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Harahap RS, Gunawan A, Endrawati YC, Darusman HS, Andersson G, Noor RR. A comprehensive study of CYP2E1 and its role in carcass characteristics and chemical lamb meat quality in different Indonesian sheep breeds. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0310336. [PMID: 39250496 PMCID: PMC11383218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of CYP2E1 in oxidation is essential for its effects on meat quality. This study used 200 Indonesian sheep (Ovis aries) to determine the SNP g allele frequencies. g. 50658168 T>C of CYP2E1 gene located in 3´-UTR region and their genetic association with lamb quality traits, including carcass characteristics, retail cut carcass, physicochemical lamb, fatty acid, cholesterol, flavor and odor, and mineral content. Further, the level of CYP2E1 mRNA and CYP2E1 protein expression in muscle were determined and correlated with lamb quality traits. CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms were identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The CYP2E1 mRNA expression levels in phenotypically divergent sheep populations were analyzed using Quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining analysis used three samples each in the high and low lamb quality groups based on pH value and tenderness. An association study of CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms was performed using General Linear Model (GLM) analysis. The genetic association between the CC, CT, and TT genotypes at the SNP g. 50658168 T>C CYP2E1 gene and lamb quality traits were significant (P<0.05), including carcass characteristics, retail cut carcass, fatty acid, cholesterol, flavor, and odor. Lambs with the CT genotype had a higher mRNA and protein expression in high lamb quality traits. The highest CYP2E1 protein expression was localized in the longissimus dorsi. The group sample with high lamb quality had a higher area and perimeter of muscle cells. CYP2E1 can be used as a genetic marker for selecting sheep with high meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Sholatia Harahap
- Faculty of Animal Science, Post-Doctoral Animal Production and Technology Student, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Faculty of Animal Science, Jambi University, Jambi, Indonesia
| | - Asep Gunawan
- Faculty of Animal Science, Department of Animal Production and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Yuni Cahya Endrawati
- Faculty of Animal Science, Department of Animal Production and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Huda Shalahudin Darusman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Primate Research Centre, Institute of Research and Community Service IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronny Rachman Noor
- Faculty of Animal Science, Department of Animal Production and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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2
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Morishima M, Wang P, Horii K, Horikawa K, Ono K. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Rescues Cav1.2-L-Type Ca 2+ Channel Decline Caused by Saturated Fatty Acids via Both Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4-Dependent and -Independent Pathways in Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7570. [PMID: 39062812 PMCID: PMC11276759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) exerts antiarrhythmic effects, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the possible beneficial actions of EPA on saturated fatty acid-induced changes in the L-type Ca2+ channel in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were cultured with an oleic acid/palmitic acid mixture (OAPA) in the presence or absence of EPA. Beating rate reduction in cardiomyocytes caused by OAPA were reversed by EPA. EPA also retrieved a reduction in Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ current, mRNA, and protein caused by OAPA. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed a distinct downregulation of the Cav1.2 channel caused by OAPA with a concomitant decrease in the phosphorylated component of a transcription factor adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) in the nucleus, which were rescued by EPA. A free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) agonist TUG-891 reversed expression of Cav1.2 and CREB mRNA caused by OAPA, whereas an FFAR4 antagonist AH-7614 abolished the effects of EPA. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation caused by OAPA decreased Cav1.2 and CREB mRNA expressions, which was reversed by an ROS scavenger. Our data suggest that EPA rescues cellular Cav1.2-Ca2+ channel decline caused by OAPA lipotoxicity and oxidative stresses via both free fatty acid receptor 4-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Morishima
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 6318505, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 6318505, Japan;
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Oita University School of Medicine, Yufu 8795593, Japan;
| | - Kosuke Horii
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 6318505, Japan;
| | - Kazuki Horikawa
- Department of Optical Imaging, Advanced Research Promotion Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima 7708503, Japan;
| | - Katsushige Ono
- Department of Pathophysiology, Oita University School of Medicine, Yufu 8795593, Japan;
- Oita Shimogori Hospital, Oita 8700926, Japan
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3
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Ma Y, Zheng Z, Zhuang L, Wang H, Li A, Chen L, Liu L. Dietary Macronutrient Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Nutrients 2024; 16:152. [PMID: 38201983 PMCID: PMC10780780 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have evaluated the intake of macronutrients and the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, current evidence is conflicting and warrants further investigation. Therefore, we carried out an umbrella review to examine and quantify the potential dose-response association of dietary macronutrient intake with CVD morbidity and mortality. Prospective cohort studies from PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL were reviewed, which reported associations of macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) with all-cause, CVD, cancer mortality, or CVD events. Multivariable relative risks (RR) were pooled, and heterogeneity was assessed. The results of 124 prospective cohort studies were included in the systematic review and 101 in the meta-analysis. During the follow-up period from 2.2 to 30 years, 506,086 deaths and 79,585 CVD events occurred among 5,107,821 participants. High total protein intake was associated with low CVD morbidity (RR 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.82-0.94), while high total carbohydrate intake was associated with high CVD morbidity (1.08, 1.02-1.13). For fats, a high intake of total fat was associated with a decreased all-cause mortality risk (0.92, 0.85-0.99). Saturated fatty acid intake was only associated with cancer mortality (1.10, 1.06-1.14); Both monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake was associated with all-cause mortality (MUFA: 0.92, 0.86-0.98; PUFA: 0.91, 0.86-0.96). This meta-analysis supports that protein intake is associated with a decreased risk of CVD morbidity, while carbohydrate intake is associated with an increased risk of CVD morbidity. High total fat intake is associated with a low risk of all-cause mortality, and this effect was different in an analysis stratified by the type of fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.M.); (Z.Z.); (L.C.)
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (L.Z.); (H.W.); (A.L.)
| | - Zekun Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.M.); (Z.Z.); (L.C.)
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (L.Z.); (H.W.); (A.L.)
| | - Litao Zhuang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (L.Z.); (H.W.); (A.L.)
| | - Huiting Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (L.Z.); (H.W.); (A.L.)
| | - Anni Li
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (L.Z.); (H.W.); (A.L.)
| | - Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.M.); (Z.Z.); (L.C.)
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (L.Z.); (H.W.); (A.L.)
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.M.); (Z.Z.); (L.C.)
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (L.Z.); (H.W.); (A.L.)
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Jayedi A, Soltani S, Emadi A, Ghods K, Shab-Bidar S. Dietary intake, biomarkers and supplementation of fatty acids and risk of coronary events: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37632423 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2251583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to review the association of dietary fats and risk of coronary events in adults. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to April 2022 for prospective cohorts and randomized trials investigating the association of dietary intake and biomarkers of fats and fatty acid interventions and the risk of coronary events. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to estimate relative risk (RR) for the top versus bottom tertiles of exposures. One-hundered sixty-five prospective cohorts and randomized trials were included. Dietary intake and biomarkers of total fat and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the risk of coronary events. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acids from meat and unprocessed meat was modestly associated with a higher risk and, in contrast, intake of alpha-linolenic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, and linoleic acid was modestly associated with a lower risk. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and increasing the consumption of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids in place of saturated fats reduced the risk of coronary events. Existing evidence, in its totality, provides a modest support in favor of current recommendations suggesting replacement of saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jayedi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Soltani
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Emadi
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghods
- School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Manolis AS, Manolis TA, Manolis AA, Melita H. Diet and Sudden Death: How to Reduce the Risk. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2022; 20:383-408. [PMID: 35726434 DOI: 10.2174/1570161120666220621090343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the association of dietary patterns, specific foods and nutrients with several diseases, including cardiovascular disease and mortality, there is also strong emerging evidence of an association of dietary patterns with the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). In this comprehensive review, data are presented and analyzed about foods and diets that mitigate the risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and SCD, but also about arrhythmogenic nutritional elements and patterns that seem to enhance or facilitate potentially malignant VAs and SCD. The antiarrhythmic or protective group comprises fish, nuts and other foods enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the Mediterranean and other healthy diets, vitamins E, A and D and certain minerals (magnesium, potassium, selenium). The arrhythmogenic-food group includes saturated fat, trans fats, ketogenic and liquid protein diets, the Southern and other unhealthy diets, energy drinks and excessive caffeine intake, as well as heavy alcohol drinking. Relevant antiarrhythmic mechanisms include modification of cell membrane structure by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, their direct effect on calcium channels and cardiomyocytes and their important role in eicosanoid metabolism, enhancing myocyte electric stability, reducing vulnerability to VAs, lowering heart rate, and improving heart rate variability, each of which is a risk factor for SCD. Contrarily, saturated fat causes calcium handling abnormalities and calcium overload in cardiomyocytes, while a high-fat diet causes mitochondrial dysfunction that dysregulates a variety of ion channels promoting VAs and SCD. Free fatty acids have been considered proarrhythmic and implicated in facilitating SCD; thus, diets increasing free fatty acids, e.g., ketogenic diets, should be discouraged and replaced with diets enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can also reduce free fatty acids. All available relevant data on this important topic are herein reviewed, large studies and meta-analyses and pertinent advisories are tabulated, while protective (antiarrhythmic) and arrhythmogenic specific diet constituents are pictorially illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis S Manolis
- First Department of Cardiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Helen Melita
- Central Laboratories, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
