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Dyńka D, Paziewska A, Kowalcze K. Keto Menu-Effect of Ketogenic Menu and Intermittent Fasting on the Biochemical Markers and Body Composition in a Physically Active Man-A Controlled Case Study. Foods 2023; 12:3219. [PMID: 37685152 PMCID: PMC10486763 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of ketogenic diet (KD) with intermittent fasting (IF) has, for years, aroused a great interest in the scientific world and among healthy lifestyle enthusiasts. Its importance is even greater when the study subjects are physically active individuals. The aim of the study was a determination of the effect of strict calculated ketogenic menu combined with IF and with caloric deficit on the selected biochemical markers and body composition in a 23-year-old man performing strength training. At the same time, we decided to conduct the first so-deeply investigated and controlled case study in this respect. The study protocol included a 13-week-long ketogenic diet with intermittent fasting (of delayed time-restricted eating 16:8 type) and caloric deficit. A detailed menu was designed and was used by the man throughout the whole study duration. A number of blood tests were performed before and after the implemented dietary intervention. Additionally, body composition was determined weekly and the concentrations of glucose and ketone bodies, as well as pulse rate and arterial pressure, were measured daily. The most important changes noted included a significant increase in testosterone and vitamin D concentrations and significant reduction in the HOMA-IR index and concentrations of hepatic enzymes, insulin, glucose, iron, urea, and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Moreover, a significant improvement of body composition occurred (the ratio of total body mass to the adipose and muscular tissue and water mass improved). Favourable changes were also noted in heart rate and arterial pressure values. In view of that, the KD with IF and caloric deficit exerted favourable effects on most biochemical parameters and on body composition and caused an almost twofold increase in serum testosterone concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Kowalcze
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (D.D.); (A.P.)
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Aronica L, Landry MJ, Rigdon J, Gardner CD. Weight, insulin resistance, blood lipids, and diet quality changes associated with ketogenic and ultra low-fat dietary patterns: a secondary analysis of the DIETFITS randomized clinical trial. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1220020. [PMID: 37502720 PMCID: PMC10369076 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1220020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The DIETFITS trial reported no significant difference in 12-month weight loss between a healthy low-fat and healthy low-carbohydrate diet. Participants were instructed to restrict fat or carbohydrates to levels consistent with a ketogenic or ultra low-fat diet for 2 months and to subsequently increase intakes until they achieved a comfortable maintenance level. Objective To compare 3- and 12-month changes in body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors between a subsample of participants who reported 3-month fat or carbohydrates intakes consistent with either a ketogenic-like diet (KLD) or ultra low-fat diet (ULF). Design 3-month and 12-month weight and risk factor outcomes were compared between KLD (n = 18) and ULF (n = 21) sub-groups of DIETFITS participants (selected from n = 609, healthy overweight/obese, aged 18-50 years). Results Less than 10% of DIETFITS participants met KLD or ULF criteria at 3-months. Both groups achieved similar weight loss and insulin resistance improvements at 3-months and maintained them at 12- months. Significant differences at 3-months included a transient ~12% increase in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) for KLD with a concomitant greater reduction in log(TG/HDL), a measure of LDL-C's atherogenic potential. The latter was maintained at 12-months, despite substantial diet recidivism for both groups, whereas LDL-C levels were similar for ULF at baseline and 12-months. KLD participants achieved and maintained the greatest reductions in added sugars and refined grains at 3- months and 12-months, whereas ULF participants reported a 50% increase in refined grains intake from baseline to 12-months. Conclusion Among the ~10% of study participants that achieved the most extreme restriction of dietary fat vs. carbohydrate after 3 months, weight loss and improvement in insulin sensitivity were substantial and similar between groups. At 12 months, after considerable dietary recidivism, the few significant differences in diet quality and blood lipid parameters tended to favor KLD over ULF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Aronica
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Matthew J. Landry
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Joseph Rigdon
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christopher D. Gardner
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Najjar RS. The Impacts of Animal-Based Diets in Cardiovascular Disease Development: A Cellular and Physiological Overview. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:282. [PMID: 37504538 PMCID: PMC10380617 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, and diet plays an instrumental role in CVD development. Plant-based diets have been strongly tied to a reduction in CVD incidence. In contrast, animal food consumption may increase CVD risk. While increased serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations are an established risk factor which may partially explain the positive association with animal foods and CVD, numerous other biochemical factors are also at play. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the major cellular and molecular effects of animal food consumption in relation to CVD development. Animal-food-centered diets may (1) increase cardiovascular toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, due to increased serum endotoxins and oxidized LDL cholesterol, (2) increase cardiovascular lipotoxicity, (3) increase renin-angiotensin system components and subsequent angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) signaling and (4) increase serum trimethylamine-N-oxide concentrations. These nutritionally mediated factors independently increase cardiovascular oxidative stress and inflammation and are all independently tied to CVD development. Public policy efforts should continue to advocate for the consumption of a mostly plant-based diet, with the minimization of animal-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Salim Najjar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Yang J, Liang C, Liu L, Wang L, Yu G. High-Fat Diet Related Lung Fibrosis-Epigenetic Regulation Matters. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030558. [PMID: 36979493 PMCID: PMC10046645 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an interstitial lung disease characterized by the destruction of the pulmonary parenchyma caused by excessive extracellular matrix deposition. Despite the well-known etiological factors such as senescence, aberrant epithelial cell and fibroblast activation, and chronic inflammation, PF has recently been recognized as a metabolic disease and abnormal lipid signature was observed both in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of PF patients and mice PF model. Clinically, observational studies suggest a significant link between high-fat diet (HFD) and PF as manifested by high intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and meat increases the risk of PF and mice lung fibrosis. However, the possible mechanisms between HFD and PF remain unclear. In the current review we emphasize the diversity effects of the epigenetic dysregulation induced by HFD on the fibrotic factors such as epithelial cell injury, abnormal fibroblast activation and chronic inflammation. Finally, we discuss the potential ways for patients to improve their conditions and emphasize the prospect of targeted therapy based on epigenetic regulation for scientific researchers or drug developers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chenxi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guoying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Battezzati A, Foppiani A, Leone A, De Amicis R, Spadafranca A, Mari A, Bertoli S. Acute Insulin Secretory Effects of a Classic Ketogenic Meal in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Cross-Over Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051119. [PMID: 36904127 PMCID: PMC10005334 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The classic ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that mimics a starvation state with sufficient caloric intake to sustain growth and development. KD is an established treatment for several diseases, and it is currently evaluated in the management of insulin-resistant states, although insulin secretion after a classic ketogenic meal has never been investigated. We measured the insulin secretion to a ketogenic meal in 12 healthy subjects (50% females, age range 19-31 years, BMI range 19.7-24.7 kg/m2) after cross-over administrations of a Mediterranean meal and a ketogenic meal both satisfying ~40% of an individual's total energy requirement, in random order and separated by a 7-day washout period. Venous blood was sampled at baseline and at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min to measure glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations. Insulin secretion was calculated from C-peptide deconvolution and normalized to the estimated body surface area. Glucose, insulin concentrations, and insulin secretory rate were markedly reduced after the ketogenic meal with respect to the Mediterranean meal: glucose AUC in the first OGTT hour -643 mg × dL-1 × min-1, 95% CI -1134, -152, p = 0.015; total insulin concentration -44,943 pmol/L, 95% CI -59,181, -3706, p < 0.001; peak rate of insulin secretion -535 pmol × min-1 × m-2, 95% CI -763, -308, p < 0.001. We have shown that a ketogenic meal is disposed of with only a minimal insulin secretory response compared to a Mediterranean meal. This finding may be of interest to patients with insulin resistance and or insulin secretory defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Battezzati
