Effect of citrus flavonoids, naringin and naringenin, on metabolic syndrome and their mechanisms of action

Characterization of Functional Ingredients Extracted with Ethanol Solvents from Ponkan (Citrus reticulata) By-Products Using the Microwave Vacuum Drying Method Combined with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

For this study, microwave vacuum drying (MVD) was combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction to compare the effects of different ethanol volumes on ponkan extract and to evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total ascorbic acid content (TAAC). High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) was used to analyze the flavanone contents and antioxidant activity of ponkan (Citrus reticulata) peels. The experimental results showed that the TPC and TFC increase with ethanol volume. Ethanol extraction (75%) showed significant advantages by increasing the TPC to 17.48 mg GAE/g (DW) and the TFC to 2.96 mg QE/g (DW) of ponkan extract and also exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. The TAAC improved along with increased water content. Water extraction showed the highest content (13.07 mg VitC/100 g, DW). The hesperidin content analyzed by HPLC-PDA was 102.95-622.57 mg/100 g (DW), which was the highest among the flavanones. Then, the ethanol insoluble residue extracts were taken from the pectin with four different solvents, evaluating TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. The TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity of pectin are significantly lower than those of the peels. Combining MVD and 75% ethanol with ultrasound-assisted extraction in the pre-treatment process can effectively eliminate polyphenols, flavonoids, and other compounds, thus enabling the extraction of high-methoxyl pectin. The total dietary fiber (TDF) content of MVD ponkan by-products was 25.83%. Ponkan by-products have the potential for the future development of functional foods and supplements.

Naringenin mitigates cadmium-induced cell death, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation in KGN cells by regulating the expression of sirtuin-1

The objective of this study was to examine the potential protective role of naringenin against the harmful effects induced by cadmium in KGN cell line. Cell viability was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 assay. Caspase-3/-9 activities were determined by caspase-3/-9 activity assay kits, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was detected by ROS-Glo™ H2O2 Assay, antioxidant capacity was determined by a total antioxidant capacity assay kit. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP level, and ATP synthase activity were determined by JC-1, ATP assay kit, and ATP synthase activity assay kit, respectively. The mRNA expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Cadmium reduced cell viability and increased caspase-3/-9 activities in a concentration-dependent manner. Naringenin improved cell viability and reduced caspase-3/-9 activities in cadmium-stimulated KGN cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Cadmium diminished the antioxidant capacity, increased ROS production, and induced mitochondrial dysfunction in KGN cells. These effects were ameliorated by naringenin treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, naringenin reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in KGN cells exposed to cadmium. SIRT1 knockdown downregulated its expression in KGN cells and compromised the protective effects of naringenin on cell viability and caspase-3/-9 activities in cadmium-stimulated KGN cells. Naringenin prevented the reduction of MMP, ATP levels, and ATP synthase activity in cadmium-stimulated KGN cells in a concentration-dependent manner. However, these protective effects were significantly reversed by SIRT1 knockdown. In conclusion, this study suggests that naringenin protects against cadmium-induced damage by regulating oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and inflammation in KGN cells, with SIRT1 playing a potential mediating role.

pH-Responsive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Naringin for Targeted Osteoclast Inhibition and Bone Regeneration

Background

It is well-established that osteoclast activity is significantly influenced by fluctuations in intracellular pH. Consequently, a pH-sensitive gated nano-drug delivery system represents a promising therapeutic approach to mitigate osteoclast overactivity. Our prior research indicated that naringin, a natural flavonoid, effectively mitigates osteoclast activity. However, naringin showed low oral availability and short half-life, which hinders its clinical application. We developed a drug delivery system wherein chitosan, as gatekeepers, coats mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with naringin (CS@MSNs-Naringin). However, the inhibitory effects of CS@MSNs-Naringin on osteoclasts and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, warranting further research.

Methods

First, we synthesized CS@MSNs-Naringin and conducted a comprehensive characterization. We also measured drug release rates in a pH gradient solution and verified its biosafety. Subsequently, we investigated the impact of CS@MSNs-Naringin on osteoclasts induced by bone marrow-derived macrophages, focusing on differentiation and bone resorption activity while exploring potential mechanisms. Finally, we established a rat model of bilateral critical-sized calvarial bone defects, in which CS@MSNs-Naringin was dispersed in GelMA hydrogel to achieve in situ drug delivery. We observed the ability of CS@MSNs-Naringin to promote bone regeneration and inhibit osteoclast activity in vivo.

Results

CS@MSNs-Naringin exhibited high uniformity and dispersity, low cytotoxicity (concentration≤120 μg/mL), and significant pH sensitivity. In vitro, compared to Naringin and MSNs-Naringin, CS@MSNs-Naringin more effectively inhibited the formation and bone resorption activity of osteoclasts. This effect was accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of key factors in the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, increased apoptosis levels, and a subsequent reduction in the production of osteoclast-specific genes and proteins. In vivo, CS@MSNs-Naringin outperformed Naringin and MSNs-Naringin, promoting new bone formation while inhibiting osteoclast activity to a greater extent.

Conclusion

Our research suggested that CS@MSNs-Naringin exhibited the strikingly ability to anti-osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo, moreover promoted bone regeneration in the calvarial bone defect.

Association between oxidative balance score and serum uric acid and hyperuricemia: a population-based study from the NHANES (2011-2018)

Background

Oxidative Balance Score (OBS) is a novel indicator of the overall antioxidant/oxidant balance, providing a comprehensive reflection of the body's overall oxidative stress status, with higher OBS suggesting more substantial antioxidant exposures. We aimed to investigate the possible relationship between OBS with serum uric acid (SUA) and hyperuricemia.

Methods

Data utilized in this study were sourced from the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants under 18 years old, those with ≤16 complete data out of 20 OBS components, incomplete serum uric acid data, and missing covariates were excluded from the analysis. OBS was computed by evaluating 16 nutrients and 4 lifestyle factors, encompassing 5 pro-oxidants and 15 antioxidants, guided by a priori knowledge of their relationship with oxidative stress.

Results

A total of 1,5096 individuals were included in our analysis with 49.7% being male, and an average age of 49.05 ± 17.56 years. The mean OBS was 19.76 ± 7.17. Hyperuricemia was present in 19.28% of participants. Due to the right-skewed distribution of the OBS, a natural log transformation was applied to address this issue, and Quartiles of lnOBS 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 1.10-2.56 (N=3526), 2.64-2.94 (N=3748), 3.00-3.22 (N=4026), and 3.26-3.61 (N=3796), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression showed that higher lnOBS quantiles were correlated with lower serum uric acid levels. Compared with the lowest lnOBS quantile, participants in the highest lnOBS quantile had a significant serum uric acid decrease of 16.94 μmol/L for each unit increase in lnOBS (β=-16.94, 95% CI: -20.44, -13.45). Similar negative associations were observed in the second-highest (β=-8.07, 95% CI: -11.45, -4.69) and third-highest (β=-11.69, 95% CI: -15.05, -8.34) lnOBS quantiles. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for hyperuricemia in Quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 1.00, 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.95), 0.78 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.88), and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.71), respectively. Compared to Quartile 1, participants in Quartile 4 had a 38% lower prevalence of hyperuricemia. Subgroup analysis and interaction test showed that there was a significant dependence of sex between OBS and serum uric acid (p for interaction <0.05), but not hyperuricemia (p for interaction >0.05). Subgroup analysis stratified by age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia showed there is no significant dependence on these negative correlations (all p for interaction >0.05).

Conclusions

The serum uric acid levels and prevalence of hyperuricemia in US adults exhibited a negative association with OBS. By exploring this connection, our research aims to gain a better understanding of how oxidative balance affects the prevalence of hyperuricemia. This could provide valuable insights for developing preventive strategies and interventions for hyperuricemia. Additional large-scale prospective studies are required to explore the role of OBS in hyperuricemia further.

