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Muchtaridi M, Suryani AI, Wathoni N, Herdiana Y, Mohammed AFA, Gazzali AM, Lesmana R, Joni IM. Chitosan/Alginate Polymeric Nanoparticle-Loaded α-Mangostin: Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and In Vivo Evaluation against Breast Cancer Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3658. [PMID: 37765512 PMCID: PMC10538075 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
α-mangostin (Amg), a compound isolated from the mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana, L.), has demonstrated promising anticancer activity. However, its low solubility and selectivity against cancer cells limit its efficacy. To address this issue, researchers have developed chitosan/alginate polymeric nanoparticles (NANO-AMCAL) to enhance the effectiveness of Amg. In vitro studies have demonstrated that NANO-AMCAL is highly active against breast cancer cells. Therefore, an in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of NANO-AMCAL in treating breast cancer in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) and determine the effective dose. The rats were divided into seven treatment groups, including positive control, negative control, pure Amg, and NANO-AMCAL 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg. The rats were injected subcutaneously with a carcinogenic agent, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and were evaluated for weight and tumor volume every three days during treatment. Surgery was performed on day 14, and histopathological studies were carried out on breast and lung cancer tissues. The results showed that NANO-AMCAL significantly enhanced the anticancer activity of Amg in treating breast cancer in Wistar rats. NANO-AMCAL containing 0.33 mg of Amg had a healing effect three times better than 20 mg pure Amg and was comparable to tamoxifen. The effective dose of NANO-AMCAL for anti-breast cancer treatment in Wistar rats was found to be 20 mg, which exhibited a good healing response, and the tumor volume continued to decrease up to 17.43% on the 14th day. Furthermore, histopathological tests showed tissue repair and no metastases. These findings suggest that NANO-AMCAL may be a promising therapeutic option for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Radiopharmaceuticals Theranostic, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Ade Irma Suryani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (N.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yedi Herdiana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (N.W.); (Y.H.)
| | | | - Amirah Mohd Gazzali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Physiology Division, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biology Cell, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - I. Made Joni
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Departement of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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Fristiohady A, Al-Ramadan W, Fitrawan LOM, Hamsidi R, Purnama LOMJ, Malaka MH, Haruna LA, Sahidin. Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius Linn.) Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptotic in Breast Cancer Cell Lines T47D. Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:427-433. [PMID: 37937336 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.427.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> Linn.) is one of the medicinal plants that contain secondary metabolites that have the potential to as anti-cancer by inducing apoptosis. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and the induction activity of apoptosis from ethanol extract of safflower in the T47D breast cancer cell line. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Safflower was extracted using 96% ethanol and assayed for phytochemical screening, cytotoxic tests by cell counting kit-8 to determine inhibitory concentration and apoptosis induction activity by flow cytometry to determine the ability of samples induce the programmed cell cancer in death. The data collected was analyzed with the PRISM GraphPad version. <b>Results:</b> The ethanol extract of safflower contains flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The results of the anticancer activity test showed an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 479 μg mL<sup>1</sup> and the best percentage of apoptosis at a concentration of 200 μg mL<sup>1</sup> was 16.61% at the beginning of apoptosis and 10.52% at the end of apoptosis. <b>Conclusion:</b> The safflower can be developed as a breast anticancer agent that works through the induction of apoptosis to improve the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment.
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Nurhidayah W, Widyasari EM, Daruwati I, Mahendra I, Subroto T, Khairul Ikram NK, Muchtaridi M. Radiosynthesis, Stability, Lipophilicity, and Cellular Uptake Evaluations of [ 131I]Iodine-α-Mangostin for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108678. [PMID: 37240025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The high rate of incidence and mortality caused by breast cancer encourage urgent research to immediately develop new diagnostic and therapeutic agents for breast cancer. Alpha mangostin (AM) is a natural compound reported to have anti-breast cancer properties. Its electron-donating groups structure allows it to be labeled with an iodine-131 radioisotope to develop a candidate of a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for breast cancer. This study aims to prepare the [131I]Iodine-α-mangostin ([131I]I-AM) and evaluate its stability, lipophilicity, and cellular uptake in breast cancer cell lines. The [131I]I-AM was prepared by direct radiosynthesis with Chloramine-T method in two conditions (A: AM dissolved in NaOH, B: AM dissolved in ethanol). Reaction time, pH, and mass of the oxidizing agent were optimized as crucial parameters that affected the radiosynthesis reaction. Further analysis was conducted using the radiosynthesis conditions with the highest radiochemical purity (RCP). Stability tests were carried out at three storage conditions, including -20, 2, and 25 °C. A cellular uptake study was performed in T47D (breast cancer cell line) and Vero cells (noncancerous cell line) at various incubation times. The results show that the RCP values of [131I]I-AM under conditions A and B were 90.63 ± 0.44 and 95.17 ± 0.80% (n = 3), respectively. In the stability test, [131I]I-AM has an RCP above 90% after three days of storage at -20 °C. A significant difference was obtained between [131I]I-AM uptake in T47D and Vero cells. Based on these results, [131I]I-AM has been prepared with high RCP, stable at -20 °C, and specifically uptaken by breast cancer cell lines. Biodistribution evaluations in animals are recommended as further research in developing [131I]I-AM as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwit Nurhidayah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Eva Maria Widyasari
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang 15310, Indonesia
| | - Isti Daruwati
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang 15310, Indonesia
| | - Isa Mahendra
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang 15310, Indonesia
| | - Toto Subroto
- Research Centre of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Nur Kusaira Khairul Ikram
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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Alam M, Rashid S, Fatima K, Adnan M, Shafie A, Akhtar MS, Ganie AH, Eldin SM, Islam A, Khan I, Hassan MI. Biochemical features and therapeutic potential of α-Mangostin: Mechanism of action, medicinal values, and health benefits. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114710. [PMID: 37141737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin (α-MG) is a natural xanthone obtained from the pericarps of mangosteen. It exhibits excellent potential, including anti-cancer, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and induces apoptosis. α-MG controls cell proliferation by modulating signaling molecules, thus implicated in cancer therapy. It possesses incredible pharmacological features and modulates crucial cellular and molecular factors. Due to its lesser water solubility and pitiable target selectivity, α-MG has limited clinical application. As a known antioxidant, α-MG has gained significant attention from the scientific community, increasing interest in extensive technical and biomedical applications. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems were designed to improve the pharmacological features and efficiency of α-MG. This review is focused on recent developments on the therapeutic potential of α-MG in managing cancer and neurological diseases, with a special focus on its mechanism of action. In addition, we highlighted biochemical and pharmacological features, metabolism, functions, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and pre-clinical applications of α-MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 173, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kisa Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, PO Box 2440, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Salman Akhtar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - A H Ganie
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Theoretical Studies, Saudi Electronic University, Abha Male 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Setyawati LU, Nurhidayah W, Khairul Ikram NK, Mohd Fuad WE, Muchtaridi M. General toxicity studies of alpha mangostin from Garcinia mangostana: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16045. [PMID: 37215800 PMCID: PMC10196863 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha mangostin (AM), the main xanthone derivative contained in mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana/GM), has many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiproliferation, antiinflammatory, and anticancer. Several general toxicity studies of AM have been previously reported to assess the safety profile of AM. Toxicity studies were carried out by various methods such as on test animals, interventions, and various routes of administration, but the test results have not been well documented. Our study aimed to systematically summarizes research on the safety profile of GM containing AM through general toxicity tests to get the LD50 and NOAEL values, and so, can be used as a database related to AM toxicity profiles. This could facilitate other researchers in determining further development of GM-or-AM-based products. Pubmed, Google scholar, ScienceDirect, and EBSCO were chosen to collect the articles while ARRIVE 2.0 was used to evaluate the quality and risk-of-bias of the in vivo toxicity studies included in this systematic review. A total of 20 articles met the eligibility criteria and were reviewed to predict the LD50 and NOAEL of AM. The results showed that the LD50 of AM is between >15.480 mg/kgBW to ≤6000 mg/kgBW while the NOAEL value is between <100 and ≤2000 mg/kgBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luthfi Utami Setyawati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Sumedang, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
| | - Wiwit Nurhidayah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Sumedang, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
| | - Nur Kusaira Khairul Ikram
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ezumi Mohd Fuad
- Programme of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Sumedang, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
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Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Active Targeted Carrier of Alpha Mangostin for Breast Cancer Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041025. [PMID: 36850308 PMCID: PMC9965946 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha mangostin (AM) has potential anticancer properties for breast cancer. This study aims to assess the potential of chitosan nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid for the targeted delivery of AM (AM-CS/HA) against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. AM-CS/HA showed a spherical shape with an average diameter of 304 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.3, and a negative charge of 24.43 mV. High encapsulation efficiency (90%) and drug loading (8.5%) were achieved. AM released from AM-CS/HA at an acidic pH of 5.5 was higher than the physiological pH of 7.4 and showed sustained release. The cytotoxic effect of AM-CS/HA (IC50 4.37 µg/mL) on MCF-7 was significantly higher than AM nanoparticles without HA coating (AM-CS) (IC50 4.48 µg/mL) and AM (IC50 5.27 µg/mL). These findings suggest that AM-CS/HA enhances AM cytotoxicity and has potential applications for breast cancer therapy.
