 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2/novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a new strain that has recently been confirmed in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China, and spreads to more than 165 countries of the world including India. The virus infection leads to 245,922 confirmed cases and 10,048 deaths worldwide as of March 20, 2020. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are lethal zoonotic viruses, highly pathogenic in nature, and responsible for diseases ranging from common cold to severe illness such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans for the past 15 years. Considering the severity of the current and previous outbreaks, no approved antiviral agent or effective vaccines are present for the prevention and treatment of infection during the epidemics. Although, various molecules have been shown to be effective against coronaviruses both in vitro and in vivo, but the antiviral activities of these molecules are not well established in humans. Therefore, this chapter is planned to provide information about available treatment and preventive measures for the coronavirus infections during outbreaks. This chapter also discusses the possible role of supportive therapy, repurposing drugs, and complementary and alternative medicines for the management of coronaviruses including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra K. Saxena
- grid.411275.40000 0004 0645 6578Centre for Advanced Research, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
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Wu M, Zhang Q, Yi D, Wu T, Chen H, Guo S, Li S, Ji C, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y, Wu G. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Puerarin in Piglets Infected With Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:169. [PMID: 32174911 PMCID: PMC7055472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused enormous economic losses to the swine industry worldwide in recent years. Puerarin (PR), a major isoflavonoid isolated from the Chinese herb Gegen, possesses many pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral activities. This study was conducted with both PEDV-infected African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) and neonatal pigs to determine the effect of PR on PEDV infection and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by using proteomic analyses. Twenty-four piglets fed a milk replacer were randomly allocated into one of three groups (Control, PEDV, and PEDV + PR). After a 5-day period of adaption, piglets (n = 8/group) in the PEDV + PR were orally administered with PR (0.5 mg/kg body weight) between days 5 and 9, whereas piglets in the other two groups received the same volume of liquid milk replacer. On day 9, piglets were orally administered with either sterile saline or PEDV (Yunnan province strain) at 104.5 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per pig. On day 12 of the trial, jugular vein blood and intestinal samples were collected. In addition, Vero cells were assigned randomly into three groups (Control, PEDV, PEDV + PR). Cells in the PEDV and PEDV + PR groups were infected with PEDV at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01, while cells in the control group were treated with the same volume of sterile saline. One hour later, cells in the Control and PEDV groups were cultured in serum-free DMEM, while cells in the PEDV + PR group were supplemented with PR. After 36 h of culture, cells were harvested. PR attenuated the reductions in cell proliferation in vitro and growth performance in PEDV-infected piglets, and inhibited PEDV replication and the expression of several cytokines (including IL-8) both in vitro and in vivo. Proteomic analyses identified that the abundances of 29 proteins in the ileum were altered by PEDV infection and restored to the control level by PR. Pathway analyses revealed that PR restored the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes and selectively upregulated the expression of guanylate-binding proteins. Western blot analyses showed that PR supplementation inhibited the PEDV-induced NF-κB activation. Collectively, these results indicate that PR could exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects in piglets infected with PEDV and have the potential to be an effective antiviral feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changzheng Ji
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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40
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Lee HW, Yoon SR, Lee HM, Lee JY, Kim SH, Ha JH. Use of RT-qPCR with combined intercalating dye and sodium lauroyl sarcosinate pretreatment to evaluate the virucidal activity of halophyte extracts against norovirus. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Jang E, Inn KS, Jang YP, Lee KT, Lee JH. Phytotherapeutic Activities of Sanguisorba officinalis and its Chemical Constituents: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:299-318. [PMID: 29433389 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sanguisorba officinalis Linne (S. officinalis, Rosaceae) has been used as a medicinal plant for the treatment of burns, hematemesis, melena, intestinal infections, and dermatitis for a long time in China, Korea, and Japan. The therapeutic efficacy of this herb is intimately associated with its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, hemostatic, and anticancer activities. Its root contains triterpenoid saponins (zigyuglycoside I: C[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] and ziyuglycoside II: C[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text]O8) and tannins (sanguiin H-6: C[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text]). It has been recently revealed that these active constituents of S. officinalis possess antiwrinkle properties without cytotoxicity. They also have anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, they can inhibit proliferative tumorigenesis. The underlying mechanism involved in the pharmacological actions of these active constituents is mainly related to p38 MAPK signaling. Although various studies have reported its therapeutic activities and major chemical components, review articles that extensively organize various properties of S. officinalis and its major constituents are still scarce. Taken together, the objective of this paper is to provide overall pharmacological and phytochemical profiles of S. officinalis and its constituents (including ziyuglycoside I, ziyuglycoside II, and sanguiin H-6), and their potential roles in clinical applications for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, bleeding disorders, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eungyeong Jang
