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O'Connor A, Rooney M, Dunne S, Bhargava N, Matthews C, Yang S, Zhou S, Cogan A, Sheehan JJ, Brodkorb A, Noronha N, O'Sullivan M, O'Riordan D, Feeney EL, Gibney ER. An examination of the impact of unmelted, melted, and deconstructed cheese on lipid metabolism: a 6-week randomised trial. Food Funct 2024; 15:8345-8355. [PMID: 39017657 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo02708f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests cheese has a favourable or neutral effect on cardiometabolic health, compared to butter. To date, studies have only considered the cheese matrix in its unmelted form, while the effect of melted cheese remains unknown. Objective: To test the effect of 6-week daily consumption of ∼40 g dairy fat, eaten in either as unmelted cheese, melted cheese, or in a fully deconstructed form, on markers of metabolic health in overweight adults aged ≥50 years of age. Design: A 6-week randomised parallel intervention, where 162 participants (43.3% male) received ∼40 g of dairy fat per day, in 1 of 3 treatments: (A) 120 g full-fat Irish grass-fed cheddar cheese, eaten in unmelted form (n 58); (B) 120 g full-fat Irish grass-fed cheddar cheese eaten in melted form (n 53); or (C) the equivalent components; butter (49 g), calcium caseinate powder (30 g), and Ca supplement (CaCO3; 500 mg) (n 51). Results: There was no difference in weight, fasting glucose, or insulin between the groups post-intervention. Melted cheese, compared to unmelted cheese, increased total cholesterol (0.23 ± 0.79 mmol L-1vs. 0.02 ± 0.67 mmol L-1, P = 0.008) and triglyceride concentrations (0.17 ± 0.39 mmol L-1vs. 0.00 ± 0.42 mmol L-1, P = 0.016). Melted cheese increased total cholesterol concentrations by 0.20 ± 0.15 mmol L-1 and triglyceride concentrations by 0.17 ± 0.08 mmol L-1 compared to unmelted cheese. No significant differences were observed between the cheese forms for change in HDL, LDL or VLDL cholesterol. Conclusion: Compared to unmelted cheese, melted cheese was found to increase total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in middle-aged, overweight adults with no effect on weight or glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen O'Connor
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martina Rooney
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simone Dunne
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nupur Bhargava
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Matthews
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sitong Zhou
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Adam Cogan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Ireland
| | | | - André Brodkorb
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Nessa Noronha
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Dolores O'Riordan
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma L Feeney
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Wang Y, Wu J, Zhang H, Yang X, Gu R, Liu Y, Wu R. Comprehensive review of milk fat globule membrane proteins across mammals and lactation periods in health and disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39106211 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2387763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a three-layer membrane-like structure encasing natural milk fat globules (MFGs). MFGM holds promise as a nutritional supplement because of the numerous physiological functions of its constituent protein. This review summarizes and compares the differences in MFGM protein composition across various species, including bovines, goats, camels, mares, and donkeys, and different lactation periods, such as colostrum and mature milk, as assessed by techniques such as proteomics and mass spectrometry. We also discuss the health benefits of MFGM proteins throughout life. MFGM proteins promote intestinal development, neurodevelopment, and glucose and lipid metabolism by upregulating tight junction protein expression, brain function-related genes, and glucose and fatty acid biosynthesis processes. We focus on the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects of MFGM proteins. MFGM proteins activate key substances in in signaling pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and myosin light chain kinase signaling pathways. Overall, the consumption of MFGM proteins plays an essential role in conferring health benefits, some of which are important throughout the mammalian life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Henan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xujin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, P.R. China
| | - Ruixia Gu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yumeng Liu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, P.R. China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, P.R. China
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3
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Pokala A, Kraft J, Taormina VM, Michalski MC, Vors C, Torres-Gonzalez M, Bruno RS. Whole milk dairy foods and cardiometabolic health: dairy fat and beyond. Nutr Res 2024; 126:99-122. [PMID: 38669850 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Bovine dairy milk is a nutrient-rich matrix, but consumption of full-fat dairy food varieties has been claimed historically to be associated with poorer cardiometabolic health, a notion often attributed to the saturated fat content. However, continued investigation that includes observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide evidence that favorably supports full-fat dairy foods and their bioactive components on cardiometabolic health. This review addresses this controversy by examining the evidence surrounding full-fat dairy foods and their implications for human health. Dairy foods are heterogeneous, not just in their fat content but also in other compositional aspects within and between fermented (e.g., yogurt, cheese) and nonfermented products (e.g., milk) that could differentially influence cardiometabolic health. Drawing from complementary lines of evidence from epidemiological studies and RCTs, this review describes the health effects of dairy foods regarding their fat content, as well as their polar lipids that are concentrated in the milk fat globule fraction. Observational studies have limitedly supported the consumption of full-fat dairy to protect against cardiometabolic disorders. However, this framework has been disputed by RCTs indicating that dairy foods, regardless of their fat content or fermentation, are not detrimental to cardiometabolic health and may instead alleviate certain cardiometabolic risk factors. As dietary recommendations evolve, which currently indicate to avoid full-fat dairy foods, it is essential to consider the totality of evidence, especially from RCTs, while also recognizing that investigation is needed to evaluate the complexity of dairy foods within diverse dietary patterns and their impacts on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Pokala
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Victoria M Taormina
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- INRAE, UMR1397, Inserm, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CarMeN laboratory, Pierre-Bénite, FR
| | - Cécile Vors
- INRAE, UMR1397, Inserm, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CarMeN laboratory, Pierre-Bénite, FR
| | | | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
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Kosmerl E, Miller C, Jiménez-Flores R. Preventative Effects of Milk Fat Globule Membrane Ingredients on DSS-Induced Mucosal Injury in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Nutrients 2024; 16:954. [PMID: 38612988 PMCID: PMC11013169 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The goblet cells of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) produce glycoproteins called mucins that form a protective barrier from digestive contents and external stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and its milk phospholipid component (MPL) can benefit the GIT through improving barrier function. Our objective was to compare the effects of two digested MFGM ingredients with or without dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced barrier stress on mucin proteins. Co-cultured Caco-2/HT29-MTX intestinal cells were treated with in vitro digests of 2%, 5%, and 10% (w/v) MFGM or MPL alone for 6 h or followed by challenge with 2.5% DSS (6 h). Transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (FD4) permeability measurements were used to measure changes in barrier integrity. Mucin characterization was performed using a combination of slot blotting techniques for secreted (MUC5AC, MUC2) and transmembrane (MUC3A, MUC1) mucins, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and periodic acid Schiff (PAS)/Alcian blue staining. Digested MFGM and MPL prevented a DSS-induced reduction in secreted mucins, which corresponded to the prevention of DSS-induced increases in FD4 permeability. SEM and PAS/Alcian blue staining showed similar visual trends for secreted mucin production. A predictive bioinformatic approach was also used to identify potential KEGG pathways involved in MFGM-mediated mucosal maintenance under colitis conditions. This preliminary in silico evidence, combined with our in vitro findings, suggests the role of MFGM in inducing repair and maintenance of the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (E.K.); (C.M.)