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Kalick LS, Khan HA, Maung E, Baez Y, Atkinson AN, Wallace CE, Day F, Delgadillo BE, Mondal A, Watanapokasin R, Barbalho SM, Bishayee A. Mangosteen for malignancy prevention and intervention: Current evidence, molecular mechanisms, and future perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106630. [PMID: 36581166 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), also known as the "queen of fruits", is a tropical fruit of the Clusiacea family. While native to Southeast Asian countries, such as Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India, and the Philippines, the fruit has gained popularity in the United States due to its health-promoting attributes. In traditional medicine, mangosteen has been used to treat a variety of illnesses, ranging from dysentery to wound healing. Mangosteen has been shown to exhibit numerous biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. Disease-preventative and therapeutic properties of mangosteen have been ascribed to secondary metabolites called xanthones, present in several parts of the tree, including the pericarp, fruit rind, peel, stem bark, root bark, and leaf. Of the 68 mangosteen xanthones identified so far, the most widely-studied are α-mangostin and γ-mangostin. Emerging studies have found that mangosteen constituents and phytochemicals exert encouraging antineoplastic effects against a myriad of human malignancies. While there are a growing number of individual research papers on the anticancer properties of mangosteen, a complete and critical evaluation of published experimental findings has not been accomplished. Accordingly, the objective of this work is to present an in-depth analysis of the cancer preventive and anticancer potential of mangosteen constituents, with a special emphasis on the associated cellular and molecular mechanisms. Moreover, the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and safety of mangosteen-derived agents together with current challenges and future research avenues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Kalick
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Hamaad A Khan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Erica Maung
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Yasmany Baez
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Alexa N Atkinson
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Carly E Wallace
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Faith Day
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Blake E Delgadillo
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Arijit Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.R. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Balisha 743 234, India
| | - Ramida Watanapokasin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Sandra M Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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Triyasa KS, Diantini A, Barliana MI. A Review of Herbal Medicine-Based Phytochemical of Garcinia as Molecular Therapy for Breast Cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3573-3588. [PMID: 36248245 PMCID: PMC9554952 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s358229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from globocan statistic in 2020 indicate that breast cancer has become highest incidence rate of cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are known immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers that mediate cell growth and survival signaling. Furthermore, regulator proteins, receptors, and their downstream signaling pathways have emerged as critical components in breast cancer formation and proliferation, and have become well-established therapeutic targets and the core focus of breast cancer therapy research. Garcinia is a big genus in the Clusiaceae family that contains a wide spectrum of biologically active metabolites for the chemical composition of their isolated fruits, stem barks, seeds, leaves, and roots, have resulted including polyisoprenylated benzophenones, polyphenols, bioflavonoids, xanthones, lactones, and triterpenes. This review article aimed to analyze the potential of Garcinia phytochemicals as a molecular therapy of breast cancer. The results showed that phytochemicals of Garcinia (i.e., α-mangostin, Cambogin, Gambogic Acid [GA], Garcinol, Griffipavixanthone, Friedolanostane triterpenoid, Hexane, Neobractatin, 7-Epiclusianone, xanthochymol - guttiferone E, and isoxanthochymol - cycloxanthochymol) have anticancer properties, including apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, and metastasis. This review is important to provide information regarding phytochemicals of Garcinia as an alternative treatment for breast cancer patients. This article selected 28 article researches based on inclusion criteria with the keyword “Garcinia” and “Breast cancer”, in English, and available in full text and abstract searching on PubMed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komang Suma Triyasa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ajeng Diantini
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Intan Barliana
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Correspondence: Melisa Intan Barliana, Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Jatinangor, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia, Email
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Synthesis, physicochemical studies, fluorescence behavior, and anticancer properties of transition metal complexes with the pyridyl ligand. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A novel series of complexes with the formula [MLCl] [M = Co(II) (1), Ni(II) (2), Cu(II) (3), Zn(II) (4)] arising from Pyridyl ligand, N,N’-bis(1-(2-pyridyl)ethylidene)-2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine), ligand, L, was synthesized and investigated by elemental analyses, FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, Powder XRD, and thermal analyses. TGA analysis indicated that all complexes degraded in three different steps, while the PXRD examination showed well-defined sharp crystalline peaks for the complexes, indicating significant crystallinity. The antiproliferative activity of the ligand and its complexes were also evaluated in vitro against the HeLa (Human Cervical Cancer Cells) and HCT116 (Colon Cancer Cells) cell lines. The findings suggested complex 4 to be potential anticancer agent against these cell lines. In addition, ligand and its complexes also exhibited considerable emission properties.
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Herdiana Y, Wathoni N, Shamsuddin S, Muchtaridi M. Cytotoxicity Enhancement in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells with Depolymerized Chitosan Delivery of α-Mangostin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153139. [PMID: 35956654 PMCID: PMC9371181 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of α-mangostin (AMG) in breast cancer research has wide intentions. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (CSNPs) have attractive prospects for developing anticancer drugs, especially in their high flexibility for modification to enhance their anticancer action. This research aimed to study the impact of depolymerized chitosan (CS) on the cytotoxicity enhancement of AMG in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. CSNPs effectivity depends on size, shape, crystallinity degree, and charge surface. Modifying CS molecular weight (MW) is expected to influence CSNPs’ characteristics, impacting size, shape, crystallinity degree, and charge surface. CSNPs are developed using the method of ionic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a crosslinker and spray pyrolysis procedure. Nanoparticles’ (NPs) sizes vary from 205.3 ± 81 nm to 450.9 ± 235 nm, ZP charges range from +10.56 mV to +51.56 mV, and entrapment efficiency from 85.35% to 90.45%. The morphology of NPs are all the same spherical forms. In vitro release studies confirmed that AMG–Chitosan–High Molecular Weight (AMG–CS–HMW) and AMG–Chitosan–Low Molecular Weight (AMG–CS–LMW) had a sustained-release system profile. MW has a great influence on surface, drug release, and cytotoxicity enhancement of AMG in CSNPs to MCF-7 cancer cells. The preparations AMG–CS–HMW and AMG–CS–LMW NPs considerably enhanced the cytotoxicity of MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 5.90 ± 0.08 µg/mL and 4.90 ± 0.16 µg/mL, respectively, as compared with the non-nano particle formulation with an IC50 of 8.47 ± 0.29 µg/mL. These findings suggest that CSNPs can enhance the physicochemical characteristics and cytotoxicity of AMG in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedi Herdiana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Shaharum Shamsuddin
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
- Nanobiotech Research Initiative, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- USM-RIKEN Interdisciplinary Collaboration on Advanced Sciences (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (M.M.)