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Park Y. Dietary Reference Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for Koreans. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:S47-S56. [PMID: 35651843 PMCID: PMC9127513 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.s1.s47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines the process and evidence used to create the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for Koreans. ALA (18:3n3) is an essential fatty acid, and EPA and DHA are known to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease risk and reduction of triglyceride levels. Various international organizations have suggested dietary recommendations for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including ALA, EPA, and DHA. A DRI for Koreans was established for the first time in 2020, specifically for the adequate intake (AI) of ALA and EPA + DHA. This recommendation was based on the average intake of ALA and EPA + DHA from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2017. For Korean infants, the AI of ALA and DHA was based on the fatty acid composition of maternal milk. Estimated average requirement and a tolerable upper intake level have not been set for n-3 PUFA due to insufficient evidence. In addition, the intake level of n-3 PUFA for prevention of chronic disease has also not been determined. Future studies and randomized controlled trials are required to establish the UL and to define the level for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsoon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Lotfi K, Salari-Moghaddam A, Yousefinia M, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids and risk of mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101467. [PMID: 34560281 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings on the link between dietary intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and risk of mortality are conflicting. This study aimed to summarize existing literature regarding the association between MUFA intake and risk of mortality from all causes, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and cancer. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science was systematically searched up to December 2020. Prospective cohort studies which investigated MUFA intake in relation to mortality from all causes, CVD, or cancer were eligible for this systematic review. Publications that had reported risk ratios (RRs) or hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as effect size, were considered. RESULTS A total of 17 prospective cohort studies were included. These studies included 1022,321 participants aged ≥ 20 years in total, and 191,283 all-cause deaths, 55,437 CVD deaths, and 64,448 cancer deaths were totally reported. Combining 15 effect sizes from 11 studies, MUFA intake was inversely associated with risk of all-cause mortality (RR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.98; I2 =55.5; P = 0.005). Based on 17 effect sizes from 11 studies, we found no significant association between MUFA intake and risk of CVD mortality (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.01; I2 =37.0; P = 0.06). Combining 10 effect sizes from 6 studies, MUFA intake was not significantly associated with cancer mortality (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.03, I2 =13.3%, P = 0.32). Also, an additional 5% of energy from MUFA was associated with a 3% reduced risk of all-cause mortality (RR: 0.97; 95%CI: 0.96, 0.98), but not with CVD (RR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.95, 1.01) and cancer mortality (RR: 0.99; 95%CI: 0.97, 1.01). CONCLUSIONS MUFA intake was found to be inversely associated with risk of all-cause mortality. However, no link was found between MUFA consumption and mortality from CVD or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyhan Lotfi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asma Salari-Moghaddam
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Yousefinia
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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8
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Chen LH, Hu Q, Li G, Zhang L, Qin LQ, Zuo H, Xu G. Dietary Intake and Biomarkers of α-Linolenic Acid and Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Front Nutr 2021; 8:743852. [PMID: 34805241 PMCID: PMC8595337 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.743852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The association between α-linolenic acid (ALA) and mortality is inconsistent and has not been summarized systematically. Objective: The purpose was to conduct a meta-analysis that synthesized the results of prospective cohort studies to investigate associations between ALA intake and mortality. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases on May 1, 2021, for relevant prospective cohort studies which reported associations of ALA (assessed by dietary surveys and/or ALA concentrations in body tissues) with mortality from all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other diseases. Multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) were pooled by a random or fixed-effects model. Results: A total of 34 prospective cohort studies, of which 17 reported dietary ALA intake, 14 for ALA biomarkers, and the remaining 3 reported both of intake and biomarkers. The studies included 6,58,634 participants, and deaths were classified into all-cause mortality (56,898), CVD mortality (19,123), and other diseases mortality (19,061). Pooled RRs of ALA intake were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.01, I2 = 71.2%) for all-cause mortality, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.83, 0.98, I2 = 22.1%) for CVD mortality, and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.06, I2 = 73.3%) for other diseases mortality. The two-stage random-effects dose-response analysis showed a linear relationship between dietary ALA intake and CVD-mortality and each 0.5% energy increment of ALA intake was associated with a 5% lower risk of CVD-mortality (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.00). Pooled RRs per SD increment of ALA biomarkers were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.01, I2 = 27%) for all-cause mortality, 1.00 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.03, I2 = 0%) for CVD mortality and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.01, I2 = 0%) for other diseases mortality. Conclusions: This meta-analysis summarizing the available prospective cohort studies indicated that ALA intake was associated with reduced risk of mortality, especially CVD mortality. Our findings suggest that ALA consumption may be beneficial for death prevention. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO; identifier: CRD42021264532.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingjing Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guijie Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiang Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangfei Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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9
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Joseph LC, Reyes MV, Homan EA, Gowen B, Avula UMR, Goulbourne CN, Wan EY, Elrod JW, Morrow JP. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter promotes arrhythmias caused by high-fat diet. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17808. [PMID: 34497331 PMCID: PMC8426388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes increase the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. However, the molecular mechanisms of arrhythmia caused by metabolic abnormalities are not well understood. We hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction caused by high fat diet (HFD) promotes ventricular arrhythmia. Based on our previous work showing that saturated fat causes calcium handling abnormalities in cardiomyocytes, we hypothesized that mitochondrial calcium uptake contributes to HFD-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and arrhythmic events. For experiments, we used mice with conditional cardiac-specific deletion of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (Mcu), which is required for mitochondrial calcium uptake, and littermate controls. Mice were used for in vivo heart rhythm monitoring, perfused heart experiments, and isolated cardiomyocyte experiments. MCU KO mice are protected from HFD-induced long QT, inducible ventricular tachycardia, and abnormal ventricular repolarization. Abnormal repolarization may be due, at least in part, to a reduction in protein levels of voltage gated potassium channels. Furthermore, isolated cardiomyocytes from MCU KO mice exposed to saturated fat are protected from increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and abnormal calcium handling. Activation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) corresponds with the increase in arrhythmias in vivo. Additional experiments showed that CaMKII inhibition protects cardiomyocytes from the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by saturated fat. Hearts from transgenic CaMKII inhibitor mice were protected from inducible ventricular tachycardia after HFD. These studies identify mitochondrial dysfunction caused by calcium overload as a key mechanism of arrhythmia during HFD. This work indicates that MCU and CaMKII could be therapeutic targets for arrhythmia caused by metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy C Joseph
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Michael V Reyes
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Edwin A Homan
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Blake Gowen
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Uma Mahesh R Avula
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Y Wan
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, MERB 949, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John P Morrow
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, PH10-203, 650 W 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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10
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Singh KB, Nnadozie MC, Abdal M, Shrestha N, Abe RAM, Masroor A, Khorochkov A, Prieto J, Mohammed L. Type 2 Diabetes and Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2021; 13:e18145. [PMID: 34692349 PMCID: PMC8525691 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been on the rise in recent years. A major cause of death in the United States is myocardial infarction with underlying coronary artery disease. Impairment of tissue insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes is a significant factor for sudden cardiac death. The complex pathophysiology stems from coexisting cardiovascular disease and complications of impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin. Long-term diabetics with underlying kidney disease and those requiring dialysis have systemic inflammation that adds to an increased risk of death. During times of pathological stress, myocardial tissue will express substrates and growth factors that cause conduction disequilibrium and predispose to sudden cardiac death. Diabetes is a modifiable risk factor in the prevention of sudden cardiac arrest. Specific prevention measures aimed towards lifestyle modification and medications are important to prevent diabetes and decrease mortality of future cardiac death. In recent times, drugs that compete with glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron have clinical significance in lowering the risk of sudden cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan B Singh
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Maduka C Nnadozie
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Muhammad Abdal
- Emergency Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Niki Shrestha
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Rose Anne M Abe
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Anum Masroor
- Psychiatry, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Psychiatry, Psychiatric Care Associates, Englewood, USA
- Medicine, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Arseni Khorochkov
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Jose Prieto
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Lubna Mohammed
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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11
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Orkusz A, Wolańska W, Krajinska U. The Assessment of Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile and Dietary Indicators Depending on the Storage Conditions of Goose Meat. Molecules 2021; 26:5122. [PMID: 34500555 PMCID: PMC8433622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The deterioration of food quality due to lipid oxidation is a serious problem in the food sector. Oxidation reactions adversely affect the physicochemical properties of food, worsening its quality. Lipid oxidation products are formed during the production, processing, and storage of food products. In the human diet, the sources of lipid oxidation products are all fat-containing products, including goose meat with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study aims at comparing the fatty acid profile of goose breast muscle lipids depending on the storage conditions: type of atmosphere, temperature, and storage time. Three-way variance analysis was used to evaluate changes in the fatty acids profile occurring in goose meat. The health aspect of fatty acid oxidation of goose meat is also discussed. In general, the fatty acid composition changed significantly during storage in the meat packed in the high-oxygen modified atmosphere at different temperatures (1 °C and 4 °C). Higher temperature led to a higher degree of lipid oxidation and nutrient loss. During the storage of samples in vacuum, no changes in the fatty acid content and dietary indices were found, regardless of the storage temperature, which indicates that the anaerobic atmosphere ensured the oxidative stability of goose meat during 11 days of refrigerated storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Orkusz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Analysis, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Wolańska
- Department of Forecasts and Economic Analysis, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Urszula Krajinska
- St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackshaw Road Tooting, London SW17 0QT, UK;
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12
