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Trommelen J, van Loon LJC. Quantification and interpretation of postprandial whole-body protein metabolism using stable isotope methodology: a narrative review. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1391750. [PMID: 38812936 PMCID: PMC11133538 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1391750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Stable isotopes are routinely applied to determine the impact of factors such as aging, disease, exercise, and feeding on whole-body protein metabolism. The most common approaches to quantify whole-body protein synthesis, breakdown, and oxidation rates and net protein balance are based on the quantification of plasma amino acid kinetics. In the postabsorptive state, plasma amino acid kinetics can easily be assessed using a constant infusion of one or more stable isotope labeled amino acid tracers. In the postprandial state, there is an exogenous, dietary protein-derived amino acid flux that needs to be accounted for. To accurately quantify both endogenous as well as exogenous (protein-derived) amino acid release in the circulation, the continuous tracer infusion method should be accompanied by the ingestion of intrinsically labeled protein. However, the production of labeled protein is too expensive and labor intensive for use in more routine research studies. Alternative approaches have either assumed that 100% of exogenous amino acids are released in the circulation or applied an estimated percentage based on protein digestibility. However, such estimations can introduce large artifacts in the assessment of whole-body protein metabolism. The preferred estimation approach is based on the extrapolation of intrinsically labeled protein-derived plasma bioavailability data obtained in a similar experimental design setting. Here, we provide reference data on exogenous plasma amino acid release that can be applied to allow a more accurate routine assessment of postprandial protein metabolism. More work in this area is needed to provide a more extensive reference data set.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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2
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Li S, Zhong H, Wang Z, Chen J, Huang Z, Zou T, You J. Dietary protein restriction regulates skeletal muscle fiber metabolic characteristics associated with the FGF21-ERK1/2 pathway. iScience 2024; 27:109249. [PMID: 38450157 PMCID: PMC10915561 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Under conditions of dietary amino acid balance, decreasing the dietary crude protein (CP) level in pigs has a beneficial effect on meat quality. To further elucidate the mechanism, we explored the alteration of muscle fiber characteristics and key regulators related to myogenesis in the skeletal muscle of pigs fed a protein restricted diet. Compared to pigs fed a normal protein diet, dietary protein restriction significantly increased the slow-twitch muscle fiber proportion in skeletal muscle, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, the concentrations of ascorbate, biotin, palmitoleic acid, and the ratio of s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM) to s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), but the fast-twitch muscle fiber proportion, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, the concentrations of ATP, glucose-6-phosphate, SAM, and SAH in skeletal muscle, and the ratio of serum triiodothyronine (T3) to tetraiodothyronine (T4) were decreased. In conclusion, we demonstrated that dietary protein restriction induced skeletal muscle fiber remodeling association the regulation of FGF21-ERK1/2-mTORC1 signaling in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Haopeng Zhong
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhouyin Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tiande Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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3
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Bülow J, Khakimov B, Reitelseder S, Bechshøft R, Jensen M, van Hall G, Engelsen SB, Holm L. Effect of 1-year daily protein supplementation and physical exercise on muscle protein synthesis rate and muscle metabolome in healthy older Danes: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2673-2685. [PMID: 37266586 PMCID: PMC10421766 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skeletal muscle mass decreases with age and the responsiveness of aging muscles' protein synthesis rate (MPS) to protein intake seems to deteriorate. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the impact of 12 months of protein supplementation with or without physical exercise training on the basal and postprandial MPS and the skeletal muscle metabolome of healthy older Danes (> 65 years, 29 females/37 males). METHODS Subjects were randomized to follow one of five intervention groups: (1) carbohydrate, (2) collagen protein, (3) whey protein, (4) home-based light resistance training with whey protein, and (5) center-based heavy-load resistance training with whey protein. Before and after the intervention, a tracer infusion trial was conducted to measure basal and postprandial MPS in response to intake of a cocktail consisting of 20 g whey hydrolysate + 10 g glucose. In addition, the skeletal muscle metabolome was measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at basal state and 4 h after the intake of the cocktail. RESULTS One year of daily protein or carbohydrate supplementation did not alter the basal and protein-stimulated postprandial muscle protein synthesis rate or the muscle metabolome of healthy older Danes. Basal MPS (%/h) at baseline for all subjects were 0.0034 ± 0,011 (mean ± SD). In contrast to previous studies, no difference was observed in basal MPS between males and females (p = 0.75). With the developed untargeted GC-MS methodology, it was possible to detect and tentatively annotate > 70 metabolites from the human skeletal muscle samples. CONCLUSION One year of protein supplementation in comparison to an isocaloric-control supplement seems to affect neither the MPS at basal or postprandial state nor the skeletal muscle metabolome. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY Number: NCT02115698, clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02115698.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bülow
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Building 8, Level 1, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Building 8, Level 1, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Bechshøft
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Building 8, Level 1, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Building 8, Level 1, Nielsine Nielsens Vej 11, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Holm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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4
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Dehnavi Z, Barghchi H, Esfehani AJ, Barati M, Khorasanchi Z, Farsi F, Ostad AN, Ranjbar G, Rezvani R, Gorgani MR, Safarian M. Animal and plant-based proteins have different postprandial effects on energy expenditure, glycemia, insulinemia, and lipemia: A review of controlled clinical trials. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4398-4408. [PMID: 37576026 PMCID: PMC10420774 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary proteins have been shown to stimulate thermogenesis, increase satiety, and improve insulin sensitivity in the short and long term. Animal-based proteins (AP) and plant-based proteins (PP) have different amino acid profiles, bioavailability, and digestibility, so it seems to have various short- and long-term effects on metabolic responses. This review aimed to compare the findings of controlled clinical trials on postprandial effects of dietary Aps versus PPs on energy expenditure (EE), lipemia, glycemia, and insulinemia. Data are inconclusive regarding the postprandial effects of APs and PPs. However, there is some evidence indicating that APs increase postprandial EE, DIT, and SO more than PPs. With lipemia and glycemia, most studies showed that APs reduce or delay postprandial glycemia and lipemia and increase insulinemia more than PPs. The difference in amino acid composition, digestion and absorption rate, and gastric emptying rate between APs and PPs explains this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dehnavi
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Hanieh Barghchi
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory SciencesNorth Khorasan University of Medical SciencesBojnurdIran
| | - Zahra Khorasanchi
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Farima Farsi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS)MashhadIran
| | | | - Golnaz Ranjbar
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Reza Rezvani
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Mitra Rezaie Gorgani
- Department of Nutrition, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Mohammad Safarian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research CentreMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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5
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Reidy PT, Borack MS, Dickinson JM, Carroll CC, Burd NA, Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Lambert BS, Gundermann DM, Glynn EL, Markofski MM, Timmerman KL, Moro T, Volpi E, Trappe S, Trappe TA, Harber MP, Rasmussen BB. Postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis is higher in outpatients as compared to inpatients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E113-E118. [PMID: 37315157 PMCID: PMC10393319 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00144.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several factors affect muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in the postabsorptive state. Extreme physical inactivity (e.g., bedrest) may reduce basal MPS, whereas walking may augment basal MPS. We hypothesized that outpatients would have a higher postabsorptive MPS than inpatients. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a retrospective analysis. We compared 152 outpatient participants who arrived at the research site the morning of the MPS assessment with 350 Inpatient participants who had an overnight stay in the hospital unit before the MPS assessment the following morning. We used stable isotopic methods and collected vastus lateralis biopsies ∼2 to 3 h apart to assess mixed MPS. MPS was ∼12% higher (P < 0.05) for outpatients than inpatients. Within a subset of participants, we discovered that after instruction to limit activity, outpatients (n = 13) took 800 to 900 steps in the morning to arrive at the unit, seven times more steps than inpatients (n = 12). We concluded that an overnight stay in the hospital as an inpatient is characterized by reduced morning activity and causes a slight but significant reduction in MPS compared with participants studied as outpatients. Researchers should be aware of physical activity status when designing and interpreting MPS results.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis rate is lower in the morning after an overnight inpatient hospital stay compared with an outpatient visit. Although only a minimal amount of steps was conducted by outpatients (∼900), this was enough to increase postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael S Borack