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In Silico Study: Combination of α-Mangostin and Chitosan Conjugated with Trastuzumab against Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132747. [PMID: 35808792 PMCID: PMC9268814 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a type of cancer with the highest prevalence worldwide. Almost 10–30% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed as positive for HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2). The currently available treatment methods still exhibit many shortcomings such as a high incidence of side effects and treatment failure due to resistance. This in silico study aims to simulate α-mangostin and chitosan combination conjugated to trastuzumab formulation against HER2 as an effort to improve breast cancer patient therapy. This molecular docking simulation was done through using PatchDock Server. The materials used including the two-dimensional structure of α-mangostin, chitosan, and sodium tripolyphosphate from the PubChem database; trastuzumab FASTA sequence from the DrugBank database; and HER2 structure obtained from a crystal complex with PDB ID: 1N8Z. The results indicated that the particle of α-mangostin and chitosan combinations interacted mostly with the crystallizable fragment (Fc region) of trastuzumab in the conjugation process. The conjugation of trastuzumab to the particle of a combination of α-mangostin and chitosan resulted in the greatest increase in the binding score of the smallest-sized particles (50 Å) with an increase in the score of 3828 and also gave the most similar mode of interaction with trastuzumab. However, the conjugation of trastuzumab eliminated the similarity of the mode of interaction and increased the value of atomic contact energy. Thus, a cominbation of α-mangostin and chitosan conjugated to a trastuzumab formulation was predicted can increase the effectiveness of breast cancer therapy at a relatively small particle size but with the consequence of decreasing atomic contact energy.
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12
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Borzdziłowska P, Bednarek I. The Effect of α-Mangostin and Cisplatin on Ovarian Cancer Cells and the Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051116. [PMID: 35625852 PMCID: PMC9138353 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the cancers that, unfortunately, is detected at a late stage of development. The current use of treatment has many side effects. Notably, up to 20% of patients show cisplatin resistance. We assess the effects of cisplatin and/or α-mangostin, a natural plant derivative, on ovarian cancer cells and on the cancer cell microenvironment. The effect of cisplatin and/or α-mangostin on the following cells of ovarian cancer lines: A2780, TOV-21G, and SKOV-3 was verified using the XTT cytotoxicity assay. The separate and combined effects of tested drugs on ovarian cancer cell viability were assessed. We assessed the influence of chemotherapeutic agents on the possibility of modulating the microenvironment. For this purpose, we isolated exosomes from drug-treated and untreated ovarian cancer cells. We estimated the differences in the amounts of exosomes released from cancer cells (NTA technique). We also examined the effects of isolated exosome fractions on normal human cells (NHDF human fibroblast line). In the present study, we demonstrate that treatment of A2780, SKOV-3, and TOV-21G cells with α-mangostin in combination with cisplatin can allow a reduction in cisplatin concentration while maintaining the same cytotoxic effect. Ovarian cancer cells release a variable number of exosomes into the microenvironment when exposed to α-mangostin and/or cisplatin. However, it is important to note that the cargo carried by exosomes released from drug-treated cells may be significantly different.
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Dewi C, Fristiohady A, Amalia R, Bunggulawa EJ, Muchtaridi M. Alpha-mangostin as an inhibitor of GSK3β in triple-negative breast cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-7. [PMID: 35465844 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2068074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a breast cancer subtype that does not express the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, or the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and that is characterized by high invasiveness, high metastatic potential, and poor prognosis. TNBC lacks receptors and hence cannot be treated by using targeted therapies; as such, the therapeutic potential of Indonesian herbal plants against this disease is worth exploring. Herein, we explore the molecular docking and the molecular dynamics simulations of α-mangostin on glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β; PDB ID: 4ACC). Our findings reveal that α-mangostin has a weaker binding affinity to GSK3β than the native ligand (-8.22 kcal/mol), while the latter binds to GSK3β with a stronger binding affinity of -8.92 kcal/mol. According to the binding site analysis, the hydrogen bonds of the native ligand on Asp133 and Arg141, while α-mangostin only appeared to form a hydrogen bond on the enzyme's Asp133. On the other hand, α-mangostin shares similar docking sites with the native ligand (namely, Ile62, Phe67, Val70, and Thr138), thus leading to the conclusion that the native ligand and α-mangostin might share a similar molecular mechanism. The molecular dynamics simulation by using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann and surface area (MM-PBSA) calculations' method shows that α-mangostin maintains a better affinity (with a value of ΔGTotal at -114.463 kJ/mol) as compared with the native ligand (with a respective ΔGTotal value of -75.158 kJ/mol). Our findings are suggestive of α-mangostin possessing a valuable potential as an anti-TNBC agent through GSK3β inhibition.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citra Dewi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Mandala Waluya University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Adryan Fristiohady
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kampus Hijau Bumi Tridharma, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Riezki Amalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Edwin J Bunggulawa
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Belkadi A, Kenouche S, Melkemi N, Daoud I, Djebaili R. Molecular docking/dynamic simulations, MEP, ADME-TOX-based analysis of xanthone derivatives as CHK1 inhibitors. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Yuan L, Cai Y, Zhang L, Liu S, Li P, Li X. Promoting Apoptosis, a Promising Way to Treat Breast Cancer With Natural Products: A Comprehensive Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:801662. [PMID: 35153757 PMCID: PMC8836889 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.801662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the top-ranked malignant carcinomas associated with morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Chemotherapy is one of the main approaches to breast cancer treatment. Breast cancer initially responds to traditional first- and second-line drugs (aromatase inhibitor, tamoxifen, and carboplatin), but eventually acquires resistance, and certain patients relapse within 5 years. Chemotherapeutic drugs also have obvious toxic effects. In recent years, natural products have been widely used in breast cancer research because of their low side effects, low toxicity, and good efficacy based on their multitarget therapy. Apoptosis, a programmed cell death, occurs as a normal and controlled process that promotes cell growth and death. Inducing apoptosis is an important strategy to control excessive breast cancer cell proliferation. Accumulating evidence has revealed that natural products become increasingly important in breast cancer treatment by suppressing cell apoptosis. In this study, we reviewed current studies on natural product–induced breast cancer cell apoptosis and summarized the proapoptosis mechanisms including mitochondrial, FasL/Fas, PI3K/AKT, reactive oxygen species, and mitogen-activated protein kinase–mediated pathway. We hope that our review can provide direction in the search for candidate drugs derived from natural products to treat breast cancer by promoting cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqing Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fengdu County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoli Li, ; Pan Li,
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoli Li, ; Pan Li,
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Abate M, Pagano C, Masullo M, Citro M, Pisanti S, Piacente S, Bifulco M. Mangostanin, a Xanthone Derived from Garcinia mangostana Fruit, Exerts Protective and Reparative Effects on Oxidative Damage in Human Keratinocytes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010084. [PMID: 35056141 PMCID: PMC8780152 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) is known in ancient traditional Asian medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. These effects are mainly due to the action of polyphenols known as xanthones, which are contained in the pericarp of the fruit. In recent years, there has been a growing interest from pharmaceutical companies in formulating new topicals based on mangosteen full extracts to prevent skin aging. However, the molecules responsible for these effects and the mechanisms involved have not been investigated so far. Here, the arils and shells of Garcinia mangostana were extracted with chloroform and methanol, and the extracts were further purified to yield 12 xanthone derivatives. Their effects were evaluated using in vitro cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes. After confirming the absence of cytotoxicity, we evaluated the antioxidant potential of these compounds, identifying mangostanin as capable of both protecting and restoring oxidative damage induced by H2O2. We showed how mangostanin, by reducing the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), prevents the activation of AKT (protein kinase B), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), p53, and other cellular pathways underlying cell damage and apoptosis activation. In conclusion, our study is the first to demonstrate that mangostanin is effective in protecting the skin from the action of free radicals, thus preventing skin aging, confirming a potential toward its development in the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Cristina Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Milena Masullo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Marianna Citro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.A.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.B.); Tel.: +39-081-7462200 (M.B.); Fax: +39-081-7460000 (M.B.)
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.B.); Tel.: +39-081-7462200 (M.B.); Fax: +39-081-7460000 (M.B.)