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Shikany JM, Safford MM, Soroka O, Brown TM, Newby PK, Durant RW, Judd SE. Mediterranean Diet Score, Dietary Patterns, and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in the REGARDS Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019158. [PMID: 34189926 PMCID: PMC8403280 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a common cause of death in the United States. Few previous studies have investigated the associations of diet scores and dietary patterns with risk of SCD. We investigated the associations of the Mediterranean diet score and various dietary patterns with risk of SCD in participants in the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study cohort. Methods and Results Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline in REGARDS. The Mediterranean diet score was derived based on the consumption of specific food groups considered beneficial or detrimental components of that diet. Dietary patterns were derived previously using factor analysis, and adherence to each pattern was scored. SCD events were ascertained through regular contacts. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the risk of SCD events associated with the Mediterranean diet score and adherence to each of the 5 dietary patterns overall and stratifying on history of coronary heart disease at baseline. The analytic sample included 21 069 participants with a mean 9.8±3.8 years of follow‐up. The Mediterranean diet score showed a trend toward an inverse association with risk of SCD after multivariable adjustment (hazard ratio [HR] comparing highest with lowest group, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55–1.01; Ptrend=0.07). There was a trend toward a positive association of the Southern dietary pattern with risk of SCD (HR comparing highest with lowest quartile of adherence, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.02–2.10; Ptrend=0.06). Conclusions In REGARDS participants, we identified trends toward an inverse association of the Mediterranean diet score and a positive association of adherence to the Southern dietary pattern with risk of SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL
| | - Monika M Safford
- Division of General Internal Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY
| | - Orysya Soroka
- Division of General Internal Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY
| | - Todd M Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL
| | | | - Raegan W Durant
- Division of Preventive Medicine School of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL
| | - Suzanne E Judd
- Department of Biostatistics School of Public Health University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL
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13
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Abstract
Several countries have issued dietary recommendations about total and specific fatty acid (FA) intake for the prevention of CHD. For many years until today, controversies have existed especially about the deleterious effect or not of SFA, and the protective effect or not of n-3 PUFA, so that some authors have criticised these recommendations. There are many reasons for these controversies, including the different conclusions of prospective cohort studies compared with randomised clinical trials (RCT), and the contradictory conclusions of meta-analyses depending on the quality, number and type of studies included. The interrelationships between different FA in the diet make it difficult to analyse the specific effect of a particular class of FA on CHD. Furthermore, based on clinical practice and effectiveness of population-based prevention, it is very difficult at the individual level to assess in personal dietary intake the actual percentage and/or amount of SFA contained in each meal or consumed daily/weekly. In this critical narrative review, we try to answer the question of whether it would not be more relevant, in 2020, to promote dietary patterns, rather than FA intake recommendations. We critically analyse past and recent data on the association of FA with CHD, then propose that the Mediterranean diet and Japanese diet should be revitalised for Westerners and Asian populations, respectively. This does not exclude the usefulness of continuing research about effects of FA towards CHD, and accepting that what seems true today might be revised, at least partially tomorrow.
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14
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Schmidt EB, Calder PC. Marine n-3 Fatty Acids, Sudden Cardiac Death, and Ischemic Heart Disease: Fish or Supplements? J Nutr 2020; 150:3055-3057. [PMID: 33188414 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik B Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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15
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Zhang B, Xiong K, Cai J, Ma A. Fish Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082278. [PMID: 32751304 PMCID: PMC7468748 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on the impact of fish consumption on coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence have shown inconsistent results. In addition, in terms of CHD mortality, although previous meta-analyses showed that fish consumption reduces the risk of CHD, six newly incorporated studies show that fish consumption has no impact on CHD. Therefore, the results still need to be verified. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the impact of fish consumption on CHD incidence and mortality. Relevant studies were identified from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to October 2019. The multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for the highest versus the lowest fish consumption categories and the 95% confidence intervals were computed with a random-effect model. A restricted cubic spline regression model was used to assess the dose–response relationship between fish consumption and CHD incidence and mortality. Forty prospective cohort studies were incorporated into research. Among them, 22 studies investigated the association between fish consumption and CHD incidence (28,261 cases and 918,783 participants), and the summary estimate showed that higher fish consumption was significantly associated with a lower CHD incidence [RR: 0.91, 95% CI: (0.84, 0.97); I2 = 47.4%]. Twenty-seven studies investigated the association between fish consumption and CHD mortality (10,568 events and 1,139,553 participants), and the summary estimate showed that higher fish intake was significantly associated with a lower CHD mortality [RR: 0.85, 95% CI: (0.77, 0.94); I2 = 51.3%]. The dose–response analysis showed that the CHD incidence and mortality were reduced by 4%, respectively, with a 20 g/day increment in fish consumption. This meta-analysis indicates that fish consumption is associated with a lower CHD incidence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aiguo Ma
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-0542-2696
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16
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Amigó N, Akinkuolie AO, Chiuve SE, Correig X, Cook NR, Mora S. Habitual Fish Consumption, n-3 Fatty Acids, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Lipoprotein Subfractions in Women. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014963. [PMID: 32102617 PMCID: PMC7335538 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Supplementation with omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acid or dietary fish may protect against atherosclerosis, but the potential mechanisms are unclear. Prior studies found modest triglyceride‐lowering effects and slight increases in LDL (low‐density lipoprotein) cholesterol. Limited evidence has examined n‐3 effects on more detailed lipoprotein biomarkers. Methods and Results We conducted a study of 26 034 healthy women who reported information on fish and n‐3 intake from a 131‐item food‐frequency questionnaire. We measured plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy lipoproteins and examined their associations with dietary intake of fish, total n‐3, and the n‐3 subtypes (eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and α‐linolenic acids). Top‐ versus bottom‐quintile intake of fish and n‐3 were significantly associated with lower triglyceride and large VLDL (very‐low‐density lipoprotein) particles. Fish intake, but not total n‐3, was positively associated with total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and larger LDL size, but only α‐linolenic acid was associated with lower LDL cholesterol. Total n‐3, docosahexaenoic acid, and α‐linolenic acid intake were also positively associated with larger HDL (high‐density lipoprotein) size and large HDL particles. High eicosapentaenoic acid intake was significantly associated with only a decreased level of VLDL particle concentration and VLDL triglyceride content. The n‐3 fatty acids had some similarities but also differed in their associations with prospective cardiovascular disease risk patterns. Conclusions Higher consumption of fish and n‐3 fatty acids were associated with multiple measures of lipoproteins that were mostly consistent with cardiovascular prevention, with differences noted for high intake of eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid and α‐linolenic acid that were apparent with more detailed lipoprotein phenotyping. These hypothesis‐generating findings warrant further study in clinical trials. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00000479.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Amigó
- Division of Preventive Medicine Center for Lipid Metabolomics Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Metabolomics Platform Department of Electronic Electric and Automatic Engineering University Rovira i Virgili IISPV CIBERDEM Tarragona Spain
| | - Akintunde O Akinkuolie
- Division of Preventive Medicine Center for Lipid Metabolomics Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Stephanie E Chiuve
- Division of Preventive Medicine Center for Lipid Metabolomics Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Xavier Correig
- Metabolomics Platform Department of Electronic Electric and Automatic Engineering University Rovira i Virgili IISPV CIBERDEM Tarragona Spain
| | - Nancy R Cook
- Division of Preventive Medicine Center for Lipid Metabolomics Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Samia Mora
- Division of Preventive Medicine Center for Lipid Metabolomics Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
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17
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Blanch GP, Gómez-Jiménez MC, Ruiz Del Castillo ML. Variations in fatty acid composition and antioxidant content in olive fruits as a result of the application of phytoregulators to the olive tree ( Olea europaea L.). CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2020.1715486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Patricia Blanch
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Security, Instituto De Ciencia Y Tecnología De Alimentos Y Nutrición, Consejo Superior deInvestigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C. Gómez-Jiménez
- Departamento De Biología Vegetal, Ecología Y Ciencias De La Tierra, Universidad De Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Ruiz Del Castillo
- Department of Characterization, Quality and Security, Instituto De Ciencia Y Tecnología De Alimentos Y Nutrición, Consejo Superior deInvestigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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18
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Górska-Warsewicz H, Rejman K, Laskowski W, Czeczotko M. Butter, Margarine, Vegetable Oils, and Olive Oil in the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122935. [PMID: 31816944 PMCID: PMC6950612 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to identify the sources of energy and 25 nutrients in fats and oils in the average Polish diet. We analyzed energy, total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol, protein, carbohydrates, nine minerals, and nine vitamins. We included five sub-groups: butter, vegetable oils, margarine and other hydrogenated vegetable fats, olive oil, and other animal fats. The basis for our analysis was data from the 2016 household budget survey, conducted on a representative sample of the Polish population (36,886 households, n = 99,230). We used the cluster analysis to assess the impact of socio-demographic and economic factors on the volume of fats and oil consumption and on the share of particular products in the supply of energy and nutrients. Our findings indicated that fats and oils contributed 32.9% of the total fat supply, which placed these products in first position among main food groups. Meat and its products ranked second (30.8%) in the total fat supply, while milk and dairy products, including cream (13.4%), were the third food group. The second position in the total fat supply was taken by meat and its products (30.8%), and the third place was taken by milk and dairy products, including cream (13.4%). The supply of fatty acids from fats and oils varied and ranged from 45.6% for PUFA to 31.5% for MUFA to 27.8% for SFA. The supply of cholesterol was at the level of 8.3%. Our research has proven that fats and oils are an important source of vitamin E, providing almost half of the daily supply of this vitamin to the average Polish diet. The supply of vitamin A and D equaled 16–18% of their total daily intake. In the cluster analysis, we identified five clusters that differed in the consumption of butter, oils, margarine and other vegetable fats, olive oil, and other animal fats. The variables with most differentiating clusters were: education level, income (in quintile groups of households), degree of urbanization of the place of household residence, and socio-economic type of the household. Our results indicate a high share of fats and oils in the total fat supply and should be used to evaluate the diets from a nutritional and health point of view.