Cytoprotective potency of naringin against di-n-butylphthalate (DBP)-induced oxidative testicular damage in male rats

The present study aimed to investigate the protective potential of naringin (NG) against di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP)- induced testicular damage and impairment of spermatogenesis in rats. Forty-two male Wistar albino rats were divided into six equal groups, and treated orally, 3 times weekly for 8 successive weeks. Control vehicle group was administrated olive oil, naringin-treated group was administered NG (80 mg/kg), DBP 250- and DBP 500- intoxicated groups received DBP (250 mg/kg) and (500 mg/kg), respectively, NG + DBP 250 and NG + DBP 500 groups received NG, an hour prior to DBP 250 and 500 administration. The results revealed that DBP induced dose-dependent male reproductive dysfunctions, included a significant decrease in the serum testosterone level concomitantly with significant decreases in the sperm count, viability, and total motility. Meanwhile, DBP significantly increased the testicular malondialdehyde level with significant reductions of glutathione content and catalase activity. Histopathologically, DBP provoked absence of spermatozoa, degenerative changes in the cell layers of seminiferous tubules and a significant decrease in the thickness of the seminiferous tubules epithelium. Conversely, the concomitant treatment with NG, one hour before DBP 250 or 500- intoxication mitigated the dose-dependent reproductive dysfunctions induced by DBP, evidenced by significant increases of serum testosterone level, sperm motility, count and viability along with marked improvement of the oxidant/antioxidant status and testicular histoarchitecture. In conclusion, the findings recorded herein proved that NG could mitigate DBP-induced testicular damage and impairment of spermatogenesis, suggesting the perspective of using NG as a natural protective and therapeutic agent for alleviating the reproductive dysfunctions and improving reproductive performance, mainly via its potent antioxidant activity.

Bioactive Flavonoids in Protecting Against Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease closely associated with factors such as hyperlipidaemia and chronic inflammation. Among them, endothelial dysfunction serves as a major predisposing factor. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is manifested by impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, enhanced oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, leukocyte adhesion and hyperpermeability, endothelial senescence, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant activity, eliminating oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, reducing platelet aggregation, alleviating ischemic damage, and improving vascular function. Flavonoids have also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity and to protect the cardiovascular system. This review focuses on the protective effects of these naturally-occuring bioactive flavonoids against the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis through their effects on endothelial cells including, but not limited to, their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and lipid-lowering properties. However, more clinical evidences are still needed to determine the exact role and optimal dosage of these compounds in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Deep Learning-Driven Exploration of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Neuroprotective Activity in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a pressing concern in neurodegenerative research. To address the challenges in AD drug development, especially those targeting Aβ, this study uses deep learning and a pharmacological approach to elucidate the potential of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as a neuroprotective agent for AD. Using deep learning for a comprehensive molecular dataset, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is predicted and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of compounds are evaluated. PQQ, identified in the Mediterranean-DASH intervention for a diet that delays neurodegeneration, shows notable BBB permeability and low toxicity. In vivo tests conducted on an Aβ₁₋₄₂-induced AD mouse model verify the effectiveness of PQQ in reducing cognitive deficits. PQQ modulates genes vital for synapse and anti-neuronal death, reduces reactive oxygen species production, and influences the SIRT1 and CREB pathways, suggesting key molecular mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects. This study can serve as a basis for future studies on integrating deep learning with pharmacological research and drug discovery.

Naringenin mitigates aluminum toxicity-induced learning memory impairments and neurodegeneration through amelioration of oxidative stress

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is a potent neurotoxic substance known to cause memory impairment and oxidative stress-dependent neurodegeneration. Naringenin (NAR) is a dietary flavonoid with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which was implemented against AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity to ascertain its neuroprotective efficacy. Experimental neurotoxicity in mice was induced by exposure of AlCl3 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) followed by treatment with NAR (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for a total of 63 days. Assessed the morphometric, learning memory dysfunction (novel object recognition, T- and Y-maze tests), neuronal oxidative stress, and histopathological alteration in different regions of the brain, mainly cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. AlCl3 significantly suppressed the spatial learning and memory power which were notably improved by administration of NAR. The levels of oxidative stress parameters nitric oxide, advanced oxidation of protein products, protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione, and the activity of acetylcholine esterase were altered 1.5-3 folds by AlCl3 significantly. Treatment of NAR remarkably restored the level of oxidative stress parameters and maintained the antioxidant defense system. AlCl3 suppressed the expression of neuronal proliferation marker NeuN that was restored by NAR treatment which may be a plausible mechanism. NAR showed therapeutic efficacy as a natural supplement against aluminum-intoxicated memory impairments and histopathological alteration through a mechanism involving an antioxidant defense system and neuronal proliferation.

Antimicrobial Activity of Grapefruit Seed Extract on Edible Mushrooms Contaminations: Efficacy in Preventing Pseudomonas spp. in Pleurotus eryngii

Pleurotus eryngii is an edible mushroom that suffers significant losses due to fungal contamination and bacteriosis. The Pseudomonadaceae family represents one of the most frequent etiologic agents. Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a plant extract that contains different bioactive components, such as naringin, and exhibits a strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Over the last decade, GSE use as an alternative to chemical treatments in the food sector has been tested. However, to our knowledge, its application on mushroom crops has never been investigated. This study focuses on evaluating GSE efficacy in preventing P. eryngii yellowing. GSE antibiotic activity, inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, and antibiofilm activity against several microorganisms were tested with the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay, the broth microdilution susceptibility test, and the Crystal violet assay, respectively. In vitro, the extract exhibited antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus 6538 and MRSA (wild type), Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and Pseudomonas spp. (Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027, P. fluorescens (wild type)). GSE application in vivo, in pre- and post-sprouting stages, effectively prevented bacterial infections and subsequent degradation in the mushroom crops: none of the P. eryngii treated manifested bacteriosis. Our findings support the use of GSE as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to chemical treatments for protecting P. eryngii crops from bacterial contamination, consequently ensuring food safety and preventing financial losses due to spoilage. Furthermore, GSE's potential health benefits due to its content in naringin and other bioactive components present new possibilities for its use as a nutraceutical in food fortification and supplementation.

Empowering Naringin's Anti-Inflammatory Effects through Nanoencapsulation

Abundant in citrus fruits, naringin (NAR) is a flavonoid that has a wide spectrum of beneficial health effects, including its anti-inflammatory activity. However, its use in the clinic is limited due to extensive phase I and II first-pass metabolism, which limits its bioavailability. Thus, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were used to protect and concentrate NAR in inflamed issues, to enhance its anti-inflammatory effects. To target LNPs to the CD44 receptor, overexpressed in activated macrophages, functionalization with hyaluronic acid (HA) was performed. The formulation with NAR and HA on the surface (NAR@NPsHA) has a size below 200 nm, a polydispersity around 0.245, a loading capacity of nearly 10%, and a zeta potential of about 10 mV. In vitro studies show the controlled release of NAR along the gastrointestinal tract, high cytocompatibility (L929 and THP-1 cell lines), and low hemolytic activity. It was also shown that the developed LNPs can regulate inflammatory mediators. In fact, NAR@NPsHA were able to decrease TNF-α and CCL-3 markers expression by 80 and 90% and manage to inhibit the effects of LPS by around 66% for IL-1β and around 45% for IL-6. Overall, the developed LNPs may represent an efficient drug delivery system with an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect.

Naringen's Effects on Diuresis and Prevention of Urolithiasis in Hypertensive Rats

This research demonstrates the diuretic effect of naringenin, a flavanone aglycone found in citrus, on spontaneously hypertensive female and male rats (SHR). The data reinforces existing literature findings that male SHR exhibits higher systolic blood pressure than age-matched females. Urine volume assessed over 8 hours was lower when obtained from SHR males than females. When these animals were orally treated with different doses of naringenin (0.1-1 mg/kg), this increased urinary volume in both genders at the highest dose tested. In contrast, the lowest dose promoted a significant natriuretic effect. The other electrolytes analyzed in urine were not significantly altered, except potassium excretion, which was shown to be increased in the urine of SHR males. Furthermore, naringenin showed promise in reducing calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal formation in an in vitro model, presenting potential advantages in lithiasis prevention.

Biological activities, Molecular mechanisms, and Clinical application of Naringin in Metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome has become major health problems in recent decades, and natural compounds receive considerable attention in the management of metabolic syndrome. Among them, naringin is abundant in citrus fruits and tomatoes. Many studies have investigated the therapeutic effects of naringin in metabolic syndrome. This review discusses in vitro and in vivo studies on naringin and implications for clinical trials on metabolic syndrome such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, and hypertension over the past decades, overviews the molecular mechanisms by which naringin targets metabolic syndrome, and analyzes possible correlations between the different mechanisms. This review provides a theoretical basis for the further application of naringin in the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

Sipyimigwanjung-tang, a traditional herbal medication, alleviates weight gain in a high-fat diet-induced obese mice model

Obesity leads to the development of metabolic syndrome and comorbidities. Overweight and obesity continue to be a relentless global issue. Sipyimigwanjung-tang (SGT), a traditional herbal medication, was first mentioned in Dongui Sasang Shinpyun and has been used to treat edema, meteorism, and jaundice, which are common findings associated with obesity. The main physiological feature of obesity is expanded adipose tissue, which causes several impairments in liver metabolism. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of SGT in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and livers of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. SGT significantly blocked HFD-induced weight gain in C57BL/6N mice. In addition, SGT effectively reduced the increased weight and adipocyte size in eWAT of HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 N mice. Moreover, SGT significantly decreased the elevated gene expression of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, and Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 in the eWAT of HFD-induced obese mice. Furthermore, SGT significantly decreased lipid accumulation in the livers of HFD-induced obese mice and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Hence, the present study provides substantial evidence that SGT has potential therapeutic effects on obesity.