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17
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Nauman MC, Johnson JJ. The purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana): Defining the anticancer potential of selected xanthones. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:106032. [PMID: 34896543 PMCID: PMC9597473 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a popular Southeast Asian fruit that has been used traditionally for its health promoting benefits for years. Unique to the mangosteen are a class of phytochemicals known as xanthones that have been reported to display significant anti-cancer and anti-tumor activities, specifically through the promotion of apoptosis, targeting of specific cancer-related proteins, or modulation of cell signaling pathways. α-Mangostin, the most abundant xanthone isolated from the mangosteen, has received substantial attention as it has proven to be a potent phytochemical, specifically as an anticancer agent, in numerous different cancer cell studies and cancer animal models. While the mechanisms for these anticancer effects have been reported in many studies, lesser xanthones, including gartanin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, garcinone C, and garcinone E, and mangosteen extracts from the pericarp, roots, rind, and stem show promise for their anticancer activity but their mechanisms of action are not as well developed and remain to be determined. Mangosteen products appear safe and have been well tolerated in human clinical trials where they show antioxidant activity, though their clinical anticancer activity has not yet been evaluated. This review summarizes the work that has been done to explore and explain the anticancer and antitumor activities of α-mangostin, lesser xanthones, and mangosteen extracts in vitro, in vivo, and in humans in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirielle C Nauman
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, USA
| | - Jeremy J Johnson
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, USA.
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Markowicz J, Uram Ł, Wołowiec S, Rode W. Biotin Transport-Targeting Polysaccharide-Modified PAMAM G3 Dendrimer as System Delivering α-Mangostin into Cancer Cells and C. elegans Worms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312925. [PMID: 34884739 PMCID: PMC8657743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural xanthone α-mangostin (αM) exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antineoplastic and anti-nematode properties, but low water solubility and poor selectivity of the drug prevent its potential clinical use. Therefore, the targeted third-generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM G3) delivery system was proposed, based on hyperbranched polymer showing good solubility, high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. A multifunctional nanocarrier was prepared by attaching αM to the surface amine groups of dendrimer via amide bond in the ratio 5 (G32B12gh5M) or 17 (G32B10gh17M) residues per one dendrimer molecule. Twelve or ten remaining amine groups were modified by conjugation with D-glucoheptono-1,4-lactone (gh) to block the amine groups, and two biotin (B) residues as targeting moieties. The biological activity of the obtained conjugates was studied in vitro on glioma U-118 MG and squamous cell carcinoma SCC-15 cancer cells compared to normal fibroblasts (BJ), and in vivo on a model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Dendrimer vehicle G32B12gh at concentrations up to 20 µM showed no anti-proliferative effect against tested cell lines, with a feeble cytotoxicity of the highest concentration seen only with SCC-15 cells. The attachment of αM to the vehicle significantly increased cytotoxic effect of the drug, even by 4- and 25-fold for G32B12gh5M and G32B10gh17M, respectively. A stronger inhibition of cells viability and influence on other metabolic parameters (proliferation, adhesion, ATP level and Caspase-3/7 activity) was observed for G32B10gh17M than for G32B12gh5M. Both bioconjugates were internalized efficiently into the cells. Similarly, the attachment of αM to the dendrimer vehicle increased its toxicity for C. elegans. Thus, the proposed α-mangostin delivery system allowed the drug to be more effective in the dendrimer-bound as compared to free state against both cultured the cancer cells and model organism, suggesting that this treatment is promising for anticancer as well as anti-nematode chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Markowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (W.R.)
| | - Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Medical College, Rzeszow University, 1a Warzywna Str., 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (W.R.)
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19
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Meylina L, Muchtaridi M, Joni IM, Mohammed AFA, Wathoni N. Nanoformulations of α-Mangostin for Cancer Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1993. [PMID: 34959275 PMCID: PMC8708633 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds are emerging as effective agents for the treatment of malignant diseases. The active constituent of α-mangostin from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. has earned significant interest as a plant base compound with anticancer properties. Despite α-mangostin's superior properties as an anticancer agent, its applications are limited due to its poor solubility and physicochemical stability, rapid systemic clearance, and low cellular uptake. Our review aimed to summarize and discuss the nanoparticle formulations of α-mangostin for cancer drug delivery systems from published papers recorded in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. We investigated various types of α-mangostin nanoformulations to improve its anticancer efficacy by improving bioavailability, cellular uptake, and localization to specific areas These nanoformulations include nanofibers, lipid carrier nanostructures, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, and gold nanoparticles. Notably, polymeric nanoparticles and nanomicelles can increase the accumulation of α-mangostin into tumors and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. In addition, polymeric nanoparticles with the addition of target ligands can increase the cellular uptake of α-mangostin. In conclusion, nanoformulations of α-mangostin are a promising tool to enhance the cellular uptake, accumulation in cancer cells, and the efficacy of α-mangostin as a candidate for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisna Meylina
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - I Made Joni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | | | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
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Kurniawan YS, Priyangga KTA, Jumina, Pranowo HD, Sholikhah EN, Zulkarnain AK, Fatimi HA, Julianus J. An Update on the Anticancer Activity of Xanthone Derivatives: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1144. [PMID: 34832926 PMCID: PMC8625896 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual number of cancer deaths continues increasing every day; thus, it is urgent to search for and find active, selective, and efficient anticancer drugs as soon as possible. Among the available anticancer drugs, almost all of them contain heterocyclic moiety in their chemical structure. Xanthone is a heterocyclic compound with a dibenzo-γ-pyrone framework and well-known to have "privileged structures" for anticancer activities against several cancer cell lines. The wide anticancer activity of xanthones is produced by caspase activation, RNA binding, DNA cross-linking, as well as P-gp, kinase, aromatase, and topoisomerase inhibition. This anticancer activity depends on the type, number, and position of the attached functional groups in the xanthone skeleton. This review discusses the recent advances in the anticancer activity of xanthone derivatives, both from natural products isolation and synthesis methods, as the anticancer agent through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehezkiel Steven Kurniawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (Y.S.K.); (K.T.A.P.); (H.D.P.)
| | - Krisfian Tata Aneka Priyangga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (Y.S.K.); (K.T.A.P.); (H.D.P.)
| | - Jumina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (Y.S.K.); (K.T.A.P.); (H.D.P.)
| | - Harno Dwi Pranowo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (Y.S.K.); (K.T.A.P.); (H.D.P.)
| | - Eti Nurwening Sholikhah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Abdul Karim Zulkarnain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (A.K.Z.); (H.A.F.)
| | - Hana Anisa Fatimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (A.K.Z.); (H.A.F.)
| | - Jeffry Julianus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta 55282, Indonesia;
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Abstract
α-Mangostin is a xanthone natural product isolated as a secondary metabolite from the mangosteen tree. It has attracted a great deal of attention due to its wide-ranging effects on certain biological activity, such as apoptosis, tumorigenesis, proliferation, metastasis, inflammation, oxidation, bacterial growth and metabolism. This review focuses on the key pathways directly affected by α-mangostin and how this varies between disease states. Insight is also provided, where investigated, into the key structural features of α-mangostin that produce these biological effects. The review then sheds light on the utility of α-mangostin as a investigational tool for certain diseases and demonstrate how future derivatives may increase selectivity and potency for specific disease states.