- ICANS-DIS, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Foppiani
- ICANS-DIS, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- ICANS-DIS, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- ICANS-DIS, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Obesity Unit and Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Spadafranca
- ICANS-DIS, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Mari
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- ICANS-DIS, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Obesity Unit and Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy
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Kiernan R, Persand D, Maddie N, Cai W, Carrillo-Sepulveda MA. Obesity-related vascular dysfunction persists after weight loss and is associated with decreased vascular glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor in female rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H301-H311. [PMID: 35749717 PMCID: PMC9291415 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00031.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related cardiovascular complications are a major health problem worldwide. Overconsumption of the Western diet is a well-known culprit for the development of obesity. While short-term weight loss through switching from a Western diet to a normal diet is known to promote metabolic improvement, its short-term effects on vascular parameters are not well-characterized. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), an incretin with vasculo-protective properties, is decreased in plasma from obese patients. We hypothesize that obesity causes persistent vascular dysfunction in association with downregulation of vascular GLP-1R. Female Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: lean received a chow diet for 28 weeks, obese received a Western diet for 28 weeks, and reverse obese received a Western diet for 18 weeks followed by 12 weeks of standard chow diet. The obese group exhibited increased body weight and body mass index, while the reverse obese group lost weight. Weight loss failed to reverse impaired vasodilation and high systolic blood pressure in obese rats. Strikingly, our results show that obese rats exhibit decreased serum levels of GLP-1 accompanied by decreased vascular GLP-1R expression. Weight loss recovered GLP-1 serum levels, however GLP-1R expression remained downregulated. Decreased Akt phosphorylation was observed in the obese and reverse obese group, suggesting that GLP-1/Akt signaling is persistently downregulated. Our results support that GLP-1 signaling is associated with obesity-related vascular dysfunction in females and short-term weight loss does not guarantee recovery of vascular function. This study suggests that GLP-1R may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in obesity-related hypertension in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Kiernan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States
| | - Dhandevi Persand
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States
| | - Nicole Maddie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States
| | - Weikang Cai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States
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7
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Iacovides S, Maloney SK, Bhana S, Angamia Z, Meiring RM. Could the ketogenic diet induce a shift in thyroid function and support a metabolic advantage in healthy participants? A pilot randomized-controlled-crossover trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269440. [PMID: 35658056 PMCID: PMC9165850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ketogenic diet (KD) has been shown to result in body mass loss in people with disease as well as healthy people, yet the effect of the KD on thyroid function and metabolism are unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the effects of a KD, compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate low-fat (HCLF) diet, on resting metabolic rate and thyroid function in healthy individuals. DESIGN Eleven healthy, normal-weight participants (mean(SD) age: 30(9) years) completed this randomized crossover-controlled study. For a minimum of three weeks on each, participants followed two isocaloric diets: a HCLF diet (55%carbohydrate, 20%fat, 25%protein) and a KD (15%carbohydrate, 60%fat, 25% protein), with a one-week washout period in-between. Importantly, while on the KD, the participants were required to remain in a state of nutritional ketosis for three consecutive weeks. Crossover analyses and linear mixed models were used to assess effect of diet on body mass, thyroid function and resting metabolic rate. RESULTS Both dietary interventions resulted in significant body mass loss (p<0.05) however three weeks of sustained ketosis (KD) resulted in a greater loss of body mass (mean (95%CI): -2.9 (-3.5, -2.4) kg) than did three weeks on the HCLF diet (-0.4 (-1.0, 0.1) kg, p < 0.0001). Compared to pre-diet levels, the change in plasma T3 concentration was significantly different between the two diets (p = 0.003), such that plasma T3 concentration was significantly lower following the KD diet (4.1 (3.8, 4.4) pmol/L, p<0.0001) but not different following the HCLF diet (4.8 (4.5, 5.2) pmol/L, p = 0.171. There was a significant increase in T4 concentration from pre-diet levels following the KD diet (19.3 (17.8, 20.9) pmol/L, p < 0.0001), but not following the HCLF diet (17.3 (15.7, 18.8) pmol.L, p = 0.28). The magnitude of change in plasma T4 concentration was not different between the two diets (p = 0.4). There was no effect of diet on plasma thyroid stimulating hormone concentration (p = 0.27). There was a significantly greater T3:T4 ratio following the HCLF diet (0.41 (0.27, 0.55), p < 0.0001) compared to pre-diet levels but not following the KD diet (0.25 (0.12, 0.39), p = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS Although the diets were isocaloric and physical activity and resting metabolic rate remained constant, the participants lost more mass after the KD than after the HCLF diet. The observed significant changes in triiodothyronine concentration suggest that unknown metabolic changes occur in nutritional ketosis, changes that warrant further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Pan African Clinical Trial Registry: PACTR201707002406306 URL: https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Iacovides
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane K. Maloney
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Sindeep Bhana
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zareena Angamia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rebecca M. Meiring
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Movement Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand
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Valsdottir TD, Øvrebø B, Falck TM, Litleskare S, Johansen EI, Henriksen C, Jensen J. Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet and Exercise: Effect of a 10-Week Intervention on Body Composition and CVD Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010110. [PMID: 33396889 PMCID: PMC7824646 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effect of weight-loss induced with a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet with and without exercise, on body-composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 57 overweight and obese women (age 40 ± 3.5 years, body mass index 31.1 ± 2.6 kg∙m−2) completed a 10-week intervention using a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet, with or without interval exercise. An equal deficit of 700 kcal∙day−1 was prescribed, restricting diet only, or moderately restricting diet and adding exercise, producing four groups; normal diet (NORM); low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet (LCHF); normal diet and exercise (NORM-EX); and low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet and exercise (LCHF-EX). Linear Mixed Models were used to assess between-group differences. The intervention resulted in an average 6.7 ± 2.5% weight-loss (p < 0.001). Post-intervention % fat was lower in NORM-EX than NORM (40.0 ± 4.2 vs. 43.5 ± 3.5%, p = 0.024). NORM-EX reached lower values in total cholesterol than NORM (3.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L, p = 0.003), and LCHF-EX (3.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.9 ± 1.1 mmol/L, p = 0.004). Post intervention triglycerides levels were lower in NORM-EX than NORM (0.87 ± 0.21 vs. 1.11 ± 0.34 mmol/L, p = 0.030). The low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet had no superior effect on body composition, V˙O2peak or cardiovascular risk factors compared to a normal diet, with or without exercise. In conclusion, the intervention decreased fat mass, but exercise improved body composition and caused the most favorable changes in total cholesterol and triglycerides in the NORM-EX. Exercise increased cardiorespiratory fitness, regardless of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorhildur Ditta Valsdottir
- Department of Medicine, Atlantis Medical University College, 0560 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway; (E.I.J.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-2320-1100
| | - Bente Øvrebø
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway;
| | - Thea Martine Falck
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Sigbjørn Litleskare
- Department of Sports and Physical Education, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2411 Elverum, Norway;
| | - Egil Ivar Johansen
- Institute of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway; (E.I.J.); (J.J.)
| | - Christine Henriksen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Institute of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway; (E.I.J.); (J.J.)