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Griffin BA, Lovegrove JA. Saturated fat and CVD: importance of inter-individual variation in the response of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38282001 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the history in support of the role of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the controversy and consensus for the evidence in support of guidelines to remove and replace SFA with unsaturated fatty acids. The review will also examine the existence, origins, and implications for CVD risk of variability in serum LDL-cholesterol in response to these guidelines. While the quality of supporting evidence for the efficacy of restricting SFA on CVD risk has attracted controversy, this has helped to increase understanding of the inter-relationships between SFA, LDL-cholesterol and CVD, and reinforce confidence in this dietary recommendation. Nevertheless, there is significant inter-individual variation in serum LDL-C in response to this dietary change. The origins of this variation are multi-factorial and involve both dietary and metabolic traits. If serum biomarkers of more complex metabolic traits underlying LDL-responsiveness can be identified, this would have major implications for the targeting of these dietary guidelines to LDL-responders, to maximise the benefit to their cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Griffin
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, University of Surrey, GuildfordGU2 7XH, UK
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
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6
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Kosmerl E, González-Orozco BD, García-Cano I, Ortega-Anaya J, Jiménez-Flores R. Milk phospholipids protect Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis during in vitro digestion and enhance polysaccharide production. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1194945. [PMID: 38024346 PMCID: PMC10657999 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1194945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is associated with the gut microbiota of breast-fed infants. Bifidobacterium infantis promotes intestinal barrier and immune function through several proposed mechanisms, including interactions between their surface polysaccharides, the host, and other gut microorganisms. Dairy foods and ingredients are some of the most conspicuous food-based niches for this species and may provide benefits for their delivery and efficacy in the gut. Milk phospholipid (MPL)-rich ingredients have been increasingly recognized for their versatile benefits to health, including interactions with the gut microbiota and intestinal cells. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the capacity for MPL to promote survival of B. infantis during simulated digestion and to modulate bacterial polysaccharide production. To achieve these aims, B. infantis was incubated with or without 0.5% MPL in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) media at 37°C under anaerobiosis. Survival across the oral, gastric, and intestinal phases using in vitro digestion was measured using plate count, along with adhesion to goblet-like intestinal cells. MPL increased B. infantis survival at the end of the intestinal phase by at least 7% and decreased adhesion to intestinal cells. The bacterial surface characteristics, which may contribute to these effects, were assessed by ζ-potential, changes in surface proteins using comparative proteomics, and production of bound polysaccharides. MPL decreased the surface charge of the bifidobacteria from -17 to -24 mV and increased a 50 kDa protein (3-fold) that appears to be involved in protection from stress. The production of bound polysaccharides was measured using FTIR, HPLC, and TEM imaging. These techniques all suggest an increase in bound polysaccharide production at least 1.7-fold in the presence of MPL. Our results show that MPL treatment increases B. infantis survival during simulated digestion, induces a stress resistance surface protein, and yields greater bound polysaccharide production, suggesting its use as a functional ingredient to enhance probiotic and postbiotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Kosmerl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Israel García-Cano
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Torres-Gonzalez M, Rice Bradley BH. Whole-Milk Dairy Foods: Biological Mechanisms Underlying Beneficial Effects on Risk Markers for Cardiometabolic Health. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1523-1537. [PMID: 37684008 PMCID: PMC10721525 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle modifications that include adherence to healthy dietary patterns that are low in saturated fat have been associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death globally. Whole-milk dairy foods, including milk, cheese, and yogurt, are leading sources of saturated fat in the diet. Dietary guidelines around the world recommend the consumption of low-fat and fat-free dairy foods to obtain overall healthy dietary patterns that help meet nutrient recommendations while keeping within recommended calorie and saturated fat limitations. A body of observational and clinical evidence indicates, however, that whole-milk dairy food consumption, despite saturated fat content, does not increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. This review describes the proposed biological mechanisms underlying inverse associations between whole-milk dairy food consumption and risk markers for cardiometabolic health, such as altered lipid digestion, absorption, and metabolism; influence on the gut microflora; and regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. The dairy food matrix, a term used to describe how the macronutrients and micronutrients and other bioactive components of dairy foods are differentially packaged and compartmentalized among fluid milk, cheese, and yogurt, may dictate how each affects cardiovascular risk. Current evidence indicates consideration of dairy foods as complex food matrices, rather than delivery systems for isolated nutrients, such as saturated fatty acids, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth H Rice Bradley
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
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Pan J, Chen M, Li N, Han R, Yang Y, Zheng N, Zhao S, Zhang Y. Bioactive Functions of Lipids in the Milk Fat Globule Membrane: A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2023; 12:3755. [PMID: 37893646 PMCID: PMC10606317 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex tri-layer membrane that wraps droplets of lipids in milk. In recent years, it has attracted widespread attention due to its excellent bioactive functions and nutritional value. MFGM contains a diverse array of bioactive lipids, including cholesterol, phospholipids, and sphingolipids, which play pivotal roles in mediating the bioactivity of the MFGM. We sequentially summarize the main lipid types in the MFGM in this comprehensive review and outline the characterization methods used to employ them. In this comprehensive review, we sequentially describe the types of major lipids found in the MFGM and outline the characterization methods employed to study them. Additionally, we compare the structural disparities among glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and gangliosides, while introducing the formation of lipid rafts facilitated by cholesterol. The focus of this review revolves around an extensive evaluation of the current research on lipid isolates from the MFGM, as well as products containing MFGM lipids, with respect to their impact on human health. Notably, we emphasize the clinical trials encompassing a large number of participants. The summarized bioactive functions of MFGM lipids encompass the regulation of human growth and development, influence on intestinal health, inhibition of cholesterol absorption, enhancement of exercise capacity, and anticancer effects. By offering a comprehensive overview, the aim of this review is to provide valuable insights into the diverse biologically active functions exhibited by lipids in the MFGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (M.C.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (N.L.); (R.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Meiqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (M.C.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Ning Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (N.L.); (R.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Rongwei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (N.L.); (R.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yongxin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (N.L.); (R.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (M.C.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (M.C.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.P.); (M.C.); (N.Z.); (S.Z.)
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Nestel PJ, Mori TA. Dairy Foods: Beneficial Effects of Fermented Products on Cardiometabolic Health. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:478-485. [PMID: 37226031 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review of recent observational studies and understanding of the complex nature of dairy foods is intended to reappraise the effects of different types of dairy foods on cardiovascular disease (CVD). RECENT FINDINGS Recent guidelines from major cardiovascular societies suggest that apart from the adverse effect of butter, consumption of more complex dairy products notably fermented varieties and yogurt in particular, appear to be inversely associated with outcomes of CVD and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Reduced fat in dairy food remains preferred for people at increased CVD risk. Changed evidence has led to new advice regarding consumption of some dairy foods. The apparent beneficial effects of fermented milk products, particularly yogurt, allow for increased consumption of nutritious staple foods. Recent national guidelines reflect this view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Nestel
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Trejo-Reyes R, Cantoral A, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Betanzos-Robledo L, Téllez-Rojo MM, Peterson KE, Baylin A, Jansen EC. Plasma Fatty Acid Biomarkers of Dairy Consumption Are Associated with Sex-Dependent Effects on Metabolic Syndrome Components in Mexican Adolescents. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2023; 79:343-354. [PMID: 37607502 PMCID: PMC10614258 DOI: 10.1159/000531972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During adolescence, dairy product intake has shown conflicting associations with metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aims to investigate the association between plasma fatty acids (FAs) C15:0, C17:0, and t-C16:1n-7, as biomarkers of dairy intake, with MetS and its components in Mexican adolescents. METHODS A sample of 311 participants from the Early Life Exposure in Mexico City to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort was included in this cross-sectional analysis. FA concentrations were measured in plasma as a percentage of total FA. We used quantile regression models stratified by sex to evaluate the association between FA quantiles and MetS components, adjusting for age, socioeconomic status (SES), sedentary behavior, BMI z-score, pubertal status, and energy intake. RESULTS We found significant associations between dairy biomarkers and the median of MetS variables. In females, t-C16:1n-7 was associated with a decrease of 2.97 cm in WC (Q4 vs. Q1; 95% CI: -5.79, -0.16). In males, C15:0 was associated with an increase of 5.84 mm/Hg in SBP (Q4 vs. Q1; CI: 1.82, 9.85). For HDL-C, we observed opposite associations by sex. C15:0 in males was associated with decreased HDL-C (Q3 vs. Q1: β = -4.23; 95% CI: -7.98, -0.48), while in females, C15:0 and t-C16:1n-7 were associated with increased HDL-C (Q3 vs. Q1: β = 4.75; 95% CI: 0.68, 8.82 and Q4 vs. Q1: β = 6.54; 95% CI: 2.01, 11.07), respectively. Additionally, in both sexes, different levels of C15:0, C17:0, and t-C16:1n-7 were associated with increased triglycerides (TG). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that adolescent dairy intake may be associated in different directions with MetS components and that associations are sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Trejo-Reyes
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | | | - Larissa Betanzos-Robledo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Martha María Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Karen E. Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ana Baylin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erica C. Jansen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Jyväkorpi SK, Niskanen RT, Markkanen M, Salminen K, Sibakov T, Lehtonen KM, Kunvik S, Pitkala KH, Turpeinen AM, Suominen MH. Effect of Milk Fat Globule Membrane- and Protein-Containing Snack Product on Physical Performance of Older Women-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:2922. [PMID: 37447248 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcopenia is common in people 70+ years of age, and its prevalence increases with further aging. Insufficient energy and protein intake accelerates muscle loss, whereas sufficient protein intake and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) may suppress age-associated deterioration of muscle mass and strength. Our objective was to test whether a snack product high in MFGM and protein would improve physical performance in older women. METHODS In this 12-week randomized controlled trial, women ≥ 70 years, with protein intake < 1.2 g/body weight (BW) kg/day (d), were randomized into intervention (n = 51) and control (n = 50) groups. The intervention group received a daily snack product containing ≥ 23 g of milk protein and 3.6-3.9 g of MFGM. Both groups were advised to perform a five-movement exercise routine. The primary outcome was the change in the five-time-sit-to-stand test between the groups. Secondary outcomes included changes in physical performance, cognition, hand grip strength, and health-related quality of life. RESULTS The change in the five-time-sit-to-stand test did not differ between the intervention and the control groups. The change in the total Short Physical Performance Battery score differed significantly, favoring the intervention group (p = 0.020), and the balance test showed the largest difference. Protein intake increased significantly in the intervention group (+14 g) compared to the control group (+2 g). No other significant changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the combination of MFGM and protein may improve the physical performance-related balance of older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu K Jyväkorpi
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka T Niskanen
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Markkanen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Society for Gerontological Nutrition in Finland, 00700 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karoliina Salminen
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Susanna Kunvik
- Faculty of Health and Welfare, Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, 28101 Pori, Finland
| | - Kaisu H Pitkala
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Merja H Suominen
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Society for Gerontological Nutrition in Finland, 00700 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Aas AM, Axelsen M, Churuangsuk C, Hermansen K, Kendall CWC, Kahleova H, Khan T, Lean MEJ, Mann JI, Pedersen E, Pfeiffer A, Rahelić D, Reynolds AN, Risérus U, Rivellese AA, Salas-Salvadó J, Schwab U, Sievenpiper JL, Thanopoulou A, Uusitupa EM. Evidence-based European recommendations for the dietary management of diabetes. Diabetologia 2023; 66:965-985. [PMID: 37069434 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes management relies on effective evidence-based advice that informs and empowers individuals to manage their health. Alongside other cornerstones of diabetes management, dietary advice has the potential to improve glycaemic levels, reduce risk of diabetes complications and improve health-related quality of life. We have updated the 2004 recommendations for the nutritional management of diabetes to provide health professionals with evidence-based guidelines to inform discussions with patients on diabetes management, including type 2 diabetes prevention and remission. To provide this update we commissioned new systematic reviews and meta-analyses on key topics, and drew on the broader evidence available. We have strengthened and expanded on the previous recommendations to include advice relating to dietary patterns, environmental sustainability, food processing, patient support and remission of type 2 diabetes. We have used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach to determine the certainty of evidence for each recommendation based on findings from the commissioned and identified systematic reviews. Our findings indicate that a range of foods and dietary patterns are suitable for diabetes management, with key recommendations for people with diabetes being largely similar for those for the general population. Important messages are to consume minimally processed plant foods, such as whole grains, vegetables, whole fruit, legumes, nuts, seeds and non-hydrogenated non-tropical vegetable oils, while minimising the consumption of red and processed meats, sodium, sugar-sweetened beverages and refined grains. The updated recommendations reflect the current evidence base and, if adhered to, will improve patient outcomes.