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19
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Joseph LC, Avula UMR, Wan EY, Reyes MV, Lakkadi KR, Subramanyam P, Nakanishi K, Homma S, Muchir A, Pajvani UB, Thorp EB, Reiken SR, Marks AR, Colecraft HM, Morrow JP. Dietary Saturated Fat Promotes Arrhythmia by Activating NOX2 (NADPH Oxidase 2). Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12:e007573. [PMID: 31665913 PMCID: PMC7004280 DOI: 10.1161/circep.119.007573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and diets high in saturated fat increase the risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We hypothesized that an increase in dietary saturated fat could lead to abnormalities of calcium homeostasis and heart rhythm by a NOX2 (NADPH oxidase 2)-dependent mechanism. METHODS We investigated this hypothesis by feeding mice high-fat diets. In vivo heart rhythm telemetry, optical mapping, and isolated cardiac myocyte imaging were used to quantify arrhythmias, repolarization, calcium transients, and intracellular calcium sparks. RESULTS We found that saturated fat activates NOX (NADPH oxidase), whereas polyunsaturated fat does not. The high saturated fat diet increased repolarization heterogeneity and ventricular tachycardia inducibility in perfused hearts. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of NOX2 prevented arrhythmogenic abnormalities in vivo during high statured fat diet and resulted in less inducible ventricular tachycardia. High saturated fat diet activates CaMK (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) in the heart, which contributes to abnormal calcium handling, promoting arrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that NOX2 deletion or pharmacological inhibition prevents the arrhythmogenic effects of a high saturated fat diet, in part mediated by activation of CaMK. This work reveals a molecular mechanism linking cardiac metabolism to arrhythmia and suggests that NOX2 inhibitors could be a novel therapy for heart rhythm abnormalities caused by cardiac lipid overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy C. Joseph
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Uma Mahesh R. Avula
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Elaine Y. Wan
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Michael V. Reyes
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Kundanika R. Lakkadi
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Prakash Subramanyam
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Koki Nakanishi
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Antoine Muchir
- Center of Research in Myology, UPMC-Inserm UMR974, CNRS FRE3617, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitie Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - Utpal B. Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Edward B. Thorp
- Departments of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Steven R. Reiken
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Andrew R. Marks
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Henry M. Colecraft
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - John P. Morrow
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY
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20
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Zhu Y, Bo Y, Liu Y. Dietary total fat, fatty acids intake, and risk of cardiovascular disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:91. [PMID: 30954077 PMCID: PMC6451787 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several epidemiological studies have investigated the association between dietary fat intake and cardiovascular disease. However, dietary recommendations based on systematic review and meta-analysis might be more credible. METHODS AND RESULTS Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane library were searched up to July 1st 2018 for cohort studies reporting associations of dietary fat intake and risk of CVDs. By comparing the highest vs. the lowest categories of fat or fatty acids intake, we found that higher dietary trans fatty acids (TFA) intake was associated with increased risk of CVDs [RR:1.14(1.08-1.21)]. However, no association was observed between total fat, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and risk of CVDs. Subgroup analysis found a cardio-protective effect of PUFA in the studies that has been followed up more than 10 years [0.95(0.91-0.99), I2 = 62.4%]. Dose-response analysis suggested that the risk of CVDs increased 16% [1.16 (1.07-1.25), Plinearity = 0.033] for an increment of 2% energy/day of TFA intake. CONCLUSIONS This current meta-analysis of cohort studies suggested that total fat, SFA, MUFA, and PUFA intake were not associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, we found that higher TFA intake is associated with greater risk of CVDs in a dose-response fashion. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis found a cardio-protective effect of PUFA in studies followed up for more than 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yacong Bo
- Department of Nutrition, The first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jianshe road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Department of Nutrition, The first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jianshe road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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21
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Homan EA, Reyes MV, Hickey KT, Morrow JP. Clinical Overview of Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus as Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation and Sudden Cardiac Death. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1847. [PMID: 30666210 PMCID: PMC6330323 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemics of obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with an increased incidence of both atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained arrhythmia in adults, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Obesity and DM are known to have adverse effects on cardiac structure and function. The pathologic mechanisms are thought to involve cardiac tissue remodeling, metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Clinical data suggest that left atrial size, epicardial fat pad thickness, and other modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, glycemic control, and obstructive sleep apnea may mediate the association with AF. Data from human atrial tissue biopsies demonstrate alterations in atrial lipid content and evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction. With respect to ventricular arrhythmias, abnormalities such as long QT syndrome, frequent premature ventricular contractions, and left ventricular hypertrophy with diastolic dysfunction are commonly observed in obese and diabetic humans. The increased risk of SCD in this population may also be related to excessive cardiac lipid deposition and insulin resistance. While nutritional interventions have had limited success, perhaps due to poor long-term compliance, weight loss and improved cardiorespiratory fitness may reduce the frequency and severity of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A Homan
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael V Reyes
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - John P Morrow
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Rimm EB, Appel LJ, Chiuve SE, Djoussé L, Engler MB, Kris-Etherton PM, Mozaffarian D, Siscovick DS, Lichtenstein AH. Seafood Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2018; 138:e35-e47. [PMID: 29773586 PMCID: PMC6903778 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the 2002 American Heart Association scientific statement "Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease," evidence from observational and experimental studies and from randomized controlled trials continues to emerge to further substantiate the beneficial effects of seafood long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. A recent American Heart Association science advisory addressed the specific effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on clinical cardiovascular events. This American Heart Association science advisory extends that review and offers further support to include n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seafood consumption. Several potential mechanisms have been investigated, including antiarrhythmic, anti-inflammatory, hematologic, and endothelial, although for most, longer-term dietary trials of seafood are warranted to substantiate the benefit of seafood as a replacement for other important sources of macronutrients. The present science advisory reviews this evidence and makes a suggestion in the context of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and in consideration of other constituents of seafood and the impact on sustainability. We conclude that 1 to 2 seafood meals per week be included to reduce the risk of congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and sudden cardiac death, especially when seafood replaces the intake of less healthy foods.