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Sheng B, Zhao Q, Ma M, Zhang J. An inverse association of weight and the occurrence of asymptomatic gallbladder stone disease in hypercholesterolemia patients: a case-control study. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:228. [PMID: 33097057 PMCID: PMC7585169 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the fact that the majority of gallstones formed in the gallbladder are mainly composed of cholesterol, as they are formed from cholesterol-supersaturated bile, and hypercholesterolemia is a common metabolic disorder, which is closely related to cardiac, hepatic, renal and other oxidative damage inflammation and necrosis, there is still no consensus regarding the contribution of blood serum lipids in the pathogenesis of gallbladder stone disease (GSD). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and the risk of new-onset asymptomatic GSD, and to determine the prevalence of factors associated with new-onset asymptomatic GSD in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Methods In this study, 927 Chinese patients with new-onset asymptomatic gallstone disease and 845 healthy controls were enrolled starting from August 2012. Patients were matched for age, gender, race, occupation, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels (FBG). Body mass index (BMI), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and serum lipids indexes were compared and the relationships between BMI, blood lipid and gallbladder stone hazards were examined by logistic multivariate regression models. Results The result showed a significantly higher morbidity with GSD in hypercholesterolemia than non-hypercholesterolemia patients (Χ2 = 17.211, P < 0.001). Of hypercholesterolemia patients, low density lipoprotein (OR = 1.493, P = 0.029) and NAFLD (OR = 2.723, P = 0.022) were significant risk factors for GSD, while being male (OR = 0.244, P = 0.033), weight (OR = 0.961, P = 0.022), high density lipoprotein (OR = 0.305, P < 0.001), and FBG (OR = 0.687, P = 0.034) were significantly negatively correlated with GSD in univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression indicated weakly positive correlations with NAFLD (OR = 3.284, P = 0.054), and significant negative correlations with weight (OR = 0.930, P = 0.018), HDL-c (OR = 0.144, P < 0.001), and GSD. Conclusion Hypercholesterolemia acts as an independent risk factor for new-onset asymptomatic GSD, while obesity and NAFLD are synergistic factors. Interestingly, it is first reported that elevated weight was inversely associated with GSD in patients with hypercholesterolemia. The results of this study suggest that effective control of hyperlipidemia is of greater significance than weight loss, which might make the situation worse, in the prevention of GSD in obese patients with hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binwu Sheng
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Qingbin Zhao
- Department of Geriatric, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Mao Ma
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shaanxi, No. 512, Xianning East Road, Xi'an, 710043, China.
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Oliveira JD, Figueredo L, Cordás TA. Prevalência de comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares e uso de dieta “low-carb” em estudantes universitários. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivos Identificar a presença de compulsão alimentar associada ou não a práticas compensatórias em praticantes de dieta low-carb. Métodos Foram utilizadas a Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica (ECAP) e o Questionário de Hay para avaliar a frequência de compulsão alimentar e práticas compensatórias, além de um questionário de frequência do consumo de chocolate, pão e arroz. A intensidade de restrição de carboidratos foi avaliada com escala de 1 a 8 pontos. Os participantes foram divididos nos grupos (i) dieta low-carb e (ii) controle. Foram realizadas comparações entre grupos, além de correlações entre variáveis de interesse no grupo dieta (p < 0,05). Resultados Participaram 853 universitários, sendo 75,97% mulheres com média de 22,04 anos (DP = 3,33) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) com média de 23,56 kg/m2 (DP = 4,38). Do total, 214 fizeram dieta low-carb e 639 não. A prevalência de um alto escore sugestivo de compulsão alimentar sem práticas compensatórias foi de 17,94% (n = 153) e a presença de compulsão alimentar associada com compensação foi de 2,23% (n = 19). No grupo dieta, 35,05% (n = 75) também realizaram jejum intermitente. O grupo dieta atingiu maiores valores para ECAP e IMC e menores para frequência de consumo de arroz e pão francês. Ainda, os escores da ECAP se correlacionaram positivamente com o consumo de chocolate (r = + 0,14 ; p = 0,0377) e valores de IMC (r = + 0,19; p = 0,0042), enquanto a restrição de carboidratos apresentou correlação negativa com o consumo de chocolate (r = - 0,13; p = 0,041), pão francês (r = - 0,20; p = 0,0024) e arroz (r = - 0,36; p = <0,0001). Conclusões Destacam-se a alta prevalência da prática de dieta (25,09%) e os maiores níveis de compulsão alimentar neste grupo, além de menor consumo de arroz e pão francês em relação aos que não fizeram dieta.
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Chu SG, Villalba JA, Liang X, Xiong K, Tsoyi K, Ith B, Ayaub EA, Tatituri RV, Byers DE, Hsu FF, El-Chemaly S, Kim EY, Shi Y, Rosas IO. Palmitic Acid-Rich High-Fat Diet Exacerbates Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis by Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:737-746. [PMID: 31461627 PMCID: PMC6890409 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0324oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of lipotoxicity on the development of lung fibrosis is unclear. Saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (PA), activate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a cellular stress response associated with the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We tested the hypothesis that PA increases susceptibility to lung epithelial cell death and experimental fibrosis by modulating ER stress. Total liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to measure fatty acid content in IPF lungs. Wild-type mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) rich in PA or a standard diet and subjected to bleomycin-induced lung injury. Lung fibrosis was determined by hydroxyproline content. Mouse lung epithelial cells were treated with PA. ER stress and cell death were assessed by Western blotting, TUNEL staining, and cell viability assays. IPF lungs had a higher level of PA compared with controls. Bleomycin-exposed mice fed an HFD had significantly increased pulmonary fibrosis associated with increased cell death and ER stress compared with those fed a standard diet. PA increased apoptosis and activation of the unfolded protein response in lung epithelial cells. This was attenuated by genetic deletion and chemical inhibition of CD36, a fatty acid transporter. In conclusion, consumption of an HFD rich in saturated fat increases susceptibility to lung fibrosis and ER stress, and PA mediates lung epithelial cell death and ER stress via CD36. These findings demonstrate that lipotoxicity may have a significant impact on the development of lung injury and fibrosis by enhancing pro-death ER stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G. Chu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Julian A. Villalba
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
- Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
| | - Xiaoliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Kevin Xiong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Konstantin Tsoyi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Bonna Ith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Ehab A. Ayaub
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Raju V. Tatituri
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Souheil El-Chemaly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Edy Y. Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the latest evidence for dietary interventions for treatment of gestational diabetes (GDM). RECENT FINDINGS High-quality systematic reviews demonstrate no major advantages between the low-carbohydrate or calorie-restricted diets. However, the low glycemic index (GI) diet, characterized by intake of high-quality, complex carbohydrates, demonstrated lower insulin use and reduced risk of macrosomia in multiple reviews. Recent evidence suggests the Mediterranean diet is safe in pregnancy, though trials are needed to determine its efficacy over conventional dietary advice. Currently, there are insufficient data to support the safety of the ketogenic diet for the treatment of GDM. The low GI diet may improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in GDM. The liberalized carbohydrate intake is less restrictive, culturally adaptable, and may improve long-term maternal adherence. Further research is needed to establish the optimal, most sustainable, and most acceptable medical nutrition therapy for management of women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Mahajan
- Department of Medicine - Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lois E Donovan
- Department of Medicine - Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine - University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rachelle Vallee
- Diabetes in Pregnancy Clinic, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine - Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine - University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- Cumming School of Medicine, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, University of Calgary, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, AB, T2T 5C7, Canada.