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13
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Zhao H, Li M, Zhu Q, Liu A, Bi J, Quan Z, Luo X, Zheng Y, Yang N, Yue X, Cao X. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of milk fat globule membrane proteins in porcine colostrum and mature milk. Food Chem 2023; 426:136447. [PMID: 37301041 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins are nutritional components with various biological functions. This study aimed to analyze and compare MFGM proteins in porcine colostrum (PC) and porcine mature milk (PM), via label-free quantitative proteomics. In total, 3917 and 3966 MFGM proteins were identified in PC and PM milk, respectively. A total of 3807 common MFGM proteins were found in both groups, including 303 significant differentially expressed MFGM proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the differentially expressed MFGM proteins were mainly related to the cellular process, cell, and binding. The dominant pathway of the differentially expressed MFGM proteins was related to the phagosome according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. These results reveal crucial insights into the functional diversity of MFGM proteins in porcine milk during lactation and provide theoretical guidance for the development of MFGM proteins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zhao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China
| | - Mohan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China
| | - Aicheng Liu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China
| | - Jiayang Bi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China
| | - Zhizhong Quan
- Liaoning Complete Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tieling 112600, China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Liaoning Complete Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tieling 112600, China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China.
| | - Xueyan Cao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China.
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14
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Feeney EL, Daly A, Dunne S, Dible V, Barron R, Seratlic S, Jacquier JC, O'Sullivan M, Beresford T, Jensen SK, Gibney ER. Effect of reduced-calcium and high-calcium cheddar cheese consumption on the excretion of faecal fat: a 2-week cross-over dietary intervention study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1755-1765. [PMID: 36820883 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies show that dairy fat consumed in the form of cheese reduce LDL-cholesterol concentration (LDL-c) compared to butter and mechanistic suggestions include the calcium content of cheese leading to enhanced faecal fat excretion. The aim of this study was to test the effect of varying the calcium content within a cheese, on faecal fat excretion as a primary outcome, and blood lipid markers, fasting glucose and calcium excretion as secondary outcomes. METHODS 7 healthy males (BMI 18-25) participated in this randomized, cross-over control intervention, of 3 × 2 week periods. Diets contained 240 g/day cheese; a High Calcium Cheese (HCC) diet, a Reduced Calcium Cheese (RCC) diet, and a control arm: Reduced Calcium Cheese + CaCO3 Supplement (RCC + Supp) diet. Diets differed in calcium content and form but were otherwise controlled for energy and key macronutrients. Blood and 5-day faecal samples were collected. RESULTS There was no significant difference in faecal fat excretion (g/day) between the diets (P = 0.066). Percent fat of faecel excretion was higher after RCC + Supp (P = 0.016). None of the individual fatty acids were different. Fasting LDL-c was significantly lower following the HCC diet vs. the other arms (P = 0.002). Faecal Ca was different across all diets (P = 0.001), lowest after RCC, and greatest after RCC + Supp. No differences were observed for fasting blood parameters or changes in anthropometry. CONCLUSION Varying the calcium content within a cheese matrix significantly affected fasting LDL-c values. Results did not support higher faecal fat excretion as an underlying mechanism, but the high attrition rate was a limitation. Trial registerer Trial Registered at ISRCTN.org, registration number ISRCTN11663659 on 12.07.2022. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Feeney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Aisling Daly
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Simone Dunne
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Victoria Dible
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Barron
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sanja Seratlic
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - J C Jacquier
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tom Beresford
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Søren Krogh Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Postboks 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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15
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Van Parys A, Sæle J, Puaschitz NG, Anfinsen ÅM, Karlsson T, Olsen T, Haugsgjerd TR, Vinknes KJ, Holven KB, Dierkes J, Nygård OK, Lysne V. The association between dairy intake and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with stable angina pectoris. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023; 30:219-229. [PMID: 36134600 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The association of dairy products with cardiovascular disease and mortality risk remains heavily debated. We aimed to investigate the association between intake of total dairy and dairy products and the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 1929 patients (80% men, mean age 62 years) with stable angina pectoris from the Western Norway B-vitamin Intervention Trial. Dietary data were obtained via a 169-item food frequency questionnaire. Risk associations were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted for relevant covariates. Non-linear associations were explored visually. The mean (±SD) dairy intake in the study population was 169 ± 108 g/1000 kcal. Median follow-up times were 5.2, 7.8, and 14.1 years for stroke, AMI, and mortality, respectively. Higher intake of total dairy and milk were positively associated with stroke risk [HR (95% CI): 1.14 (1.02, 1.27) and 1.13 (1.02, 1.27), cardiovascular mortality 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) and 1.07 (1.01, 1.13)] and all-cause mortality [1.07 (1.03, 1.11) and 1.06 (1.03, 1.10)] per 50 g/1000 kcal. Higher cheese intake was inversely associated with AMI risk [0.92 (0.83, 1.02)] per 10 g/1000 kcal. Butter was associated with increased AMI risk [1.10 (0.97, 1.24)] and all-cause mortality [1.10 (1.00, 1.20) per 5 g/1000 kcal. CONCLUSION Higher dairy and milk consumption were associated with increased risk of mortality and stroke. Cheese was associated with decreased, and butter with increased, risk of AMI. Dairy is a heterogenous food group with divergent health effects and dairy products should therefore be investigated individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthea Van Parys
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jostein Sæle
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Nathalie G Puaschitz
- Centre of Care Research (West), Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (HVL), Årstadveien 17, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Åslaug Matre Anfinsen
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5121 Bergen, Norway
| | - Therese Karlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket SU, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Teresa R Haugsgjerd
- Centre for Research on Cardiac Disease in Women, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Laboratory Building, Haukelandsbakken, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathrine J Vinknes
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Trondheimsveien 235, 0586 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5121 Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5121 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Laboratory Building, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar K Nygård
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5121 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukelandsveien 22, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vegard Lysne
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5121 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukelandsveien 22, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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16
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Micronutrient, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Biomarkers through 24 Months of Age in Infants Receiving Formula with Added Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane through the First Year of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2023; 153:511-522. [PMID: 36894243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) added in infant formula supports typical growth and safety through 24 mo of age in term infants. OBJECTIVES To assess micronutrient (zinc, iron, ferritin, transferrin receptor), metabolic [glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)], and inflammatory (leptin, adiponectin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein) secondary outcomes through 24 mo of age in infants who received standard cow's milk-based infant formula (SF), similar formula with added bovine MFGM (EF), or human milk (HM) through 1 y. METHODS Infants whose parents agreed to a blood draw at baseline (<120 d of age) (SF = 80; EF = 80; HM = 83) were included. Subsequent collections (2-4 h fasting) occurred at D180, D365, and D730. Biomarker concentrations were analyzed and group changes tested using generalized estimating equations models. RESULTS Only serum iron (+22.1 μg/dL) and HDL-C (+2.5 mg/dL) were significantly higher for EF compared with SF at D730. Prevalence of zinc deficiency for EF (-17.4%) and SF (-16.6%) at D180 and depleted iron stores for SF (+21.4%) at D180 and EF (-34.6%) and SF (-28.0%) at D365 were significantly different compared with HM. IGF-1 (ng/mL) for EF and SF was significantly higher at D180 (+8.9) and for EF (+8.8) at D365, and (+14.5) at D730 compared with HM. Insulin (μUI/mL) for EF (+2.5) and SF (+5.8) and HOMA-IR for EF (+0.5) and SF (+0.6) were significantly higher compared with HM at D180. TGs (mg/dL) for SF (+23.9) at D180, for EF (+19.0) and SF (+17.8) at D365, and EF (+17.3) and SF (+14.5) at D730 were significantly higher compared with HM. Zinc, ferritin, glucose, LDL-C and total cholesterol changes were higher in formula groups compared with HM between various time points. CONCLUSIONS Micronutrient, metabolic, and inflammatory biomarkers were generally similar through 2 y in infants who received infant formula with or without added bovine MFGM. Over the 2 y, differences were observed between infant formulas and HM reference group. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NTC02626143.