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23
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Abstract
Older adults are particularly vulnerable to compromised nutritional status. With advancing age, the consumption of a high-quality, nutritionally dense diet is increasingly essential to optimize health and well-being. Proportionally, macronutrient needs for older adults are similar to younger adults, however overall calorie requirements tend to decline with age. Unique factors influencing food intake should be considered and individualized guidance should be designed to help overcome medical, physical, and social barriers to a healthy diet. The goal for nutrition intervention should ultimately be to promote health and quality of life across the continuum of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bernstein
- Department of Nutrition, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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Santiago S, Zazpe I, Gea A, Nuñez-Córdoba JM, Carlos S, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MA. Fat Quality Index and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Sun Project. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:526-533. [PMID: 29582893 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between a dietary fat quality index (FQI), and the risk of incident cardiovascular events or deaths in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort. DESIGN Longitudinal analysis during 10.1 years of median follow-up. Cox models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of incident cardiovascular diseases (CVD) according to tertiles of FQI and of different fat subtypes. SETTING University of Navarra, Spain. PARTICIPANTS 19,341 middle-aged adults. MEASUREMENTS Fat intake was measured with a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The FQI was calculated according to the ratio: (monounsaturated+polyunsaturated) / (saturated+trans fatty acids). RESULTS We observed 140 incident cases of CVD. No association was found for FQI (HR=0.94, 95 %CI 0.61-1.47 for the highest vs the lowest tertile, p for trend=0.884). No significant associations were found for different dietary fat subtypes on CVD risk. The results suggest no clear association between a higher FQI and a higher amount of energy from fat and incidence of CVD (p for interaction: 0.259 and p for trend only among participants with a percentage of energy from fat ≥35% of total energy: 0.272). CONCLUSION In this Mediterranean cohort, the FQI was not associated with cardiovascular events. A "heart-healthy diet" should focus its attention on dietary fat sources and should use an overall dietary pattern approach, rather than limiting the focus on fat subtypes. More research is needed to validate dietary advice on specific fatty acids intake or saturated fatty acids replacements for reducing CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santiago
- Dr. Itziar Zazpe. University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology. Irunlarrea 1, 31080 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. E-mail: . Tel: +34 948 42 56 00 Ext: 6560. Fax: + 34 948 42 56 49
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Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Song M, Higuchi L, Lochhead P, Richter JM, Chan AT. Genetic Polymorphisms in Fatty Acid Metabolism Modify the Association Between Dietary n3: n6 Intake and Risk of Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1898-1904. [PMID: 28991856 PMCID: PMC5675119 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High intake of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a decreased risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). However, results have been heterogeneous suggesting that genetic variations in PUFA metabolism may modify this risk. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within 2 prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II. Among women providing blood (n = 62,437) or buccal cells (n = 59,543) for genotyping, we confirmed new diagnoses of CD or UC. Dietary intake was assessed 4 years before diagnosis. Confirmed cases were matched 1:2 to controls. Subjects were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms at CYP4F3, FADS1, and FADS2 loci. Conditional logistic regression models examined the interaction between genotype, n3:n6 PUFA intake and risk of CD and UC. RESULTS Our study included 101 CD and 139 UC patients matched to 495 controls. On multivariable analysis, high intake of n3:n6 PUFA (above median) demonstrated a trend toward reduced risk of UC (Odds ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-1.09, P = 0.11). High n3:n6 PUFA intake was associated with a reduced risk of UC in individuals with the GG/AG genotype at a single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP4F3 (OR 0.57, 95% CI, 0.32-0.99) but not those with the AA genotype (OR 0.95, 95% CI, 0.47-1.93) (P-interaction = 0.049). No gene-diet interactions were noted for CD. CONCLUSIONS The association between dietary n3:n6 PUFA intake and risk of UC may be modified variants at CYP4F3. Further gene-environment studies of the association between diet and IBD risk are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Leslie Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Lentjes MAH, Keogh RH, Welch AA, Mulligan AA, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Longitudinal associations between marine omega-3 supplement users and coronary heart disease in a UK population-based cohort. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017471. [PMID: 29030414 PMCID: PMC5652534 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess the association between marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake from supplements, mainly cod liver oil, and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. DESIGN Prospective cohort study, with three exposure measurements over 22 years. SETTING Norfolk-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk, UK). PARTICIPANTS 22 035 men and women from the general population, 39-79 years at recruitment. EXPOSURE Supplement use was assessed in three questionnaires (1993-1998; 2002-2004; 2004-2011). Participants were grouped into non-supplement users (NSU), n-3 PUFA supplement users (SU+n3) and non-n-3 PUFA supplement users (SU-n3). Cox regression adjusted for time-point specific variables: age, smoking, prevalent illnesses, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical activity and season and baseline assessments of sex, social class, education and dietary intake (7-day diet diary). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES During a median of 19-year follow-up, 1562 CHD deaths were registered for 22 035 included participants. RESULTS Baseline supplement use was not associated with CHD mortality, but baseline food and supplement intake of n-3 PUFA was inversely associated with CHD mortality after adjustment for fish consumption. Using time-varying covariate analysis, significant associations were observed for SU+n3 (HR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.84), but not for SU-n3 versus NSU. In further analyses, the association for SU+n3 persisted in those who did not take other supplements (HR: 0.83, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.97). Those who became SU+n3 over time or were consistent SU+n3 versus consistent NSU had a lower hazard of CHD mortality; no association with CHD was observed in those who stopped using n-3 PUFA-containing supplements. CONCLUSIONS Recent use of n-3 PUFA supplements was associated with a lower hazard of CHD mortality in this general population with low fish consumption. Residual confounding cannot be excluded, but the findings observed may be explained by postulated biological mechanisms and the results were specific to SU+n3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth H Keogh
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ailsa A Welch
- Department of Population Health and Primary Care, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Angela A Mulligan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Jahromi MK, Hojat M, Koshkaki SR, Nazari F, Ragibnejad M. Risk Factors Of Heart Disease in Nurses. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2017; 22:332-337. [PMID: 28904549 PMCID: PMC5590366 DOI: 10.4103/1735-9066.212986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying and correcting the modifiable risk factors reduces the prevalence of coronary artery disorders (CAD). Nurses, with regards to their employment conditions, can be prone to cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among nurses. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, census sampling was conducted among nurses of Jahrom, Iran, in 2014. Data were collected through interviews, blood pressure measurement, anthropometric parameters, and blood sample collection. To analyze the data, descriptive statistical analysis, and comparative (independent t-test) and correlation (Pearson) tests were used; the significance level was considered to be P < 0.05. RESULTS In this study, 263 (89.76%) nurses participated, 79.8% of whom were women. The mean age of the participants was 31.04 (6.97). In terms of body mass index, 41.7% was the waist-to-hip ratio, 16.7% was the waist-to-height ratio, and 63.1% were in the range of obesity. In addition, 5.7% had abnormal triglyceride, 4.9% had high cholesterol, and 15.1% had high blood pressure. The mean percentage of the Framingham risk score of the participants was 1.07 (1.84). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the total mean percentage of the Framingham risk score of the nurses was 1.07, which showed a low risk of CAD in the study population over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi K. Jahromi
- Department of Nursing, Jahrom University Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hojat
- Department of Nursing, Jahrom University Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - Faride Nazari
- Department of Nursing, Jahrom University Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Maryam Ragibnejad
- Department of Nursing, Jahrom University Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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Abstract
Health effects of dietary fats have been extensively studied for decades. However, controversies exist on the effects of various types of fatty acids, especially saturated fatty acid (SFA), on cardiovascular disease (CVD). Current evidence supports that different types of dietary fatty acids have divergent effects on CVD risk, and the effects also depend strongly on the comparison or replacement macronutrient. A significant reduction in CVD risk can be achieved if SFAs are replaced by unsaturated fats, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids. Intake of industrially produced trans fat is consistently associated with higher CVD risk. Both n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with lower CVD risk, although the effects of fish oil supplementation remains inconsistent. The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans place greater emphasis on types of dietary fat than total amount of dietary fat and recommend replacing SFAs with unsaturated fats, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids for CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong D Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Channing Division for Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Briggs MA, Petersen KS, Kris-Etherton PM. Saturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Replacements for Saturated Fat to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. Healthcare (Basel) 2017; 5:E29. [PMID: 28635680 PMCID: PMC5492032 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary recommendations to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have focused on reducing intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) for more than 50 years. While the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans advise substituting both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids for SFA, evidence supports other nutrient substitutions that will also reduce CVD risk. For example, replacing SFA with whole grains, but not refined carbohydrates, reduces CVD risk. Replacing SFA with protein, especially plant protein, may also reduce CVD risk. While dairy fat (milk, cheese) is associated with a slightly lower CVD risk compared to meat, dairy fat results in a significantly greater CVD risk relative to unsaturated fatty acids. As research continues, we will refine our understanding of dietary patterns associated with lower CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Briggs
- Department of Biology, Lycoming College, 700 College Place, Williamsport, PA 17701, USA.