- * College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,∥ Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- † Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- ‡ Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,§ Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- ‡ Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,¶ Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Lee
- * College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Park G, Kim E, Son YJ, Yoon DH, Sung GH, Aravinthan A, Park YC, Kim JH, Cho JY. Anti-inflammatory effect of torilidis fructus ethanol extract through inhibition of Src. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:2074-2082. [PMID: 28832235 PMCID: PMC6130681 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1362011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Torilidis fructus, fruits of Torilis japonica Decadolle (Umbelliferae), is a medicinal herb traditionally used as a pesticide, an astrictive, or a medicine for various inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVES Due to the lack of pharmacological studies on this herbal medicine, we explored the inhibitory activity of torilidis fructus on the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response using its ethanol extract (Tf-EE). MATERIAL AND METHODS The Griess assay and prostaglandin (PGE2) ELISA assay were conducted with Tf-EE (0-75 µg/mL) and LPS (1 µg/mL) treated RAW264.7 cells in cultured media. Tf-EE pretreated RAW264.7 cells were incubated with LPS for 6 h and semi-quantitative PCR was performed. Reporter gene assays, overexpression of target enzymes and immunoblotting were performed on macrophages to determine the molecular targets of Tf-EE. RESULTS Tf-EE markedly suppressed the inflammatory response of macrophages, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 production with IC50 values of 35.66 and 62.47 µg/mL, respectively. It was also found that Tf-EE reduced the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 by 80%. Nuclear translocation and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB (p65 and p50) were declined by 60% and 30% respectively, and their regulatory events including the phosphorylation of AKT, IκBα, Src, and the formation of complexes between Src and p-p85 were also recognized to be diminished. CONCLUSIONS The signalling events managed by Src and p85 complex seemed to be critically involved in Tf-EE-mediated anti-inflammatory response. This might suggest that Tf-EE exhibited anti-inflammatory effects through Src-targeted inhibition of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyubyung Park
- Gyeonggi Science High School for the Gifted, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Deok Hyo Yoon
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University Incheon, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University Incheon, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Adithan Aravinthan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Chul Park
- College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Yung Chul ParkCollege of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Jong-Hoon KimCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- CONTACT: Jae Youl ChoDepartment of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
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Seo DJ, Lee M, Jeon SB, Park H, Jeong S, Lee BH, Choi C. Antiviral activity of herbal extracts against the hepatitis A virus. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hou Z, Sun G, Guo Y. Linear Quantitative Profiling Method Fast Monitors Alkaloids of Sophora Flavescens That Was Verified by Tri-Marker Analyses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161146. [PMID: 27529425 PMCID: PMC4987015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrated the use of the Linear Quantitative Profiling Method (LQPM) to evaluate the quality of Alkaloids of Sophora flavescens (ASF) based on chromatographic fingerprints in an accurate, economical and fast way. Both linear qualitative and quantitative similarities were calculated in order to monitor the consistency of the samples. The results indicate that the linear qualitative similarity (LQLS) is not sufficiently discriminating due to the predominant presence of three alkaloid compounds (matrine, sophoridine and oxymatrine) in the test samples; however, the linear quantitative similarity (LQTS) was shown to be able to obviously identify the samples based on the difference in the quantitative content of all the chemical components. In addition, the fingerprint analysis was also supported by the quantitative analysis of three marker compounds. The LQTS was found to be highly correlated to the contents of the marker compounds, indicating that quantitative analysis of the marker compounds may be substituted with the LQPM based on the chromatographic fingerprints for the purpose of quantifying all chemicals of a complex sample system. Furthermore, once reference fingerprint (RFP) developed from a standard preparation in an immediate detection way and the composition similarities calculated out, LQPM could employ the classical mathematical model to effectively quantify the multiple components of ASF samples without any chemical standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei Chemical and Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Florham Park, New Jersey, United States of America