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17
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Yuzbashian E, Moftah S, Chan CB. Graduate Student Literature Review: A scoping review on the impact of consumption of dairy products on phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine in circulation and the liver in human studies and animal models. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:24-38. [PMID: 36400621 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dairy consumption is inversely related to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in epidemiological research. One proposed hypothesis is that phospholipid (PL) species associated with dairy consumption mediate this relationship. This scoping review aimed to identify the existing literature in animal and human trials investigating the impact of dairy products, including milk, yogurt, and cheese as well as dairy-derived PL supplementation on PL and its species in the circulation, summarizing the characteristics of these studies and identifying research gaps. A systematic search was conducted across 3 databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) in March 2021. Of 2,427 identified references, 15 studies (7 humans and 8 animal studies) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final narrative synthesis. The evidence base was heterogeneous, involving a variety of clinical and preclinical studies, metabolically healthy or obese/diabetic participants or animal models, and displayed mixed findings. Circulating postprandial concentrations of total PL were elevated acutely but unchanged after longer intervention with dairy products. The PL concentration remained stable even after a high dosage of milk supplemented with dairy-derived PL, which may be related to increased fecal excretion; however, certain phosphatidylcholine (PC) or lysophosphatidylcholine species were increased in circulation by interventions. These include several PC species with 32 to 38 total carbons in addition to the dairy biomarkers C15:0 and C17:0. The results of this scoping review demonstrate a small body of literature indicating that dairy products can influence blood concentrations of PC and lysophosphatidylcholine species in both rodents and humans without alteration of total PL and PC. There is a lack of well-designed trials in humans and animals that explore the potential differences between individual dairy foods on PL species. In addition, trials to understand the bioactive properties of PC and lysophosphatidylcholine species on cardiometabolic risk are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Yuzbashian
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Salma Moftah
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Catherine B Chan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7.
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18
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Klurfeld DM. The whole food beef matrix is more than the sum of its parts. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4523-4531. [PMID: 36343282 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2142931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Foods are not simply a delivery vehicle for nutrients; they consist of a matrix in which nutrients and non-nutrient compounds are presented that induce physiologic effects different from isolated nutrients. Dietary guidance is often based on effects of single nutrients that are considered unhealthy, such as saturated fat in beef. The purpose of this paper is to propose a working definition of the whole food beef matrix whose consumption has health effects distinct from those of isolated nutrients. The beef matrix can be defined as: the collective nutritive and non-nutritive components of the beef food structure and their unique chemical and physical interactions that may be important for human health which are distinguishable from those of the single components in isolation. Background information supporting this approach is summarized on multiple components provided by beef, temporal changes in beef consumption, dietary guidance that restricts beef, and how the background diet determines healthfulness rather than a single food. Examples of research are provided on other whole foods that differ from their constitutive nutrients and lay the groundwork for studies of beef as part of a healthy dietary pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Klurfeld
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, Indiana
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19
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Venkat M, Chia LW, Lambers TT. Milk polar lipids composition and functionality: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:31-75. [PMID: 35997253 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polar lipids including glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids are important nutrients and milk is a major source, particularly for infants. This systematic review describes the human and bovine milk polar lipid composition, structural organization, sources for formulation, and physiological functionality. A total of 2840 records were retrieved through Scopus, 378 were included. Bovine milk is a good source of polar lipids, where yield and composition are highly dependent on the choice of dairy streams and processing. In milk, polar lipids are organized in the milk fat globule membrane as a tri-layer encapsulating triglyceride. The overall polar lipid concentration in human milk is dependent on many factors including lactational stage and maternal diet. Here, reasonable ranges were determined where possible. Similar for bovine milk, where differences in milk lipid concentration proved the largest factor determining variation. The role of milk polar lipids in human health has been demonstrated in several areas and critical review indicated that brain, immune and effects on lipid metabolism are best substantiated areas. Moreover, insights related to the milk fat globule membrane structure-function relation as well as superior activity of milk derived polar lipid compared to plant-derived sources are emerging areas of interest regarding future research and food innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyya Venkat
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
| | - Loo Wee Chia
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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20
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Chai C, Oh S, Imm JY. Roles of Milk Fat Globule Membrane on Fat Digestion and Infant Nutrition. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:351-371. [PMID: 35611078 PMCID: PMC9108948 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fats are present as globules emulsified in the aqueous phase of milk and stabilized by a delicate membrane architecture called milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The unique structure and composition of the MFGM play an important role in fat digestion and the metabolic programming of neonates. The objective of this review is to compare the structure, composition, and physicochemical characteristics of fat globules in human milk, bovine milk, and infant formula. It provides an overview of the fat digestion process and enzymes in healthy infants, and describes the possible roles of the MFGM in association with factors affecting fat digestion. Lastly, the health benefits of the MFGM on infant nutrition and future perspectives are discussed with a focus on brain development, metabolic response, and gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Chai
- Department of Applied Animal Science,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Devision of Animal Science, Chonnam
National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Imm
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin
University, Seoul 02707, Korea
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21
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Glycoproteomic and Lipidomic Characterization of Industrially Produced Whey Protein Phospholipid Concentrate with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Xanthine Oxidase, Oxylipins and Small Milk Fat Globules. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the composition of whey protein phospholipid concentrate (WPPC), an underutilized dairy stream, and reveals that it is a source of many bioactive compounds that can benefit the immune system and gut health. Our glycoproteomics approach uncovered that proteins derived from the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) represent 23% of the total protein relative abundance and identified 85 N-glycans. Released sialic acid, an additional marker of glycosylation, ranged from 1.2 to 2% of the total weight. Xanthine oxidase, a glycosylated marker of MFG bioactivity, was found in high abundance and displayed higher antimicrobial activity than bovine milk, despite its similar fat and solids content. An average MFG diameter of 2.64 ± 0.01 µm was found in liquid WPPC, compared to 4.78 ± 0.13 µm in bovine milk, which likely explains the unusually high presence of glycosylated membrane-bound proteins and phospholipids, whose total fatty acids accounted for 20% of the WPPC total fatty acid pool. Free and bound oxylipins (mainly derived from linoleic acid) were also identified, together with other less abundant anti-inflammatory lipid mediators derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Our study demonstrates that WPPC represents a promising starting material for bioactive compound extraction and a functional vehicle for the delivery of small MFGs.
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22
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Yadav M, Kapoor A, Verma A, Ambatipudi K. Functional Significance of Different Milk Constituents in Modulating the Gut Microbiome and Infant Health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3929-3947. [PMID: 35324181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human milk, the gold standard for optimal nourishment, controls the microbial composition of infants by either enhancing or limiting bacterial growth. The milk fat globule membrane has gained interest in gut-related functions and cognitive development. The membrane proteins can directly interact with probiotic bacteria, influencing their survival and adhesion through gastrointestinal transit, whereas membrane phospholipids increase the residence time of probiotic bacteria in the gut. The commensal bacteria in milk act as the initial inoculum in building up the gut colonization of an infant, whereas oligosaccharides promote proliferation of beneficial microorganisms. Interestingly, milk extracellular vesicles are also involved in influencing the microbiota composition but are not well-explored. This review highlights the contribution of different milk components in modulating the infant gut microbiota, particularly the fat globule membrane, and the complex interplay between host- and brain-gut microbiota signaling affecting infant and adult health positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ayushi Kapoor
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Aparna Verma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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23
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Intake of carbohydrates and SFA and risk of CHD in middle-age adults: the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK). Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:634-648. [PMID: 32907659 PMCID: PMC9991815 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020003043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limiting SFA intake may minimise the risk of CHD. However, such reduction often leads to increased intake of carbohydrates. We aimed to evaluate associations and the interplay of carbohydrate and SFA intake on CHD risk. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING We followed participants in the Hordaland Health Study, Norway from 1997-1999 through 2009. Information on carbohydrate and SFA intake was obtained from a FFQ and analysed as continuous and categorical (quartiles) variables. Multivariable Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. Theoretical substitution analyses modelled the substitution of carbohydrates with other nutrients. CHD was defined as fatal or non-fatal CHD (ICD9 codes 410-414 and ICD10 codes I20-I25). PARTICIPANTS 2995 men and women, aged 46-49 years. RESULTS Adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, physical activity and smoking, SFA was associated with lower risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 0·44, 95 % CI 0·26, 0·76, Ptrend = 0·002). For carbohydrates, the opposite pattern was observed (HRQ4 v. Q1 2·10, 95 % CI 1·22, 3·63, Ptrend = 0·003). SFA from cheese was associated with lower CHD risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 0·44, 95 % CI 0·24, 0·83, Ptrend = 0·006), while there were no associations between SFA from other food items and CHD. A 5 E% substitution of carbohydrates with total fat, but not SFA, was associated with lower CHD risk (HR 0·75, 95 % CI 0·62, 0·90). CONCLUSIONS Higher intake of predominantly high glycaemic carbohydrates and lower intake of SFA, specifically lower intake from cheese, were associated with higher CHD risk. Substituting carbohydrates with total fat, but not SFA, was associated with significantly lower risk of CHD.