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13
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Farabi SS, Hernandez TL. Low-Carbohydrate Diets for Gestational Diabetes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081737. [PMID: 31357598 PMCID: PMC6723585 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition therapy provides the foundation for treatment of gestational diabetes (GDM), and has historically been based on restricting carbohydrate (CHO) intake. In this paper, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are reviewed to assess the effects of both low- and higher CHO nutrition approaches in GDM. The prevailing pattern across the evidence underscores that although CHO restriction improves glycemia at least in the short-term, similar outcomes could be achievable using less restrictive approaches that may not exacerbate IR. The quality of existing studies is limited, in part due to dietary non-adherence and confounding effects of treatment with insulin or oral medication. Recent evidence suggests that modified nutritional manipulation in GDM from usual intake, including but not limited to CHO restriction, improves maternal glucose and lowers infant birthweight. This creates a platform for future studies to further clarify the impact of multiple nutritional patterns in GDM on both maternal and infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Farabi
- Goldfarb School of Nursing, Office of Nursing Research, Barnes-Jewish College, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Teri L Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- College of Nursing, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Department of Research, Innovation, and Professional Practice, Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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14
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Korakas E, Dimitriadis G, Raptis A, Lambadiari V. Dietary Composition and Cardiovascular Risk: A Mediator or a Bystander? Nutrients 2018; 10:E1912. [PMID: 30518065 PMCID: PMC6316552 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of nutrition in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has long been debated. The established notion of the deleterious effects of fat is recently under question, with numerous studies demonstrating the benefits of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets in terms of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic derangement. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially n-3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids), are the types of fat that favor metabolic markers and are key components of the Mediterranean Diet, which is considered an ideal dietary pattern with great cardioprotective effects. Except for macronutrients, however, micronutrients like polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins act on molecular pathways that affect oxidative stress, endothelial function, and lipid and glucose homeostasis. In relation to these metabolic markers, the human gut microbiome is constantly revealed, with its composition being altered by even small dietary changes and different microbial populations being associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, thus becoming the target for potential new treatment interventions. This review aims to present the most recent data concerning different dietary patterns at both the macro- and micronutrient level and their association with atherosclerosis, obesity, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Korakas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Raptis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
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15
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Hernandez TL, Mande A, Barbour LA. Nutrition therapy within and beyond gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 145:39-50. [PMID: 29679625 PMCID: PMC6195478 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the global rising prevalence of gestational diabetes (GDM), an adaptable, economical approach to nutrition therapy that effectively controls maternal glycemia while promoting normal fetal growth will have far-reaching implications. The conventional focus has been to rigidly limit all types of carbohydrate. While controlling glucose, this approach fosters maternal anxiety and is a primary barrier to adherence. Many mothers substitute fat for carbohydrate, which may unintentionally enhance lipolysis, promote elevated free fatty acids (FFA), and worsen maternal insulin resistance (IR). Nutrition that worsens IR may facilitate nutrient shunting across the placenta, promoting excess fetal fat accretion. Evidence suggests that liberalizing higher quality, nutrient-dense carbohydrates results in controlled fasting/postprandial glucose, lower FFA, improved insulin action, vascular benefits, and may reduce excess infant adiposity. Thus, a less carbohydrate-restricted approach may improve maternal adherence when combined with higher quality carbohydrates, lower fat, appropriate caloric intake, and ethnically acceptable foods. Such a diet can be culturally sensitive, socioeconomically attentive, minimize further weight gain in GDM, with potential relevance for pregnancies complicated by overweight/obesity. Future research is needed to better understand the effect of macronutrient composition on the placenta and gut microbiome, the benefits/risks of nonnutritive sweeteners, and whether precision-nutrition is beneficial in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri L Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Archana Mande
- Colorado Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Linda A Barbour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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16
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Yu Y, Mendoza TM, Ribnicky DM, Poulev A, Noland RC, Mynatt RL, Raskin I, Cefalu WT, Floyd ZE. An Extract of Russian Tarragon Prevents Obesity-Related Ectopic Lipid Accumulation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700856. [PMID: 29476602 PMCID: PMC5929974 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The primary disorder underlying metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance due to excess body weight and abdominal visceral fat accumulation. In this study, it is asked if dietary intake of an ethanolic extract from Russian tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L., termed PMI5011), shown to improve glucose utilization by enhancing insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, could prevent obesity-induced insulin resistance, skeletal muscle metabolic inflexibility, and ectopic lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver. METHODS AND RESULTS Male wild-type mice are fed a high-fat diet alone or supplemented with PMI5011 (1% w/w) over 3 months. Dietary intake of PMI5011 improved fatty acid oxidation and metabolic flexibility in the skeletal muscle, reduced insulin levels, and enhanced insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle and liver independent of robust changes in expression of factors that control fatty acid oxidation. This corresponds with significantly reduced lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver, although body weight gain is comparable to a high-fat diet alone. CONCLUSION Previous studies showed that PMI5011 enhances insulin sensitivity in the setting of established obesity-induced insulin resistance. The current study demonstrates that dietary intake of PMI5011 prevents high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction, and ectopic lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle and liver without reducing body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - David M Ribnicky
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | | | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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17
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Sarkar J, Dwivedi G, Chen Q, Sheu IE, Paich M, Chelini CM, D'Alessandro PM, Burns SP. A long-term mechanistic computational model of physiological factors driving the onset of type 2 diabetes in an individual. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192472. [PMID: 29444133 PMCID: PMC5812629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational model of the physiological mechanisms driving an individual's health towards onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is described, calibrated and validated using data from the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). The objective of this model is to quantify the factors that can be used for prevention of T2D. The model is energy and mass balanced and continuously simulates trajectories of variables including body weight components, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin among others on the time-scale of years. Modeled mechanisms include dynamic representations of intracellular insulin resistance, pancreatic beta-cell insulin production, oxidation of macronutrients, ketogenesis, effects of inflammation and reactive oxygen species, and conversion between stored and activated metabolic species, with body-weight connected to mass and energy balance. The model was calibrated to 331 placebo and 315 lifestyle-intervention DPP subjects, and one year forecasts of all individuals were generated. Predicted population mean errors were less than or of the same magnitude as clinical measurement error; mean forecast errors for weight and HbA1c were ~5%, supporting predictive capabilities of the model. Validation of lifestyle-intervention prediction is demonstrated by synthetically imposing diet and physical activity changes on DPP placebo subjects. Using subject level parameters, comparisons were made between exogenous and endogenous characteristics of subjects who progressed toward T2D (HbA1c > 6.5) over the course of the DPP study to those who did not. The comparison revealed significant differences in diets and pancreatic sensitivity to hyperglycemia but not in propensity to develop insulin resistance. A computational experiment was performed to explore relative contributions of exogenous versus endogenous factors between these groups. Translational uses to applications in public health and personalized healthcare are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Sarkar
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Dwivedi
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qian Chen
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Iris E. Sheu
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark Paich
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. Chelini
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Samuel P. Burns
- PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, New York, New York, United States of America
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18