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Chad C Carroll
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Bradley S Lambert
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - David M Gundermann
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Erin L Glynn
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Matthew P Harber
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
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6
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Nishimura Y, Højfeldt G, Breen L, Tetens I, Holm L. Dietary protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults: a critical narrative review of the scientific evidence. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:69-85. [PMID: 34666855 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adequate protein intake is essential for the maintenance of whole-body protein mass. Different methodological approaches are used to substantiate the evidence for the current protein recommendations, and it is continuously debated whether older adults require more protein to counteract the age-dependent loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia. Thus, the purpose of this critical narrative review is to outline and discuss differences in the approaches and methodologies assessing the protein requirements and, hence, resulting in controversies in current protein recommendations for healthy older adults. Through a literature search, this narrative review first summarises the historical development of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University setting of protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults. Hereafter, we describe the various types of studies (epidemiological studies and protein turnover kinetic measurements) and applied methodological approaches founding the basis and the different recommendations with focus on healthy older adults. Finally, we discuss important factors to be considered in future studies to obtain evidence for international agreement on protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults. We conclude by proposing future directions to determine 'true' protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Inge Tetens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Horstman AMH, Huppertz T. Milk proteins: Processing, gastric coagulation, amino acid availability and muscle protein synthesis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10267-10282. [PMID: 35611879 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion is regulated on various levels, including dietary protein digestion and amino acid (AA) absorption, splanchnic AA retention, the availability of dietary protein-derived AA in the circulation, delivery of AA to the muscle, uptake of AA by the muscle, and intramuscular signaling. AA availability after consumption of dairy products is primarily determined by the rate of gastric emptying of milk proteins, which is mainly linked to coagulation of milk proteins in the stomach. Caseins form gastric coagula, which make their gastric emptying and subsequent postprandial aminoacidemia notably slower than that of whey proteins. Only recently, the role of processing, food structure, preservation and matrix on coagulation herein has been getting attention. In this review we describe various processes, that affect gastric coagulation of caseins and therewith control gastric emptying, such as the conversion to caseinate, heat treatment in the presence of whey proteins, conversion to stirred yoghurt and enzymatic hydrolysis. Modulating product characteristics by processing can be very useful to steer the gastric behavior of protein, and the subsequent digestion and AA absorption and muscle anabolic response to maintain or increase muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thom Huppertz
- Research & Development, FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Tessier R, Calvez J, Airinei G, Khodorova N, Kapel R, Quinsac A, Galet O, Piedcoq J, Benamouzig R, Tomé D, Gaudichon C. The True Amino Acid Digestibility of 15N-Labelled Sunflower Biscuits Determined with Ileal Balance and Dual Isotope Methods in Healthy Humans. J Nutr 2022; 152:698-706. [PMID: 34910189 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunflower is a promising protein source but data on amino acid (AA) digestibility are lacking in humans. Classically, the determination of AA digestibility requires ileal digesta sampling. The dual isotope method is minimally invasive but has not been compared to the conventional approach. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the true ileal digestibility of sunflower AAs in healthy volunteers who ate biscuits containing 15nitrogen (N) protein isolate, in comparison with the dual isotope method. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers (men and women; 40.4 ± 10.5 years old; BMI, 23.7 ± 2.9 kg/m2) were equipped with a naso-ileal tube. For 4 hours, they consumed 9 repeated meals comprising 15N-sunflower protein biscuits together with 13carbon (C)-AAs, carried either in chocolate (SUN + Ch; n = 7) or apple puree (SUN + P; n = 5). Ileal digesta and blood were sampled throughout 8 hours after ingestion of the first meal. The 15N and 13C AA enrichments were measured in digesta to determine ileal digestibility directly and in plasma to determine lysine and threonine digestibility using the dual isotope method. Differences between methods and between vector groups were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-tests, respectively. RESULTS The ileal digestibility of sunflower indispensable AAs (IAA) was 89% ± 5.3%, with threonine and lysine having the lowest digestibility. In the SUN + Ch meal, IAA digestibility was 3% below that of SUN + P (P < 0.05). The mean free 13C-AA ileal digestibility was 98.1% ± 0.9%. No matter which matrix was used to carry 13C-AAs, plasma 15N and 13C-AA kinetics displayed a 1-hour offset. Digestibility obtained with the dual isotope method (70.4% ± 6.0% for threonine and 75.9% ± 22.3% for lysine) was below the target values. CONCLUSIONS The ileal digestibility of IAAs from a sunflower isolate incorporated in a biscuit was close to 90% in healthy adults. Under our experimental conditions, the dual isotope method provided lower values than the usual method. Further protocol developments are needed to validate the equivalence between both methods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04024605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tessier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Juliane Calvez
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Gheorghe Airinei
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France.,Service d'Hépatogastroentérologie, Hôpital Avicenne, APHP, Bobigny, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Romain Kapel
- LRGP Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7274, Université de Lorraine, Plateforme SVS, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Julien Piedcoq
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Robert Benamouzig
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France.,Service d'Hépatogastroentérologie, Hôpital Avicenne, APHP, Bobigny, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
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9
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The association between low protein diet and body composition, muscle function, inflammation, and amino acid-based metabolic profile in chronic kidney disease stage 3-5 patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 46:405-415. [PMID: 34857228 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global burden in the world. Low protein diet (LPD) recommendation is suggested in CKD patients to avoid or defer dialysis initiation and slow down CKD progression. However, nutritional imbalance and protein energy wasting represent key worries. The amino acid-based metabolic profile may provide a sensitive biomarker to evaluate CKD patients' nutrition status with LPD recommendations. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in CKD stage 3-5 patients who had received LPD recommendation to evaluate the association between LPD and traditional markers (including plasma levels of albumin, pre-albumin, transferrin, total iron-binding capacity), inflammation markers (including peripheral leukocyte count and plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), body composition, muscle strength, and physical function, and novel nutrition markers (including amino acid-based metabolic profile) in CKD stage 3-5 patients. RESULTS In our study CKD stage 3-5 patients with the total number of 73, the mean age was around 71 ± 10 years old. The mean daily protein intake (DPI) was around 0.9 ± 0.3 g/kg/day and 25 (34%) patients met the recommended goal of DPI <0.8 g/kg/day. The mean daily calorie intake (DCI) was around 23 ± 6 kcal/kg/day, with only 11 (15%) patients met the recommend DCI with 30-35 kcal/kg/day. Compared to CKD patients with non-LPD, patients with LPD had significantly lower hemoglobin and albumin levels, shorter 6-min walking distance (6MWD), and lower leucine levels. Multivariable analysis found that lower hemoglobin and leucine levels, and shorter 6MWD were negatively and independently associated with LPD (all p < 0.05). Then ROC curve analysis found that the optimal cut-off value of leucine plasma levels was 95.5 μM with 60% sensitivity and 71% specificity to predict those CKD patients with LPD with the area under the curve of 0.646 (95% CI: 0.512-0.780). CONCLUSION LPD attainment was noted in 34% patients and most of CKD stage 3-5 patients (around 85%) had inadequate daily calorie intake although receiving standard dietary counseling routinely. A low protein diet and inadequate daily calorie intake in CKD patients were associated with shorter 6MWD, and lower hemoglobin and leucine levels. Plasma leucine levels lower than 95.5 μM may be a herald for muscle wasting and malnutrition in these CKD stage 3-5 patients with inadequate calorie intake.