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24
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Witard OC, Bath SC, Dineva M, Sellem L, Mulet-Cabero AI, van Dongen LH, Zheng JS, Valenzuela C, Smeuninx B. Dairy as a Source of Iodine and Protein in the UK: Implications for Human Health Across the Life Course, and Future Policy and Research. Front Nutr 2022; 9:800559. [PMID: 35223949 PMCID: PMC8866650 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.800559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review summarizes key concepts in dairy nutrition for supporting human health throughout the life course. Milk and dairy products have been a staple component of our diet for thousands of years and provide a wide range of important nutrients that are otherwise difficult to obtain from dairy-free diets. In this review, we provide a broad perspective on the nutritional roles of iodine and dairy protein in supporting human health during pregnancy and early life, childhood and adolescence, mid- and later-life. New methodologies to identify biomarkers of dairy intake via high-throughput mass spectrometry are discussed, and new concepts such as the role of the food matrix in dairy nutrition are introduced. Finally, future policy and research related to the consumption of dairy and non-dairy alternatives for health are discussed with a view to improving nutritional status across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C. Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Oliver C. Witard
| | - Sarah C. Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Dineva
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Laury Sellem
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Ana-Isabel Mulet-Cabero
- Food Innovation and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Laura H. van Dongen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Carina Valenzuela
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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25
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Nestel PJ, Mori TA. Dairy Foods: Is Its Cardiovascular Risk Profile Changing? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:33-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-00984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Tai P, Golding M, Singh H, Everett D. The bovine milk fat globule membrane – Liquid ordered domain formation and anticholesteremic effects during digestion. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2015773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tai
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matt Golding
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - David Everett
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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27
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Sonestedt E, Borné Y, Wirfält E, Ericson U. Dairy Consumption, Lactase Persistence, and Mortality Risk in a Cohort From Southern Sweden. Front Nutr 2021; 8:779034. [PMID: 34901125 PMCID: PMC8652079 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.779034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whether high dairy consumption is related to longevity is still unclear, and additional studies of prospective cohorts with high-quality dietary data from populations with wide consumption ranges are needed. Objective: To examine the association between dairy consumption and mortality in a Swedish cohort. Design: Among 26,190 participants (62% females, 45–73 years old) without diabetes and cardiovascular disease from the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort, 7,156 individuals died during a mean follow-up time of 19 years. Data on intake of dairy (non-fermented milk, fermented milk, cheese, cream and butter) were collected from 7 day food records and food questionnaires. A genetic marker (rs4988235) associated with lactase persistence was detected among 22,234 individuals born in Sweden. Results: Higher intakes up to 1,000 g/day of non-fermented milk were associated with only marginal higher mortality rates after adjusting for potential confounders. However, intakes above 1,000 g/day (1.5% of the population) were associated with 34% (95% CI: 14, 59%, p-trend=0.002) higher mortality compared to that with < 200 g/day. Fermented milk and cheese intake were inversely associated with mortality. Cream showed a protective association only among men. Butter was not associated with mortality. CT/TT genotype carriers (i.e., individuals with lactase persistence) had a 27% higher reported consumption of non-fermented milk, and non-significant higher mortality risk (HR = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.96, 1.23; p = 0.20) than CC genotype carriers. Conclusions: Higher mortality rates were mainly observed among participants consuming more than 1,000 g of non-fermented milk per day. In contrast, fermented milk and cheese were associated with lower mortality. Because dairy products differ in composition, it is important to examine them separately in their relation to health and disease. The use of a genetic variant as an objective marker of lactose-containing milk intake should be examined in relation to mortality in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sonestedt
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yan Borné
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Wirfält
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Ericson
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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28
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Abstract
Low-quality dietary patterns impair cardiometabolic health by increasing the risk of obesity-related disorders. Cardiometabolic risk relative to dairy-food consumption continues to be a controversial topic, due to recommendations that endorse low-fat and nonfat dairy foods over full-fat varieties despite accumulated evidence that does not strongly support these recommendations. Controlled human studies and mechanistic preclinical investigations support that full-fat dairy foods decrease cardiometabolic risk by promoting gut health, reducing inflammation, and managing dyslipidemia. These gut- and systemic-level cardiometabolic benefits are attributed, at least in part, to milk polar lipids (MPLs) derived from the phospholipid- and sphingolipid-rich milk fat globule membrane that is of higher abundance in full-fat dairy milk. The controversy surrounding full-fat dairy food consumption is discussed in this review relative to cardiometabolic health and MPL bioactivities that alleviate dyslipidemia, shift gut microbiota composition, and reduce inflammation. This summary, therefore, is expected to advance the understanding of full-fat dairy foods through their MPLs and the need for translational research to establish evidence-based dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Avinash Pokala
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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29
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Abstract
Dairy foods are a heterogeneous group of products that vary in physical state and structure; profile and amounts of essential nutrients, bioactive ingredients, and other constituents; the extent of alteration of these constituents by processing, whether they are fermented or aged; and addition of constituents during manufacture. The complexity of the dairy matrix is associated with a heterogeneous impact on health outcomes from increased, decreased, or neutral effects for specific dairy products and specific health outcomes. Researchers must become more nuanced and systematic in their study of the role of dairy products in health to develop meaningful dietary recommendations. This review of the evidence for the dairy matrix and health points out the dearth of randomized controlled trials and of mechanistic insights. The variable effects of dairy-product consumption on health suggest possibilities for personalized nutrition advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Weaver
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
- Weaver and Associates Consulting LLC, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
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30
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Abstract
The significance of dairy in human health and nutrition is gaining significant momentum as consumers continue to desire wholesome, nutritious foods to fulfill their health and wellness needs. Bovine milk not only consists of all the essential nutrients required for growth and development, it also provides a broad range of bioactive components that play an important role in managing human homeostasis and immune function. In recent years, milk bioactives, including α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, glycomacropeptide, milk fat globule membrane, and milk oligosaccharides, have been intensively studied because of their unique bioactivity and functionality. Challenges for the application of these bioactive components in food and pharmaceutical formulations are associated with their isolation and purification on an industrial scale and also with their physical and chemical instability during processing, storage, and digestion. These challenges can be overcome by advanced separation techniques and sophisticated nano- or micro-encapsulation technologies. Current knowledge about the chemistry, separation, and encapsulation technology of major bioactives derived from bovine milk and their application in the food industry is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Lin
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gopinathan Meletharayil
- Gopinathan Meletharayil and Rohit Kapoor are with the National Dairy Council, Rosemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Rohit Kapoor
- Gopinathan Meletharayil and Rohit Kapoor are with the National Dairy Council, Rosemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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31
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Nilsson Å, Duan RD, Ohlsson L. Digestion and Absorption of Milk Phospholipids in Newborns and Adults. Front Nutr 2021; 8:724006. [PMID: 34490332 PMCID: PMC8417471 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.724006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk polar lipids provide choline, ethanolamine, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are needed for the growth and plasticity of the tissues in a suckling child. They may also inhibit cholesterol absorption by interacting with cholesterol during micelle formation. They may also have beneficial luminal, mucosal, and metabolic effects in both the neonate and the adult. The milk fat globule membrane contains large proportions of sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and some phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and glycosphingolipids. Large-scale technical procedures are available for the enrichment of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) in milk replacement formulations and food additives. Pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and mucosal phospholipase B digest glycero-phospholipids in the adult. In the neonate, where these enzymes may be poorly expressed, pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 probably has a more important role. Mucosal alkaline SM-ase and ceramidase catalyze the digestion of SM in both the neonate and the adult. In the mucosa, the sphingosine is converted into sphingosine-1-phosphate, which is both an intermediate in the conversion to palmitic acid and a signaling molecule. This reaction sequence also generates ethanolamine. Here, we summarize the pathways by which digestion and absorption may be linked to the biological effects of milk polar lipids. In addition to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption and the generation of lipid signals in the gut, the utilization of absorbed choline and ethanolamine for mucosal and hepatic phospholipid synthesis and the acylation of absorbed lyso-PC with polyunsaturated fatty acids to chylomicron and mucosal phospholipids are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åke Nilsson