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Miller VJ, Villamena FA, Volek JS. Nutritional Ketosis and Mitohormesis: Potential Implications for Mitochondrial Function and Human Health. J Nutr Metab 2018; 2018:5157645. [PMID: 29607218 PMCID: PMC5828461 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5157645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function often results in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is involved in the etiology of many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Moderate levels of mitochondrial ROS, however, can protect against chronic disease by inducing upregulation of mitochondrial capacity and endogenous antioxidant defense. This phenomenon, referred to as mitohormesis, is induced through increased reliance on mitochondrial respiration, which can occur through diet or exercise. Nutritional ketosis is a safe and physiological metabolic state induced through a ketogenic diet low in carbohydrate and moderate in protein. Such a diet increases reliance on mitochondrial respiration and may, therefore, induce mitohormesis. Furthermore, the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), which is elevated during nutritional ketosis to levels no greater than those resulting from fasting, acts as a signaling molecule in addition to its traditionally known role as an energy substrate. BHB signaling induces adaptations similar to mitohormesis, thereby expanding the potential benefit of nutritional ketosis beyond carbohydrate restriction. This review describes the evidence supporting enhancement of mitochondrial function and endogenous antioxidant defense in response to nutritional ketosis, as well as the potential mechanisms leading to these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J. Miller
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Frederick A. Villamena
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeff S. Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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19
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Ding B, Xiao R, Ma W, Zhao L, Bi Y, Zhang Y. The association between macronutrient intake and cognition in individuals aged under 65 in China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e018573. [PMID: 29317416 PMCID: PMC5781185 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this retrospective study was to explore the correlation between daily energy intake from macronutrients and cognitive functions in a Chinese population aged less than 65 years. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study to explore the relationships between macronutrients' intake and cognitive function. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and χ2 test were used to compare the demographic and physical characteristics, lifestyle and laboratory parameters with the intake of macronutrients among different quartiles of % fat/energy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to identify the potential risk factors of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). PARTICIPANTS Young and middle-aged participants (age <65 years) were recruited from Beijing, China. The Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) were used to evaluate the cognitive functions, and the dietary intake of the participants was estimated with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS Among the 661 participants, 80 (12.1%) had MCI, while 581 (87.9%) had normal cognitive functions. On evaluating the data based on the age group, educational background, and conditions of hyperlipidaemia and total energy intake, the results revealed that high % fat (upper quartile: adjusted OR (aOR) 3.90, 95% CI1.53 to 9.89, P=0.004), and high % protein intake (upper quartile: aOR 2.77, 95% CI 1.24 to 6.15) were greatly associated with increased frequency of MCI, while high % carbohydrate intake (upper quartile: aOR0.30, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.72) was correlated with decreased prevalence of MCI. CONCLUSION The dietary pattern with high percentage of energy intake from fat and protein, and low-energy intake from carbohydrate might have been associated with cognitive decline in a Chinese population under 65 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Ding
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, USA
| | - Yanxia Bi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chronic Disease, Daxing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Effects of low-fat compared with high-fat diet on cardiometabolic indicators in people with overweight and obesity without overt metabolic disturbance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2017; 119:96-108. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRandomised controlled trials comparing low- v. high-fat diets on cardiometabolic risk factors in people with overweight or obesity have shown inconsistent results, which may be due to the mixed metabolic status of people with excess adiposity. The role of dietary fat manipulation in modifying cardiometabolic indicators in people with overweight or obese without metabolic disturbance is unclear. Thus, meta-analysis was conducted to compare low- v. high-fat diets on cardiometabolic indicators in people who are overweight or obese without metabolic disturbance in the present study. Databases were searched until October 2016. The pooled effects of outcomes with heterogeneity were calculated with a random-effects model, heterogeneities were analysed by subgroup and meta-regression. As a result, twenty studies with 2106 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were lower following low-fat diets compared with high-fat diets: weighted mean difference (WMD) was −7·05 mg/dl (−0·18 mmol/l; 95 % CI −11·30, −2·80; P=0·001) and −4·41 mg/dl (−0·11 mmol/l; 95 % CI −7·81, −1·00; P=0·011), respectively. Conversely, significant higher level of TAG (WMD: 11·68 mg/dl (0·13 mmol/l), 95 % CI 5·90, 17·45; P<0·001) and lower level of HDL-cholesterol (WMD: −2·57 mg/dl (−0·07 mmol/l); 95 % CI −3·85, −1·28; P<0·001) were found following low-fat diets compared with high-fat diets. In conclusion, dietary fat manipulation has a significant influence on blood lipid levels in people with overweight or obesity without metabolic disturbances.
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21
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Noakes TD, Windt J. Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:133-139. [PMID: 28053201 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diets are a highly contentious current topic in nutrition. This narrative review aims to provide clinicians with a broad overview of the effects of LCHF diets on body weight, glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk factors while addressing some common concerns and misconceptions. Blood total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations show a variable, highly individual response to LCHF diets, and should be monitored in patients adhering to this diet. In contrast, available evidence from clinical and preclinical studies indicates that LCHF diets consistently improve all other markers of cardiovascular risk-lowering elevated blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, ApoB and saturated fat (especially palmitoleic acid) concentrations, reducing small dense LDL particle numbers, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, blood pressure and body weight while increasing low HDL-cholesterol concentrations and reversing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This particular combination of favourable modifications to all these risk factors is a benefit unique to LCHF diets. These effects are likely due in part to reduced hunger and decreased ad libitum calorie intake common to low-carbohydrate diets, allied to a reduction in hyperinsulinaemia, and reversal of NAFLD. Although LCHF diets may not be suitable for everyone, available evidence shows this eating plan to be a safe and efficacious dietary option to be considered. LCHF diets may also be particularly beneficial in patients with atherogenic dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and the frequently associated NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy David Noakes
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johann Windt
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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McGrice M, Porter J. The Effect of Low Carbohydrate Diets on Fertility Hormones and Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Women: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030204. [PMID: 28264433 PMCID: PMC5372867 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Medical interventions including assisted reproductive technologies have improved fertility outcomes for many sub-fertile couples. Increasing research interest has investigated the effect of low carbohydrate diets, with or without energy restriction. We aimed to systematically review the published literature to determine the extent to which low carbohydrate diets can affect fertility outcomes; (2) Methods: The review protocol was registered prospectively with Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews (registration number CRD42016042669) and followed Preferred Reporting Items For Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Infertile women were the population of interest, the intervention was low carbohydrate diets (less than 45% total energy from carbohydrates), compared to usual diet (with or without co-treatments). Four databases were searched from date of commencement until April 2016; a supplementary Google scholar search was also undertaken. Title and abstract, then full text review, were undertaken independently and in duplicate. Reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews were checked to ensure that all relevant studies were identified for inclusion. Quality assessment was undertaken independently by both authors using the Quality Criteria Checklist for Primary Research. Outcome measures were improved fertility outcomes defined by an improvement in reproductive hormones, ovulation rates and/or pregnancy rates; (3) Results: Seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the evidence synthesis. Interventions were diverse and included a combination of low carbohydrate diets with energy deficit or other co-treatments. Study quality was rated as positive for six studies, suggesting a low risk of bias, with one study rated as neutral. Of the six studies which reported changes in reproductive hormones, five reported significant improvements post intervention; (4) Conclusion: The findings of these studies suggest that low carbohydrate diets warrant further research to determine their effect. These randomised controlled trials should consider the effect of carbohydrates (with or without energy deficit) on hormonal and fertility outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie McGrice
- Dietetics Department, Eastern Health, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill VIC 3128, Australia.
- Nutrition Plus Enterprises, 1004/1 Queens Road, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Judi Porter
- Allied Health Research Office, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill VIC 3128, Australia.
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill VIC 3168, Australia.