Flavonoids from citrus peel display potential synergistic effects on inhibiting rumen methanogenesis and ammoniagenesis: a microbiome perspective

Flavonoids have been recognized as potential phytochemicals to reduce enteric methane (CH4) production and improve rumen nitrogen efficiency in ruminants. We evaluated whether naringin, hesperidin, their combination, or a mixed citrus flavonoid extract (CFE) as additives can inhibit methanogenesis and ammoniagenesis in dairy cows using an in vitro rumen batch refermentation system. The rumen inocula from dairy cows were incubated in batch cultures with five groups: no addition (CON), hesperidin (20 g/kg DM), naringin (20 g/kg DM), hesperidin + naringin (10 g/kg DM of hesperidin + 10 g/kg DM of naringin), and CFE (20 g/kg DM). The combination of naringin plus hesperidin and CFE achieved greater reductions in CH4 and ammonia production compared to either naringin or hesperidin alone. Microbiome analysis revealed that the decrease in CH4 emissions may have been caused by both the direct inhibitory impact of citrus flavonoids on Methanobrevibacter and a simultaneous decrease in protozoa Isotricha abundance. The relatively lower proportion of Entodinium in naringin plus hesperidin or CFE was responsible for the lower ammonia concentration. These results suggest that citrus flavonoids possess potential synergistic effects on mitigating ruminal CH4 emissions by cows and improving nitrogen utilization.

Inhibitory effects of naringenin on estrogen deficiency-induced obesity via regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and AMPK activation associated with white adipose tissue browning

AIMS

Post-ovariectomy (OVX) changes in hormones induce obesity and white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation. Increased energy expenditure via WAT browning is a novel therapeutic strategy for treating obesity. Naringenin (NAR) reduces inflammation and lipogenesis in obesity and attenuates estrogen deficiency-associated metabolic disorders; however, its role in WAT browning remains unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We investigated NAR ability to inhibit estrogen deficiency-associated obesity in vivo using a rat model and in vitro using 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

KEY FINDINGS

NAR significantly decreased the body weight and WAT mass of rats. O2 consumption, CO2 production, and energy expenditure were significantly lower in the OVX group than in the sham group, but NAR treatment reversed these effects of OVX. NAR treatment markedly improved glucose intolerance and lipid profiles as well as leptin, adiponectin, and irisin levels. NAR upregulated markers of browning and mitochondrial biogenesis in inguinal WAT. Moreover, it enhanced markers of mitochondrial fusion and inhibited fission via activating the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Similar results were observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, NAR-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion were suppressed by dorsomorphin (an AMP-activated protein kinase inhibitor).

SIGNIFICANCE

NAR alleviates obesity and metabolic dysfunction through the induction of WAT browning achieved via the modulation of AMP-activated protein kinase-regulated mitochondrial dynamics in WATs. NAR supplementation may therefore represent a potential intervention for preventing postmenopausal adipose tissue dysregulation.

An overview of anti-Hepatitis B virus flavonoids and their mechanisms of action

Flavonoids, a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds found in various plant-based foods, have garnered attention for their potential in combating Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. Flavonoids have demonstrated promising anti-HBV activities by interfering with multiple stages of the HBV life cycle, making them promising candidates for novel antiviral agents. Certain plant families, such as Theaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Gentianaceae, are of particular interest for their flavonoid-rich members with anti-HBV activities. Evidences, both in vitro and in vivo, supports the anti-HBV potential of flavonoids. These subsets of compound exert their anti-HBV effects through various mechanisms, including inhibiting viral entry, disrupting viral replication, modulating transcription factors, enhancing the immune response, and inducing autophagy. The antioxidant properties of flavonoids play a crucial role in modulating oxidative stress associated with HBV infection. Several flavonoids like epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), proanthocyanidin (PAC), hexamethoxyflavone, wogonin, and baicalin have shown significant anti-HBV potential, holding promise as therapeutic agents. Synergistic effects between flavonoids and existing antiviral therapies offer a promising approach to enhance antiviral efficacy and reduce drug resistance. Challenges, including limited bioavailability, translation from preclinical studies to clinical practice, and understanding precise targets, need to be addressed. Future research should focus on clinical trials, combination therapies, and the development of flavonoid derivatives with improved bioavailability, and optimizing their effectiveness in managing chronic HBV infections.

Efficacy of Crataegus Extract Mixture on Body Fat and Lipid Profiles in Overweight Adults: A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

A Crataegus Extract Mixture (CEM) is a combination of extracts from Crataegus pinnatifida leaves and Citrus unshiu peels, well-known herbs used for treating obesity and dyslipidemia. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of a CEM on the body fat and lipid profiles in overweight adults. A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial was conducted on 105 subjects aged 20-60 years with body mass indexes between 25 and 30 kg/m2. Eligible subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive either a high dose of the CEM (400 mg tid), a low dose of the CEM (280 mg tid), or a placebo. Body fat was evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and anthropometric measurements. The blood lipid and adipokine profiles were measured before and after the administration. After 12 weeks, the reductions in the fat percentages measured by DXA and BIA were significantly greater in the CEM groups than in the placebo group. The CEM also significantly decreased the body weights, body mass indexes, and blood leptin levels. An additional per-protocol analysis revealed that the high dose of the CEM also lowered the blood levels of triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. No adverse events occurred after the CEM treatment. Our results suggest that CEMs are safe and effective for reducing the body fat and body weight and regulating the blood lipid and leptin levels in overweight or mildly obese individuals.

Natural products as pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial dysfunctions for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: An update since 2010

Diabetes, characterized as a well-known chronic metabolic syndrome, with its associated complications pose a substantial and escalating health and healthcare challenge on a global scale. Current strategies addressing diabetes are mainly symptomatic and there are fewer available curative pharmaceuticals for diabetic complications. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify novel pharmacological targets and agents. The impaired mitochondria have been associated with the etiology of diabetes and its complications, and the intervention of mitochondrial dysfunction represents an attractive breakthrough point for the treatments of diabetes and its complications. Natural products (NPs), with multicenter characteristics, multi-pharmacological activities and lower toxicity, have been caught attentions as the modulators of mitochondrial functions in the therapeutical filed of diabetes and its complications. This review mainly summarizes the recent progresses on the potential of 39 NPs and 2 plant-extracted mixtures to improve mitochondrial dysfunction against diabetes and its complications. It is expected that this work may be useful to accelerate the development of innovative drugs originated from NPs and improve upcoming therapeutics in diabetes and its complications.

Moringa oleifera Lam. as a potential plant for alleviation of the metabolic syndrome-A narrative review based on in vivo and clinical studies

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to the co-occurrence of risk factors, including hyperglycaemia, increased body weight, hypertension and dyslipidemia, which eventually lead to diabetes and cardiovascular disease, a common health problem worldwide. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the use of plant-based products for the management of MetS, because of their less detrimental and more beneficial effects. Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae), commonly known as drumstick, is cultivated worldwide for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This review focuses on the in vivo and human studies concerning the potential of M. oleifera in the alleviation of MetS and its comorbidities. The search for relevant articles was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Randomised controlled and clinical trials from the PubMed database were included in this review. The results suggested that the administration of M. oleifera, in vivo, shows clear signs of improvement in MetS indices. Despite fewer human studies, the existing data documented convincing results that uphold the potential of M. oleifera against MetS. Therefore, future research discussing the probable mechanism of action is much needed which could further assure the usage of M. oleifera in the treatment regimen of MetS.

Naringenin Orchestrates and Regulates the Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Pathways and Proinflammatory Signaling: Targeting Hallmarks of Aging-Associated Disorders

The therapeutic application of flavonoids in the management of infectious diseases, cancers, chronic wounds, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders has been well documented in scientific literature. The citric flavonoid naringenin comes under the category of flavanone and exhibits a plethora of health benefits. Very few flavonoids such as curcumin, resveratrol, catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol have been studied to exert their anti-aging properties in humans. The effect of naringenin in the context of age-associated disorders in detail has not been elucidated yet. The databases used for the literature search were Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed. More emphasis has been put on the recent literature on "naringenin" and its effect on "age-associated disorders." Almost all chronic degenerative disorders are characterized by oxidative stress and inflammatory response. The study aims at highlighting the reactive oxygen species-mediated activity of naringenin and the underlying molecular mechanism leading to the prevention of various age-associated disorders. Altogether, the review presents a systematic comprehension of the pharmaceutical and clinicopathological benefits of naringenin in age-associated disorders.