- Division of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rui-Dong Duan
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory, Division of Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Ohlsson
- Division of Medicine, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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32
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Trieu K, Bhat S, Dai Z, Leander K, Gigante B, Qian F, Korat AVA, Sun Q, Pan XF, Laguzzi F, Cederholm T, de Faire U, Hellénius ML, Wu JHY, Risérus U, Marklund M. Biomarkers of dairy fat intake, incident cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A cohort study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003763. [PMID: 34547017 PMCID: PMC8454979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the association of serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a biomarker of dairy fat intake, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a Swedish cohort study. We also systematically reviewed studies of the association of dairy fat biomarkers (circulating or adipose tissue levels of 15:0, heptadecanoic acid [17:0], and trans-palmitoleic acid [t16:1n-7]) with CVD outcomes or all-cause mortality. METHODS AND FINDINGS We measured 15:0 in serum cholesterol esters at baseline in 4,150 Swedish adults (51% female, median age 60.5 years). During a median follow-up of 16.6 years, 578 incident CVD events and 676 deaths were identified using Swedish registers. In multivariable-adjusted models, higher 15:0 was associated with lower incident CVD risk in a linear dose-response manner (hazard ratio 0.75 per interquintile range; 95% confidence interval 0.61, 0.93, P = 0.009) and nonlinearly with all-cause mortality (P for nonlinearity = 0.03), with a nadir of mortality risk around median 15:0. In meta-analyses including our Swedish cohort and 17 cohort, case-cohort, or nested case-control studies, higher 15:0 and 17:0 but not t16:1n-7 were inversely associated with total CVD, with the relative risk of highest versus lowest tertile being 0.88 (0.78, 0.99), 0.86 (0.79, 0.93), and 1.01 (0.91, 1.12), respectively. Dairy fat biomarkers were not associated with all-cause mortality in meta-analyses, although there were ≤3 studies for each biomarker. Study limitations include the inability of the biomarkers to distinguish different types of dairy foods and that most studies in the meta-analyses (including our novel cohort study) only assessed biomarkers at baseline, which may increase the risk of misclassification of exposure levels. CONCLUSIONS In a meta-analysis of 18 observational studies including our new cohort study, higher levels of 15:0 and 17:0 were associated with lower CVD risk. Our findings support the need for clinical and experimental studies to elucidate the causality of these relationships and relevant biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Saiuj Bhat
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Zhaoli Dai
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School and the Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karin Leander
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Qian
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andres V. Ardisson Korat
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Federica Laguzzi
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mai-Lis Hellénius
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason H. Y. Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matti Marklund
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schmidt KA, Cromer G, Burhans MS, Kuzma JN, Hagman DK, Fernando I, Murray M, Utzschneider KM, Holte S, Kraft J, Kratz M. Impact of low-fat and full-fat dairy foods on fasting lipid profile and blood pressure: exploratory endpoints of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:882-892. [PMID: 34258627 PMCID: PMC8408839 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary guidelines traditionally recommend low-fat dairy because dairy's high saturated fat content is thought to promote cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, emerging evidence indicates that dairy fat may not negatively impact CVD risk factors when consumed in foods with a complex matrix. OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare the effects of diets limited in dairy or rich in either low-fat or full-fat dairy on CVD risk factors. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, 72 participants with metabolic syndrome completed a 4-wk run-in period, limiting their dairy intake to ≤3 servings/wk of nonfat milk. Participants were then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets, either continuing the limited-dairy diet or switching to a diet containing 3.3 servings/d of either low-fat or full-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese for 12 wk. Exploratory outcome measures included changes in the fasting lipid profile and blood pressure. RESULTS In the per-protocol analysis (n = 66), there was no intervention effect on fasting serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; free fatty acids; or cholesterol content in 38 isolated plasma lipoprotein fractions (P > 0.1 for all variables in repeated-measures ANOVA). There was also no intervention effect on diastolic blood pressure, but a significant intervention effect for systolic blood pressure (P = 0.048), with a trend for a decrease in the low-fat dairy diet (-1.6 ± 8.6 mm Hg) compared with the limited-dairy diet (+2.5 ± 8.2 mm Hg) in post hoc testing. Intent-to-treat results were consistent for all endpoints, with the exception that systolic blood pressure became nonsignificant (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS In men and women with metabolic syndrome, a diet rich in full-fat dairy had no effects on fasting lipid profile or blood pressure compared with diets limited in dairy or rich in low-fat dairy. Therefore, dairy fat, when consumed as part of complex whole foods, does not adversely impact these classic CVD risk factors. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02663544.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Schmidt
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail Cromer
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maggie S Burhans
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica N Kuzma
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Derek K Hagman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Imashi Fernando
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Merideth Murray
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristina M Utzschneider
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Holte
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jana Kraft
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Zhang Q, Ye L, Xin F, Zhou J, Cao B, Dong Y, Qian L. Milk Fat Globule Membrane Supplementation During Suckling Ameliorates Maternal High Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Adult Male Offspring of Mice. J Nutr 2021; 151:1487-1496. [PMID: 33693864 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to a maternal high-fat diet (HFD) predisposes offspring to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore whether milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplementation during suckling exerts a long-term protective effect on hepatic lipid metabolism in adult offspring exposed to maternal HFD. METHODS We fed 5-week-old female C57BL/6J mice either a HFD (60% kcal fat) or control diet (CD; 16.7% kcal fat) for 3 weeks before mating, as well as throughout gestation and lactation. After delivery, male offspring from HFD dams were supplemented with 1 g/(kg body weight·day) MFGM (HFD + MFGM group) or the same volume of vehicle (HFD group) during suckling. Male offspring from CD dams were also supplemented with vehicle during suckling (CD group). All offspring were weaned onto CD for 8 weeks. Histopathology, metabolic parameters, lipogenic level, oxidative stress, and mitochondria function in the liver were analyzed. A 1-way ANOVA and a Kruskal-Wallis test were used for multi-group comparisons. RESULTS As compared to the CD group, the HFD group had more lipid droplets in livers, and exhibited ∼100% higher serum triglycerides, ∼38% higher hepatic triglycerides, ∼75% higher serum aspartate aminotransferase, and ∼130% higher fasting blood glucose (P < 0.05). The changes of these metabolic parameters were normalized in the HFD + MFGM group. Phosphorylated mammalian targets of rapamycin and AKT were downregulated, but phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase was upregulated in the HFD + MFGM group as compared to the HFD group (P < 0.05). As compared to the CD group, the HFD group showed an ∼80% higher malondialdehyde level, and ∼20% lower superoxide dismutase activity (P < 0.05), which were normalized in the HFD + MFGM group. Additionally, mitochondria function was also impaired in the HFD group and normalized in the HFD + MFGM group. CONCLUSIONS MFGM supplementation during suckling ameliorates maternal HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in mice via suppressing de novo lipogenesis, reinforcing antioxidant defenses and improving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianren Zhang
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengzhi Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiefei Zhou
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Baige Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxi Qian
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
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Cholesterol-phospholipid interactions resist the detergent effect of bovine bile. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111842. [PMID: 34022699 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol complexation gives rise to detergent-resistant liquid-ordered domains. The persistence of these domains and subsequent mixed micelle formation was examined in the presence of bile under physiological digestive in vitro conditions for vesicles comprising either SM/cholesterol, porcine brain phosphatidylcholine (BPC)/cholesterol, or soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC)/cholesterol bilayers, the latter two systems having no liquid-ordered domains. Micellization of these digested phospholipid multilamellar vesicle systems was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Bovine bile was found to consist of large multilamellar sheets which subsumed phospholipid vesicles to form aggregated superstructures. Budding off from these superstructures were vesicle-to-micelle transition intermediates: unilamellar vesicles and cylindrical micelles. The presence of cholesterol (60/40 phospholipid/cholesterol mol/mol) delayed the initial rapid onset of digestion, but not for BPC and SPC vesicle systems. Acyl chain order/disorder before and after vesicle-to-micelle transition of all three phospholipid/cholesterol systems was examined using Raman spectroscopy. The addition of bovine bile to both PC/cholesterol vesicle systems reduced the overall ratio of acyl chain disorder to order. In SM/cholesterol vesicles with ≤ 20% mol cholesterol, only the lateral inter-acyl chain packing was reduced, whereas for SM/cholesterol vesicles with ≥ 30% mol cholesterol, a higher proportion of gauche-to-trans isomerization was apparent, demonstrating that SM/cholesterol complexes modify the acyl chain structure of micelles.