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Veum VL, Laupsa-Borge J, Eng Ø, Rostrup E, Larsen TH, Nordrehaug JE, Nygård OK, Sagen JV, Gudbrandsen OA, Dankel SN, Mellgren G. Visceral adiposity and metabolic syndrome after very high-fat and low-fat isocaloric diets: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:85-99. [PMID: 27903520 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.123463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different aspects of dietary pattern, including macronutrient and food profiles, may affect visceral fat mass and metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that consuming energy primarily from carbohydrate or fat in diets with similar food profiles would differentially affect the ability to reverse visceral adiposity and metabolic syndrome. DESIGN Forty-six men (aged 30-50 y) with body mass index (in kg/m2) >29 and waist circumference >98 cm were randomly assigned to a very high-fat, low-carbohydrate (VHFLC; 73% of energy fat and 10% of energy carbohydrate) or low-fat, high-carbohydrate (LFHC; 30% of energy fat and 53% of energy carbohydrate) diet for 12 wk. The diets were equal in energy (8750 kJ/d), protein (17% of energy), and food profile, emphasizing low-processed, lower-glycemic foods. Fat mass was quantified with computed tomography imaging. RESULTS Recorded intake of carbohydrate and total and saturated fat in the LFHC and VHFLC groups were 51% and 11% of energy, 29% and 71% of energy, and 12% and 34% of energy, respectively, with no difference in protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Mean energy intake decreased by 22% and 14% in the LFHC and VHFLC groups. The diets similarly reduced waist circumference (11-13 cm), abdominal subcutaneous fat mass (1650-1850 cm3), visceral fat mass (1350-1650 cm3), and total body weight (11-12 kg). Both groups improved dyslipidemia, with reduced circulating triglycerides, but showed differential responses in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (decreased in LFHC group only), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (increased in VHFLC group only). The groups showed similar reductions in insulin, insulin C-peptide, glycated hemoglobin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Notably, improvements in circulating metabolic markers in the VHFLC group mainly were observed first after 8 wk, in contrast to more acute and gradual effects in the LFHC group. CONCLUSIONS Consuming energy primarily as carbohydrate or fat for 3 mo did not differentially influence visceral fat and metabolic syndrome in a low-processed, lower-glycemic dietary context. Our data do not support the idea that dietary fat per se promotes ectopic adiposity and cardiometabolic syndrome in humans. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01750021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian L Veum
- Department of Clinical Science.,KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, and.,Hormone Laboratory and
| | - Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Department of Clinical Science.,Hormone Laboratory and.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Espen Rostrup
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Terje H Larsen
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ottar K Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science.,KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, and.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jørn V Sagen
- Department of Clinical Science.,KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, and.,Hormone Laboratory and
| | | | - Simon N Dankel
- Department of Clinical Science, .,KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, and.,Hormone Laboratory and
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Department of Clinical Science, .,KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, and.,Hormone Laboratory and
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Frikke-Schmidt H, O'Rourke RW, Lumeng CN, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Does bariatric surgery improve adipose tissue function? Obes Rev 2016; 17:795-809. [PMID: 27272117 PMCID: PMC5328428 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for obesity. Not only do these types of surgeries produce significant weight loss but also they improve insulin sensitivity and whole body metabolic function. The aim of this review is to explore how altered physiology of adipose tissue may contribute to the potent metabolic effects of some of these procedures. This includes specific effects on various fat depots, the function of individual adipocytes and the interaction between adipose tissue and other key metabolic tissues. Besides a dramatic loss of fat mass, bariatric surgery shifts the distribution of fat from visceral to the subcutaneous compartment favoring metabolic improvement. The sensitivity towards lipolysis controlled by insulin and catecholamines is improved, adipokine secretion is altered and local adipose inflammation as well as systemic inflammatory markers decreases. Some of these changes have been shown to be weight loss independent, and novel hypothesis for these effects includes include changes in bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota and central regulation of metabolism. In conclusion bariatric surgery is capable of improving aspects of adipose tissue function and do so in some cases in ways that are not entirely explained by the potent effect of surgery. © 2016 World Obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R W O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - C N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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25
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The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets on Psychosocial Outcomes in Obesity/Overweight: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Studies. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070402. [PMID: 27367726 PMCID: PMC4963878 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Little is known about the relative psychosocial effects of carbohydrate reduction in comparison to other weight-loss diets in subjects receiving treatment for obesity/overweight. We, therefore, set out to conduct a systematic review of the psychosocial outcomes of such patients, treated by means of either a low-carbohydrate diet or an isocaloric diet of other macronutrient composition. Methods: Literature searches, study selection, method development, and quality appraisal were performed independently by two authors, and data were synthesized using a narrative approach, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Eight randomized controlled studies met the inclusion criteria, and their subsequent analysis revealed that improvements in psychological and social outcomes do occur during short- and long-term weight loss programmes, but that low-carbohydrate diets have no greater effect on psychosocial outcomes when compared to diets of different macronutrient composition at either short- or long-term follow-up (one-year). However, the lack of studies with longer duration follow-up, and the absence of data in the adolescent population limit the generalizability of our findings. Conclusion: The short- and long-term improvements in psychosocial outcomes seen in patients undergoing weight-loss treatment appear to be independent of the macronutrient composition of their diet.
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Lu H, Hao L, Li S, Lin S, Lv L, Chen Y, Cui H, Zi T, Chu X, Na L, Sun C. Elevated circulating stearic acid leads to a major lipotoxic effect on mouse pancreatic beta cells in hyperlipidaemia via a miR-34a-5p-mediated PERK/p53-dependent pathway. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1247-57. [PMID: 26969487 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Serum stearic acid (C18:0) is elevated in individuals with hyperlipidaemia and type 2 diabetes. However, the lipotoxicity induced by increased stearic acid in beta cells has not been well described. This study aimed to examine the adverse effects of stearic acid on beta cells and the potential mechanisms through which these are mediated. METHODS Three groups of C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal diet or a high-stearic-acid/high-palmitic-acid diet for 24 weeks, respectively. The microRNA (miR) profiles of islets were determined by microarray screening. Islet injury was detected with co-staining using the TUNEL assay and insulin labelling. A lentiviral vector expressing anti-miRNA-34a-5p oligonucleotide (AMO-34a-5p) was injected into mice via an intraductal pancreatic route. RESULTS In both mouse islets and cultured rat insulinoma INS-1 cells, stearic acid exhibited a stronger lipotoxic role than other fatty acids, owing to repression of B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and BCL-2-like 2 (BCL-W) by stearic acid stimulation of miR-34a-5p. The stearic-acid-induced lipotoxicity and reduction in insulin secretion were alleviated by AMO-34a-5p. Further investigations in INS-1 cells revealed that p53 was involved in stearic-acid-induced elevation of miR-34a-5p, owing in part to activation of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). Conversely, silencing PERK alleviated stearic-acid-induced p53, miR-34a-5p and lipotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings provide new insight for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying not only the deleterious impact of stearic-acid-induced lipotoxicity but also apoptosis in beta cells and progression to type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Lu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyi Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Zi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Chu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Na
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China.
- Research Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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Noakes T. The 2012 University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences centenary debate. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2015.11734522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Acute and short-term effects of caloric restriction on metabolic profile and brain activation in obese, postmenopausal women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1671-1678. [PMID: 27216819 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early anthropometric and metabolic changes during a caloric-restricted diet in obese postmenopausal women and correlations between these factors with activity in brain areas involved in processing of visual food related stimuli were investigated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS An 8-week prospective intervention study of 18 healthy postmenopausal women, with a body mass index of 30-35 kg m-2. The first 2 weeks subjects were on an isocaloric diet and 4 weeks on a 1000 kcal restricted diet followed by 2 weeks on an isocaloric diet. Anthropometric and laboratory analyses were performed weekly during the isocaloric diet and three times a week during the caloric-restricted diet. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained before and after the caloric restriction in four separate sessions (fasting or sated). Generalized Estimating Equations analysis was used for data analysis. RESULTS A mean weight loss of 4.2±0.5 kg (4.8%) and a 4.2±0.4 cm decline in waist circumference were achieved. In the first week of caloric restriction, triglyceride, leptin, resistin and adiponectin levels as well as systolic blood pressure decreased and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 levels increased. During and after weight loss, a significant increase in ghrelin levels was observed. Before weight loss, increased activation of the right amygdala was seen in response to food stimuli, and free fatty acids and glucose correlated with activity in various areas involved in food reward processing. After weight loss, fasting ghrelin and sated leptin levels correlated with activity in these areas. CONCLUSIONS Already in the first week of caloric restriction in obese postmenopausal women, various favourable metabolic changes occur before clinically relevant weight loss is achieved. Activity in the amygdala region and correlations of metabolic factors with activity in brain areas involved in food reward processing differ substantially before and after weight loss.