Naringin Protects against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Autophagic Flux and Lipophagy

The autophagic degradation of lipid droplets, termed lipophagy, is the main mechanism contributing to lipid consumption in hepatocytes. Identifying effective and safe natural compounds that target lipophagy to eliminate excess lipids may be a potential therapeutic strategy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here the effects of naringin on NAFLD and the underlying mechanisms involved are investigated. Naringin treatment effectively relieves HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in mice and inhibits PA-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Increased p62 and LC3-II levels are observed with excess lipid support autophagosome accumulation and impaired autophagic flux. Treatment with naringin restores TFEB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis, thereby promoting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, restoring impaired autophagic flux and further inducing lipophagy. However, the knockdown of TFEB in hepatocytes or the hepatocyte-specific knockout of TFEB in mice abrogates naringin-induced lipophagy, eliminating its therapeutic effect on hepatic steatosis. These results demonstrate that TFEB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis and subsequent lipophagy play essential roles in the ability of naringin to mitigate hepatic steatosis and suggest that naringin is a promising drug for treating NAFLD.

Annona Muricata L. extract restores renal function, oxidative stress, immunohistochemical structure, and gene expression of TNF-α, IL-β1, and CYP2E1 in the kidney of DMBA-intoxicated rats

Introduction: 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) is a harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivative known for its cytotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects in mammals and other species. Annona muricata, L. (Graviola; GRV) is a tropical fruit tree traditionally well-documented for its various medicinal benefits. This investigation is the first report on the potential antioxidant and antinfammatory reno-protective impact of GRV against DMBA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods: Forty male albino rats were allocated into four equal groups (n = 10). The 1st group served as the control, the 2nd group (GRV) was gastro-gavaged with GRV (200 mg/kg b.wt), the 3rd group (DMBA) was treated with a single dose of DMBA (15 mg/kg body weight), and the 4th group (DMBA + GRV) was gastro-gavaged with a single dose of DMBA, followed by GRV (200 mg/kg b.wt). The GRV administration was continued for 8 weeks. Results and Discussion: Results revealed a significant improvement in renal function, represented by a decrease in urea, creatinine, and uric acid (UA) in the DMBA + GRV group. The antioxidant potential of GRV was confirmed in the DMBA + GRV group by a significant decline in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a significant increase in catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S transferase (GST), and reduced glutathione (GSH) compared to DMBA-intoxicated rats; however, it was not identical to the control. Additionally, the antiinflammatory role of GRV was suggested by a significant decline in mRNA expression of cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1 (CYP2E1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in the DMBA + GRV group. Moreover, GRV improved the histopathologic and immunohistochemical expression of TNF-α, CYP450, and IL1β in DMBA-intoxicated kidney tissue. Conclusively, GRV is a natural medicinal product that can alleviate the renal injury resulting from environmental exposure to DMBA. The reno-protective effects of GRV may involve its anti-inflammatory and/or antioxidant properties, which are based on the presence of phytochemical compounds such as acetogenins, alkaloids, and flavonoids.

Study on the mechanism of naringin in promoting bone differentiation: In vitro and in vivo study

Objective

Osteoporosis is a common clinical bone disease that occurs most frequently in middle-aged and elderly people. Various traditional herbal medicine formulations have shown significant benefits in models of osteoporosis. In this study, we aim to investigate the osteogenic efficacy of naringin (NRG) in the osteoporotic state.

Design

We treated Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) with various concentrations of NRG for 3 and 7 days. BMSC proliferation was measured by the MTT assay. The effect of NRG on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was detected by ALP and alizarin red staining. The effect of NRG on the BMP2/Runx2/Osterix signaling pathway was analyzed by using real-time PCR. The effect of NRG on the oestrogen receptor was measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vivo animal experiments were performed by micro-computed tomography and ALP immunohistochemistry to determine the ectopic osteogenic effect of NRG sustained-release nanoparticles in a mouse model of osteoporosis.

Results

NRG promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Moreover, it also activated the BMP2/Runx2/Osterix signaling pathway. When NRG sustained-release nanoparticles were added in vivo in animal experiments, we found that NRG sustained-release nanoparticles had better ectopic osteogenic effects in a mouse model of osteoporosis.

Conclusions

NRG induced osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs by activating the BMP2/Runx2/Osterix signaling pathway and promoted the regulation of oestrogen receptor pathway protein expression, and NRG sustained-release nanoparticles exerted a more significant in vivo ectopic osteogenic effect in an osteoporosis mouse model. Therefore, naringin is expected to be developed as a novel treatment for inducing osteogenesis, because of its ubiquitous, cost-efficient, and biologically active characteristics. However, further research is needed on how to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of naringin and its specific mechanism.

Effects of Citrus depressa Hayata juice on high-fat diet-induced obesity in HBV transgenic mice

The present study investigated the potential anti-obesity properties of Citrus depressa Hayata (CDH) juice in HBV transgenic mice, as well as the impact of fermentation on the effectiveness of the juice. The results revealed that fermentation increased the levels of polyphenols and hesperidin in CDH juice. The animal study demonstrated that both juices were effective in mitigating the weight gain induced by a high-fat diet by correcting metabolic parameter imbalances, reducing hepatic lipid accumulation, and reversing hepatic immune suppression. Furthermore, fermented juice exhibited superior efficacy in managing body weight and inhibiting the expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT). Fermented juice significantly enhanced adiponectin production and PPARγ expression in WAT, while also reducing hypertrophy. This study offers valuable insights into the potential role of CDH juices in combating obesity associated with high fat consumption and underscores the promise of CDH juice as a functional beverage.

Plasma Concentration of 36 (Poly)phenols and Prospective Body Weight Change in Participants from the EPIC Cohort

INTRODUCTION

Dietary intake of (poly)phenols has been linked to reduced adiposity and body weight (BW) in several epidemiological studies. However, epidemiological evidence on (poly)phenol biomarkers, particularly plasma concentrations, is scarce. We aimed to investigate the associations between plasma (poly)phenols and prospective BW change in participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort.

METHODS

This study included 761 participants with data on BW at baseline and after 5 years of follow-up. Plasma concentrations of 36 (poly)phenols were measured at baseline using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations were assessed through general linear mixed models and multinomial logistic regression models, using change in BW as a continuous or as a categorical variable (BW loss, maintenance, gain), respectively. Plasma (poly)phenols were assessed as log2-transformed continuous variables. The false discovery rate (FDR) was used to control for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS

Doubling plasma (poly)phenol concentrations showed a borderline trend towards a positive association with BW loss. Plasma vanillic acid showed the strongest association (-0.53 kg/5 years; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.99, -0.07). Similar results were observed for plasma naringenin comparing BW loss versus BW maintenance (odds ratio: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.2). These results did not remain significant after FDR correction.

CONCLUSION

Higher concentrations of plasma (poly)phenols suggested a tendency towards 5-year BW maintenance or loss. While certain associations seemed promising, they did not withstand FDR correction, indicating the need for caution in interpreting these results. Further studies using (poly)phenol biomarkers are needed to confirm these suggestive protective trends.

The neuroprotective mechanisms of naringenin: Inhibition of apoptosis through the PI3K/AKT pathway after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Naringenin (NGN) is a widely distributed flavonoid with potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Neuroprotective agents play a crucial role in the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). It has shown potential therapeutic effects for neurological disorders. However, its efficacy on HIE is yet to be investigated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of naringenin and its underlying molecular mechanisms in reducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and improving brain outcomes following HIE. Additionally, the study aims to identify the potential targets, mechanisms, and functions of naringenin using network pharmacology analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Neonatal mice were exposed to the hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) model to determine brain water content, and brain tissue was subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (HE), immunohistochemistry (IHC), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and Nissl staining to investigate its neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, the neonatal mouse primary neuron oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in vitro. The protein levels were characterized by Western Blot, and mRNA levels were evaluated by a real-time quantitative PCR detecting system (qPCR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and mitochondrial fluorescent staining were used to observe mitochondrial morphology. Neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) were detected by Immunofluorescence (IF). Finally, network pharmacology was employed to determine the common target of naringenin and HIE. The core genes were obtained via protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) analysis and molecular docking was examined, and the mechanism of action was explored through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Additionally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was constructed for verification.