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22
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Tiwari A, Rahi S, Mehan S. Elucidation of Abnormal Extracellular Regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling and Associations with Syndromic and Non-syndromic Autism. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1071-1086. [PMID: 33081671 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201020155010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a highly inherited and extremely complex disorder in which results from various cases indicate chromosome anomalies, unusual single-gene mutations, and multiplicative effects of particular gene variants, characterized primarily by impaired speech and social interaction and restricted behavior. The precise etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is currently unclear. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling mechanism affects neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity during the development of the central nervous mechanism. In this regard, the pathway of ERK has recently gained significant interest in the pathogenesis of ASD. The mutation occurs in a few ERK components. Besides, the ERK pathway dysfunction lies in the upstream of modified translation and contributes to synapse pathology in syndromic types of autism. In this review, we highlight the ERK pathway as a target for neurodevelopmental disorder autism. In addition, we summarize the regulation of the ERK pathway with ERK inhibitors in neurological disorders. In conclusion, a better understanding of the ERK signaling pathway provides a range of therapeutic options for autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Tiwari
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Saloni Rahi
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Wathoni N, Meylina L, Rusdin A, Mohammed AFA, Tirtamie D, Herdiana Y, Motoyama K, Panatarani C, Joni IM, Lesmana R, Muchtaridi M. The Potential Cytotoxic Activity Enhancement of α-Mangostin in Chitosan-Kappa Carrageenan-Loaded Nanoparticle against MCF-7 Cell Line. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111681. [PMID: 34064093 PMCID: PMC8196802 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
α-mangostin (αM), a xanthone derivative compound isolated from the extract of mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana L), has potential anticancer properties for breast cancer. However, it has poor solubility in water and low selectivity towards cancer cells. The polymeric nanoparticle formulation approach can be used to overcome these problems. In this study, a chitosan biopolymer-based αM polymeric nanoparticle formulation was encapsulated using kappa carrageenan (αM-Ch/Cr) as a novel carrier for breast cancer therapy and evaluated for their physicochemical properties, drug release profile, and in vitro cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Polymeric nanoparticles formulated with varying concentrations of kappa carrageenan were successfully prepared by ionic gelation and spray pyrolysis techniques. αM-Ch/Cr nanoparticles formed perfectly round particles with a size of 200–400 nm and entrapment efficiency ≥ 98%. In vitro release studies confirmed that αM-Ch/Cr nanoparticles had a sustained release system profile. Interestingly, the formulation of polymeric nanoparticles significantly (p < 0.05) increased the cytotoxicity of αM against MCF-7 cell with IC50 value of 4.7 μg/mL compared to the non-nanoparticle with IC50 of 8.2 μg/mL. These results indicate that αM-Ch/Cr nanoparticles have the potential to improve the physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity effects of αM compounds as breast cancer therapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.M.); (A.R.); (D.T.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-22-842-888888 (ext. 3510)
| | - Lisna Meylina
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.M.); (A.R.); (D.T.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda 75119, Indonesia
| | - Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.M.); (A.R.); (D.T.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sports and Health, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo 96128, Indonesia
| | | | - Dorandani Tirtamie
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.M.); (A.R.); (D.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yedi Herdiana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.M.); (A.R.); (D.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Camelia Panatarani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (C.P.); (I.M.J.)
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - I Made Joni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (C.P.); (I.M.J.)
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biology Cell, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
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α-Mangostin Synergizes the Antineoplastic Effects of 5-Fluorouracil Allowing a Significant Dose Reduction in Breast Cancer Cells. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm and the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Although 5-fluorouracil is a conventional chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment, its use may result in severe side effects. Thus, there is widespread interest in lowering 5-fluorouracil drawbacks, without affecting its therapeutic efficacy by the concomitant use with natural products. Herein, we aimed at evaluating whether α-mangostin, a natural antineoplastic compound, could increase the anticancer effect of 5-fluorouracil in different breast cancer cell lines, allowing for dose reduction. Cell proliferation was evaluated by sulforhodamine-B assays, inhibitory concentrations and potency were calculated by dose-response curves, followed by analysis of their pharmacological interaction by the combination-index method and dose-reduction index. Cell cycle distribution was evaluated by flow cytometry. Each compound inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, the triple negative breast cancer cells being the most sensitive. When 5-fluorouracil and α-mangostin were used concomitantly, synergistic antiproliferative effect was observed. The calculated dose-reduction index suggested that this combination exhibits therapeutic potential for reducing 5-fluorouracil dosage in breast cancer. Mechanistically, the cotreatment induced cell death in a greater extent than each drug alone. Therefore, α-mangostin could be used as a potent co-adjuvant for 5-fluorouracil in breast cancer.
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Zhou S, Yotsumoto H, Tian Y, Sakamoto K. α-Mangostin suppressed melanogenesis in B16F10 murine melanoma cells through GSK3β and ERK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100949. [PMID: 33665379 PMCID: PMC7900676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) fruit contains many xanthones in its pericarp, such as α-mangostin. Here, we aimed to elucidate the physiological effect of α-mangostin and the mechanism on melanogenesis in mouse B16F10 cells. The melanin production in B16F10 cells was decreased by α-mangostin treatment. α-Mangostin also suppressed the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase, the critical enzyme for melanin synthesis. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed that α-mangostin down-regulated the protein quantity of tyrosinase, tyrosinase relative protein (TRP)-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). We also used inhibitors of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3β) to identify the upstream signaling cascade of MITF. Results showed us GSK3β plays a more important role in α-mangostin regulated melanogenesis. Further, the de-pigmentation effect on normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEMs) of α-mangostin was also confirmed. These results suggested that α-mangostin is a reagent for depigmentation and it has the potential to be applied as a component of cosmetics or pharmaceuticals for the therapy of spots, chloasma, or melanosis. α-Mangostin suppressed the melanin production in B16F10 cells. α-Mangostin suppressed the activity of tyrosinase. α-Mangostin suppressed the protein expression of tyrosinase, TRP-2 and MITF. GSK3β is involved in α-mangostin-regulated melanogenesis. α-Mangostin suppressed the melanin production in normal human melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhou
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Haruka Yotsumoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yuan Tian
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Sakamoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Chandra Boinpelly V, Verma RK, Srivastav S, Srivastava RK, Shankar S. α-Mangostin-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles inhibit colorectal cancer growth by inhibiting Notch pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11343-11354. [PMID: 32830433 PMCID: PMC7576287 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related mortality. Recent studies have stated that Notch signalling is highly activated in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and plays an important role in the development and progression of CRC. Like normal colorectal epithelium, CRCs are organized hierarchically and include populations of CSCs. In order to enhance the biological activity of α‐mangostin, we formulated α‐mangostin‐encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (Mang‐NPs) and examined the molecular mechanisms by which Mang‐NPs inhibit CRC cell viability, colony formation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induce apoptosis. Mang‐NPs inhibited cell viability, colony formation and induced apoptosis. Mang‐NPs also inhibited EMT by up‐regulating E‐cadherin and inhibiting N‐cadherin and transcription factors Snail, Slug and Zeb1. As dysregulated signalling through the Notch receptors promotes oncogenesis, we measured the effects of Mang‐NPs on Notch pathway. Mang‐NPs inhibited Notch signalling by suppressing the expression of Notch receptors (Notch1 and Notch2), their ligands (Jagged 1 and DLL4), γ‐secretase complex protein (Nicastrin) and downstream target (Hes‐1). Notch receptor signalling regulates cell fate determination in stem cell population. Finally, Mang‐NPs inhibited the self‐renewal capacity of CSCs, stem cell markers (CD133, CD44, Musashi and LGR5) and pluripotency maintaining factors (Oct4, Sox‐2, KLF‐4, c‐Myc and Nanog). Overall, our data suggest that Mang‐NPs can inhibit CRC growth, EMT and CSCs’ population by suppressing Notch pathway and its target. Therefore, Mang‐NPs can be used for the treatment and prevention of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudesh Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics and Data ScienceSchool of Public Health and Tropical MedicineTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Rakesh K. Srivastava
- Kansas City VA Medical CenterKansas CityMOUSA
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer CenterLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
- Department of GeneticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Kansas City VA Medical CenterKansas CityMOUSA
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer CenterLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
- Department of GeneticsLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
- John W. Deming Department of MedicineTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLAUSA
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Yang L, Xu Z, Wang W. Garcinone-E exhibits anticancer effects in HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells mediated via programmed cell death, cell cycle arrest and suppression of cell migration and invasion. AMB Express 2020; 10:126. [PMID: 32676834 PMCID: PMC7364682 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthones are an important class of natural compounds bearing huge bioactivity profiles. Garcinone-E is one among most active xanthones showing potential anticancer activity against various human cancer cell lines. Therefore, the current study was performed to explore the anticancer potency of naturally occurring garcinone-E xanthone against human HeLa cervical cancer cells. The underlying mechanism of action was also tried to be explored via testifying its induction of programmed cell death, arrest of cell cycle, suppression of cell migration, cell invasion and cell adhesion. MTT assay was implemented to estimate the viability of HeLa cells after garcinone-E exposure and clonogenic assay was used to analyze the effect on clonogenic potential. Acridine orange/ethidium bromine (AO/EB) staining assay was performed for monitoring of programmed cell death along with western blotting. Flow cytometric studies were carried out to analyze cell cycle check points. Transwell chambers assays were carried out for studying the impact of garcinone-E on migration and invasion potency of HeLa cells. Western blotting was used to study the expressions of apoptosis linked proteins in HeLa cells. Results indicated that garcinone-E remarkably decreased the viability to minimum in HeLa cells in both dose and time-reliant manner. The clonogenic capacity of HeLa cells was efficiently reduced by garcinone exposure. AO/EB staining showed that the anti-viability action of garcinone-E was apoptosis allied which was supported by western blotting as well. The cell cycle check points study indicated cell cycle arrest at G2/M-phase. HeLa cell migration and invasion were reduced efficiently after being subjected to garcinone-E treatment in a dose reliant fashion. In conclusion, garcinone-E has a remarkable potential to act as anti-cervical cancer chemopreventive provided further in vivo studies are required.