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29
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Hernandez TL. Carbohydrate Content in the GDM Diet: Two Views: View 1: Nutrition Therapy in Gestational Diabetes: The Case for Complex Carbohydrates. Diabetes Spectr 2016; 29:82-8. [PMID: 27182176 PMCID: PMC4865387 DOI: 10.2337/diaspect.29.2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IN BRIEF Restriction of dietary carbohydrate has been the cornerstone for treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, there is evidence that a balanced liberalization of complex carbohydrate as part of an overall eating plan in GDM meets treatment goals and may mitigate maternal adipose tissue insulin resistance, both of which may promote optimal metabolic outcomes for mother and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri L Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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30
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Abstract
The synthesis of lipids in response to food intake represents a key advantage that allows organisms to survive when energy availability is limited. In mammals, circulating levels of insulin and nutrients, which fluctuate between fasting and feeding, dictate whether lipids are synthesized or catabolized by tissues. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase that is activated by anabolic signals, plays fundamental roles in regulating lipid biosynthesis and metabolism in response to nutrition. The mTOR kinase nucleates two large protein complexes named mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Following their activation, these complexes facilitate the accumulation of triglycerides by promoting adipogenesis and lipogenesis and by shutting down catabolic processes such as lipolysis and β-oxidation. Here, we review and discuss the roles of mTOR complexes in various aspects of lipid metabolism in mammals. We also use this opportunity to discuss the implication of these relations to the maintenance of systemic lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G5;
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Sasaki H, Ishibashi A, Tsuchiya Y, Shimura N, Kurihara T, Ebi K, Goto K. A 3-day high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet does not alter exercise-induced growth hormone response in healthy males. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:304-311. [PMID: 26387476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of 3 days isoenergetic high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet (HF-LC) relative to low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet (LF-HC) on the exercise-induced growth hormone (GH) response in healthy male subjects. DESIGN Ten healthy young males participated in this study. Each subject consumed the HF-LC (18±1% protein, 61±2% fat, 21±1% carbohydrate, 2720 kcal per day) for 3 consecutive days after consuming the LF-HC (18±1% protein, 20±1% fat, 62±1% carbohydrate, 2755 kcal per day) for 3 consecutive days. After each dietary intervention period, the hormonal and metabolic responses to an acute exercise (30 min of continuous pedaling at 60% of V˙O2max) were compared. The intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) contents in the vastus lateralis, soleus, and tibialis anterior were evaluated by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Serum GH concentrations increased significantly during the exercise after both the HF-LC and LF-HC periods (P<0.05). However, the exercise-induced GH response was not significantly different between the two periods. Fat utilization and lipolytic responses during the exercise were enhanced significantly after the HF-LC period compared with the LF-HC period. IMCL content did not differ significantly in any portion of muscle after the dietary interventions. CONCLUSIONS We could not show that short-term HF-LC consumption changed significantly exercise-induced GH response or IMCL content in healthy young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Sasaki
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Aya Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Yoshihumi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Shimura
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Ebi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
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Effects of weight loss via high fat vs. low fat alternate day fasting diets on free fatty acid profiles. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7561. [PMID: 25557754 PMCID: PMC5378987 DOI: 10.1038/srep07561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease risk is associated with excess body weight and elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. This study examines how an alternate-day fasting (ADF) diet high (HF) or low (LF) in fat affects plasma FFA profiles in the context of weight loss, and changes in body composition and lipid profiles. After a 2-week weight maintenance period, 29 women (BMI 30-39.9 kg/m(2)) 25-65 years old were randomized to an 8-week ADF-HF (45% fat) diet or an ADF-LF (25% fat) diet with 25% energy intake on fast days and ad libitum intake on feed days. Body weight, BMI and waist circumference were assessed weekly and body composition was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Total and individual FFA and plasma lipid concentrations were measured before and after weight loss. Body weight, BMI, fat mass, total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) in both groups. Total FFA concentrations also decreased (P < 0.001). In the ADF-LF group, decreases were found in several more FFAs than in the ADF-HF group. In the ADF-HF group, FFA concentrations were positively correlated with waist circumference. Depending on the macronutrient composition of a diet, weight loss with an ADF diet decreases FFA concentrations through potentially different mechanisms.
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Kelsey MM, Forster JE, Van Pelt RE, Reusch JEB, Nadeau KJ. Adipose tissue insulin resistance in adolescents with and without type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:373-80. [PMID: 23861170 PMCID: PMC4285336 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing in youth, yet little is known about the underlying pathophysiology. Decreased insulin suppression of lipolysis and elevated non-esterified free fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations are known to be associated with insulin resistance and T2D in adults, but less is known about the relationship in adolescents. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess adipose tissue insulin resistance (IR; insulin suppression of lipolysis) and its metabolic correlates in lean, obese and T2D adolescents. METHODS Forty-seven lean, obese and T2D youth underwent hyperinsulinaemic (80 mU*m(-2) *min(-1)) euglycaemic clamps. NEFAs were measured at baseline and during steady state. Insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis (%NEFA suppression from baseline) was calculated, and metabolic risk factors were assessed by %NEFA suppression tertile. RESULTS There was expected variability in %NEFA suppression within obese and T2D youth, but a subset had significantly reduced suppression of lipolysis. NEFA suppression tertile was significantly inversely associated with fasting triglycerides (P = 0.0001), log alanine aminotransferase (ALT; P = 0.02) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Marked adipose tissue IR occurs in some obese and T2D adolescents, which may result in release of triglycerides into the circulation and liver deposition of fatty acids, as evidenced by higher ALT in poor NEFA suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Kelsey
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics,Children’s Hospital Colorado
| | - Jeri E Forster
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health
| | | | - Jane EB Reusch
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics,Children’s Hospital Colorado
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Jain R, Strickler HD, Fine E, Sparano JA. Clinical studies examining the impact of obesity on breast cancer risk and prognosis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:257-66. [PMID: 24221746 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and increased risk of recurrence in women who develop breast cancer. Evidence suggests that the risk of estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer is increased in obese postmenopausal women, whereas in premenopausal women the risk of triple negative breast cancer is increased. Nonetheless, the presence of obesity at diagnosis, and possibly weight gain after diagnosis, may independently contribute to an individual's risk of recurrence of both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer. Factors associated with adiposity that are likely contributing factors include hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, and relative hyperestrogenemia. Some studies suggest that some aromatase inhibitors may be less effective in obese women than lean women. Clinical trials have evaluated pharmacologic (eg, metformin) and dietary/lifestyle interventions to reduce breast cancer recurrence, although these interventions have not been tested in obese women who may be most likely to benefit from them. Further research is required in order to identify adiposity-associated factors driving recurrence, and design clinical trials to specifically test interventions in obese women at highest risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Jain
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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35