RESULTS

Naringenin has a neuroprotective effect in HIBD by modulating Vegfa expression and activating the PI3K/AKT pathway to inhibit apoptosis. Furthermore, molecular docking results suggest that Vegfa is a potential binding target of naringenin, and silencing Vegfa partially reverses the pharmacological effects of NGN.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that naringenin demonstrates potential clinical application for treating HIE as a novel neuroprotective agent.

Changes in nutritional, health benefits, and pharmaceutical potential of raw and roasted tropical almond (Terminalia catappa Linn.) nuts from Nigeria

Tropical almond (Terminalia catappa Linn.) is highly distributed within the tropics, but appears rather underutilized in developing countries like Nigeria. Specifically, relevant information regards the nutritional, health benefits, and pharmaceutical potential of roasted T. catappa nuts remains scanty. Comparing both raw and roasted T. catappa nuts should provide additional information especially from product development and potential commercial prospect standpoints. The changes in nutritional, health benefits, and pharmaceutical potentials of raw and roasted T. catappa nuts were, therefore, investigated. Whereas the raw T. catappa nuts obtained significantly (p < 0.05) higher protein, ash, moisture, crude fiber, as well as vitamins C, and B1-3 compared to the roasted ones, some contents like carbohydrates, energy, vitamin A, calcium, manganese, zinc, hydrogen cyanide, as well as oxalate would noticeably change (p < 0.05) after the roasting process. Twenty phytochemicals were identified in both raw and roasted samples with the concentrations of quinine, ribalinidine, sapogenin, flavan-3-ol and tannin significantly reduced, while catechin seemed enhanced upon roasting. Promising drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic properties, and safety profiles could be predicted among the phytochemicals. Overall, roasting T. catappa nuts should enhance the nutritional contents, which could aid both absorption and palatability.

Effect of chemical modification of κ-carrageenan on its inhibitory effect against heterocyclic amine (HAs) formation in roasted tilapia fish patties

Sulfated κ-carrageenan (S-KC), carboxymethylated κ-carrageenan (C-KC), acetylated κ-carrageenan (A-KC) and phosphorylated κ-carrageenan (P-KC) were synthesized and tested for their inhibitory effect on heterocyclic amine (HAs) formation in roasted tilapia fish patties. Fish patties with 1 % of each hydrocolloid prepared by 90 % of fish and 10 % of an aqueous hydrocolloid dispersion were determined for HAs-levels after roasting. P-KC showed the strongest inhibitory effect against total HAs formation (20.95 %). Moreover, P-KC increased the content of creatinine and glucose but decreased the content of free amino acids in fish patties, indicating that P-KC may compete with creatinine and glucose to react with amino acids to suppress HAs generation. In addition, P-KC plus naringenin had a stronger inhibitory effect against HAs formation than P-KC or naringenin alone. P-KC at 1 % (w/w) and P-KC (0.5 %, w/w) plus naringenin (0.5 %, w/w) showed no significant effects on the color and textural properties compared to the control group (100 % fish), and had less impact on food quality than 1 % (w/w) KC. Therefore, our results suggest that chemical modification could enhance the inhibitory effect of some hydrocolloids on HAs formation, and an appropriate combination of hydrocolloids and flavonoids contributes to the attenuation of dietary exposure to genotoxic HAs.

Naringenin protects pancreatic β cells in diabetic rat through activation of estrogen receptor β

Naringenin is a citrus flavonoid that potently improves metabolic parameters in animal models of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes. Estrogen receptor (ER) activation promotes β cell function and survival, thereby improving systemic glucose metabolism. In this study, we used a luciferase reporter assay, isolated rat islets and a diabetic rat model to investigate the effects of naringenin on ER signaling and the underlying mechanism of naringenin-mediated improvement of islet function in diabetes. Naringenin specifically activated ERβ without affecting the activity of ERα, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) or estrogen-related receptor (ERR) α/β/γ. Additionally, treatment with naringenin enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated rat islets. This effect was abrogated by PHTPP, an ERβ antagonist. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that naringenin upregulated the expression of genes, such as Pdx1 and Mafa, which are closely linked to improved β-cell function. In consistence, single administration of naringenin to normal rats elevated plasma insulin levels and improved glucose responses. These beneficial effects were blocked by PHTPP. In streptozocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats, treatment for 2 weeks with naringenin alone, but not in combination with PHTPP, significantly restored pancreatic β cell mass and improved glucose metabolism. Collectively, these data support that naringenin specifically activate ERβ to improve insulin secretion in the primary rat islets. Furthermore, naringenin administration also protected β cell function and reversed glucose dysregulation in diabetic rats. These beneficial effects are at least partially dependent on the ERβ pathway.

A narrative review on Naringin and Naringenin as a possible bioenhancer in various drug-delivery formulations

Naringenin belongs to the flavanones and is mainly found in fruits (grapefruit and oranges) and vegetables. Naringenin exhibits lipid-lowering and insulin-like characteristics and is used to treat osteoporosis, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Their incorporation into drug formulations offers several advantages, including enhanced solubility, improved bioavailability and targeted delivery. Naringin-based formulations are beneficial in cancer, for example controlling breast and prostate cancer by inhibition of CYP19. Naringin suppresses the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, it triggers autophagy, which effectively halts the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Naringin and naringenin co-administration or pre-administration has enhanced the target drug's potency and produced a synergistic effect. This published study demonstrates the potential applications of Naringin and Naringenin as recognized bio-enhancers.

Melipona scutellaris Geopropolis: Chemical Composition and Bioactivity

Geopropolis has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. In this study, the botanical origin, physicochemical profile, and biological activities of geopropolis from Melipona scutellaris harvested during rainy and dry seasons were investigated. Palynological analysis identified over 50 pollen types, with Schinus terebinthifolius and Cecropia being the predominant types. The analytical results were in line with those reported in the literature. Rainy-season geopropolis exhibited higher total phenol and flavonoid content (determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-25.13% and 3.92%, respectively) compared to the dry season (19.30% and 2.09%); the major peaks (naringin, gallic acid, and catechin) were similar among samples. Antioxidant capacity was assessed via DPPH, reducing power, and β-carotene/linoleic acid discoloration assays. Rainy-season samples displayed superior antioxidant activity across methods. Antimicrobial effects were determined using microdilution, while the impact on the cholinesterase enzyme was quantified using 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid accumulation. Anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic activities were assessed through hyaluronidase enzyme inhibition and by utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC-20113 cells. Both samples exhibited anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic properties. Moreover, a significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was observed, with IC50 values of 0.35 µg/mL during the rainy season and 0.28 µg/mL during the dry season. Additionally, the geopropolis displayed antimicrobial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of M. scutellaris geopropolis in the context of inflammatory, oxidative, and infectious diseases.

Microbial Transformation of Hesperidin and Biological Evaluation

The main aim of the study was the biotransformation evaluation of hesperidin for functionalization by 25 different nonhuman pathogenic microorganisms. As a result, four metabolites were identified and characterized. The structure of pinocembrin and naringenin from the microbial transformation of hesperidin was determined initially with LC/MS-MS. The metabolites eriodictyol and hesperetin were isolated, and their molecular structure was determined by NMR and MS. Pinocembrin, eriodictyol, and naringenin were characterized as new hesperidin microbial transformation metabolites, to the best of our knowledge. In order to evaluate the bioactivity, in vitro 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme inhibition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and acute toxicity evaluations using the brine shrimp assay of hesperidin and its metabolites were performed comparatively. According to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity results, hesperetin metabolite was more active than naringenin and hesperidin. The antimicrobial activity of hesperetin and naringenin against the human pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strain was relatively higher when compared with the substrate hesperidin. In line with this result, biofilm activity of hesperetin and naringenin against S. aureus with combination studies using biofilm formation methods was carried out. The checkerboard combination method was utilized for biofilm layering, also for the first time in the present study. As an initial result, it was observed that hesperidin and naringenin exerted a synergistic activity with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) value of 1.063. Considering the bioactivity of hesperidin, hesperetin, and naringenin used as substrates are relatively nontoxic. The microbial and enzymatic biotransformation of natural products such as hesperetin and its new bioactive metabolites still have pharmacological potential, which needs further experimentation at the molecular level..

Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Anticoagulant Activities of Cupressus sempervirens In Vitro and In Silico

In the last decade, the urgent need to explore medicinal plants or drug development has increased enormously around the world to overcome numerous health problems. In the present investigation, HPLC indicated the existence of 18 phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the Cupressus sempervirens extract. Hesperetin represents the greatest concentration (25,579.57 µg/mL), while other compounds, such as pyro catechol, rutin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringenin, and quercetin, were recognized in concentrations of 2922.53 µg/mL, 1313.26 µg/mL, 1107.26 µg/mL, 389.09 µg/mL, 156.53 µg/mL, and 97.56 µg/mL, respectively. The well diffusion method documented the antibacterial/antifungal activity of C. sempervirens extract against E. faecalis, E. coli, C. albicans, S. typhi, S.aureus, and M. circinelloid with 35, 33, 32, 25, 23, and 21 mm inhibition zones, respectively, more than the standard antibiotic/antifungal agent. Low values ranging from 7.80 to 15.62 µg/mL of MIC and MBC were recorded for E. faecalis, E. coli, and C. albicans. From the 1- diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, promising antioxidant activity was recorded for C. sempervirens extract with IC50 of an 8.97 µg/mL. Moreover, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity assays (TAC) confirmed the antioxidant activity of the extract, which was expressed as the ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) of 366.9 ± 0.2 µg/mg and 102 ± 0.2 µg/mg of extracts, respectively. α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition % were determined to express the antidiabetic activity of the extract in vitro, with promising IC50 value (27.01 µg/mL) for α-amylase compared to that of acarbose (50.93 µg/mL), while IC50 value of the extract for α-glucosidase was 19.21µg/mL compared to that of acarbose 4.13 µg/mL. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) revealed the role of C. sempervirens extract as an anticoagulant agent if compared with the activity of heparin. Binding interactions of hesperetin and gallic acid were examined via the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) Dock software against E. faecalis (PDB ID: 3CLQ), C. albicans (PDB ID: 7RJC), α-amylase (PDB ID: 4W93), and α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 3TOP). The obtained results shed light on how molecular modeling methods might inhibit the tested compounds, which have the potential to be useful in the treatment of target proteins.

Citrus flavonoids and adhesion molecules: Potential role in the management of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory disorder is accompanied with oxidative stress which causes a high morbidity and mortality. Adhesion molecules, including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), P-selectin, and E-selectin, are amongst the most important contributors in atherosclerosis. In such cases, dietary interventions with functional foods containing natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents are of a great interest. Citrus fruits are rich sources of flavonoids as natural pigments with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aims to review current evidence regarding the role of citrus flavonoids in the management of atherosclerosis with a focus on their effect on adhesion molecules. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched with the names of adhesion molecules and flavonoids from inception until January 2023. The included articles highly support the beneficial effects of citrus flavonoids in preclinical models of atherosclerosis. Quercetin, naringin and naringenin, hesperidin and hesperetin, nobiletin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and kaempferol are the most common flavonoids in citrus fruits which could modulate adhesion molecules including ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin. Additionally, markers of chronic inflammation such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-κB, and nitric oxide signaling, as well as oxidative stress markers like superoxide dismutase and glutathione were all normalized upon administration of citrus flavonoids. Conclusively, this review confirms the modulatory role of flavonoids on adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis based on the preclinical evaluations. Thus, citrus fruits can be further studied in atherosclerotic patients regarding their activity in reducing adhesion molecules.

Biological activities of naringenin: A narrative review based on in vitro and in vivo studies

Naringenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavonone) is a phytochemical mainly found in citrus fruits. It is a promising phytochemical for human health because of its beneficial effects. This review aims to present comprehensive information on naringenin biological activities along with its action mechanisms and explain the pharmacokinetic properties of naringenin. This study involves a comprehensive literature review of in vitro and in vivo studies examining the effects of naringenin. Naringenin has antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiobesity, gastroprotective, immunomodulator, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties. These properties are primarily attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The most important antioxidant activities of naringenin including free radical scavenging and preventing lipid peroxidation. Naringenin can increase the concentration of antioxidant enzymes and inhibit metal chelation and various pro-oxidant enzymes. Anti-inflammatory activities of naringenin are associated with decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase activities and nuclear factor kappa B by modulating the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokine and enzymes. In vitro and in vivo studies show that naringenin has promising biological activities for a variety of diseases. More research must be conducted on the bioactivities of naringenin, and to determine its optimum dose. In addition, the efficiency of naringenin must be examined with enhanced bioavailability methods to be able to increase its therapeutic effect.

Naringin commonly acts via hormesis

The present paper provides the first integrative assessment of the capacity of naringin and its metabolite, naringenin, to induce hormetic dose responses within a broad range of experimental biomedical models. The findings indicate that these agents commonly induced protective effects that are typically mediated via hormetic mechanisms leading to biphasic dose-response relationships. The maximum protective effects are generally modest, 30-60 % greater than control group values. The range of experimental findings with these agents has been reported for models with various neurodegenerative diseases, nucleus pulpous cells (NPCs) located within intravertebral discs, several types of stem cells (i.e., bone marrow, amniotic fluid, periodontal, endothelial) as well as cardiac cells. These agents also were effective within preconditioning protocols protecting against environmental toxins such as ultraviolet radiation (UV), cadmium, and paraquat. The mechanism(s) by which the hormetic responses mediates these biphasic dose responses is complex but commonly involves the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), an increasingly recognized regulator of cellular resistance to oxidants. Nrf2 appears to play a role in controlling the basal and induced expression of an array of antioxidant response element-dependent genes to regulate oxidant exposure's physiological and pathophysiological outcomes. Hence its importance in the assessment of toxicologic and adaptive potential is likely to be significant.

Natural products in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Novel lead discovery for drug development

With changing lifestyles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. A substantial increase in the incidence, mortality, and associated burden of NAFLD-related advanced liver disease is expected. Currently, the initial diagnosis of NAFLD is still based on ultrasound and there is no approved treatment method. Lipid-lowering drugs, vitamin supplementation, and lifestyle improvement treatments are commonly used in clinical practice. However, most lipid-lowering drugs can produce poor patient compliance and specific adverse effects. Therefore, the exploration of bio-diagnostic markers and active lead compounds for the development of innovative drugs is urgently needed. More and more studies have reported the anti-NAFLD effects and mechanisms of natural products (NPs), which have become an important source for new drug development to treat NAFLD due to their high activity and low side effects. At present, berberine and silymarin have been approved by the US FDA to enter clinical phase IV studies, demonstrating the potential of NPs against NAFLD. Studies have found that the regulation of lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation-related pathways may play important roles in the process. With the continuous updating of technical means and scientific theories, in-depth research on the targets and mechanisms of NPs against NAFLD can provide new possibilities to find bio-diagnostic markers and innovative drugs. As we know, FXR agonists, PPARα agonists, and dual CCR2/5 inhibitors are gradually coming on stage for the treatment of NAFLD. Whether NPs can exert anti-NAFLD effects by regulating these targets or some unknown targets remains to be further studied. Therefore, the study reviewed the potential anti-NAFLD NPs and their targets. Some works on the discovery of new targets and the docking of active lead compounds were also discussed. It is hoped that this review can provide some reference values for the development of non-invasive diagnostic markers and new drugs against NAFLD in the clinic.

Let-7g Upregulation Attenuated the KRAS-PI3K-Rac1-Akt Axis-Mediated Bioenergetic Functions

The aberrant activation of signaling pathways contributes to cancer cells with metabolic reprogramming. Thus, targeting signaling modulators is considered a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. Subcellular fractionation, coimmunoprecipitation, biochemical analysis, and gene manipulation experiments revealed that decreasing the interaction of kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) with p110α in lipid rafts with the use of naringenin (NGN), a citrus flavonoid, causes lipid raft-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-GTP-ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)-protein kinase B (Akt)-regulated metabolic dysfunction of glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), leading to apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. The use of lethal-7g (let-7g) mimic and let-7g inhibitor confirmed that elevated let-7g resulted in a decrease in KRAS expression, which attenuated the PI3K-Rac1-Akt-BCL-2/BCL-xL-modulated mitochondrial energy metabolic functions. Increased let-7g depends on the suppression of the RNA-specificity of monocyte chemoattractant protein-induced protein-1 (MCPIP1) ribonuclease since NGN specifically blocks the degradation of pre-let-7g by NPC cell-derived immunoprecipitated MCPIP1. Converging lines of evidence indicate that the inhibition of MCPIP1 by NGN leads to let-7g upregulation, suppressing oncogenic KRAS-modulated PI3K-Rac1-Akt signaling and thereby impeding the metabolic activities of aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial OXPHOS.