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10
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Bandyopadhyay S, Kashyap S, Calvez J, Devi S, Azzout-Marniche D, Tomé D, Kurpad AV, Gaudichon C. Evaluation of Protein Quality in Humans and Insights on Stable Isotope Approaches to Measure Digestibility - A Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:1131-1143. [PMID: 34755836 PMCID: PMC9340995 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University expert consultations on protein requirements and quality have emphasized the need for the new Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS), as a measure of protein quality. This requires human measurements of the true ileal digestibility of individual indispensable amino acids (IAAs) until the end of the small intestine. Digestibility is measured using standard oro-ileal balance methods, which can only be achieved by an invasive naso-ileal intubation in healthy participants or fistulation at the terminal ileum. Significant efforts have been made over the last 2 decades to develop noninvasive or minimally invasive methods to measure IAA digestibility in humans. The application of intrinsically labeled (with stable isotopes like 13C, 15N, and 2H) dietary proteins has helped in circumventing the invasive oro-ileal balance techniques and allowed the differentiation between endogenous and exogenous protein. The noninvasive indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique, which is routinely employed to measure IAA requirements, has been modified to estimate metabolic availability (a sum of digestibility and utilization) of IAA in foods, but provides an estimate for a single IAA at a time and is burdensome for participants. The recently developed minimally invasive dual isotope tracer method measures small intestinal digestibility of multiple amino acids at once and is suitable for use in vulnerable groups and disease conditions. However, it remains to be validated against standard oro-ileal balance techniques. This review critically evaluates and compares the currently available stable isotope-based protein quality evaluation methods with a focus on the digestibility and metabolic availability measurements in humans. In view of building a reliable DIAAS database of various protein sources and subsequently supporting protein content claims in food labeling, a re-evaluation and harmonization of the available methods are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sindhu Kashyap
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Juliane Calvez
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE (National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment), UMR PNCA (Research Unit for Nutrition Physiology and Dietary Behavior), Paris, France
| | - Sarita Devi
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dalila Azzout-Marniche
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE (National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment), UMR PNCA (Research Unit for Nutrition Physiology and Dietary Behavior), Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE (National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment), UMR PNCA (Research Unit for Nutrition Physiology and Dietary Behavior), Paris, France
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India,Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
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11
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Gillis C, Phillips SM. Protein for the Pre-Surgical Cancer Patient: a Narrative Review. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-021-00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Abou Sawan S, Hodson N, Tinline-Goodfellow C, West DWD, Malowany JM, Kumbhare D, Moore DR. Incorporation of Dietary Amino Acids Into Myofibrillar and Sarcoplasmic Proteins in Free-Living Adults Is Influenced by Sex, Resistance Exercise, and Training Status. J Nutr 2021; 151:3350-3360. [PMID: 34486662 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exercise increases the incorporation of dietary amino acids into de novo myofibrillar proteins after a single meal in controlled laboratory studies in males. It is unclear whether this extends to free-living settings or is influenced by training or sex. OBJECTIVES We determined the effects of exercise, training status, and sex on 24-hour free-living dietary phenylalanine incorporation into skeletal muscle proteins. METHODS In a parallel group design, recreationally active males (mean ± SD age, 23 ± 3 years; BMI. 23.4 ± 2.9 kg/m2; n = 10) and females (age 24 ± 5 years; BMI, 23.1 ± 3.9 kg/m2; n = 9) underwent 8 weeks of whole-body resistance exercise 3 times a week. Controlled diets containing 1.6 g/kg-1/d-1 (amino acids modelled after egg), enriched to 10% with [13C6] or [2H5]phenylalanine, were consumed before and after an acute bout of resistance exercise. Fasted muscle biopsies were obtained before [untrained, pre-exercise condition (REST ] and 24 hours after an acute bout of resistance exercise in untrained (UT) and trained (T) states to determine dietary phenylalanine incorporation into myofibrillar (ΔMyo) and sarcoplasmic (ΔSarc) proteins, intracellular mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) colocalization with ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 (UEA-1; capillary marker; immunofluorescence), and amino acid transporter expression (Western blotting). RESULTS The ΔMyo values were ∼62% greater (P < 0.01) in females than males at REST. The ΔMyo values increased above REST by ∼51% during UT and ∼30% in T (both P < 0.01) in males, remained unchanged in females during UT, and were ∼33% lower at T when compared to UT (P = 0.013). Irrespective of sex, ΔMyo and ΔSarc were decreased at T compared to UT (P ≤ 0.026). Resistance training increased mTOR colocalization with UEA-1 (P = 0.004), while L amino acid transporter 1, which was greater in males (P < 0.01), and sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 protein expression were not affected by acute exercise (P ≥ 0.33) or training (P ≥ 0.45). CONCLUSIONS The exercise-induced incorporation of dietary phenylalanine into myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins is attenuated after training regardless of sex, suggesting a reduced reliance on dietary amino acids for postexercise skeletal muscle remodeling in the T state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia M Malowany
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Mathewson SL, Gordon AL, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Greig CA, Phillips BE. Determining the Influence of Habitual Dietary Protein Intake on Physiological Muscle Parameters in Youth and Older Age. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103560. [PMID: 34684561 PMCID: PMC8539198 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ingestion is a potent stimulator of skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS). However, older adults demonstrate resistance to anabolic stimuli. Some evidence has demonstrated that a larger acute protein dose is required in older compared to younger adults to elicit the same synthetic response, suggesting that older adults should be consuming higher habitual dietary protein to optimise muscle mass. However, limited research has explored dietary habits in different age groups or the relationship between habitual dietary intake and mechanistic physiological parameters associated with muscle mass and function. This work investigated the effect of habitual dietary intake in young (n = 10, 25.9 (3.2y)) and older (n = 16, 70.2 (3.2y)) community-dwelling adults (16:10 male: female) on physiological muscle parameters. Dietary intake was assessed using four-day diet diaries. Post-absorptive MPS and MPS responses to feeding (4.25x basal metabolic rate; 16% protein) were determined in muscle biopsies of the m. vastus lateralis via stable isotope tracer ([1, 2-13C2]-leucine) infusions with mass-spectrometric analyses. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Whole body strength was assessed via 1-repetition maximum assessments. No significant differences in habitual dietary intake (protein, fat, carbohydrate and leucine as g.kgWBLM-1.day-1) were observed between age groups. Whole-body lean mass (61.8 ± 9.9 vs. 49.8 ± 11.9 kg, p = 0.01) and knee-extensor strength (87.7 ± 28.3 vs. 56.8 ± 16.4 kg, p = 0.002) were significantly higher in young adults. Habitual protein intake (g.kg-1.day-1) was not associated with whole-body lean mass, upper-leg lean mass, whole-body strength, knee-extensor strength, basal MPS or fed-state MPS across both age groups. These findings suggest that differences in muscle mass and strength parameters between youth and older age are not explained by differences in habitual dietary protein intake. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to fully explore these relationships and inform on interventions to mitigate sarcopenia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Mathewson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.M.); (C.A.G.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adam L. Gordon
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (A.L.G.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
- Department of Medicine for the Elderly, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NE, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (A.L.G.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (A.L.G.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
| | - Carolyn A. Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.M.); (C.A.G.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (A.L.G.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Abstract
There is a global trend of an increased interest in plant-based diets. This includes an increase in the consumption of plant-based proteins at the expense of animal-based proteins. Plant-derived proteins are now also frequently applied in sports nutrition. So far, we have learned that the ingestion of plant-derived proteins, such as soy and wheat protein, result in lower post-prandial muscle protein synthesis responses when compared with the ingestion of an equivalent amount of animal-based protein. The lesser anabolic properties of plant-based versus animal-derived proteins may be attributed to differences in their protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics, as well as to differences in amino acid composition between these protein sources. Most plant-based proteins have a low essential amino acid content and are often deficient in one or more specific amino acids, such as lysine and methionine. However, there are large differences in amino acid composition between various plant-derived proteins or plant-based protein sources. So far, only a few studies have directly compared the muscle protein synthetic response following the ingestion of a plant-derived protein versus a high(er) quality animal-derived protein. The proposed lower anabolic properties of plant- versus animal-derived proteins may be compensated for by (i) consuming a greater amount of the plant-derived protein or plant-based protein source to compensate for the lesser quality; (ii) using specific blends of plant-based proteins to create a more balanced amino acid profile; (iii) fortifying the plant-based protein (source) with the specific free amino acid(s) that is (are) deficient. Clinical studies are warranted to assess the anabolic properties of the various plant-derived proteins and their protein sources in vivo in humans and to identify the factors that may or may not compromise the capacity to stimulate post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Such work is needed to determine whether the transition towards a more plant-based diet is accompanied by a transition towards greater dietary protein intake requirements.