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Miller MR, Pereira RI, Langefeld CD, Lorenzo C, Rotter JI, Chen YDI, Bergman RN, Wagenknecht LE, Norris JM, Fingerlin TE. Levels of free fatty acids (FFA) are associated with insulin resistance but do not explain the relationship between adiposity and insulin resistance in Hispanic Americans: the IRAS Family Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:3285-91. [PMID: 22761463 PMCID: PMC3431582 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE We investigated whether free fatty acids (FFA) mediate the association between adiposity and insulin resistance in the Hispanic-American families of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study. DESIGN In 815 Hispanic individuals in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study, we tested for association between the following: 1) levels of adiposity [body mass index (BMI), visceral and sc adipose tissue area (VAT and SAT)] and circulating levels of FFA; 2) levels of circulating FFA and insulin sensitivity (S(I)); and 3) levels of adiposity and S(I), additionally testing to see whether levels of FFA mediated or modified the relationship between adiposity and S(I.) RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, clinic site, and admixture, increasing levels of BMI, VAT, and SAT were weakly associated with increasing levels of circulating FFA (BMI: P = 0.024; VAT: P = 2.33 × 10(-3); SAT: P = 0.018; percent variation explained: ∼1.00%). Increasing levels of circulating FFA were associated with decreasing S(I) (P = 8.10 × 10(-11)). Increasing BMI, VAT, and SAT were also associated with decreasing S(I) (BMI: P = 4.98 × 10(-71); VAT: P = 1.48 × 10(-64); SAT: P = 4.21 × 10(-62)), but this relationship was not significantly mediated by FFA. VAT, but not BMI or SAT, interacts with levels of FFA to influence S(I) (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Although levels of circulating FFA are associated both with increasing adiposity and decreasing S(I), they do not appear to mediate the association between levels of adiposity and S(I) in this large cohort of Hispanic-Americans. These results may indicate that FFA contribute to insulin resistance independent of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Fine EJ, Segal-Isaacson CJ, Feinman RD, Herszkopf S, Romano MC, Tomuta N, Bontempo AF, Negassa A, Sparano JA. Targeting insulin inhibition as a metabolic therapy in advanced cancer: a pilot safety and feasibility dietary trial in 10 patients. Nutrition 2012; 28:1028-35. [PMID: 22840388 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most aggressive cancers demonstrate a positive positron emission tomographic (PET) result using ¹⁸F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG), reflecting a glycolytic phenotype. Inhibiting insulin secretion provides a method, consistent with published mechanisms, for limiting cancer growth. METHODS Eligible patients with advanced incurable cancers had a positive PET result, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 2, normal organ function without diabetes or recent weight loss, and a body mass index of at least 20 kg/m². Insulin inhibition, effected by a supervised carbohydrate dietary restriction (5% of total kilocalories), was monitored for macronutrient intake, body weight, serum electrolytes, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, and insulin-like growth factors-1 and -2. An FDG-PET scan was obtained at study entry and exit. RESULTS Ten subjects completed 26 to 28 d of the study diet without associated unsafe adverse effects. Mean caloric intake decreased 35 ± 6% versus baseline, and weight decreased by a median of 4% (range 0.0-6.1%). In nine patients with prior rapid disease progression, five with stable disease or partial remission on PET scan after the diet exhibited a three-fold higher dietary ketosis than those with continued progressive disease (n = 4, P = 0.018). Caloric intake (P = 0.65) and weight loss (P = 0.45) did not differ in those with stable disease or partial remission versus progressive disease. Ketosis was associated inversely with serum insulin levels (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Preliminary data demonstrate that an insulin-inhibiting diet is safe and feasible in selected patients with advanced cancer. The extent of ketosis, but not calorie deficit or weight loss, correlated with stable disease or partial remission. Further study is needed to assess insulin inhibition as complementary to standard cytotoxic and endocrine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene J Fine
- Department of Radiology (Nuclear Medicine), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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Nilsson LM, Winkvist A, Eliasson M, Jansson JH, Hallmans G, Johansson I, Lindahl B, Lenner P, Van Guelpen B. Low-carbohydrate, high-protein score and mortality in a northern Swedish population-based cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:694-700. [PMID: 22333874 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Long-term effects of carbohydrate-restricted diets are unclear. We examined a low-carbohydrate, high-protein (LCHP) score in relation to mortality. SUBJECTS/METHODS This is a population-based cohort study on adults in the northern Swedish county of Västerbotten. In 37,639 men (1460 deaths) and 39,680 women (923 deaths) from the population-based Västerbotten Intervention Program, deciles of energy-adjusted carbohydrate (descending) and protein (ascending) intake were added to create an LCHP score (2-20 points). Sex-specific hazard ratios (HR) were calculated by Cox regression. RESULTS Median intakes of carbohydrates, protein and fat in subjects with LCHP scores 2-20 ranged from 61.0% to 38.6%, 11.3% to 19.2% and 26.6% to 41.5% of total energy intake, respectively. High LCHP score (14-20 points) did not predict all-cause mortality compared with low LCHP score (2-8 points), after accounting for saturated fat intake and established risk factors (men: HR for high vs low 1.03 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88-1.20), P for continuous = 0.721; women: HR for high vs low 1.10 (95% CI 0.91-1.32), P for continuous = 0.229). For cancer and cardiovascular disease, no clear associations were found. Carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with all-cause mortality, though only statistically significant in women (multivariate HR per decile increase 0.95 (95% CI 0.91-0.99), P = 0.010). CONCLUSION Our results do not support a clear, general association between LCHP score and mortality. Studies encompassing a wider range of macronutrient consumption may be necessary to detect such an association.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Nilsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yki-Järvinen
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Room C426B, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:231-3. [PMID: 21522003 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283457c7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bielohuby M, Menhofer D, Kirchner H, Stoehr BJM, Müller TD, Stock P, Hempel M, Stemmer K, Pfluger PT, Kienzle E, Christ B, Tschöp MH, Bidlingmaier M. Induction of ketosis in rats fed low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets depends on the relative abundance of dietary fat and protein. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E65-76. [PMID: 20943751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00478.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-carbohydrate/high-fat diets (LC-HFDs) in rodent models have been implicated with both weight loss and as a therapeutic approach to treat neurological diseases. LC-HFDs are known to induce ketosis; however, systematic studies analyzing the impact of the macronutrient composition on ketosis induction and weight loss success are lacking. Male Wistar rats were pair-fed for 4 wk either a standard chow diet or one of three different LC-HFDs, which only differed in the relative abundance of fat and protein (percentages of fat/protein in dry matter: LC-75/10; LC-65/20; LC-55/30). We subsequently measured body composition by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), analyzed blood chemistry and urine acetone content, evaluated gene expression changes of key ketogenic and gluconeogenic genes, and measured energy expenditure (EE) and locomotor activity (LA) during the first 4 days and after 3 wk on the respective diets. Compared with chow, rats fed with LC-75/10, LC-65/20, and LC-55/30 gained significantly less body weight. Reductions in body weight were mainly due to lower lean body mass and paralleled by significantly increased fat mass. Levels of β-hydroxybutyate were significantly elevated feeding LC-75/10 and LC-65/20 but decreased in parallel to reductions in dietary fat. Acetone was about 16-fold higher with LC-75/10 only (P < 0.001). In contrast, rats fed with LC-55/30 were not ketotic. Serum fibroblast growth factor-21, hepatic mRNA expression of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-lyase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β were increased with LC-75/10 only. Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase was downregulated by 50-70% in LC-HF groups. Furthermore, EE and LA were significantly decreased in all groups fed with LC-HFDs after 3 wk on the diets. In rats, the absence of dietary carbohydrates per se does not induce ketosis. LC-HFDs must be high in fat, but also low in protein contents to be clearly ketogenic. Independent of the macronutrient composition, LC-HFD-induced weight loss is not due to increased EE and LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bielohuby
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Endocrine Research Unit, Ziemssenstrasse 1 80336, Munich, Germany.
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