Potential therapeutic effects of naringin loaded PLGA nanoparticles for the management of Alzheimer's disease: In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo investigation

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia which has been affected to more the 44 million people globally. It is distinguished by gradually deteriorating memory and other cognitive abilities that precede dementia. Present treatment of AD mainly focuses on symptomatic slowing the evolution of the disease which is associated with numerous side effects such as dizziness, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, heart attack, and stroke etc. Henceforth; there is urgent need to identify the alternative treatment for management of AD. Herbal medicines have been used from long time to treat AD. One of such leading Phyto molecule is Naringin. It showed promising results against AD but suffers from poor bioavailability and require in high dose to cross the blood brain barrier.

Objectives

The main objectives of proposed work are to increase the bioavailability of naringin in brain by developing Nano-suspension and preclinical evaluation of neuroprotective effect of Naringin Nano-suspension (NNS) against Scopolamine induced Alzheimer's disease in rats.

Methods

The present study deals with the development, characterization of NNSand to evaluate neuroprotective effect of NNS. Nanoparticles of drug were formed by using PLGA polymer and optimized by using 32 factorial design. Optimized batch was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Further the effectiveness of NNS was preclinically investigated by performing AOTstudy as per OECD guideline 420. AD induced Albino Wistar Rats were treated with NNS orally for 14 days and then evaluated for parameters like Gross examination of brain, Relative brain weight determination, behavioural parameters, neuro-inflammatory parameters and immune-histology.

Results

Optimization was carried out to study the effect of polymer concentration and number of HPH cycles on Particle size, Poly dispersity index (PDI) and % entrapment efficiency. Desirability search approach was used to select the optimized formulation. Based on the selection criteria, batch F6 having 357.6 ± 05 nm particle size, 0.168 ± 0.04 PDI and 91 ± 2% EE was selected as optimized batch. SEM analysis showed spherical morphology and XRD confirmed the molecular dispersion. Pre-treatment with NNS showed neuroprotective activity basedon results of behavioural studies, biochemical estimation, neuroinflammatory parameters and immunohistochemistry evaluations.

Conclusion

As NNS showed significant neuroprotective and anti-neuro-inflammatory effect, this study opens up new ways to exploit Naringin for various therapeutic and restorative purposes.

Bergamot juice powder with high bioactive properties: Spray-drying for the preservation of antioxidant activity and ultrasound-assisted extraction for enhanced phenolic compound extraction

The spray-drying process yielded functional bergamot juice powder with high antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and vitamin C content. Optimal drying conditions were determined as 10% maltodextrin concentration, 146.02°C inlet temperature, and 39.99% pump rate, preserving powder's bioactive properties. Under these drying conditions, bergamot juice powder exhibited an antioxidant activity of 62.2% DPPH scavenging activity, a total phenolic content of 3862.1 ppm, and a vitamin C content of 1385.9 ppm. The bergamot juice powder, with a water activity of 0.2, bulk density of 0.4 g/mL, tapped density of 0.5 g/mL, porosity of 89.6%, hygroscopicity of 8.6%, and cohesiveness of 37.2%, is highly suitable for further processing. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of major phenolic compounds in both fresh bergamot juice and spray-dried powder, although their concentrations were lower in the powder form. The major phenolics identified in the fruit juice were naringin (197.5 ppm), eriocitrin (105.9 ppm), neoeriocitrin (53.4 ppm), neohesperidin (68.8 ppm), and naringenin (119.8 ppm). However, in the powder form, the bitterness-associated compounds, naringin and neohesperidin, exhibited a significant reduction of 85.0% and 90.3%, respectively. Compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (48.4%), ethanol (37.9%), and distilled water (17.3%), ultrasound-assisted extraction with acetone solvent demonstrated the highest efficiency (61.7%) in obtaining phenolic compounds from bergamot juice powder. In conclusion, spray-drying is an effective method for obtaining functional bergamot juice powder, and ultrasound-assisted extraction can further enhance phenolic compound extraction efficiency. These findings have potential applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, with opportunities for further research in functional foods or nutraceuticals. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Spray-drying yields functional bergamot juice powder with high bioactive properties. Optimal drying conditions can be applied in industrial settings. Ultrasound-assisted extraction enhances phenolic compound extraction efficiency. Potential applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

Red and golden tomato administration improves fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in rats by modulating HNF4α, Lepr, and GK expression

Introduction

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by lipid accumulation within hepatocytes exceeding 5% of liver weight, is strongly related to metabolic disorders, obesity, and diabetes and represents a health emergency worldwide. There is no standard therapy available for NAFLD. Lifestyle intervention, including phytonutrient intake, is key in preventing NAFLD development and progression.

Methods

We used a rat model of NAFLD to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with red tomato (RT) and golden tomato (GT)-a patented mix of fruit with varying degrees of ripeness and particularly rich in naringenin and chlorogenic acid-after steatosis development. We assessed the effects on body weight, metabolic profile, and hepatic steatosis.

Results and discussion

We found a correlation between the amelioration of all the parameters and the liver gene expression. Our results showed that, together with the reversion of steatosis, the consumption of RT and GT can cause a significant reduction in triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, fasting glucose, and homeostasis model assessment index. Meanwhile, we observed an increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol according to the amelioration of the general lipidic profile. Regarding hepatic gene expression, we found the upregulation of Gk and Hnf4α involved in metabolic homeostasis, Lepr involved in adipokine signaling, and Il6 and Tnf involved in inflammatory response. Taken together, our results suggest that dietary intake of red and golden tomatoes, as a nutraceutical approach, has potential in preventing and therapeutics of NAFLD.

Naringin exerts antiarrhythmic effects by inhibiting channel currents in mouse cardiomyocytes

INTRODUCTION

Naringin, a flavonoid extracted from citrus plants, has a variety of biological effects. Studies have shown that increasing the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods can reduce the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. Naringin has been reported to have beneficial cardiovascular effects and thus can be used to prevent cardiovascular diseases, but the electrophysiological mechanism through which it prevents arrhythmias has not been elucidated. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of naringin on the transmembrane ion channel currents in mouse ventricular myocytes and the antiarrhythmic effect of this compound on Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts.

METHODS

Action potentials (APs) and ionic currents were recorded in isolated ventricular myocytes using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Anemone toxin II (ATX II) and CaCl2 were used to induce early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs), respectively. Electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were conducted in Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts with a BL-420F biological signal acquisition and analysis system.

RESULTS

At the cellular level, naringin shortened the action potential duration (APD) of ventricular myocytes and decreased the maximum depolarization velocity (Vmax) of APs.Naringin inhibited the L-type calcium current (ICa.L) and ATX II enhanced the late sodium current (INa.L) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 508.5 μmol/L (n = 9) and 311.6 μmol/L (n = 10), respectively. In addition, naringin also inhibited the peak sodium current (INa·P) and delayed the rectifier potassium current (IK) and the transient outward potassium current (Ito). Moreover, naringin reduced ATX II-induced APD prolongation and EADs and had a significant inhibitory effect on CaCl2-induced DADs as well. At the organ level, naringin reduced the incidence of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) induced by ATX II and shortened the duration of both in isolated hearts.

CONCLUSION

Naringin can inhibit the occurrence of EADs and DADs at the cellular level; furthermore, it can inhibit INa.L, ICa.L, INa·P, IK, and Ito in ventricular myocytes. Naringin also inhibits arrhythmias induced by ATX II in hearts. By investigating naringin with this electrophysiological method for the first time, we determined that this flavonoid may be a multichannel blocker with antiarrhythmic effects.

Oxidative balance score inversely associated with the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome: analysis of two studies of the Korean population

Background

Pro-oxidant/antioxidant imbalances leading to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance can contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Oxidative Balance Score (OBS), a comprehensive measure of exposure to pro- and anti-oxidants, represents an individual's total oxidative balance. This study aimed to evaluate the association between OBS and MetS using two large datasets.

Methods

We analyzed data from 2,735 adults older than 19 years from the 2021 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) and 5,807 adults aged 40-69 years from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). In each dataset, OBS was categorized into sex-specific tertiles (T).

Results

In KNHANES, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for prevalent MetS in T3, compared to T1, were 0.44 (0.29-0.65) in men and 0.34 (0.23-0.50) in women after adjusting for confounders. In KoGES, the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for incident MetS in T3, compared to T1, were 0.56 (0.48-0.65) in men and 0.63 (0.55-0.73) in women after adjusting for confounders.

Conclusion

OBS appears to be inversely related to MetS, which suggests that adopting lifestyle behaviors that decrease oxidative stress could be an important preventive strategy for MetS.