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15
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Smeets JSJ, Horstman AMH, van Dijk DPJ, van Boxtel AGM, Ter Woorst JF, Damink SWMO, Schijns OEMG, van Loon LJC. Basal protein synthesis rates differ between vastus lateralis and rectus abdominis muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:769-778. [PMID: 33951313 PMCID: PMC8200451 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo muscle protein synthesis rates are typically assessed by measuring the incorporation rate of stable isotope labelled amino acids in skeletal muscle tissue collected from vastus lateralis muscle. It remains to be established whether muscle protein synthesis rates in the vastus lateralis are representative of muscle protein synthesis rates of other muscle groups. We hypothesized that post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates differ between vastus lateralis and rectus abdominis, pectoralis major, or temporalis muscle in vivo in humans. METHODS Twenty-four patients (62 ± 3 years, 42% female), scheduled to undergo surgery, participated in this study and underwent primed continuous intravenous infusions with l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phenylalanine. During the surgical procedures, serum samples were collected, and muscle tissue was obtained from the vastus lateralis as well as from the rectus abdominis, pectoralis major, or temporalis muscle. Fractional mixed muscle protein synthesis rates (%/h) were assessed by measuring the incorporation of l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phenylalanine into muscle tissue protein. RESULTS Serum l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phenylalanine enrichments did not change throughout the infusion period. Post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates calculated based upon serum l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phenylalanine enrichments did not differ between vastus lateralis and rectus abdominis (0.032 ± 0.004 vs. 0.038 ± 0.003%/h), vastus lateralis and pectoralis major, (0.025 ± 0.003 vs. 0.022 ± 0.005%/h) or vastus lateralis and temporalis (0.047 ± 0.005 vs. 0.043 ± 0.005%/h) muscle, respectively (P > 0.05). When fractional muscle protein synthesis rates were calculated based upon tissue-free l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phenylalanine enrichments as the preferred precursor pool, muscle protein synthesis rates were significantly higher in rectus abdominis (0.089 ± 0.008%/h) compared with vastus lateralis (0.054 ± 0.005%/h) muscle (P < 0.01). No differences were observed between fractional muscle protein synthesis rates in vastus lateralis and pectoralis major (0.046 ± 0.003 vs. 0.041 ± 0.008%/h) or vastus lateralis and temporalis (0.073 ± 0.008 vs. 0.083 ± 0.011%/h) muscle, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates are higher in rectus abdominis when compared with vastus lateralis muscle. Post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates do not differ between vastus lateralis and pectoralis major or temporalis muscle. Protein synthesis rates in muscle tissue samples obtained during surgery do not necessarily represent a good proxy for appendicular skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David P J van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid G M van Boxtel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost F Ter Woorst
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Olaf E M G Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology, location Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Højfeldt G, Bülow J, Agergaard J, Simonsen LR, Bülow J, Schjerling P, van Hall G, Holm L. Postprandial muscle protein synthesis rate is unaffected by 20-day habituation to a high protein intake: a randomized controlled, crossover trial. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4307-4319. [PMID: 34032900 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During the last decade more researchers have argued in favor of an increased protein intake for older adults. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the long-term effects of conforming to such a high protein intake with regards to the basal and postprandial muscle protein turnover. The purpose of this study was to compare the postprandial synthesis response in muscle proteins, and the abundance of directly incorporated food-derived amino acids following habituation to high vs. recommended level of protein intake. METHODS In a double blinded crossover intervention 11 older male participants (66.6 ± 1.7 years of age) were habituated for 20 days to a recommended protein (RP) intake (1.1 g protein/kg lean body mass (LBM)/day) and a high protein (HP) intake (> 2.1 g protein/kg LBM/day). Following each habituation period, intrinsically labelled proteins were ingested as part of a mixed meal to determine the incorporation of meal protein-derived amino acids into myofibrillar proteins. Furthermore, the myofibrillar fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and amino acid kinetics across the leg were determined using gold standard stable isotope tracer methodologies. RT qPCR was used to assess the expression of markers related to muscle proteinsynthesis and breakdown. RESULTS No impact of habituation was observed on skeletal muscle amino acid or protein kinetics. However, the shunting of amino acids directly from artery to vein was on average 2.9 [Formula: see text]mol/min higher following habituation to HP compared to RP. CONCLUSIONS In older males, habituation to a higher than the currently recommended protein intake did not demonstrate any adaptions in the muscle protein turnover or markers hereof when subjected to an intake of an identical mixed meal. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY Journal number NCT02587156, Clinicaltrials.org. Date of registration: October 27th, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grith Højfeldt
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Agergaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene R Simonsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Bülow
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Paulussen KJM, McKenna CF, Beals JW, Wilund KR, Salvador AF, Burd NA. Anabolic Resistance of Muscle Protein Turnover Comes in Various Shapes and Sizes. Front Nutr 2021; 8:615849. [PMID: 34026802 PMCID: PMC8131552 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.615849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic resistance is defined by a blunted stimulation of muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS) to common anabolic stimuli in skeletal muscle tissue such as dietary protein and exercise. Generally, MPS is the target of most exercise and feeding interventions as muscle protein breakdown rates seem to be less responsive to these stimuli. Ultimately, the blunted responsiveness of MPS to dietary protein and exercise underpins the loss of the amount and quality of skeletal muscle mass leading to decrements in physical performance in these populations. The increase of both habitual physical activity (including structured exercise that targets general fitness characteristics) and protein dense food ingestion are frontline strategies utilized to support muscle mass, performance, and health. In this paper, we discuss anabolic resistance as a common denominator underpinning muscle mass loss with aging, obesity, and other disease states. Namely, we discuss the fact that anabolic resistance exists as a dimmer switch, capable of varying from higher to lower levels of resistance, to the main anabolic stimuli of feeding and exercise depending on the population. Moreover, we review the evidence on whether increased physical activity and targeted exercise can be leveraged to restore the sensitivity of skeletal muscle tissue to dietary amino acids regardless of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. M. Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F. McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Joseph W. Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Wilund
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F. Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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18
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Morgan PT, Harris DO, Marshall RN, Quinlan JI, Edwards SJ, Allen SL, Breen L. Protein Source and Quality for Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Nutr 2021; 151:1901-1920. [PMID: 33851213 PMCID: PMC8245874 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is much debate regarding the source/quality of dietary proteins in supporting indices of skeletal muscle anabolism. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of protein source/quality on acute muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and changes in lean body mass (LBM) and strength, when combined with resistance exercise (RE). METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify studies that compared the effects of ≥2 dose-matched, predominantly isolated protein sources of varying "quality." Three separate models were employed as follows: 1) protein feeding alone on MPS, 2) protein feeding combined with a bout of RE on MPS, and 3) protein feeding combined with longer-term resistance exercise training (RET) on LBM and strength. Further subgroup analyses were performed to compare the effects of protein source/quality between young and older adults. A total of 27 studies in young (18-35 y) and older (≥60 y) adults were included. RESULTS Analysis revealed an effect favoring higher-quality protein for postprandial MPS at rest [mean difference (MD): 0.014%/h; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.021; P < 0.001] and following RE (MD: 0.022%/h; 95% CI: 0.014, 0.030; P < 0.00001) in young (model 1: 0.016%/h; 95% CI: -0.004, 0.036; P = 0.12; model 2: 0.030%/h; 95% CI: 0.015, 0.045; P < 0.0001) and older (model 1: 0.012%/h; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.018; P < 0.001; model 2: 0.014%/h; 95% CI: 0.007, 0.021; P < 0.001) adults. However, although higher protein quality was associated with superior strength gains with RET [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.24 kg; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.45; P = 0.03)], no effect was observed on changes to LBM (SMD: 0.05 kg; 95% CI: -0.16, 0.25; P = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS The current review suggests that protein quality may provide a small but significant impact on indices of muscle protein anabolism in young and older adults. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the importance of protein source/quality on musculoskeletal aging, particularly in situations of low protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dane O Harris
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ryan N Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan I Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie J Edwards
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie L Allen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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19
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Højfeldt G, Bülow J, Agergaard J, Asmar A, Schjerling P, Simonsen L, Bülow J, van Hall G, Holm L. Impact of habituated dietary protein intake on fasting and postprandial whole-body protein turnover and splanchnic amino acid metabolism in elderly men: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1468-1484. [PMID: 32710741 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficacy of protein absorption and subsequent amino acid utilization may be reduced in the elderly. Higher protein intakes have been suggested to counteract this. OBJECTIVES We aimed to elucidate how habituated amounts of protein intake affect the fasted state of, and the stimulatory effect of a protein-rich meal on, protein absorption, whole-body protein turnover, and splanchnic amino acid metabolism. METHODS Twelve men (65-70 y) were included in a double-blinded crossover intervention study, consisting of a 20-d habituation period to a protein intake at the RDA or a high amount [1.1 g · kg lean body mass (LBM)-1 · d-1 or >2.1 g · kg LBM-1 · d-1, respectively], each followed by an experimental trial with a primed, constant infusion of D8-phenylalanine and D2-tyrosine. Arterial and hepatic venous blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast and repeatedly 4 h after a standardized meal including intrinsically labeled whey protein concentrate and calcium-caseinate proteins. Blood was analyzed for amino acid concentrations and phenylalanine and tyrosine tracer enrichments from which whole-body and splanchnic amino acid and protein kinetics were calculated. RESULTS High (compared with the recommended amount of) protein intake resulted in a higher fasting whole-body protein turnover with a resultant mean ± SEM 0.03 ± 0.01 μmol · kg LBM-1 · min-1 lower net balance (P < 0.05), which was not rescued by the intake of a protein-dense meal. The mean ± SEM plasma protein fractional synthesis rate was 0.13 ± 0.06%/h lower (P < 0.05) after habituation to high protein. Furthermore, higher fasting and postprandial amino acid removal were observed after habituation to high protein, yielding higher urea excretion and increased phenylalanine oxidation rates (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Three weeks of habituation to high protein intake (>2.1 g protein · kg LBM-1 · d-1) led to a significantly higher net protein loss in the fasted state. This was not compensated for in the 4-h postprandial period after intake of a meal high in protein.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02587156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grith Højfeldt
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Agergaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Asmar
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Simonsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bülow
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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20
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Hirsch KR, Church DD, Kim IY, Park S, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA. Comparison of basal whole-body protein kinetics and muscle protein synthesis between young and older adults. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14633. [PMID: 33278070 PMCID: PMC7718838 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant research has been dedicated to counteracting age-related muscle loss, but underlying mechanisms have not been clearly established. Previous research examining differences in basal protein kinetics between young and older individuals has been limited by a lack of evaluation of protein breakdown and net balance. The aim of this study was to more comprehensively examine differences in basal protein kinetics between younger and older males and females. Basal whole-body protein kinetics and muscle fractional synthetic rate (FSR) from 91 younger (18-38 years; 52% female) and 66 older (51-81 years; 53% female) healthy adults were determined using stable isotope tracer techniques (L-[ring-2 H5 ]phenylalanine and L-[ring-2 H2 ]tyrosine). There were no group × sex interaction effects (p > .05). Older individuals had greater whole-body protein synthesis (mean difference old-young (Δ) ± SE: 28.54 ± 8.15 mg/kg LBM/hr; p = .001) and breakdown (Δ: 15.44 ± 7.33 mg/kgLBM/hr; p = .038), but a less negative net balance (Mean ± SD: Young: -31.22 ± 7.42 mg/kg LBM/hr; Old: -18.11 ± 21.60 mg/kg LBM/hr; p < .001) compared to young individuals. Basal FSR was not significantly different between young and older (Δ: 0.007 ± 0.003%/hr; p = .052). Across the age range, females had greater whole-body protein turnover (PSΔ: 19.10 ± 7.00 mg/kgLBM/hr; PBΔ: 19.22 ± 6.31 mg/kgLBM/hr; p < .01) compared to males. Results demonstrate a difference in basal whole-body protein kinetics between young and older adults, with older adults having a higher protein turnover rate and a less negative net balance. Across the age range, females were also found to have a higher turnover rate compared to males. Differences may represent a shift in older physiology toward mechanisms that increase the efficiency of amino acid reutilization, especially in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Hirsch
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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21
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Zanini B, Simonetto A, Zubani M, Castellano M, Gilioli G. The Effects of Cow-Milk Protein Supplementation in Elderly Population: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2548. [PMID: 32842497 PMCID: PMC7551861 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To review currently available evidence on the effect of cow-milk proteins supplementation (CPS) on health in the elderly. METHODS Five electronic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched for studies about CPS among older people. All types of publications were included, with the exception of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, opinion letters, editorials, case reports, conference abstracts and comments. An additional search in Google Scholar and a manual review of the reference lists were performed. RESULTS Overall, 103 studies were included. Several studies explored the role of CPS in the preservation or improvement of muscle mass among healthy subjects (40 studies) and pre-frail, frail or sarcopenic patients (14), with evidence of beneficial effects. Other studies assessed the effect of CPS on bones (12), cardiovascular disease (8), inflamm-aging (7), chronic pulmonary disease (4), neurocognitive function (4), and vaccines (2), with weak evidence of positive effects. Seven studies in the field of protein metabolism investigated the role of CPS as an important contributor to nutritional needs. Other investigational areas are considered in the last five studies. CONCLUSIONS The beneficial effects of CPS in achieving aged-related nutritional goals, in preserving muscle mass and in recovering after hospitalization may be particularly relevant in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zanini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, I-25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Anna Simonetto
- AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, I-25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.S.); (M.Z.); (G.G.)