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Raza GS, Herzig KH, Leppäluoto J. Invited review: Milk fat globule membrane-A possible panacea for neurodevelopment, infections, cardiometabolic diseases, and frailty. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7345-7363. [PMID: 33896625 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Milk is an evolutionary benefit for humans. For infants, it offers optimal nutrients for normal growth, neural development, and protection from harmful microbes. Humans are the only mammals who drink milk throughout their life. Lipids in colostrum originate mostly from milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) droplets extruded from the mammary gland. The MFGM gained much interest as a potential nutraceutical, due to their high phospholipid (PL), ganglioside (GD), and protein contents. In this review, we focused on health effects of MFGM ingredients and dairy food across the life span, especially on neurodevelopment, cardiometabolic health, and frailty in older adults. The MFGM supplements to infants and children reduced gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections and improved neurodevelopment due to the higher content of protein, PL, and GD in MFGM. The MFGM formulas containing PL and GD improved brain myelination and fastened nerve conduction speed, resulting in improved behavioral developments. Administration of MFGM-rich ingredients improved insulin sensitivity and decreased inflammatory markers, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides by lowering intestinal absorption of cholesterol and increasing its fecal excretion. The MFGM supplements, together with exercise, improved ambulatory activities, leg muscle mass, and muscle fiber velocity in older adults. There are great variations in the composition of lipids and proteins in MFGM products, which make comparisons of the different studies impossible. In addition, investigations of the individual MFGM components are required to evaluate their specific effects and molecular mechanisms. Although we are currently only beginning to understand the possible health effects of MFGM products, the current MFGM supplementation trials as presented in this review have shown significant clinical health benefits across the human life span, which are worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Shere Raza
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; Pediatric Institute, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Juhani Leppäluoto
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Feeney EL, Lamichhane P, Sheehan JJ. The cheese matrix: Understanding the impact of cheese structure on aspects of cardiovascular health – A food science and a human nutrition perspective. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Feeney
- Institute of Food and Health University College Dublin 2.16a Science Centre South Dublin 4Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI) S2.09 Science Centre South Belfield, Dublin 4Ireland
| | - Prabin Lamichhane
- Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark Fermoy, Cork P61 C996 Ireland
| | - Jeremiah J Sheehan
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI) S2.09 Science Centre South Belfield, Dublin 4Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark Fermoy, Cork P61 C996 Ireland
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Givens DI. MILK Symposium review: The importance of milk and dairy foods in the diets of infants, adolescents, pregnant women, adults, and the elderly. J Dairy Sci 2021; 103:9681-9699. [PMID: 33076181 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing increase in life expectancy is not always accompanied by an increase in healthy life span. There is increasing evidence that dietary exposure in early life can substantially affect chronic disease risk in later life. Milk and dairy foods are important suppliers of a range of key nutrients, with some being particularly important at certain life stages. It is now recognized that milk protein can stimulate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), essential for longitudinal bone growth and bone mass acquisition in young children, thus reducing the risk of stunting. Low milk consumption during adolescence, particularly by girls, may contribute to suboptimal intake of calcium, magnesium, iodine, and other important nutrients. Given the generally low vitamin D status of European populations, this may have already affected bone development, and any resulting reduced bone strength may become a big issue when the populations are much older. Suboptimal iodine status of many young women has already been reported together with several observational studies showing an association between suboptimal iodine status during pregnancy and reduced cognitive development in the offspring. There is now good evidence that consumption of milk and dairy foods does not lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, some negative associations are seen, notably between yogurt consumption and type 2 diabetes, which should be researched with urgency. Greater emphasis should be placed on reducing malnutrition in the elderly and on dietary approaches to reduce their loss of muscle mass, muscle functionality, and bone strength. Whey protein has been shown to be particularly effective for reducing muscle loss; this needs to be developed to provide simple dietary regimens for the elderly to follow. There is an ongoing, often too simplistic debate about the relative value of animal versus plant food sources for protein in particular. It is important that judgments on the replacement of dairy products with those from plants also include the evidence on relative functionality, which is not expressed in simple nutrient content (e.g., hypotensive and muscle synthesis stimulation effects). Only by considering such functionality will a true comparison be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, UK.
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39
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Poppitt SD. Cow's Milk and Dairy Consumption: Is There Now Consensus for Cardiometabolic Health? Front Nutr 2020; 7:574725. [PMID: 33364249 PMCID: PMC7753100 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.574725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk and dairy products derived from this complex food source have long been proposed as beneficial to human health, yet underlying clinical evidence of direct benefit continues to raise controversy. Limited evidence supports positive cardiometabolic effects of a number of dairy macro- and micronutrient components including whey protein and casein, unsaturated fats, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and polar phospholipids, vitamin D and calcium, in addition to non-bovine components including bacterial and yeast probiotics. More controversial remain lipid components trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid, trans palmitoleic acid, and conjugated cis trans linoleic acid (CLA), plus medium-chain and odd-chain dairy fats. New evidence is rapidly identifying multiple pathways by which these dairy nutrients may effect health. Processing, including fermentation and homogenization, may also have positive effects. Conversely, the high saturated fat content of dairy has long raised concern, aligned with international guidelines to minimize dietary intake of animal-origin saturated fatty acids (SFA) to achieve better cardiometabolic health. However, led in part by observational studies and meta-analyses showing dairy to have no or even an inverse association with cardiometabolic health, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has been scrutinized over the last 5 years, and focus on low-fat dairy has been challenged. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that adverse effects of SFAs on metabolic health may be ameliorated when these fats are consumed within a complex matrix such as milk, cheese or yogurt, and that dairy food categories may influence outcomes as much as total fat content. For example, yogurt and high-fat, high-SFA cheese have a negative association with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in many, not all, published trials. However, large sample dairy RCTs of long duration with CVD or T2D incidence as primary endpoints are lacking. This is a clear research gap, with these clinical studies required if a causative link between dairy and improved cardiometabolic health is to be confirmed and in turn promoted through dietary guidelines. Current advisories from national guidance groups such as American Heart Association (AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) continue to promote consumption of low-fat dairy products, whilst liquid milk and yogurt remain part of nutrition guidelines from joint American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for Study of Diabetes (EASD) reports, and as part of a "no-one-size-fits-all" answer to diet and T2D by the ADA in their most recent 2019 Consensus Report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally D. Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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40
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Timon CM, O’Connor A, Bhargava N, Gibney ER, Feeney EL. Dairy Consumption and Metabolic Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3040. [PMID: 33023065 PMCID: PMC7601440 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and dairy foods are naturally rich sources of a wide range of nutrients, and when consumed according to recommended intakes, contribute essential nutrients across all stages of the life cycle. Seminal studies recommendations with respect to intake of saturated fat have been consistent and clear: limit total fat intake to 30% or less of total dietary energy, with a specific recommendation for intake of saturated fat to less than 10% of total dietary energy. However, recent work has re-opened the debate on intake of saturated fat in particular, with suggestions that recommended intakes be considered not at a total fat intake within the diet, but at a food-specific level. A large body of evidence exists examining the impact of dairy consumption on markers of metabolic health, both at a total-dairy-intake level and also at a food-item level, with mixed findings to date. However the evidence suggests that the impact of saturated fat intake on health differs both across food groups and even between foods within the same food group such as dairy. The range of nutrients and bioactive components in milk and dairy foods are found in different levels and are housed within very different food structures. The interaction of the overall food structure and the nutrients describes the concept of the 'food matrix effect' which has been well-documented for dairy foods. Studies show that nutrients from different dairy food sources can have different effects on health and for this reason, they should be considered individually rather than grouped as a single food category in epidemiological research. This narrative review examines the current evidence, mainly from randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses, with respect to dairy, milk, yoghurt and cheese on aspects of metabolic health, and summarises some of the potential mechanisms for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Timon
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, 9 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Aileen O’Connor
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland; (A.O.); (N.B.); (E.L.F.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nupur Bhargava
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland; (A.O.); (N.B.); (E.L.F.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen R. Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland; (A.O.); (N.B.); (E.L.F.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma L. Feeney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland; (A.O.); (N.B.); (E.L.F.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
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41
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Abd El‐Salam MH, El‐Shibiny S. Milk fat globule membrane: An overview with particular emphasis on its nutritional and health benefits. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Safinaz El‐Shibiny
- Dairy Department National Research Centre El‐Behous St Dokki Cairo Egypt
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42
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Fontecha J, Brink L, Wu S, Pouliot Y, Visioli F, Jiménez-Flores R. Sources, Production, and Clinical Treatments of Milk Fat Globule Membrane for Infant Nutrition and Well-Being. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1607. [PMID: 32486129 PMCID: PMC7352329 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is gaining traction. The interest is two-fold; on the one hand, it is a unique trilayer structure with specific secretory function. On the other hand, it is the basis for ingredients with the presence of phospho- and sphingolipids and glycoproteins, which are being used as food ingredients with valuable functionality, in particular, for use as a supplement in infant nutrition. This last application is at the center of this Review, which aims to contribute to understanding MFGM's function in the proper development of immunity, cognition, and intestinal trophism, in addition to other potential effects such as prevention of diseases including cardiovascular disease, impaired bone turnover and inflammation, skin conditions, and infections as well as age-associated cognitive decline and muscle loss. The phospholipid composition of MFGM from bovine milk is quite like human milk and, although there are some differences due to dairy processing, these do not result in a chemical change. The MFGM ingredients, as used to improve the formulation in different clinical studies, have indeed increased the presence of phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and glycoproteins with the resulting benefits of different outcomes (especially immune and cognitive outcomes) with no reported adverse effects. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism(s) of action of MFGM remain to be elucidated and further basic investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lauren Brink
- Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (L.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Steven Wu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (L.B.); (S.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yves Pouliot
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Department of Food Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Food Science and Technology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Toro-Campos R, Algarín C, Peirano P, Peña M, Murguia-Peniche T, Wu SS, Uauy R. Effect of feeding mode on infant growth and cognitive function: study protocol of the Chilean infant Nutrition randomized controlled Trial (ChiNuT). BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:225. [PMID: 32423392 PMCID: PMC7236373 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A central aim for pediatric nutrition is to develop infant formula compositionally closer to human milk. Milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) have shown to have functional components that are found in human milk, suggesting that addition of bovine sources of MFGM (bMFGM) to infant formula may promote beneficial outcomes potentially helping to narrow the gap between infants who receive human breast milk or infant formula. The objective of the current study is to determine how the addition of bMFGM in infant formula and consumption in early infancy affects physical growth and brain development when compared to infants fed with a standard formula and a reference group of infants fed with mother's own milk. METHODS Single center, double-blind, and parallel randomized controlled trial. Planned participant enrollment includes: infants exclusively receiving breast milk (n = 200; human milk reference group; HM) and infants whose mothers chose to initiate exclusive infant formula feeding before 4 months of age (n = 340). The latter were randomized to receive one of two study formulas until 12 months of age: 1) cow's milk based infant formula that had docosahexaenoic (DHA) (17 mg/100 kcal) and arachidonic acid (ARA) (25 mg/100 kcal); 1.9 g protein/100 kcal; 1.2 mg Fe/100 kcal (Standard formula; SF) or 2) a similar infant formula with an added source of bovine MFGM (whey protein-lipid concentrate (Experimental formula; EF). Primary outcomes will be: 1) Physical growth (Body weight, length, and head circumference) at 730 days of age; and 2) Cognitive development (Auditory Event-Related Potential) at 730 days of age. Data will be analyzed for all participants allocated to each study feeding group. DISCUSSION The results of this study will complement the knowledge regarding addition of bMFGM in infant formula including support of healthy growth and improvement of neurodevelopmental outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02626143, registered on December 10th 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Toro-Campos
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Av El Libano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Algarín
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Av El Libano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Peirano
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Av El Libano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Peña
- Psychology Department, Pontific Catholic University, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Steven S. Wu
- Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN USA
| | - Ricardo Uauy
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Av El Libano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
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Anto L, Warykas SW, Torres-Gonzalez M, Blesso CN. Milk Polar Lipids: Underappreciated Lipids with Emerging Health Benefits. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1001. [PMID: 32260440 PMCID: PMC7230917 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat is encased in a polar lipid-containing tri-layer milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), composed of phospholipids (PLs) and sphingolipids (SLs). Milk PLs and SLs comprise about 1% of total milk lipids. The surfactant properties of PLs are important for dairy products; however, dairy products vary considerably in their polar lipid to total lipid content due to the existence of dairy foods with different fat content. Recent basic science and clinical research examining food sources and health effects of milk polar lipids suggest they may beneficially influence dysfunctional lipid metabolism, gut dysbiosis, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, gut health, and neurodevelopment. However, more research is warranted in clinical studies to confirm these effects in humans. Overall, there are a number of potential effects of consuming milk polar lipids, and they should be considered as food matrix factors that may directly confer health benefits and/or impact effects of other dietary lipids, with implications for full-fat vs. reduced-fat dairy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Anto
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.A.); (S.W.W.)