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Guan H, Li J, Tan X, Luo S, Liu Y, Meng Y, Wu B, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Chen H, Hou L, Qiu Y, Li J. Natural Xanthone α-Mangostin Inhibits LPS-Induced Microglial Inflammatory Responses and Memory Impairment by Blocking the TAK1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000096. [PMID: 32506806 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The effect of α-mangostin (α-M), a polyphenolic xanthone isolated from mangostin, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation and memory impairment is explored. The possible underlying mechanisms are also investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Cytokine production and activation of transforming growth factor activated kinase-1 (TAK1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Western blot. Microglial migration and phagocytosis are evaluated with scratch wound-healing assay and phagocytosis of fluorescent latex beads, respectively. Learning and memory abilities of mice are evaluated with the Morris water maze test. The nanomolar (100-500 nm) α-M suppresses LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in microglia. It also inhibits LPS-induced microglial migration and phagocytosis. α-M rescues LPS-caused, microglia-mediated neuronal dendritic damage. Moreover, α-M represses LPS-induced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression and activation of TAK1 and NF-κB. In a mouse neuroinflammation model, α-M (50 mg kg-1 day-1 ) shows obvious anti-neuroinflammatory, neuroprotective, and memory-improving effects in vivo. CONCLUSION α-M inhibits microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and prevents neurotoxicity and memory impairment from inflammatory damage. These results indicate that α-M has great potential to be used as a nutritional preventive strategy for neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Jiabing Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Shenying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yangdan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Baichuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Lina Hou
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
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Wathoni N, Rusdin A, Motoyama K, Joni IM, Lesmana R, Muchtaridi M. Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for α-Mangostin. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2020; 13:23-36. [PMID: 32280205 PMCID: PMC7132026 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s243017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin, a xanthone derivative from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L., has numerous bioactivities and pharmacological properties. However, α-mangostin has low aqueous solubility and poor target selectivity in the human body. Recently, nanoparticle drug delivery systems have become an excellent technique to improve the physicochemical properties and effectiveness of drugs. Therefore, many efforts have been made to overcome the limitations of α-mangostin through nanoparticle formulations. Our review aimed to summarise and discuss the nanoparticle drug delivery systems for α-mangostin from published papers recorded in Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar. We examined various types of nanoparticles for α-mangostin to enhance water solubility, provide controlled release and create targeted delivery systems. These forms include polymeric nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanofibers and nanoemulsions. Notably, nanomicelle modification increased α-mangostin solubility increased more than 10,000 fold. Additionally, polymeric nanoparticles provided targeted delivery and significantly enhanced the biodistribution of α-mangostin into specific organs. In conclusion, the nanoparticle drug delivery system could be a promising technique to increase the solubility, selectivity and efficacy of α-mangostin as a new drug candidate in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang45363, Indonesia
| | - Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang45363, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sports and Health, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo96128, Indonesia
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto862-0973, Japan
| | - I Made Joni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang45363, Indonesia
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biology Cell, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang45363, Indonesia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang45363, Indonesia
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30
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Klein-Júnior LC, Campos A, Niero R, Corrêa R, Vander Heyden Y, Filho VC. Xanthones and Cancer: from Natural Sources to Mechanisms of Action. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900499. [PMID: 31794156 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthones are a class of heterocyclic natural products that have been widely studied for their pharmacological potential. In fact, they have been serving as scaffolds for the design of derivatives focusing on drug development. One of the main study targets of xanthones is their anticancer activity. Several compounds belonging to this class have already demonstrated cytotoxic and antitumor effects, making it a promising group for further exploration. This review therefore focuses on recently published studies, emphasizing their natural and synthetic sources and describing the main mechanisms of action responsible for the anticancer effect of promising xanthones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C Klein-Júnior
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Adriana Campos
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Rivaldo Niero
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Rogério Corrêa
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel - VUB, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valdir Cechinel Filho
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
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31
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Cordani M, Strippoli R, Somoza Á. Nanomaterials as Inhibitors of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:E25. [PMID: 31861725 PMCID: PMC7017008 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged as a key regulator of cell invasion and metastasis in cancers. Besides the acquisition of migratory/invasive abilities, the EMT process is tightly connected with the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), thus contributing to chemoresistance. However, although EMT represents a relevant therapeutic target for cancer treatment, its application in the clinic is still limited due to various reasons, including tumor-stage heterogeneity, molecular-cellular target specificity, and appropriate drug delivery. Concerning this last point, different nanomaterials may be used to counteract EMT induction, providing novel therapeutic tools against many different cancers. In this review, (1) we discuss the application of various nanomaterials for EMT-based therapies in cancer, (2) we summarize the therapeutic relevance of some of the proposed EMT targets, and (3) we review the potential benefits and weaknesses of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cordani
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit “Unidad de Nanobiotecnología”, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Limonta P, Moretti RM, Marzagalli M, Fontana F, Raimondi M, Montagnani Marelli M. Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Anticancer Activity of Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040961. [PMID: 30813301 PMCID: PMC6412802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents a serious global health problem, and its incidence and mortality are rapidly growing worldwide. One of the main causes of the failure of an anticancer treatment is the development of drug resistance by cancer cells. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new drugs characterized by better pharmacological and toxicological profiles. Natural compounds can represent an optimal collection of bioactive molecules. Many natural compounds have been proven to possess anticancer effects in different types of tumors, but often the molecular mechanisms associated with their cytotoxicity are not completely understood. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle involved in multiple cellular processes. Alteration of ER homeostasis and its appropriate functioning originates a cascade of signaling events known as ER stress response or unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR pathways involve three different sensors (protein kinase RNA(PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol requiring enzyme1α (IRE1) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)) residing on the ER membranes. Although the main purpose of UPR is to restore this organelle's homeostasis, a persistent UPR can trigger cell death pathways such as apoptosis. There is a growing body of evidence showing that ER stress may play a role in the cytotoxicity of many natural compounds. In this review we present an overview of different plant-derived natural compounds, such as curcumin, resveratrol, green tea polyphenols, tocotrienols, and garcinia derivates, that exert their anticancer activity via ER stress modulation in different human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberta M Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marina Montagnani Marelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Fakai MI, Abd Malek SN, Karsani SA. Induction of apoptosis by chalepin through phosphatidylserine externalisations and DNA fragmentation in breast cancer cells (MCF7). Life Sci 2019; 220:186-193. [PMID: 30682342 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chalepin, a naturally occurring compound isolated from Ruta angustifolia have been shown to exert a promising anticancer activity through various mechanisms. Hence, the need to investigate the apoptotic inducing ability of chalepin in MCF7 cells by various detection assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity screening of chalepin against MCF7 cells was conducted using SRB assay. Apoptosis induction was examined by established morphological and biochemical assays including phase contrast and Hoechst/PI staining fluorescence microscope. Similarly, Annexin-V/FITC and TUNEL assays were conducted using flow cytometry whereas caspase-3 activity was evaluated using microplate reader. KEY FINDINGS The result indicates remarkable cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cells, whereas it shows moderate cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB231 cells. Interestingly, chalepin did not present any toxicity against MRC5 normal cell line. Morphological examination using both phase contrast and fluorescence microscope displays typical apoptotic features such as membrane blebbing, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies' formation following chalepin treatment against MCF7 cells at different concentration for 48 h. Apoptosis induction is significantly associated with externalisation of phosphatidylserine, and DNA fragmentation in MCF7 cells chalepin treated cells when compared with control. The protein expressions of caspase-8, 9 and cleaved PARP1 were upregulated which correlated well with increased caspase-3 activity. SIGNIFICANCE From our recent findings, chalepin was able to induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells and therefore, could be evaluated further as a potential source of anticancer agent for cancer treatment such as breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Isah Fakai