| | - Matilde Zubani
- AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, I-25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.S.); (M.Z.); (G.G.)
| | - Maurizio Castellano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, I-25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Gianni Gilioli
- AgroFood Lab, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, I-25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.S.); (M.Z.); (G.G.)
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22
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Gorissen SHM, Trommelen J, Kouw IWK, Holwerda AM, Pennings B, Groen BBL, Wall BT, Churchward-Venne TA, Horstman AMH, Koopman R, Burd NA, Fuchs CJ, Dirks ML, Res PT, Senden JMG, Steijns JMJM, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Protein Type, Protein Dose, and Age Modulate Dietary Protein Digestion and Phenylalanine Absorption Kinetics and Plasma Phenylalanine Availability in Humans. J Nutr 2020; 150:2041-2050. [PMID: 32069356 PMCID: PMC7398787 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis by providing amino acids to the muscle. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial increase in muscle protein synthesis rates are largely determined by dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics. OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of protein type, protein dose, and age on dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics in vivo in humans. METHODS We included data from 18 randomized controlled trials with a total of 602 participants [age: 53 ± 23 y; BMI (kg/m2): 24.8 ± 3.3] who consumed various quantities of intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled whey (n = 137), casein (n = 393), or milk (n = 72) protein and received intravenous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, which allowed us to assess protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and the postprandial release of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine into the circulation. The effect of aging on these processes was assessed in a subset of 82 young (aged 22 ± 3 y) and 83 older (aged 71 ± 5 y) individuals. RESULTS A total of 50% ± 14% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appeared in the circulation over a 5-h postprandial period. Casein ingestion resulted in a smaller (45% ± 11%), whey protein ingestion in an intermediate (57% ± 10%), and milk protein ingestion in a greater (65% ± 13%) fraction of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation (P < 0.001). The postprandial availability of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine in the circulation increased with the ingestion of greater protein doses (P < 0.05). Protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics were attenuated in older when compared with young individuals, with 45% ± 10% vs. 51% ± 14% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability in vivo in humans. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557388, NCT00936039, NCT00991523, NCT01317511, NCT01473576, NCT01576848, NCT01578590, NCT01615276, NCT01680146, NCT01820975, NCT01986842, and NCT02596542, and at http://www.trialregister.nl as NTR3638, NTR3885, NTR4060, NTR4429, and NTR4492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H M Gorissen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart Pennings
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - René Koopman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter T Res
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joan M G Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands,Address correspondence to LJCvL (e-mail: )
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23
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Tinline-Goodfellow CT, West DWD, Malowany JM, Gillen JB, Moore DR. An Acute Reduction in Habitual Protein Intake Attenuates Post Exercise Anabolism and May Bias Oxidation-Derived Protein Requirements in Resistance Trained Men. Front Nutr 2020; 7:55. [PMID: 32391374 PMCID: PMC7188927 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein recommendations for resistance-trained athletes are generally lower than their habitual intakes. Excess protein consumption increases the capacity to oxidize amino acids, which can attenuate post-exercise anabolism and may impact protein requirements determined by stable isotope techniques predicated on amino acid tracer oxidation. We aimed to determine the impact of an acute (5d) reduction in dietary protein intake on post-exercise anabolism in high habitual consumers using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. Resistance trained men [n = 5; 25 ± 7 y; 73.0 ± 5.7 kg; 9.9 ± 2.9% body fat; 2.69 ± 0.38 g·kg−1·d−1 habitual protein intake) consumed a high (H; 2.2 g·kg−1·d−1) and moderate (M; 1.2 g·kg−1·d−1) protein diet while training every other day. During the High protein phase, participants consumed a 2d controlled diet prior to determining whole body phenylalanine turnover, net balance (NB), and 13CO2 excretion (F13CO2) after exercise via oral [13C]phenylalanine. During the Moderate phase, participants consumed 2.2 g protein·kg−1·d−1 for 2d prior to consuming 1.2 g protein·kg−1·d−1 for 5d. Phenylalanine metabolism was measured on days 1, 3, and 5 (M1, M3, and M5, respectively) of the moderate intake. F13CO2, the primary outcome for IAAO, was ~72 and ~55% greater on the 1st day (M1, P < 0.05) and the third day of the moderate protein diet (M3, P = 0.07), respectively, compared to the High protein trial. Compared to the High protein trial, NB was ~25% lower on the 1st day (M1, P < 0.01) and 15% lower on the third day of the moderate protein diet (M3, P = 0.09). High habitual protein consumption may bias protein requirements determined by traditional IAAO methods that use only a 2d pre-trial controlled diet. Post-exercise whole body anabolism is attenuated following a reduction in protein intake in resistance trained men and may require ~3–5d to adapt. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03845569.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia M Malowany
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenna B Gillen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Islamoglu AH, Garipagaoglu M, Bicer HS, Kurtulus D, Ozturk M, Gunes FE. The effects of dietary changes on bone markers in postmenopausal vertebral osteopenia. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3744-3749. [PMID: 32307196 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nutrition is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the formation of osteopenia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary changes on bone formation and bone resorption markers of postmenopausal women with vertebral osteopenia. METHODS In this study, 108 women with postmenopausal vertebral osteopenia were included. Patients were observed for a month to identify their regular nutritional status. Before intervention, blood and urine samples were taken from all patients. Then, 2-day food consumption records were taken and the patients were divided into 4 groups. Different types of diets (opposite of their regular diets) were prepared for these groups (1: control, 2: reduced-carbohydrate, 3: reduced-protein, 4: reduced-sodium) and followed for 3 months. At the end of follow-ups, blood and urine samples were taken again and changes in osteocalcin (OC) and N-terminal telopeptide (NTX) levels were examined. RESULTS According to biochemical analysis, there was a significant decrease (p < 0,001) in OC levels in reduced protein group and an increase (p > 0,05) in reduced carbohydrate group. When NTX levels were assessed, a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in the reduced carbohydrate group and a significant increase in the reduced protein group (p < 0.05) were found. CONCLUSION Our findings show that reduced carbohydrate diet protected whereas, reduced protein diet negatively affected bone health. Osteopenic individuals were thought to be able to improve bone health and their quality of life by early dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Humeyra Islamoglu
- Marmara University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Muazzez Garipagaoglu
- Fenerbahce University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, 34570, Silivri, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Selcen Bicer
- Ministry of Health, University of Health Sciences Sultan Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, 34718, Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Kurtulus
- Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, 34764, Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozturk
- Medipol University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, 34810, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Esra Gunes
- Marmara University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Camargo LDR, Doneda D, Oliveira VR. Whey protein ingestion in elderly diet and the association with physical, performance and clinical outcomes. Exp Gerontol 2020; 137:110936. [PMID: 32289487 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is critical to the health of the elderly, since most of them have a deficiency in key nutrient. The use of whey protein may be a food strategy to increase protein intake. The objective of this work was to evaluate the ingestion of whey protein for the elderly and the association with physical performance and clinical outcomes. A systematic review was conducted in order to find papers that shed some light in the correlation between whey protein and the elderly. INCLUSION CRITERIA population: elderly; intervention: use of whey protein when compared to control group; outcome: related to health, nutrition, or quality of life. DATABASE PubMed, with papers published in the last 5 years. SEARCH STRATEGY (elder OR senior OR elderly OR aging OR aged OR old OR older) AND (whey OR "whey protein"). 35 papers were selected of which 22 had a physical performance outcome and 13 had clinical outcomes. Studies indicate that whey protein supplements promote protein synthesis in the elderly, improving muscle performance and aerobic capacity, protecting against sarcopenia and reducing the risk for falls. In the papers studied, the age group considered to be elderly was ≥65 years in 27 papers and ≥60 years in the other 8 papers. Whey protein also appears to contribute to improved health, recovery from disease, prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic risks, and hepatic steatosis complications. Data suggest that whey protein supplements may be promising for the health improvement of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liziane da Rosa Camargo