| | - Kristina S Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Alexander DD, Miller PE, Van Elswyk ME, Kuratko CN, Bylsma LC. A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Prospective Cohort Studies of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease Risk. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:15-29. [PMID: 28062061 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to estimate the effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA+DHA) on coronary heart disease (CHD), and to conduct meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies to estimate the association between EPA+DHA intake and CHD risk. METHODS A systematic literature search of Ovid/Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from January 1, 1947, to November 2, 2015, was conducted; 18 RCTs and 16 prospective cohort studies examining EPA+DHA from foods or supplements and CHD, including myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, coronary death, and angina, were identified. Random-effects meta-analysis models were used to generate summary relative risk estimates (SRREs) and 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was examined in subgroup and sensitivity analyses and by meta-regression. Dose-response was evaluated in stratified dose or intake analyses. Publication bias assessments were performed. RESULTS Among RCTs, there was a nonstatistically significant reduction in CHD risk with EPA+DHA provision (SRRE=0.94; 95% CI, 0.85-1.05). Subgroup analyses of data from RCTs indicated a statistically significant CHD risk reduction with EPA+DHA provision among higher-risk populations, including participants with elevated triglyceride levels (SRRE=0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.98) and elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SRRE=0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.98). Meta-analysis of data from prospective cohort studies resulted in a statistically significant SRRE of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.74-0.92) for higher intakes of EPA+DHA and risk of any CHD event. CONCLUSION Results indicate that EPA+DHA may be associated with reducing CHD risk, with a greater benefit observed among higher-risk populations in RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paige E Miller
- Nutrition and Food Services, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital, Hines, IL
| | - Mary E Van Elswyk
- Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Van Elswyk Consulting, Inc, Longmont, CO
| | - Connye N Kuratko
- Scientific Affairs, Kuratko Nutrition Research, Ellicott City, MD
| | - Lauren C Bylsma
- Department of Epidemiology, EpidStat Institute, Ann Arbor, MI
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Wang DD, Li Y, Chiuve SE, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Association of Specific Dietary Fats With Total and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176:1134-45. [PMID: 27379574 PMCID: PMC5123772 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Previous studies have shown distinct associations between specific dietary fat and cardiovascular disease. However, evidence on specific dietary fat and mortality remains limited and inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of specific dietary fats with total and cause-specific mortality in 2 large ongoing cohort studies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study investigated 83 349 women from the Nurses' Health Study (July 1, 1980, to June 30, 2012) and 42 884 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (February 1, 1986, to January 31, 2012) who were free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and types 1 and 2 diabetes at baseline. Dietary fat intake was assessed at baseline and updated every 2 to 4 years. Information on mortality was obtained from systematic searches of the vital records of states and the National Death Index, supplemented by reports from family members or postal authorities. Data were analyzed from September 18, 2014, to March 27, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Total and cause-specific mortality. RESULTS During 3 439 954 person-years of follow-up, 33 304 deaths were documented. After adjustment for known and suspected risk factors, dietary total fat compared with total carbohydrates was inversely associated with total mortality (hazard ratio [HR] comparing extreme quintiles, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.81-0.88; P < .001 for trend). The HRs of total mortality comparing extreme quintiles of specific dietary fats were 1.08 (95% CI, 1.03-1.14) for saturated fat, 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78-0.84) for polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), 0.89 (95% CI, 0.84-0.94) for monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and 1.13 (95% CI, 1.07-1.18) for trans-fat (P < .001 for trend for all). Replacing 5% of energy from saturated fats with equivalent energy from PUFA and MUFA was associated with estimated reductions in total mortality of 27% (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.70-0.77) and 13% (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82-0.93), respectively. The HR for total mortality comparing extreme quintiles of ω-6 PUFA intake was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.81-0.89; P < .001 for trend). Intake of ω-6 PUFA, especially linoleic acid, was inversely associated with mortality owing to most major causes, whereas marine ω-3 PUFA intake was associated with a modestly lower total mortality (HR comparing extreme quintiles, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-1.00; P = .002 for trend). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Different types of dietary fats have divergent associations with total and cause-specific mortality. These findings support current dietary recommendations to replace saturated fat and trans-fat with unsaturated fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong D Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie E Chiuve
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts2Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts2Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts4Channing Division for Net
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts4Channing Division for Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital a
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts4Channing Division for Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital a
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts4Channing Division for Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital a
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Fontana R, Della Torre S. The Deep Correlation between Energy Metabolism and Reproduction: A View on the Effects of Nutrition for Women Fertility. Nutrients 2016; 8:87. [PMID: 26875986 PMCID: PMC4772050 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In female mammals, mechanisms have been developed, throughout evolution, to integrate environmental, nutritional and hormonal cues in order to guarantee reproduction in favorable energetic conditions and to inhibit it in case of food scarcity. This metabolic strategy could be an advantage in nutritionally poor environments, but nowadays is affecting women's health. The unlimited availability of nutrients, in association with reduced energy expenditure, leads to alterations in many metabolic pathways and to impairments in the finely tuned inter-relation between energy metabolism and reproduction, thereby affecting female fertility. Many energetic states could influence female reproductive health being under- and over-weight, obesity and strenuous physical activity are all conditions that alter the profiles of specific hormones, such as insulin and adipokines, thus impairing women fertility. Furthermore, specific classes of nutrients might affect female fertility by acting on particular signaling pathways. Dietary fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins and food-associated components (such as endocrine disruptors) have per se physiological activities and their unbalanced intake, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, might impair metabolic homeostasis and fertility in premenopausal women. Even though we are far from identifying a "fertility diet", lifestyle and dietary interventions might represent a promising and invaluable strategy to manage infertility in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.
| | - Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
- Center of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
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Inhibition of NAPDH Oxidase 2 (NOX2) Prevents Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Abnormalities Caused by Saturated Fat in Cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145750. [PMID: 26756466 PMCID: PMC4710525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and high saturated fat intake increase the risk of heart failure and arrhythmias. The molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that physiologic levels of saturated fat could increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes, leading to abnormalities of calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function. We investigated the effect of saturated fat on mitochondrial function and calcium homeostasis in isolated ventricular myocytes. The saturated fatty acid palmitate causes a decrease in mitochondrial respiration in cardiomyocytes. Palmitate, but not the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate, causes an increase in both total cellular ROS and mitochondrial ROS. Palmitate depolarizes the mitochondrial inner membrane and causes mitochondrial calcium overload by increasing sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak. Inhibitors of PKC or NOX2 prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and the increase in ROS, demonstrating that PKC-NOX2 activation is also required for amplification of palmitate induced-ROS. Cardiomyocytes from mice with genetic deletion of NOX2 do not have palmitate-induced ROS or mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude that palmitate induces mitochondrial ROS that is amplified by NOX2, causing greater mitochondrial ROS generation and partial depolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane. The abnormal sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak caused by palmitate could promote arrhythmia and heart failure. NOX2 inhibition is a potential therapy for heart disease caused by diabetes or obesity.
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Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) from cardiac arrest is a major international public health problem accounting for an estimated 15%-20% of all deaths. Although resuscitation rates are generally improving throughout the world, the majority of individuals who experience a sudden cardiac arrest will not survive. SCD most often develops in older adults with acquired structural heart disease, but it also rarely occurs in the young, where it is more commonly because of inherited disorders. Coronary heart disease is known to be the most common pathology underlying SCD, followed by cardiomyopathies, inherited arrhythmia syndromes, and valvular heart disease. During the past 3 decades, declines in SCD rates have not been as steep as for other causes of coronary heart disease deaths, and there is a growing fraction of SCDs not due to coronary heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias, particularly among certain subsets of the population. The growing heterogeneity of the pathologies and mechanisms underlying SCD present major challenges for SCD prevention, which are magnified further by a frequent lack of recognition of the underlying cardiac condition before death. Multifaceted preventative approaches, which address risk factors in seemingly low-risk and known high-risk populations, will be required to decrease the burden of SCD. In this Compendium, we review the wide-ranging spectrum of epidemiology underlying SCD within both the general population and in high-risk subsets with established cardiac disease placing an emphasis on recent global trends, remaining uncertainties, and potential targeted preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiso Hayashi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.H., W.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.M.A.)
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.H., W.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.M.A.).
| | - Christine M Albert
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.H., W.S.); and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.M.A.).
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Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Mirmiran P, Fallah-ghohroudi A, Azizi F. Combined effect of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids on the metabolic syndrome: Tehran lipid and glucose study. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2015; 33:5. [PMID: 26825310 PMCID: PMC5026005 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-015-0015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate whether the background intakes of total dietary fat, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) modulate the effects of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) on metabolic syndrome (MetS). MATERIAL AND METHODS This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample of 4,677 adults, aged 19 to 84 years. MetS was defined according to the ATP III criteria. RESULTS Median intakes of SFA, MUFA and PUFA were 9.5, 9.6 and 5.6% of total energy. High SFA intakes were associated with higher prevalence of MetS, in both individuals with higher and lower median intakes of total fat, MUFA and PUFA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that SFA intakes were positively associated with the prevalence of MetS, independent of total dietary fat, MUFA and PUFA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Hosseinpour-Niazi
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arefeh Fallah-ghohroudi
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Should the pharmacological actions of dietary fatty acids in cardiometabolic disorders be classified based on biological or chemical function? Prog Lipid Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Oyanagi E, Uchida M, Miyakawa T, Miyachi M, Yamaguchi H, Nagami K, Utsumi K, Yano H. Palmitoleic acid induces the cardiac mitochondrial membrane permeability transition despite the presence of L-carnitine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:29-36. [PMID: 25983324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although palmitoleic acid (C16:1) is associated with arrhythmias, and increases in an age-dependent matter, the effects of L-carnitine, which is essential for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, are unclear. It has been postulated that L-carnitine may attenuate palmitate (C16:0)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. The aim of this study was to elucidate the activity of L-carnitine in the prevention of the palmitoleic acid-induced mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and cytochrome c release using isolated cardiac mitochondria from rats. Palmitoleoyl-CoA-induced mitochondrial respiration was not accelerated by L-carnitine treatment, and this respiration was slightly inhibited by oligomycin, which is an inhibitor of ATP synthase. Despite pretreatment with L-carnitine, the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased and mitochondrial swelling was induced by palmitoleoyl-CoA. In the presence of a combination of L-carnitine and tiron, a free radical scavenger, there was attenuated mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release following palmitoleoyl-CoA treatment. We concluded that palmitoleic acid, but not palmitate, induces the cardiac mitochondrial membrane permeability transition despite the presence of L-carnitine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Oyanagi
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Masataka Uchida
- Department of Health & Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyakawa
- Department of Health & Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamaguchi
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Kuniatsu Nagami
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Kozo Utsumi
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Okayama University Graduate School, Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yano
- Department of Health & Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan.