HM-chromanone alleviates hyperglycemia and inflammation in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance

This study was designed to investigate whether (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone alleviates inflammation and hyperglycemia in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance. (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg bodyweight) was orally pre-administered to C57BL/6 J mice. An hour later, lipopolysaccharides (20 mg/kg bodyweight) was administered intraperitoneally to induce endotoxins. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein of the mice every 0, 30, and 90 min. The results indicated that (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone effectively regulated blood glucose levels in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone significantly reduced the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, and protein kinase C θ. Additionally, (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone suppressed the phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase and IkB kinase β, thereby decreasing the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B α and activating the nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1 in the liver. Therefore, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β was significantly reduced by suppressing the nuclear factor-κB and activator protein 1 activity. Suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin, S6 kinase 1, protein kinase C θ, c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase, and IkB kinase β also ameliorated insulin resistance by reducing the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 serine 307, thereby decreasing hyperglycemia. These findings suggest that (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone can alleviate hyperglycemia and inflammation in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance.

Naringin and naringenin counteract taxol-induced liver injury in Wistar rats via suppression of oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation

This research aimed to evaluate the preventing effects of naringin, naringenin, and their combination on liver injury induced by Taxol (paclitaxel) in Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats received 2 mg/kg Taxol intraperitoneal injections twice weekly on the second and fifth days of each week for 6 weeks. During the same period as Taxol administration, rats were given naringin, naringenin, or a combination of the two (10 mg/kg b.wt) every other day. Treatment with naringin and/or naringenin reduced the abnormally high serum levels of total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase in Taxol-treated rats. It also significantly increased the level of serum albumin, indicating an improvement in the liver. The perturbed histological liver changes were markedly improved due to the naringin and/or naringenin treatment in Taxol-administered rats. Additionally, the treatments reduced high hepatic lipid peroxidation and increased liver glutathione content as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, the treatments reduced the levels of alpha-fetoprotein and caspase-3, a pro-apoptotic mediator. The naringin and naringenin mixture appeared more effective in improving organ function and structural integrity. In conclusion, naringin and naringenin are suggested to employ their hepatoprotective benefits via boosting the body's antioxidant defense system, reducing inflammation, and suppressing apoptosis.

Naringenin biosynthesis and fabrication of naringenin mediated nano silver conjugate for antimicrobial potential

The development of resistance, instability and high doses are some drawbacks of biologically active natural products. Modification of natural compounds to make it broad spectrum is the standard approach in drug design. This paper sets to modify the naringenin by silver nanoparticle conjugation to enhance its already reported pharmacological activities. The naringenin-nano silver conjugate was synthesized by one-step green synthesis, that is, sunlight exposure confirmed by UV spectroscopy. The biosynthesized naringenin-nanosilver conjugate was tested for antiacanthamoebal and antimicrobial potential. The antibacterial potential was increased by 5.8-6.14 fold against Gram positive bacteria, that is, S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis and 4.5-13.6 fold against Gram negative bacteria, that is, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The standard naringenin-nanosilver conjugate significantly reduced the LC50 values against the Acanthamoeba cells, by, 66% and 36%, as compared to substrate naringin and standard naringenin respectively while biotransformed naringinin-nanosilver conjugate reduced LC50 by 50.56%, compared with biotransformed naringenin. Hence modification of natural product as nanoconjugate is the best practice for improvement as an effective drug.

Phytochemical Properties, Extraction, and Pharmacological Benefits of Naringin: A Review

This review describes the various innovative approaches implemented for naringin extraction as well as the recent developments in the field. Naringin was assessed in terms of its structure, chemical composition, and potential food sources. How naringin works pharmacologically was discussed, including its potential as an anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective substance. Citrus flavonoids are crucial herbal additives that have a huge spectrum of organic activities. Naringin is a nutritional flavanone glycoside that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of a few chronic disorders associated with ageing. Citrus fruits contain a common flavone glycoside that has specific pharmacological and biological properties. Naringin, a flavone glycoside with a range of intriguing characteristics, is abundant in citrus fruits. Naringin has been shown to have a variety of biological, medicinal, and pharmacological effects. Naringin is hydrolyzed into rhamnose and prunin by the naringinase, which also possesses l-rhamnosidase activity. D-glucosidase subsequently catalyzes the hydrolysis of prunin into glucose and naringenin. Naringin is known for having anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tumor-fighting effects. Numerous test animals and cell lines have been used to correlate naringin exposure to asthma, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cancer, hyperthyroidism, and osteoporosis. This study focused on the many documented actions of naringin in in-vitro and in-vivo experimental and preclinical investigations, as well as its prospective therapeutic advantages, utilizing the information that is presently accessible in the literature. In addition to its pharmacokinetic characteristics, naringin's structure, distribution, different extraction methods, and potential use in the cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and animal feed sectors were discussed.

Association between Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Hyperemesis Gravidarum

(1) Background: Although studies have suggested that dietary interventions may have potential benefits over conventional medical treatments, research on the association between dietary patterns and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) in pregnant women is scarce. (2) Methods: To explore the relationship between dietary patterns and the risk of HG, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Xi'an, China from April 2021 to September 2022. Dietary intake was assessed by a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and then factor analysis was used to derive dietary patterns. HG was defined as persistent and severe nausea and vomiting with weight loss ≥ 5%, pregnancy-unique quantification of emesis (PUQE) score ≥ 13, or hospitalization due to vomiting. Logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for HG according to dietary pattern scores. Stratified analyses and tests for interaction were performed by potential confounders. (3) Results: Of the 3122 pregnant women enrolled, 2515 individuals (mean age: 31.2 ± 3.4 years) were included in the final analysis. In total, 226 (8.9%) pregnant women were identified as having HG. Five dietary patterns were identified. After adjusting for covariates, the highest quartile of the "fish, shrimp and meat" and "egg, milk and water drinking" patterns was associated with a 37% and 58% lower risk of HG compared with the lowest quartile, respectively (p-trend < 0.05). Conversely, the highest quartile of the "beverage" pattern was associated with a 64% higher risk of HG compared with the lowest quartile (p-trend = 0.02). Furthermore, significant interactions were observed between the "egg, milk and water drinking" pattern and parity, employment status and nutritional supplement use (p-interaction < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: A diet rich in eggs, milk, seafood and unprocessed poultry and animal meat may be a protective factor against HG, while a diet high in beverages may be detrimental to HG. These associations may vary by parity, employment status and nutritional supplement use.

Progress of research on the role of active ingredients of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium in liver injury

BACKGROUND

Liver is a vital organ responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying both endogenous and exogenous substances in the body. However, it is susceptible to damage from chemical and natural toxins. The high incidence and mortality rates of liver disease and its associated complications impose a significant economic burden and survival pressure on patients and their families. Various liver diseases exist, including cholestasis, viral and non-viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, alcoholic liver injury, and severe end-stage liver diseases such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCA). Recent research has shown that flavonoids found in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) have the potential to normalize blood glucose, cholesterol levels, and liver lipid levels. Additionally, these flavonoids exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, prevent oxidation and lipid peroxidation, and reduce liver toxicity, thereby preventing liver injury. Given these promising findings, it is essential to explore the potential of active components in CRP for developing new drugs to treat liver diseases.

OBJECTIVE

Recent studies have revealed that flavonoids, including hesperidin (HD), hesperetin (HT), naringenin (NIN), nobiletin (NOB), naringin (NRG), tangerine (TN), and erodcyol (ED), are the primary bioactive components in CRP. These flavonoids exhibit various therapeutic effects on liver injury, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis, and anti-tumor mechanisms. In this review, we have summarized the research progress on the hepatoprotective effects of HD, HT, NIN, NOB, NRG, TN, ED and limonene (LIM), highlighting their underlying molecular mechanisms. Despite their promising effects, the current clinical application of these active ingredients in CRP has some limitations. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore the full potential of these flavonoids and develop new therapeutic strategies for liver diseases.

METHODS

For this review, we conducted a systematic search of three databases (ScienceNet, PubMed, and Science Direct) up to July 2022, using the search terms "CRP active ingredient," "liver injury," and "flavonoids." The search data followed the PRISMA standard.

RESULTS

Our findings indicate that flavonoids found in CRP can effectively reduce drug-induced liver injury, alcoholic liver injury, and non-alcoholic liver injury. These therapeutic effects are mainly attributed to the ability of flavonoids to improve liver resistance to oxidative stress and inflammation while normalizing cholesterol and liver lipid levels by exhibiting anti-free radical and anti-lipid peroxidation properties.

CONCLUSION

Our review provides new insights into the potential of active components in CRP for preventing and treating liver injury by regulating various molecular targets within different cell signaling pathways. This information can aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for liver disease.