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Geronthology in the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Divair Doneda
- Nutritionist, Medicine College, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
| | - Viviani Ruffo Oliveira
- Nutrition Department, Postgraduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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26
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Ato S, Maruyama Y, Yoshizato H, Ogasawara R. Habitual high-protein diet does not influence muscle protein synthesis in response to acute resistance exercise in rats. Nutrition 2020; 78:110795. [PMID: 32480256 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resistance training combined with consumption of a high-protein diet (HPD) is typically recommended to increase muscle mass, as both acute resistance exercise (RE) and dietary protein intake stimulate mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). However, the effect of chronic HPD consumption on MPS response to an acute RE remains to be determined. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 10 wk were fed HPD (50 kcal % protein, for 4 wk) or normal protein diet (NPD; 20 kcal % protein). After the 4-wk dietary intervention, the rats were fasted overnight and the right gastrocnemius muscle was subjected to percutaneous electrical stimulation to mimic acute RE, whereas the left gastrocnemius muscle served as control. The rats were sacrificed 6 h after exercise and the tissues were sampled immediately. RESULTS The HPD group showed significantly lower fat mass and higher skeletal muscle mass than the NPD group without affecting body weight. Resting mTORC1 activity did not differ between the groups. Additionally, resting MPS was also unchanged after HPD. Acute RE significantly increased mTORC1 activity and MPS in both groups. However, differences in diet did not influence the response of mTORC1 activation to acute RE. Furthermore, HPD did not affect the response of MPS to acute RE. CONCLUSION The present results suggested that although 4 wk of HPD reduces body fat and increases skeletal muscle mass, it does not affect muscle protein synthesis at basal state, and in response to acute RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ato
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Maruyama
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideo Yoshizato
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.
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27
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Mazzulla M, Abou Sawan S, Williamson E, Hannaian SJ, Volterman KA, West DWD, Moore DR. Protein Intake to Maximize Whole-Body Anabolism during Postexercise Recovery in Resistance-Trained Men with High Habitual Intakes is Severalfold Greater than the Current Recommended Dietary Allowance. J Nutr 2020; 150:505-511. [PMID: 31618421 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein supports resistance exercise-induced anabolism primarily via the stimulation of protein synthesis rates. The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique provides a noninvasive estimate of the protein intake that maximizes whole-body protein synthesis rates and net protein balance. OBJECTIVE We utilized IAAO to determine the maximal anabolic response to postexercise protein ingestion in resistance-trained men. METHODS Seven resistance-trained men (mean ± SD age 24 ± 3 y; weight 80 ± 9 kg; 11 ± 5% body fat; habitual protein intake 2.3 ± 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1) performed a bout of whole-body resistance exercise prior to ingesting hourly mixed meals, which provided a variable amount of protein (0.20-3.00 g·kg-1·d-1) as crystalline amino acids modeled after egg protein. Steady-state protein kinetics were modeled with oral l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine. Breath and urine samples were taken at isotopic steady state to determine phenylalanine flux (PheRa), phenylalanine excretion (F13CO2; reciprocal of protein synthesis), and net balance (protein synthesis - PheRa). Total amino acid oxidation was estimated from the ratio of urinary urea and creatinine. RESULTS Mixed model biphasic linear regression revealed a plateau in F13CO2 (mean: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.62, 2.38 g protein·kg-1·d-1) (r2 = 0.64; P ˂ 0.01) and in net balance (mean: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.57 g protein·kg-1·d-1) (r2 = 0.63; P ˂ 0.01). Ratios of urinary urea and creatinine concentrations increased linearly (r = 0.84; P ˂ 0.01) across the range of protein intakes. CONCLUSIONS A breakpoint protein intake of ∼2.0 g·kg-1·d-1, which maximized whole-body anabolism in resistance-trained men after exercise, is greater than previous IAAO-derived estimates for nonexercising men and is at the upper range of current general protein recommendations for athletes. The capacity to enhance whole-body net balance may be greater than previously suggested to maximize muscle protein synthesis in resistance-trained athletes accustomed to a high habitual protein intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03696264.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mazzulla
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Williamson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarkis J Hannaian
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Volterman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Smeets JSJ, Horstman AMH, Vles GF, Emans PJ, Goessens JPB, Gijsen AP, van Kranenburg JMX, van Loon LJC. Protein synthesis rates of muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, and bone tissue in vivo in humans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224745. [PMID: 31697717 PMCID: PMC6837426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plasticity is reflected by a dynamic balance between protein synthesis and breakdown, with basal muscle tissue protein synthesis rates ranging between 0.02 and 0.09%/h. Though it is evident that other musculoskeletal tissues should also express some level of plasticity, data on protein synthesis rates of most of these tissues in vivo in humans is limited. Six otherwise healthy patients (62±3 y), scheduled to undergo unilateral total knee arthroplasty, were subjected to primed continuous intravenous infusions with L-[ring-13C6]-Phenylalanine throughout the surgical procedure. Tissue samples obtained during surgery included muscle, tendon, cruciate ligaments, cartilage, bone, menisci, fat, and synovium. Tissue-specific fractional protein synthesis rates (%/h) were assessed by measuring the incorporation of L-[ring-13C6]-Phenylalanine in tissue protein and were compared with muscle tissue protein synthesis rates using a paired t test. Tendon, bone, cartilage, Hoffa’s fat pad, anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, and menisci tissue protein synthesis rates averaged 0.06±0.01, 0.03±0.01, 0.04±0.01, 0.11±0.03, 0.07±0.02, 0.04±0.01, and 0.04±0.01%/h, respectively, and did not significantly differ from skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates (0.04±0.01%/h; P>0.05). Synovium derived protein (0.13±0.03%/h) and intercondylar notch bone tissue protein synthesis rates (0.03±0.01%/h) were respectively higher and lower compared to skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Basal protein synthesis rates in various musculoskeletal tissues are within the same range of skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates, with fractional muscle, tendon, bone, cartilage, ligament, menisci, fat, and synovium protein synthesis rates ranging between 0.02 and 0.13% per hour in vivo in humans. Clinical trial registration: NTR5147
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Georges F Vles
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Emans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Moore DR. Maximizing Post-exercise Anabolism: The Case for Relative Protein Intakes. Front Nutr 2019; 6:147. [PMID: 31552263 PMCID: PMC6746967 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximizing the post-exercise increase in muscle protein synthesis, especially of the contractile myofibrillar protein fraction, is essential to facilitate effective muscle remodeling, and enhance hypertrophic gains with resistance training. MPS is the primary regulated variable influencing muscle net balance with dietary amino acid ingestion representing the single most important nutritional variable enhancing post-exercise rates of muscle protein synthesis. Dose-response studies in average (i.e., ~80 kg) males have reported an absolute 20 g dose of high quality, rapidly digested protein maximizes mixed, and myofibrillar protein synthetic rates. However, it is unclear if these absolute protein intakes can be viewed in a “one size fits all” solution. Re-analysis of published literature in young adults suggests a relative single meal intake of ~0.31 g/kg of rapidly digested, high quality protein (i.e., whey) should be considered as a nutritional guideline for individuals of average body composition aiming to maximize post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis while minimizing irreversible amino acid oxidative catabolism that occurs with excessive intakes of this macronutrient. This muscle-specific bolus intake is lower than that reported to maximize whole body anabolism (i.e., ≥0.5 g/kg). Review of the available literature suggests that potential confounders such as the co-ingestion of carbohydrate, sex, and amount of active muscle mass do not represent significant barriers to the translation of this objectively determined relative protein intake. Additional research is warranted to elucidate the effective dose for proteins with suboptimal amino acid compositions (e.g., plant-based), and/or slower digestion rates as well as whether recommendations are appreciably affected by other physiological conditions such endurance exercise, high habitual daily protein ingestion, aging, obesity, and/or periods of chronic negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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30