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Gawron-Gzella A, Witkowska-Banaszczak E, Bylka W, Dudek-Makuch M, Odwrot A, Skrodzka N. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Sanguisorba officinalis L. Extracts. Pharm Chem J 2016; 50:244-249. [PMID: 32214538 PMCID: PMC7089018 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sanquisorba officinalis has been used internally for the treatment of intestinal infections and duodenal ulcers, as well as hemorrhoids, phlebitis and varicose veins and female disorders, and topically to heal wounds, burns, and ulcers. In our study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as quantitative analysis of polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids and total polyphenols) in methanol and aqueous extracts from S. officinalis herbs are presented. A correlation between the antioxidant activity and composition of tested extracts indicates that flavonoids are the major compounds causing scavenging of free radicals. Higher content of flavonoids was found in the methanol extract, while the content of total phenolics was higher in the aqueous extract. Both extracts from S. officinalis herbs showed antioxidant activity and high antimicrobial activity in a wide spectrum of test strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gawron-Gzella
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 4 OEiêcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Witkowska-Banaszczak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 4 OEiêcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiesława Bylka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 4 OEiêcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marlena Dudek-Makuch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 4 OEiêcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Odwrot
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 4 OEiêcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Skrodzka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 4 OEiêcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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Ethanol Extract of Sanguisorbae Radix Inhibits Mast Cell Degranulation and Suppresses 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2947390. [PMID: 27065570 PMCID: PMC4811174 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2947390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sanguisorbae Radix (SR) is well known as herbal medicine named “Zi-Yu” in Korea, which is the dried roots of Sanguisorba officinalis L. (Rosacease). We investigated the underlying mechanism on the inhibition of atopic dermatitis (AD) of an ethanol extract of SR (ESR) using 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced AD mice model. Oral administration of ESR significantly suppressed DNCB-induced AD-like symptoms such as scratching behavior, ear thickness, epidermal thickness, and IgE levels. To investigate the effects of ESR treatment on degranulation of IgE/Ag-activated mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), we measured the release of β-hexosaminidase (β-HEX, degranulation marker). ESR decreased the infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells into the AD skin lesions. Furthermore, ESR significantly inhibited degranulation of IgE/Ag-activated BMMCs. We have demonstrated that ESR decreased AD symptoms in mice and inhibits degranulation of IgE/Ag-activated mast cells. Our study suggests that ESR may serve as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of AD symptoms.
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Jung J, Kim NK, Park S, Shin HJ, Hwang SG, Kim K. Inhibitory effect of Phyllanthus urinaria L. extract on the replication of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus in vitro. Altern Ther Health Med 2015. [PMID: 26220282 PMCID: PMC4518506 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) with nucleos(t)ide analogs results in the emergence of drug-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) harboring mutations in the polymerase (P) gene. The Phyllanthus extract has anti-HBV activity; however, its antiviral activity against lamivudine (LMV)-resistant mutants has not been examined. METHODS HBV harboring LMV-resistant mutations (rtM204I, rtM204V, and rtM204S) in the P gene at the YMDD ((203)tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate(206)) reverse transcriptase (RT) active site were generated and their sensitivity to Phyllanthus urinaria koreanis extract examined. Southern blotting and real-time PCR were used to determine the concentration of plant extract required to inhibit HBV DNA synthesis by 50 and 90% (EC50 and EC90, respectively). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the EC50 of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV core antigen (HBcAg) secretion, and the 50% cytotoxic concentration of the extract was measured in a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Real-time RT-PCR was used to measure mRNA expression levels. RESULTS The expression of intracellular HBV DNAs in HBV WT- or mutant-transfected HepG2 cells decreased upon treatment with Phyllanthus extract. The secretion of HBsAg and HBcAg also fell in a dose-dependent manner. Phyllanthus extract induced interferon-beta (IFN-β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression in HBV WT-transfected HepG2 cells, possibly via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and c-jun N-terminal kinases and the induction of retinoic acid inducible gene-I, toll-like receptor 3, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and/or tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 gene expression. HBV transfection in the absence of extract or exposure of cells to extract alone did not trigger these signaling cascades. CONCLUSIONS Phyllanthus extract inhibited HBV DNA synthesis and HBsAg and HBcAg secretion by replicating cells harboring HBV wild-type and LMV-resistant mutants, likely by inducing the expression of IFN-β, COX-2, and IL-6. These data indicate that Phyllanthus extract may be useful as an alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of drug-resistant CHB patients.