- Division of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Sri Nurestri Abd Malek
- Division of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Division of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Younas M, Hano C, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Abbasi BH. Mechanistic evaluation of phytochemicals in breast cancer remedy: current understanding and future perspectives. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29714-29744. [PMID: 35547279 PMCID: PMC9085387 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04879g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers around the globe and accounts for a large proportion of fatalities in women. Despite the advancement in therapeutic and diagnostic procedures, breast cancer still represents a major challenge. Current anti-breast cancer approaches include surgical removal, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy and the use of various chemotherapeutic drugs. However, drug resistance, associated serious adverse effects, metastasis and recurrence complications still need to be resolved which demand safe and alternative strategies. In this scenario, phytochemicals have recently gained huge attention due to their safety profile and cost-effectiveness. These phytochemicals modulate various genes, gene products and signalling pathways, thereby inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis and inducing apoptosis. Moreover, they also target breast cancer stem cells and overcome drug resistance problems in breast carcinomas. Phytochemicals as adjuvants with chemotherapeutic drugs have greatly enhanced their therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on the recently recognized molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer chemoprevention with the use of phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, silibinin, genistein, epigallocatechin gallate, secoisolariciresinol, thymoquinone, kaempferol, quercetin, parthenolide, sulforaphane, ginsenosides, naringenin, isoliquiritigenin, luteolin, benzyl isothiocyanate, α-mangostin, 3,3'-diindolylmethane, pterostilbene, vinca alkaloids and apigenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Younas
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad-45320 Pakistan +92-51-90644121 +92-51-90644121 +33-767-97-0619
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Plant Lignans Team, UPRES EA 1207, Université d'Orléans F 28000 Chartres France
| | | | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad-45320 Pakistan +92-51-90644121 +92-51-90644121 +33-767-97-0619
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Plant Lignans Team, UPRES EA 1207, Université d'Orléans F 28000 Chartres France
- EA2106 Biomolecules et Biotechnologies Vegetales, Universite Francois-Rabelais de Tours Tours France
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Iqbal J, Abbasi BA, Batool R, Mahmood T, Ali B, Khalil AT, Kanwal S, Shah SA, Ahmad R. Potential phytocompounds for developing breast cancer therapeutics: Nature’s healing touch. Eur J Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Lee CH, Ying TH, Chiou HL, Hsieh SC, Wen SH, Chou RH, Hsieh YH. Alpha-mangostin induces apoptosis through activation of reactive oxygen species and ASK1/p38 signaling pathway in cervical cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:47425-47439. [PMID: 28537893 PMCID: PMC5564576 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-mangostin, a natural xanthonoid, has been reported to possess the anti-cancer property in various types of human cancer. However, its effects and mechanism of α-mangostin in cervical cancer remain unclear. We found that α-mangostin effectively inhibited cell viability, resulted in loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), release of cytochrome C, increase of Bax, decrease of Bcl-2, and activation of caspase-9/caspase-3 cascade in cervical cancer cells. Alpha-mangostin elevated the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to activate p38. Disrupting ASK1/p38 signaling pathway by a specific inhibitor of p38, or by the siRNAs against ASK1, MKK3/6, or p38, significantly abolished α-mangostin-induced cell death and apoptotic responses. Moreover, α-mangostin also repressed tumor growth in accordance with increased levels of p-ASK1, p-p38, cleaved-PARP and cleaved-caspase-3 in the tumor mass from the mouse xenograft model of cervical cancer. In the current study, we provided first evidence to demonstrate that dietary antioxidant α-mangostin could inhibit the tumor growth of cervical cancer cells through enhancing ROS amounts to activate ASK1/p38 signaling pathway and damage the integrity of mitochondria and thereby induction of apoptosis in cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ho Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chiou
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ching Hsieh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiua-Hua Wen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chen G, Li Y, Wang W, Deng L. Bioactivity and pharmacological properties of α-mangostin from the mangosteen fruit: a review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:415-427. [PMID: 29558225 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1455829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION α-Mangostin (α-MG) is the most representative xanthone isolated from the pericarp of mangosteen, possessing extensive biological activities and pharmacological properties, considered as an antineoplastic agent, antioxidant, anti-proliferation and induces apoptosis. AREAS COVERED The bioactivity and pharmacological properties of α-MG are being actively investigated by various industrial and academic institutions. The bioactivities of α-MG have been summarized in several previous reviews, which were worthy of high compliment. However, recently, many new literatures about the bioactivities of α-MG have been further reported from 2016 to 2017. Herein, the activities of α-MG are supplemented and summarized in this text. EXPERT OPINION As previously said, α-MG possesses good bioactivities pharmacological properties. More recently, it found that α-MG has the effect of maintaining cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal health and controlling free radical oxidation. Furthermore, α-MG has more applications in cosmetics, with the effects of anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, acne treatment, maintenance of skin lubrication. The application of α-MG in treating rheumatoid arthritis has been disclosed and the MG-loaded self-micro emulsion (MG-SME) was designed to improve its pharmacokinetic deficiencies. As mentioned above, α-MG can be a promising drug, also worthy of developing, and further research is crucial for the future application of α-MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Chen
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , P.R.China
| | - Yong Li
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , P.R.China
| | - Wei Wang
- b Shaoxing University Yuanpei College , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , P.R.China
| | - Liping Deng
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , P.R.China.,b Shaoxing University Yuanpei College , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , P.R.China
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Scolamiero G, Pazzini C, Bonafè F, Guarnieri C, Muscari C. Effects of α-Mangostin on Viability, Growth and Cohesion of Multicellular Spheroids Derived from Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:23-30. [PMID: 29333084 PMCID: PMC5765736 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: α-Mangostin (αMG) is extracted from Garcinia mangostana Linn and exerts antiproliferative activities. Although several researches on αMG were performed using cell monolayers, the in vitro pharmacological effects on 3D cancer models have never been investigated. Aim of the present study was to find new anticancer properties of αMG by evaluating the changes that this compound provokes in multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTSs). Methods: MCTSs were generated from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast tumour cell lines and then treated with 0.1÷30 μg/ml αMG for 24 and 48 h. MCTS size, density, and cell migration were determined by software elaboration of phase contrast images captured by a digital camera. Cell viability was evaluated by resazurin and acid phosphatase assays, while cell apoptosis was assessed by a fluorescent assay of caspase activity. The distribution of living cells inside MCTSs was shown by live/dead fluorescence staining. Results: A dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was obtained by treating MDA-MB-231 spheroids with αMG for 48 h (IC50 = 0.70-1.25 μg/ml). A significant reduction in spheroid volume, paralleled by its increased compactness, was observed only at concentration of 30 μg/ml, but not with lower doses of αMG. By contrast, αMG in the range of 5-15 μg/ml increased the size of MCTSs due to a parallel reduction in cell aggregation. The same window of concentrations was also able to stimulate cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Bimodal volumetric effects were also obtained by treating the spheroids generated from the MCF-7 cells with 0.1÷30 μg/ml αMG for 48 h. Finally, doses higher than 5 μg/ml caused a progressive impairment in cell migration from the edge of MDA-MB-231 MCTSs. Conclusion: After exposure at doses of αMG just above IC50, MDA-MB-231 spheroids showed a significant reduction in cell adhesion that did not stimulate cell migration but, on the contrary, blunted cell motility. These findings suggest a novel anticancer feature of αMG that could be taken into consideration to improve conventional drug penetration into the tumour bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scolamiero
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Pazzini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonafè
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Guarnieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Muscari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies, Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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Xu XH, Liu QY, Li T, Liu JL, Chen X, Huang L, Qiang WA, Chen X, Wang Y, Lin LG, Lu JJ. Garcinone E induces apoptosis and inhibits migration and invasion in ovarian cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10718. [PMID: 28878295 PMCID: PMC5587559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecological malignant tumor. In this study, 24 xanthones were isolated and identified from the pericarps of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), and their anti-proliferative activities were tested in ovarian cancer cells. Garcinone E (GE) was found to exhibit excellent anti-proliferative effects among the tested xanthones. It significantly inhibited the proliferation in HEY, A2780, and A2780/Taxol cells as evidenced by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, annexin V/PI staining, and JC-1 staining. It induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activated the protective inositol-requiring kinase (IRE)-1α pathway. Knocking down IRE-1α further activated the caspase cascade and caused an increase in cell death. Moreover, GE eliminated the migratory ability of HEY cells by reducing the expression of RhoA and Rac. It also blocked the invasion, which might be related to downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), i.e., MMP-9 and MMP-2, and upregulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) -1 and TIMP-2. In summary, GE exerts anticancer activities by inducing apoptosis and suppressing migration and invasion in ovarian cancer cells, which indicates its therapeutic potential for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qian-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Guangdong Medical Device Quality Surveillance and Test Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Wen-An Qiang
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Li-Gen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Ovalle-Magallanes B, Eugenio-Pérez D, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): A comprehensive update. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:102-122. [PMID: 28842267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae) is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia known as mangosteen which fruits possess a distinctive and pleasant taste that has granted them the epithet of "queen of the fruits". The seeds and pericarps of the fruit have a long history of use in the traditional medicinal practices of the region, and beverages containing mangosteen pulp and pericarps are sold worldwide as nutritional supplements. The main phytochemicals present in the species are isoprenylated xanthones, a class of secondary metabolites with multiple reports of biological effects, such as antioxidant, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic and anti-obesity. The diversity of actions displayed by mangosteen xanthones shows that these compounds target multiple signaling pathways involved in different pathologies, and place them as valuable sources for developing new drugs to treat chronic and degenerative diseases. This review article presents a comprehensive update of the toxicological findings on animal models, and the preclinical anticancer, analgesic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of G. mangostana L. extracts and its main isolates. Pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems and reports on dose-finding human trials are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Ovalle-Magallanes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Dianelena Eugenio-Pérez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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Dietary Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070728. [PMID: 28698459 PMCID: PMC5537842 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females worldwide. Several epidemiological studies suggested the inverse correlation between the intake of vegetables and fruits and the incidence of breast cancer. Substantial experimental studies indicated that many dietary natural products could affect the development and progression of breast cancer, such as soy, pomegranate, mangosteen, citrus fruits, apple, grape, mango, cruciferous vegetables, ginger, garlic, black cumin, edible macro-fungi, and cereals. Their anti-breast cancer effects involve various mechanisms of action, such as downregulating ER-α expression and activity, inhibiting proliferation, migration, metastasis and angiogenesis of breast tumor cells, inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and sensitizing breast tumor cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This review summarizes the potential role of dietary natural products and their major bioactive components in prevention and treatment of breast cancer, and special attention was paid to the mechanisms of action.
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Zhao LX, Wang Y, Liu T, Wang YX, Chen HZ, Xu JR, Qiu Y. α-Mangostin decreases β-amyloid peptides production via modulation of amyloidogenic pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:526-534. [PMID: 28429536 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and deposition play a central role in the pathogenic process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). α-Mangostin (α-M), a polyphenolic xanthone, have been shown to dissociate Aβ oligomers. In this study, we further investigated the effect of α-M on Aβ production and its molecular mechanism. METHODS The Aβ and soluble amyloid precursor protein α (sAPPα) in culture medium of cortical neurons were measured by ELISA. The activities of α-, β-, and γ-secretases were assayed, and the interaction between α-M and β- or γ-secretases was simulated by molecular docking. RESULTS α-M significantly decreased Aβ40 and Aβ42 production. α-M did not affect the expression of enzymes involved in nonamyloidogenic and amyloidogenic pathways, but significantly decreased the activities of β-secretase and likely γ-secretase with IC50 13.22 nmol·L-1 and 16.98 nmol·L-1 , respectively. Molecular docking demonstrated that α-M interacted with β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 and presenilin 1 to interfere with their active sites. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that α-M decreases Aβ production through inhibiting activities of β-secretase and likely γ-secretase in the amyloidogenic pathway. The current data together with previous study indicated that α-M could be a novel neuroprotective agent through intervention of multiple pathological processes of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Xue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapy, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Rong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Verma RK, Yu W, Shrivastava A, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. α-Mangostin-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles inhibit pancreatic carcinogenesis by targeting cancer stem cells in human, and transgenic (Kras(G12D), and Kras(G12D)/tp53R270H) mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32743. [PMID: 27624879 PMCID: PMC5021984 DOI: 10.1038/srep32743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of sonic hedgehog (Shh) in cancer stem cell (CSC) has been demonstrated with aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer. In order to enhance the biological activity of α-mangostin, we formulated mangostin-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (Mang-NPs) and examined the molecular mechanisms by which they inhibit human and KC mice (PdxCre;LSL-KrasG12D) pancreatic CSC characteristics in vitro, and pancreatic carcinogenesis in KPC (PdxCre;LSLKrasG12D;LSL-Trp53R172H) mice. Mang-NPs inhibited human and KrasG12D mice pancreatic CSC characteristics in vitro. Mang-NPs also inhibited EMT by up-regulating E-cadherin and inhibiting N-cadherin and transcription factors Slug, and pluripotency maintaining factors Nanog, c-Myc, and Oct4. Furthermore, Mang-NPs inhibited the components of Shh pathway and Gli targets. In vivo, Mang-NPs inhibited the progression of pancreatic intraneoplasia to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and liver metastasis in KPC mice. The inhibitory effects of Mang-NPs on carcinogenesis in KPC mice were associated with downregulation of pluripotency maintaining factors (c-Myc, Nanog and Oct4), stem cell markers (CD24 and CD133), components of Shh pathway (Gli1, Gli2, Patched1/2, and Smoothened), Gli targets (Bcl-2, XIAP and Cyclin D1), and EMT markers and transcription factors (N-cadherin, Slug, Snail and Zeb1), and upregulation of E-cadherin. Overall, our data suggest that Mang-NPs can inhibit pancreatic cancer growth, development and metastasis by targeting Shh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Verma
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA
| | - Anju Shrivastava
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Rakesh K Srivastava
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO, 66128, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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44
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Qu JH, Lu CC, Xu C, Chen G, Qiu LL, Jiang JK, Ben S, Wang YB, Gu AH, Wang XR. Perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced testicular toxicity and differential testicular expression of estrogen receptor in male mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:150-7. [PMID: 27310206 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, CAS#1763-23-1) causes male reproductive toxicities, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, 0, 0.5 and 10mg/kg/day PFOS were given by oral gavage to adult mice for 5 weeks. In the 10mg/kg group, serum testosterone levels decreased significantly. Sperm counts declined which might be associated with the decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of germ cells. In relation to increased apoptosis, bax, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 levels elevated significantly, indicating that PFOS induced germ cell apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial pathway. In addition, the increase in levels of testicular estrogen receptor (ER) β was observed in both 0.5 and 10mg/kg group, whereas a decrease in ERα expression was only observed in 10mg/kg group. These results suggested that the alterations in testicular ERs expression, together with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of germ cells, might be involved in PFOS-induced testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Qu
- School of Public Health, NanTong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Chun-Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Public Health, NanTong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Liang-Lin Qiu
- School of Public Health, NanTong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jun-Kang Jiang
- School of Public Health, NanTong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Shuai Ben
- School of Public Health, NanTong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yu-Bang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ai-Hua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Xin-Ru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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