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Kouw IWK, van Dijk JW, Horstman AMH, Kramer IF, Goessens JPB, van Dielen FMH, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Basal and Postprandial Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates Do Not Differ between Lean and Obese Middle-Aged Men. J Nutr 2019; 149:1533-1542. [PMID: 31174213 PMCID: PMC6736155 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess lipid availability has been associated with the development of anabolic resistance. As such, obesity may be accompanied by impairments in muscle protein metabolism. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that basal and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates are lower in obese than in lean men. METHODS Twelve obese men [mean ± SEM age: 48 ± 2 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 37.0 ± 1.5; body fat: 32 ± 2%] and 12 age-matched lean controls (age: 43 ± 3 y; BMI: 23.4 ± 0.4; body fat: 21 ± 1%) received primed continuous L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and L-[ring-3,5-2H2]-tyrosine infusions and ingested 25 g intrinsically L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine labeled whey protein. Repeated blood and muscle samples were obtained to assess protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics, and basal and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. RESULTS Exogenous phenylalanine appearance rates increased after protein ingestion in both groups (P < 0.001), with a total of 53 ± 1% and 53 ± 2% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation over the 5-h postprandial period in lean and obese men, respectively (P = 0.82). After protein ingestion, whole-body protein synthesis and oxidation rates increased to a greater extent in lean men than in the obese (P-interaction < 0.05), resulting in a higher whole-body protein net balance in the lean than in the obese (7.1 ± 0.2 and 4.6 ± 0.4 µmol phenylalanine · h-1 · kg-1, respectively; P-interaction < 0.001). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates increased from 0.030 ± 0.002 and 0.028 ± 0.003%/h in the postabsorptive period to 0.034 ± 0.002 and 0.035 ± 0.003%.h-1 in the 5-h postprandial period (P = 0.03) in lean and obese men, respectively, with no differences between groups (P-interaction = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS Basal, postabsorptive myofibrillar protein synthesis rates do not differ between lean and obese middle-aged men. Postprandial protein handling, including protein digestion and amino acid absorption, and the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response after the ingestion of 25 g whey protein are not impaired in obese men. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR4060.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem van Dijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Irene Fleur Kramer
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands,Address correspondence to LJCvL (e-mail: )
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31
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Engelen MPKJ, Ten Have GAM, Thaden JJ, Deutz NEP. New advances in stable tracer methods to assess whole-body protein and amino acid metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:337-346. [PMID: 31192825 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stable isotope methods have been used for many years to assess whole-body protein and amino acid kinetics in healthy conditions and in response to aging, exercise and (clinically stable) disease states. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, tracer research expanded to the anabolic response to feeding in critical illness and its use during acute metabolic stressors. Furthermore, new isotope approaches and tracer insights have been obtained. In the postabsorptive state, the novel tracer pulse approach has several advantages above the established continuous tracer approach because of the metabolic information that can be obtained, easy applicability, and low tracer costs. The use of bolus versus sip-feeding approaches to assess the anabolic response to a meal is dependent on the research question and its feasibility. Promising new tracer approaches have been developed to measure the anabolic capacity, and protein digestibility and absorption. Advances have been made in the field of mass spectrometry in low enrichment analysis. SUMMARY Novel tracer approaches are available that can more readily be used in critical illness and during acute metabolic stressors. Besides the use of tracer application in various clinical conditions, more research is needed on how to incorporate isotopes on an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Smeets JSJ, Horstman AMH, Schijns OEMG, Dings JTA, Hoogland G, Gijsen AP, Goessens JPB, Bouwman FG, Wodzig WKWH, Mariman EC, van Loon LJC. Brain tissue plasticity: protein synthesis rates of the human brain. Brain 2019; 141:1122-1129. [PMID: 29432531 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All tissues undergo continuous reconditioning via the complex orchestration of changes in tissue protein synthesis and breakdown rates. Skeletal muscle tissue has been well studied in this regard, and has been shown to turnover at a rate of 1-2% per day in vivo in humans. Few data are available on protein synthesis rates of other tissues. Because of obvious limitations with regard to brain tissue sampling no study has ever measured brain protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans. Here, we applied stable isotope methodology to directly assess protein synthesis rates in neocortex and hippocampus tissue of six patients undergoing temporal lobectomy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (Clinical trial registration: NTR5147). Protein synthesis rates of neocortex and hippocampus tissue averaged 0.17 ± 0.01 and 0.13 ± 0.01%/h, respectively. Brain tissue protein synthesis rates were 3-4-fold higher than skeletal muscle tissue protein synthesis rates (0.05 ± 0.01%/h; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the protein turnover rate of the human brain is much higher than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf E M G Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim T A Dings
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Freek G Bouwman
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K W H Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin C Mariman
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bell KE, Brook MS, Snijders T, Kumbhare D, Parise G, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Phillips SM. Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Recovery From Unaccustomed and Accustomed Resistance Exercise With and Without Multi-ingredient Supplementation in Overweight Older Men. Front Nutr 2019; 6:40. [PMID: 31032258 PMCID: PMC6470195 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously showed that daily consumption of a multi-ingredient nutritional supplement increased lean mass in older men, but did not enhance lean tissue gains during a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) plus resistance exercise training (RET) program. Here, we aimed to determine whether these divergent observations aligned with the myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) response to acute unaccustomed and accustomed resistance exercise. Methods: A sub-sample of our participants were randomly allocated (n = 15; age: 72 ± 7 years; BMI: 26.9 ± 3.1 kg/m2 [mean ± SD]) to ingest an experimental supplement (SUPP, n = 8: containing whey protein, creatine, vitamin D, and n-3 PUFA) or control beverage (CON, n = 7: 22 g maltodextrin) twice per day for 21 weeks. After 7 weeks of consuming the beverage alone (Phase 1: SUPP/CON only), subjects completed 12 weeks of RET (twice per week) + HIIT (once per week) (Phase 2: SUPP/CON + EX). Orally administered deuterated water was used to measure integrated rates of MyoPS over 48 h following a single session of resistance exercise pre- (unaccustomed) and post-training (accustomed). Results: Following an acute bout of accustomed resistance exercise, 0-24 h MyoPS was 30% higher than rest in the SUPP group (effect size: 0.86); however, in the CON group, 0-24 h MyoPS was 0% higher than rest (effect size: 0.04). Nonetheless, no within or between group changes in MyoPS were statistically significant. When collapsed across group, rates of MyoPS in recovery from acute unaccustomed resistance exercise were positively correlated with training-induced gains in whole body lean mass (r = 0.63, p = 0.01). Conclusion: There were no significant between-group differences in MyoPS pre- or post-training. Integrated rates of MyoPS post-acute exercise in the untrained state were positively correlated with training-induced gains in whole body lean mass. Our finding that supplementation did not alter 0-48 h MyoPS following 12 weeks of training suggests a possible adaptive response to longer-term increased protein intake and warrants further investigation. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02281331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E. Bell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Brook
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ken Smith
- School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Do Aspects of Protein Intake Vary Across the Week in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Adults?-An enable Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091217. [PMID: 30177590 PMCID: PMC6164059 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Various aspects of protein intake are thought to be crucial for the prevention of sarcopenia in older adults. Information about the day-to-day variation in these aspects is lacking. Our objective was to examine whether daily protein intake, protein distribution across meals, number of meals providing adequate protein, and protein sources vary across the week in healthy community-dwelling older adults. In 140 persons (51% women) that were aged 75–85 years, protein intake was assessed by seven-day food records. On average across the week, protein intake (median [IQR]) was 0.93 [0.79–1.10] g/kg body weight (BW) and the coefficient of variation across the three main meals was 0.50 [0.40–0.61]. The number of meals per day providing ≥0.4 g protein/kg BW was 0.57 [0.43–1.00] and 60.0 [52.4–65.2]% of protein intake was animal-based. According to Friedman’s test, differences throughout the week were observed in women for daily protein intake (p = 0.038; Sunday: 0.99 [0.78–1.31] vs. Tuesday: 0.79 [0.68–1.12] g/kg BW) and number of meals with adequate protein (p = 0.019; ≥1 daily meal: Sunday: 69.4% vs. Tuesday: 41.7%). On Sunday, protein intake was most in agreement with suggestions to prevent sarcopenia. In men, protein intake did not differ throughout the week.