| | - Sarah Wen Warykas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.A.); (S.W.W.)
| | | | - Christopher N. Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.A.); (S.W.W.)
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45
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Brink LR, Herren AW, McMillen S, Fraser K, Agnew M, Roy N, Lönnerdal B. Omics analysis reveals variations among commercial sources of bovine milk fat globule membrane. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3002-3016. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vors C, Joumard-Cubizolles L, Lecomte M, Combe E, Ouchchane L, Drai J, Raynal K, Joffre F, Meiller L, Le Barz M, Gaborit P, Caille A, Sothier M, Domingues-Faria C, Blot A, Wauquier A, Blond E, Sauvinet V, Gésan-Guiziou G, Bodin JP, Moulin P, Cheillan D, Vidal H, Morio B, Cotte E, Morel-Laporte F, Laville M, Bernalier-Donadille A, Lambert-Porcheron S, Malpuech-Brugère C, Michalski MC. Milk polar lipids reduce lipid cardiovascular risk factors in overweight postmenopausal women: towards a gut sphingomyelin-cholesterol interplay. Gut 2020; 69:487-501. [PMID: 31189655 PMCID: PMC7034342 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-318155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether milk polar lipids (PL) impact human intestinal lipid absorption, metabolism, microbiota and associated markers of cardiometabolic health. DESIGN A double-blind, randomised controlled 4-week study involving 58 postmenopausal women was used to assess the chronic effects of milk PL consumption (0, 3 or 5 g-PL/day) on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. The acute effects of milk PL on intestinal absorption and metabolism of cholesterol were assessed in a randomised controlled crossover study using tracers in ileostomy patients. RESULTS Over 4 weeks, milk PL significantly reduced fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of cholesterol and surrogate lipid markers of cardiovascular disease risk, including total/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein (Apo)B/ApoA1 ratios. The highest PL dose preferentially induced a decreased number of intestine-derived chylomicron particles. Also, milk PL increased faecal loss of coprostanol, a gut-derived metabolite of cholesterol, but major bacterial populations and faecal short-chain fatty acids were not affected by milk PL, regardless of the dose. Acute ingestion of milk PL by ileostomy patients shows that milk PL decreased cholesterol absorption and increased cholesterol-ileal efflux, which can be explained by the observed co-excretion with milk sphingomyelin in the gut. CONCLUSION The present data demonstrate for the first time in humans that milk PL can improve the cardiometabolic health by decreasing several lipid cardiovascular markers, notably through a reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption involving specific interactions in the gut, without disturbing the major bacterial phyla of gut microbiota. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02099032 and NCT02146339; Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vors
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Laurie Joumard-Cubizolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Manon Lecomte
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Emmanuel Combe
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Lemlih Ouchchane
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistique-Informatique Médicale, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jocelyne Drai
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
- Unité de Nutrition Endocrinologie Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Ketsia Raynal
- ACTALIA Dairy Products and Technologies, 17700, Surgères, France
| | | | - Laure Meiller
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Mélanie Le Barz
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Patrice Gaborit
- ACTALIA Dairy Products and Technologies, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - Aurélie Caille
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Monique Sothier
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Carla Domingues-Faria
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Adeline Blot
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Wauquier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR 454, MEDIS, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emilie Blond
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
- Unité de Nutrition Endocrinologie Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Valérie Sauvinet
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Geneviève Gésan-Guiziou
- STLO, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35000, Rennes, France
| | | | - Philippe Moulin
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
- Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Maladies Métaboliques, Diabète et Nutrition, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500, Bron, France
| | - David Cheillan
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
- Unité Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Béatrice Morio
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Eddy Cotte
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine Lyon-Sud-Charles Mérieux, EMR 3738, 69600, Oullins, France
- Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Martine Laville
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Lambert-Porcheron
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Malpuech-Brugère
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Charles Mérieux Medical School, 69600, Oullins, France
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CENS, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, 69310, Pierre-Bénite, France
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47
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Millar CL, Jiang C, Norris GH, Garcia C, Seibel S, Anto L, Lee JY, Blesso CN. Cow's milk polar lipids reduce atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol, modulate gut microbiota and attenuate atherosclerosis development in LDL-receptor knockout mice fed a Western-type diet. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 79:108351. [PMID: 32007663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Milk sphingomyelin (SM), a polar lipid (PL) component of milk fat globule membranes, is protective against dyslipidemia. However, it is unclear whether ingestion of milk PLs protect against atherosclerosis. To determine this, male LDLr-/- mice (age 6 weeks) were fed ad libitum either a high-fat, added-cholesterol diet (CTL; 45% kcal from fat, 0.2% cholesterol by weight; n=15) or the same diet supplemented with 1% milk PL (1% MPL; n=15) or 2% milk PL (2% MPL; n=15) added by weight from butter serum. After 14 weeks on diets, mice fed 2% MPL had significantly lower serum cholesterol (-51%) compared to CTL (P<.01), with dose-dependent effects in lowering VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol. Mice fed 2% MPL displayed lower inflammatory markers in the serum, liver, adipose and aorta. Notably, milk PLs reduced atherosclerosis development in both the thoracic aorta and the aortic root, with 2% MPL-fed mice having significantly lower neutral lipid plaque size by 59% (P<.01) and 71% (P<.02) compared to CTL, respectively. Additionally, the 2% MPL-fed mice had greater relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium, and lower Firmicutes in cecal feces compared to CTL. Milk PL feeding resulted in significantly different microbial communities as demonstrated by altered beta diversity indices. In summary, 2% MPL strongly reduced atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol, modulated gut microbiota, lowered inflammation and attenuated atherosclerosis development. Thus, milk PL content may be important to consider when choosing dairy products as foods for cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Millar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Christina Jiang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Gregory H Norris
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Chelsea Garcia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Samantha Seibel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Liya Anto
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269.
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Abstract
The effect of dietary fats on cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus, has generated tremendous interest. Many earlier investigations focused on total fat and conventional fat classes (such as saturated and unsaturated fats) and their influence on a limited number of risk factors. However, dietary fats comprise heterogeneous molecules with diverse structures, and growing research in the past two decades supports correspondingly complex health effects of individual dietary fats. Moreover, health effects of dietary fats might be modified by additional factors, such as accompanying nutrients and food-processing methods, emphasizing the importance of the food sources. Accordingly, the rapidly increasing scientific findings on dietary fats and cardiometabolic diseases have generated debate among scientists, caused confusion for the general public and present challenges for translation into dietary advice and policies. This Review summarizes the evidence on the effects of different dietary fats and their food sources on cell function and on risk factors and clinical events of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive review but rather to focus on the most important evidence from randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies and to highlight current areas of controversy and the most relevant future research directions for understanding how to improve the prevention and management of cardiometabolic diseases through optimization of dietary fat intake.
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49
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Mozaffarian D. Dietary and policy priorities to reduce the global crises of obesity and diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s43016-019-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Alshehab M, Reis MG, Day L, Nitin N. Milk fat globules, a novel carrier for delivery of exogenous cholecalciferol. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108579. [PMID: 31732024 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Alshehab
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | | | - Li Day
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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