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Kris-Etherton PM, Fleming JA. Emerging nutrition science on fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: nutritionists' perspectives. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:326S-37S. [PMID: 25979506 PMCID: PMC4424771 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.006981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent dietary guidance for heart health recommends a reduction (by ∼50%) in saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake to reduce LDL cholesterol and to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends substituting unsaturated fat [both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs and MUFAs, respectively)] for SFAs. There are many dietary options that can be implemented to replace SFAs, given the different sources of unsaturated fats in the food supply. Compelling evidence exists for the cardioprotective benefits of n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs, both marine- and plant-derived. In addition, the evidence of cardioprotective benefits of n-6 (ω-6) PUFAs is strong, whereas that for MUFAs is mixed, although there is emerging evidence of benefits. Quantitatively, lowering SFAs by 50% will require, in part, substituting food sources of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs and MUFAs for food sources of SFAs. The use of n-3 PUFAs as a replacement for SFAs will result in a shortfall in reaching the SFA goal because of the relatively low amounts that can be incorporated in the diet, even with very high n-3 PUFA substitution. SFAs also can be replaced with dietary carbohydrate and/or protein. Replacing SFAs with carbohydrate, specifically refined sources, however, has little impact on reducing CVD risk. There is evidence about the health benefits of dietary protein on CVD risk, which merits study. Dietary guidelines have advanced considerably with the "replacement of SFA with unsaturated fat message" instead of recommending decreasing SFAs alone. A key question that remains is what is the optimal mix of macronutrients to maximally reduce CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jennifer A Fleming
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Fleming JA, Kris-Etherton PM. The evidence for α-linolenic acid and cardiovascular disease benefits: Comparisons with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:863S-76S. [PMID: 25398754 PMCID: PMC4224228 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.005850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) benefits of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) has advanced markedly during the past decade. It is now evident that ALA benefits CVD risk. The expansion of the ALA evidence base has occurred in parallel with ongoing research on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and CVD. The available evidence enables comparisons to be made for ALA vs. EPA + DHA for CVD risk reduction. The epidemiologic evidence suggests comparable benefits of plant-based and marine-derived n-3 (omega-3) PUFAs. The clinical trial evidence for ALA is not as extensive; however, there have been CVD event benefits reported. Those that have been reported for EPA + DHA are stronger because only EPA + DHA differed between the treatment and control groups, whereas in the ALA studies there were diet differences beyond ALA between the treatment and control groups. Despite this, the evidence suggests many comparable CVD benefits of ALA vs. EPA + DHA. Thus, we believe that it is time to revisit what the contemporary dietary recommendation should be for ALA to decrease the risk of CVD. Our perspective is that increasing dietary ALA will decrease CVD risk; however, randomized controlled clinical trials are necessary to confirm this and to determine what the recommendation should be. With a stronger evidence base, the nutrition community will be better positioned to revise the dietary recommendation for ALA for CVD risk reduction.
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Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Monounsaturated fatty acids, olive oil and health status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:154. [PMID: 25274026 PMCID: PMC4198773 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present meta-analysis of cohort studies was to focus on monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular mortality as well as all-cause mortality, and to distinguish between the different dietary sources of MUFA. Methods Literature search was performed using the electronic databases PUBMED, and EMBASE until June 2nd, 2014. Study specific risk ratios and hazard ratios were pooled using a inverse variance random effect model. Results Thirty-two cohort studies (42 reports) including 841,211 subjects met the objectives and were included. The comparison of the top versus bottom third of the distribution of a combination of MUFA (of both plant and animal origin), olive oil, oleic acid, and MUFA:SFA ratio in each study resulted in a significant risk reduction for: all-cause mortality (RR: 0.89, 95% CI 0.83, 0.96, p = 0.001; I2 = 64%), cardiovascular mortality (RR: 0.88, 95% CI 0.80, 0.96, p = 0.004; I2 = 50%), cardiovascular events (RR: 0.91, 95% CI 0.86, 0.96, p = 0.001; I2 = 58%), and stroke (RR: 0.83, 95% CI 0.71, 0.97, p = 0.02; I2 = 70%). Following subgroup analyses, significant associations could only be found between higher intakes of olive oil and reduced risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and stroke, respectively. The MUFA subgroup analyses did not reveal any significant risk reduction. Conclusion The results indicate an overall risk reduction of all-cause mortality (11%), cardiovascular mortality (12%), cardiovascular events (9%), and stroke (17%) when comparing the top versus bottom third of MUFA, olive oil, oleic acid, and MUFA:SFA ratio. MUFA of mixed animal and vegetable sources per se did not yield any significant effects on these outcome parameters. However, only olive oil seems to be associated with reduced risk. Further research is necessary to evaluate specific sources of MUFA (i.e. plant vs. animal) and cardiovascular risk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-511X-13-154) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwingshackl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZAII), A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Liu J, Wang P, Zou L, Qu J, Litovsky S, Umeda P, Zhou L, Chatham J, Marsh SA, Dell'Italia LJ, Lloyd SG. High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet promotes arrhythmic death and increases myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H598-608. [PMID: 24929857 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00058.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-fat, low-carbohydrate diets (HFLCD) are often eaten by humans for a variety of reasons, but the effects of such diets on the heart are incompletely understood. We evaluated the impact of HFLCD on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) using an in vivo model of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g) were fed HFLCD (60% calories fat, 30% protein, 10% carbohydrate) or control (CONT; 16% fat, 19% protein, 65% carbohydrate) diet for 2 wk and then underwent open chest I/R. At baseline (preischemia), diet did not affect left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function. Oil red O staining revealed presence of lipid in the heart with HFLCD but not in CONT. Following I/R, recovery of LV function was decreased in HFLCD. HFLCD hearts exhibited decreased ATP synthase and increased uncoupling protein-3 gene and protein expression. HFLCD downregulated mitochondrial fusion proteins and upregulated fission proteins and store-operated Ca(2+) channel proteins. HFLCD led to increased death during I/R; 6 of 22 CONT rats and 16 of 26 HFLCD rats died due to ventricular arrhythmias and hemodynamic shock. In surviving rats, HFLCD led to larger infarct size. We concluded that in vivo HFLCD does not affect nonischemic LV function but leads to greater myocardial injury during I/R, with increased risk of death by pump failure and ventricular arrhythmias, which might be associated with altered cardiac energetics, mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics, and store-operated Ca(2+) channel expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peipei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luyun Zou
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Silvio Litovsky
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - John Chatham
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Susan A Marsh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Departments of Medicine and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Steven G Lloyd
- Departments of Medicine and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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Michas G, Micha R, Zampelas A. Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: Putting together the pieces of a complicated puzzle. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:320-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Konijeti GG, Higuchi LM, de Silva P, Fuchs CS, Willett WC, Richter JM, Chan AT. Long-term intake of dietary fat and risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut 2014; 63:776-84. [PMID: 23828881 PMCID: PMC3915038 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dietary fats influence intestinal inflammation and regulate mucosal immunity. Data on the association between dietary fat and risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are limited and conflicting. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study cohorts. Diet was prospectively ascertained every 4 years using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Self-reported CD and UC were confirmed through medical record review. We examined the effect of energy-adjusted cumulative average total fat intake and specific types of fat and fatty acids on the risk of CD and UC using Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Among 170,805 women, we confirmed 269 incident cases of CD (incidence 8/100,000 person-years) and 338 incident cases of UC (incidence 10/100,000 person-years) over 26 years and 3,317,338 person-years of follow-up. Cumulative energy-adjusted intake of total fat, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were not associated with risk of CD or UC. However, greater intake of long-chain n-3 PUFAs was associated with a trend towards lower risk of UC (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.01). In contrast, high long-term intake of trans-unsaturated fatty acids was associated with a trend towards an increased incidence of UC (HR 1.34, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.92). CONCLUSIONS A high intake of dietary long-chain n-3 PUFAs may be associated with a reduced risk of UC. In contrast, high intake of trans-unsaturated fats may be associated with an increased risk of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gauree G. Konijeti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leslie M. Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Punyanganie de Silva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - James M. Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Bazinet RP, Chu MW. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: is a broad cholesterol-lowering health claim appropriate? CMAJ 2014; 186:434-9. [PMID: 24218530 PMCID: PMC3971029 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.130253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (Bazinet), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery (Chu), Western University, London, Ont.; Lawson Health Research Institute (Chu), London, Ont
| | - Michael W.A. Chu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (Bazinet), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery (Chu), Western University, London, Ont.; Lawson Health Research Institute (Chu), London, Ont
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Vannice G, Rasmussen H. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: dietary fatty acids for healthy adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:136-53. [PMID: 24342605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (the Academy) that dietary fat for the healthy adult population should provide 20% to 35% of energy, with an increased consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and limited intake of saturated and trans fats. The Academy recommends a food-based approach through a diet that includes regular consumption of fatty fish, nuts and seeds, lean meats and poultry, low-fat dairy products, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes. These recommendations are made within the context of rapidly evolving science delineating the influence of dietary fat and specific fatty acids on human health. In addition to fat as a valuable and calorically dense macronutrient with a central role in supplying essential nutrition and supporting healthy body weight, evidence on individual fatty acids and fatty acid groups is emerging as a key factor in nutrition and health. Small variations in the structure of fatty acids within broader categories of fatty acids, such as polyunsaturated and saturated, appear to elicit different physiological functions. The Academy recognizes that scientific knowledge about the effects of dietary fats on human health is young and takes a prudent approach in recommending an increase in fatty acids that benefit health and a reduction in fatty acids shown to increase risk of disease. Registered dietitian nutritionists are uniquely positioned to translate fat and fatty acid research into practical and effective dietary recommendations.