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Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1685-1695. [PMID: 30167963 PMCID: PMC6245118 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The postprandial rise in essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations modulates the increase in muscle protein synthesis rates after protein ingestion. The EAA content and AA composition of the dietary protein source contribute to the differential muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of different proteins. Lower EAA contents and specific lack of sufficient leucine, lysine, and/or methionine may be responsible for the lower anabolic capacity of plant-based compared with animal-based proteins. We compared EAA contents and AA composition of a large selection of plant-based protein sources with animal-based proteins and human skeletal muscle protein. AA composition of oat, lupin, wheat, hemp, microalgae, soy, brown rice, pea, corn, potato, milk, whey, caseinate, casein, egg, and human skeletal muscle protein were assessed using UPLC–MS/MS. EAA contents of plant-based protein isolates such as oat (21%), lupin (21%), and wheat (22%) were lower than animal-based proteins (whey 43%, milk 39%, casein 34%, and egg 32%) and muscle protein (38%). AA profiles largely differed among plant-based proteins with leucine contents ranging from 5.1% for hemp to 13.5% for corn protein, compared to 9.0% for milk, 7.0% for egg, and 7.6% for muscle protein. Methionine and lysine were typically lower in plant-based proteins (1.0 ± 0.3 and 3.6 ± 0.6%) compared with animal-based proteins (2.5 ± 0.1 and 7.0 ± 0.6%) and muscle protein (2.0 and 7.8%, respectively). In conclusion, there are large differences in EAA contents and AA composition between various plant-based protein isolates. Combinations of various plant-based protein isolates or blends of animal and plant-based proteins can provide protein characteristics that closely reflect the typical characteristics of animal-based proteins.
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Morais JA, Jacob KW, Chevalier S. Effects of aging and insulin resistant states on protein anabolic responses in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2018; 108:262-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Reduced plasma concentration of branched-chain amino acids in sarcopenic older subjects: a cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:445-453. [PMID: 29909813 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids that are necessary for muscle mass maintenance. Little is known about the plasma concentrations of BCAA and the protein intake in relation to sarcopenia. We aimed to compare the non-fasting plasma concentrations of the BCAA and the dietary protein intake between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults. Norwegian older home-dwelling adults (≥70 years) were invited to a cross-sectional study with no other exclusion criteria than age. Sarcopenic subjects were defined by the diagnostic criteria by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Non-fasting plasma concentrations of eight amino acids were quantified using NMR spectroscopy. Protein intake was assessed using 2×24-h dietary recalls. In this study, ninety out of 417 subjects (22 %) were sarcopenic, and more women (32 %) than men (11 %) were sarcopenic (P<0·0001). Sex-adjusted non-fasting plasma concentrations of leucine and isoleucine, and the absolute intake of protein (g/d), were significantly lower among the sarcopenic subjects, when compared with non-sarcopenic subjects (P=0·003, P=0·026 and P=0·003, respectively). A similar protein intake was observed in the two groups when adjusted for body weight (BW) and sex (1·1 g protein/kg BW per d; P=0·50). We show that sarcopenia is associated with reduced non-fasting plasma concentration of the BCAA leucine and isoleucine, and lower absolute intake of protein. More studies are needed to clarify the clinical relevance of these findings, related to maintenance of muscle mass and prevention of sarcopenia.
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Margolis LM, Carbone JW, Berryman CE, Carrigan CT, Murphy NE, Ferrando AA, Young AJ, Pasiakos SM. Severe energy deficit at high altitude inhibits skeletal muscle mTORC1-mediated anabolic signaling without increased ubiquitin proteasome activity. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800163RR. [PMID: 29878853 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800163rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle loss at high altitude (HA) is attributable to energy deficit and a potential dysregulation of anabolic signaling. Exercise and protein ingestion can attenuate the effects of energy deficit on muscle at sea level (SL). Whether these effects are observed when energy deficit occurs at HA is unknown. To address this, muscle obtained from lowlanders ( n = 8 males) at SL, acute HA (3 h, 4300 m), and chronic HA (21 d, -1766 kcal/d energy balance) before [baseline (Base)] and after 80 min of aerobic exercise followed by a 2-mile time trial [postexercise (Post)] and 3 h into recovery (Rec) after ingesting whey protein (25 g) were analyzed using standard molecular techniques. At SL, Post, and REC, p-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)Ser2448, p-p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K)Ser424/421, and p-ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6)Ser235/236 were similar and higher ( P < 0.05) than Base. At acute HA, Post p-mTORSer2448 and Post and REC p-p70S6KSer424/421 were not different from Base and lower than SL ( P < 0.05). At chronic HA, Post and Rec p-mTORSer2448 and p-p70S6KSer424/421 were not different from Base and lower than SL, and, independent of time, p-rpS6Ser235/236 was lower than SL ( P < 0.05). Post proteasome activity was lower ( P < 0.05) than Base and Rec, independent of phase. Our findings suggest that HA exposure induces muscle anabolic resistance that is exacerbated by energy deficit during acclimatization, with no change in proteolysis.-Margolis, L. M., Carbone, J. W., Berryman, C. E., Carrigan, C. T., Murphy, N. E., Ferrando, A. A., Young, A. J., Pasiakos, S. M. Severe energy deficit at high altitude inhibits skeletal muscle mTORC1-mediated anabolic signaling without increased ubiquitin proteasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - John W Carbone
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, The Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute of Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Andrew J Young
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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Effects of Low-Protein, and Supplemented Very Low-Protein Diets, on Muscle Protein Turnover in Patients With CKD. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 3:701-710. [PMID: 29854979 PMCID: PMC5976852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early studies have shown that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are able to maintain nitrogen balance despite significantly lower protein intake, but how and to what extent muscle protein metabolism adapts to a low-protein diet (LPD) or to a supplemented very LPD (sVLPD) is still unexplored. Methods We studied muscle protein turnover by the forearm perfusion method associated with the kinetics of 2H-phenylalanine in patients with CKD: (i) in a parallel study in subjects randomized to usual diet (1.1 g protein/kg, n = 5) or LPD (0.55 g protein/kg, n = 6) (Protocol 1); (ii) in a crossover, self-controlled study in subjects on a 0.55 g/kg LPD followed by a sVLPD (0.45 g/kg + amino/ketoacids 0.1 g/kg, n = 6) (Protocol 2). Results As compared with a 1.1 g/kg containing diet, a 0.55 g/kg LPD induced the following: (i) a 17% to 40% decrease in muscle protein degradation and net protein balance, respectively, (ii) no change in muscle protein synthesis, (iii) a slight (by approximately 7%, P < 0.06) decrease in whole-body protein degradation, and (iv) an increase in the efficiency of muscle protein turnover. As compared with an LPD, an sVLPD induced the following: (i) no change in muscle protein degradation, and (ii) an approximately 50% decrease in the negative net protein balance, and an increase in the efficiency of muscle protein turnover. Conclusion The results of these studies indicate that in patients with CKD the adaptation of muscle protein metabolism to restrained protein intake can be obtained via combined responses of protein degradation and the efficiency of recycling of amino acids deriving from protein breakdown.
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Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, Aragon AA, Devries MC, Banfield L, Krieger JW, Phillips SM. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:376-384. [PMID: 28698222 PMCID: PMC5867436 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression to determine if dietary protein supplementation augments resistance exercise training (RET)-induced gains in muscle mass and strength. DATA SOURCES A systematic search of Medline, Embase, CINAHL and SportDiscus. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Only randomised controlled trials with RET ≥6 weeks in duration and dietary protein supplementation. DESIGN Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions with four a priori determined covariates. Two-phase break point analysis was used to determine the relationship between total protein intake and changes in fat-free mass (FFM). RESULTS Data from 49 studies with 1863 participants showed that dietary protein supplementation significantly (all p<0.05) increased changes (means (95% CI)) in: strength-one-repetition-maximum (2.49 kg (0.64, 4.33)), FFM (0.30 kg (0.09, 0.52)) and muscle size-muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA; 310 µm2 (51, 570)) and mid-femur CSA (7.2 mm2 (0.20, 14.30)) during periods of prolonged RET. The impact of protein supplementation on gains in FFM was reduced with increasing age (-0.01 kg (-0.02,-0.00), p=0.002) and was more effective in resistance-trained individuals (0.75 kg (0.09, 1.40), p=0.03). Protein supplementation beyond total protein intakes of 1.62 g/kg/day resulted in no further RET-induced gains in FFM. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION Dietary protein supplementation significantly enhanced changes in muscle strength and size during prolonged RET in healthy adults. Increasing age reduces and training experience increases the efficacy of protein supplementation during RET. With protein supplementation, protein intakes at amounts greater than ~1.6 g/kg/day do not further contribute RET-induced gains in FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kevin T Murphy
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sean R McKellar
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College of CUNY, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Eric Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan A Aragon
- California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | | | - Laura Banfield
- Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Phillips SM. Determining the protein needs of "older" persons one meal at a time. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:291-292. [PMID: 28100509 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.150839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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