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Zhang X, Hao J, Zhen J, Yin L, Li Q, Xue C, Cao Y. Rapid quantitation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) by Virus Counter. J Virol Methods 2015; 223:1-4. [PMID: 26164357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Virus Counter was applied for the quantitation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV); the working range and reproducibility of the quantification were characterized, and the performance of Virus Counter was evaluated using the plaque assay as the gold standard. In this study, the single burst curves of PEDV were first constructed with the Virus Counter or plaque assay respectively, and the results from Virus Counter and plaque assay showed similar high correlation for interval of 12-24 h (r=0.9581, p<0.05). Then three virus batches from independent virus propagations were harvested at interval of 16-20 h and serial-diluted; The correlation between the calculated titer and the results obtained by Virus Counter were better than those obtained by using the plaque assay. The comparison between the plaque assay data and the Virus Counter results revealed a linear relationship (slope=1.155±0.46, R(2)=0.9665) with a significant Pearson correlation (r=0.9809, p<0.0001). The results of this study demonstrated that Virus Counter is a simple and reliable method to quantify the viral particles of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jianwei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qianniu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Traditional Chinese medicine herbal extracts of Cibotium barometz, Gentiana scabra, Dioscorea batatas, Cassia tora, and Taxillus chinensis inhibit SARS-CoV replication. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 1:41-50. [PMID: 24716104 PMCID: PMC3942999 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) agents is pivotal to prevent the reemergence of the life-threatening disease, SARS. In this study, more than 200 extracts from Chinese medicinal herbs were evaluated for anti-SARS-CoV activities using a cell-based assay that measured SARS-CoV-induced cytopathogenic effect (CPE) in vitro on Vero E6 cells. Six herbal extracts, one each from Gentianae Radix (龍膽 lóng dǎn; the dried rhizome of Gentiana scabra), Dioscoreae Rhizoma (山藥 shān yào; the tuber of Dioscorea batatas), Cassiae Semen (決明子 jué míng zǐ; the dried seed of Cassia tora) and Loranthi Ramus (桑寄生 sāng jì shēng; the dried stem, with leaf of Taxillus chinensis) (designated as GSH, DBM, CTH and TCH, respectively), and two from Rhizoma Cibotii (狗脊 gǒu jǐ; the dried rhizome of Cibotium barometz) (designated as CBE and CBM), were found to be potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV at concentrations between 25 and 200 μg/ml. The concentrations of the six extracts needed to inhibit 50% of Vero E6 cell proliferation (CC50) and 50% of viral replication (EC50) were determined. The resulting selective index values (SI = CC50/EC50) of the most effective extracts CBE, GSH, DBM, CTH and TCH were > 59.4, > 57.5, > 62.1, > 59.4, and > 92.9, respectively. Among these extracts, CBM and DBM also showed significant inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease activity with IC50 values of 39 μg/ml and 44 μg/ml, respectively. Our findings suggest that these six herbal extracts may have potential as candidates for future development of anti-SARS therapeutics.
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Cao H, Ou R, Li G, Yang X, Zheng W, Lu L. Saprolegnia australis R. F. Elliott 1968 infection in Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) eggs and its control with herb extracts. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ICHTHYOLOGIE = JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY 2014; 30:145-150. [PMID: 32336844 PMCID: PMC7166355 DOI: 10.1111/jai.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to control saprolegniosis in Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) eggs, it is important to screen herb extracts as potential anti-Saprolegnia drugs in Prussian carp hatcheries. For this purpose, an oomycete water mould (strain SC) isolated from Prussian carp [Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)] eggs suffering from saprolegniosis was characterised morphologically as well as from ITS rDNA sequence data. Initially identified as a Saprolegnia sp. based on its morphological features, the constructed phylogenetic tree using the neighbour joining method further indicated that the SC strain was closely related to Saprolegnia australis R. F. Elliott 1968 strain VI05733 (GenBank accession no. HE798564), and which could form biofilm communities as virulence factors. In addition, aqueous extracts from forty Chinese herbs were screened as possible anti-Saprolegnia agents. Among them, a 1 g ml-1 extract from Radix sanguisorbae was the most efficacious anti-Saprolegnia agent, indicated by the minimum inhibitory concentration that was as low as 256 mg L-1. Relative survival of 73 and 88% was obtained against the SC strain in fish eggs at concentrations of 256 and 1280 mg L-1, respectively. This is the first known report of Saprolegnia australis R. F. Elliott 1968 infection in C. gibelio (Bloch, 1782) eggs involving the screening of R. sanguisorbae extracts as potential anti-Saprolegnia agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture of P. R. China, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Center (ZF1206), Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai China
- Sihong Bureau of Aquatic Products Sihong China
- Shanxi Veterinary Drug and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center Yuncheng China
| | - R Ou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture of P. R. China, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Center (ZF1206), Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai China
| | - G Li
- Sihong Bureau of Aquatic Products Sihong China
| | - X Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture of P. R. China, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Center (ZF1206), Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai China
| | - W Zheng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Wuhan China
| | - L Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture of P. R. China, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals Shanghai University Knowledge Service Platform, Shanghai Ocean University Aquatic Animal Breeding Center (ZF1206), Shanghai Ocean University Shanghai China
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