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Friedman AN, Yu Z, Denski C, Tamez H, Wenger J, Thadhani R, Li Y, Watkins B. Fatty acids and other risk factors for sudden cardiac death in patients starting hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 2013; 38:12-8. [PMID: 23816975 DOI: 10.1159/000351764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about risk factors for sudden cardiac death in hemodialysis patients during the high-risk first year of dialysis. We therefore undertook to identify such risk factors in a nationally representative cohort and were able to include baseline levels of blood fatty acids, some of which influence arrhythmogenicity and sudden cardiac death risk. DESIGN The study cohort included 100 patients who died of sudden cardiac death during the first year of hemodialysis and 300 frequency-matched controls. Using the elastic net statistical method, numerous demographic and clinical characteristics were included with baseline total serum levels for 11 major fatty acids (model 1) and with serum phospholipid fractions of these same fatty acids (model 2). Final models included only covariates that had a non-zero coefficient. RESULTS In model 1, serum albumin [odds ratio (95% CI): 0.55 (0.33-0.93); p = 0.03] and total serum long-chain n-3 docosapentaenoic acid [0.70 (0.51-0.97); p = 0.03] were inversely associated with the odds of sudden cardiac death, while the total serum saturated fatty acid level had a direct association [1.01 (1.00-1.02); p = 0.03]. In model 2, serum albumin and docosapentaenoic acid remained inversely associated with sudden cardiac death in a similar manner as in model 1. Pulse pressure also had an inverse association [0.96 (0.93-1.00); p < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS Several factors, including blood content of docosapentaenoic acid and saturated fatty acids, were associated with the odds of sudden cardiac death during year one of hemodialysis. These results raise the possibility that dietary modification may reduce sudden death risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allon N Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Harris WS, Pottala JV, Varvel SA, Borowski JJ, Ward JN, McConnell JP. Erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids increase and linoleic acid decreases with age: observations from 160,000 patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:257-63. [PMID: 23375840 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fatty acid (FA) composition of the red blood cell (RBC) has been reported to provide prognostic information regarding risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). In particular, the Omega-3 Index (RBC eicosapentaenoic acid+docosahexaenoic acid, EPA+DHA) has been shown to be independently and inversely related to risk for sudden cardiac death and for acute coronary syndromes. Higher linoleic acid (n-6) and lower trans FA levels have also been associated with improved CHD outcomes. Accordingly, the RBC FA panel has recently been introduced in routine clinical laboratory testing. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to define age- and gender-based norms for RBC FA levels. METHODS RBC FA profiles from about 160,000 patients (48% from males, 52% from females) were measured at Health Diagnostic Laboratory. These data were used to create age decade and gender-specific norms (percentiles). FA values were expressed as a percent of total identified FA. RESULTS Compared to men, women generally had higher C18 trans levels, and between the ages of 10-29 years, they had DHA and lower EPA levels. Among the major FA classes, saturated (41% of total) and trans (∼0.85%) fats did not vary appreciably by age, whereas monounsaturated fats tended to rise slightly. Of the two major n-6 polyunsaturates, arachidonic and linoleic acids, the former was unchanged across decades (16.4% abundance) whereas the latter decreased by about 2 percentage points (13.0-11.1%). The overall median Omega-3 Index was 4.5%, and across the decades it increased by about 1.5 percentage points. The Omega-3 Index and linoleic acid stabilized after age 70. CONCLUSION Whereas RBC saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated FA levels are generally stable across the lifespan, there is a shift in the composition of the latter, with an increase in the Omega-3 Index and a decrease in linoleic acid. Higher DHA and lower EPA levels in younger women is consistent with enhanced conversion of EPA to DHA during the early reproductive years. The availability of RBC FA norms will facilitate research into the relationships between altered FA status and human disease, and will help physicians evaluate the n-3 FA status of their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Harris
- Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, United States.
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Schwenke DC, Foreyt JP, Miller ER, Reeves RS, Vitolins MZ. Plasma concentrations of trans fatty acids in persons with type 2 diabetes between September 2002 and April 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:862-71. [PMID: 23446895 PMCID: PMC3607659 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.046508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND transFatty acids (TFAs) increase cardiovascular disease risk. TFAs and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the food supply may be declining with reciprocal increases in cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs). OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether plasma 18-carbon TFA and PUFA concentrations might decrease over time and whether there might be reciprocal increases in plasma cis-MUFAs and SFAs. DESIGN We studied 305 persons (171 women) taking part in Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes), a randomized trial of lifestyle intervention for weight loss to reduce major cardiovascular events in overweight and obese adults (aged 45-76 y) with type 2 diabetes who also participated in an ancillary study of oxidative stress. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of TFAs, cis-MUFAs, SFAs, and PUFAs measured in plasma before intervention (September 2002-April 2004). RESULTS In a model that included demographic characteristics, plasma total fatty acid concentration, BMI, serum insulin, statin use, season, and longitudinal time trend (R(2) = 0.167, P < 0.0001), plasma TFAs decreased by 13.5%/y (95% CI: -22.7, -3.2%/y; absolute decrease 7.0 mg · L(-1) · y(-1); 95% CI: -12.5, -1.6 mg · L(-1) · y(-1); P = 0.012). This longitudinal trend was not significantly altered by further adjustment for dietary variables and physical activity. In contrast, longitudinal trends for PUFAs, cis-MUFAs, and SFAs were weak and not significant. CONCLUSIONS This change in plasma concentrations of TFAs is consistent with changes in fatty acid composition that food manufacturers are likely to have made to avoid declaring TFAs on food labels. Further research will be needed to determine the overall effect of these changes on cardiovascular risk. The Look AHEAD trial is registered at clinicaltrials.govas NCT00017953.
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Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Leelarthaepin B, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Faurot KR, Suchindran CM, Ringel A, Davis JM, Hibbeln JR. Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2013; 346:e8707. [PMID: 23386268 PMCID: PMC4688426 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e8707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of replacing dietary saturated fat with omega 6 linoleic acid, for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death. DESIGN Evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study, a single blinded, parallel group, randomized controlled trial conducted in 1966-73; and an updated meta-analysis including these previously missing data. SETTING Ambulatory, coronary care clinic in Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS 458 men aged 30-59 years with a recent coronary event. INTERVENTIONS Replacement of dietary saturated fats (from animal fats, common margarines, and shortenings) with omega 6 linoleic acid (from safflower oil and safflower oil polyunsaturated margarine). Controls received no specific dietary instruction or study foods. All non-dietary aspects were designed to be equivalent in both groups. OUTCOME MEASURES All cause mortality (primary outcome), cardiovascular mortality, and mortality from coronary heart disease (secondary outcomes). We used an intention to treat, survival analysis approach to compare mortality outcomes by group. RESULTS The intervention group (n=221) had higher rates of death than controls (n=237) (all cause 17.6% v 11.8%, hazard ratio 1.62 (95% confidence interval 1.00 to 2.64), P=0.05; cardiovascular disease 17.2% v 11.0%, 1.70 (1.03 to 2.80), P=0.04; coronary heart disease 16.3% v 10.1%, 1.74 (1.04 to 2.92), P=0.04). Inclusion of these recovered data in an updated meta-analysis of linoleic acid intervention trials showed non-significant trends toward increased risks of death from coronary heart disease (hazard ratio 1.33 (0.99 to 1.79); P=0.06) and cardiovascular disease (1.27 (0.98 to 1.65); P=0.07). CONCLUSIONS Advice to substitute polyunsaturated fats for saturated fats is a key component of worldwide dietary guidelines for coronary heart disease risk reduction. However, clinical benefits of the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega 6 linoleic acid, have not been established. In this cohort, substituting dietary linoleic acid in place of saturated fats increased the rates of death from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease. An updated meta-analysis of linoleic acid intervention trials showed no evidence of cardiovascular benefit. These findings could have important implications for worldwide dietary advice to substitute omega 6 linoleic acid, or polyunsaturated fats in general, for saturated fats. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trials NCT01621087.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ramsden
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics and Biochemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Schwenke DC. Beyond the Mediterranean to optimal dietary patterns. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:96-100. [PMID: 23298963 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32835c94d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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