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Hu H, Liang W, Ding G. Ion homeostasis in diabetic kidney disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:142-150. [PMID: 37880052 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The complications of type 2 diabetes are a major global public health problem with high incidence and mortality, affecting almost all individuals with diabetes worldwide. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one such primary complication and has become a leading cause of end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetes. Progression from diabetes to DKD is a complex process typically involving multiple mechanisms. Recent remarkable clinical benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in diabetes and DKD highlight the critical impact of renal ion homeostasis on disease progression. This review comprehensively examines the impact of ion homeostasis on the transition from diabetes to DKD, outlining possible therapeutic interventions and addressing the ongoing challenges in this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtu Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
| | - Guohua Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Key Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, 238 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
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2
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Oost LJ, Slieker RC, Blom MT, 't Hart LM, Hoenderop JGJ, Beulens JWJ, de Baaij JHF. Genome-wide association study of serum magnesium in type 2 diabetes. GENES & NUTRITION 2024; 19:2. [PMID: 38279093 PMCID: PMC10811844 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-024-00738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
People with type 2 diabetes have a tenfold higher prevalence of hypomagnesemia, which is suggested to be caused by low dietary magnesium intake, medication use, and genetics. This study aims to identify the genetic loci that influence serum magnesium concentration in 3466 people with type 2 diabetes. The GWAS models were adjusted for age, sex, eGFR, and HbA1c. Associated traits were identified using publicly available data from GTEx consortium, a human kidney eQTL atlas, and the Open GWAS database. The GWAS identified a genome-wide significant locus in TAF3 (p = 2.9 × 10-9) in people with type 2 diabetes. In skeletal muscle, loci located in TAF3 demonstrate an eQTL link to ATP5F1C, a gene that is involved in the formation of Mg2+-ATP. Serum Mg2+ levels were associated with MUC1/TRIM46 (p = 2.9 × 10-7), SHROOM3 (p = 4.0 × 10-7), and SLC22A7 (p = 1.0 × 10-6) at nominal significance, which is in combination with the eQTL data suggesting that they are possible candidates for renal failure. Several genetic loci were in agreement with previous genomic studies which identified MUC1/TRIM46 (Pmeta = 6.9 × 10-29, PQ = 0.81) and SHROOM3 (Pmeta = 2.9 × 10-27, PQ = 0.04) to be associated with serum Mg2+ in the general population. In conclusion, serum magnesium concentrations are associated with genetic variability around the regions of TAF3, MUC1/TRIM46, SHROOM3, and SLC22A7 in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette J Oost
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roderick C Slieker
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke T Blom
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Diabetes & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leen M 't Hart
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Diabetes & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Huang S, Ge Y, Li Y, Cui N, Tan L, Guo S, Wang S, Hao L, Lei G, Yang X. Magnesium Status, Genetic Variants of Magnesium-Related Ion Channel Transient Receptor Potential Membrane Melastatin 6 (TRPM6) and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Pregnant Women: A Nested Case-Control Study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200835. [PMID: 37759402 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Magnesium plays an important role in regulating glucose metabolism. The study attempts to explore association between magnesium status and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of gene involved in magnesium absorption-transient receptor potential membrane melastatin 6 (TRPM6) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk METHODS AND RESULTS: A nested case-control study including 170 GDM cases and matched 340 controls is conducted based on Tongji Birth Cohort. Dietary, serum, and urine magnesium are evaluated before the diagnosis of GDM. Compared to the lowest tertile, women in the highest tertile of serum magnesium are at a lower risk of GDM (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.42, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.21-0.84). Serum magnesium is inversely associated with insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (β = -0.05, p = 0.002; β = -0.04, p = 0.001, respectively). The aOR for GDM in carriers of the CT or CC genotypes of TRPM6 rs2274924 compared with carriers of the TT genotype is 2.76 (95% CI 1.78-4.26). Dietary magnesium is positively associated with serum magnesium (β = 0.02, p = 0.004), but not with GDM risk. CONCLUSION Serum magnesium and the TRPM6 rs2274924 polymorphism are associated with the risk of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yanyan Ge
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ningning Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Le Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Liping Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Gang Lei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430014, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
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4
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Jin F, Huang Y, Hattori M. Recent Advances in the Structural Biology of Mg 2+ Channels and Transporters. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167729. [PMID: 35841930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are the most abundant divalent cations in living organisms and are essential for various physiological processes, including ATP utilization and the catalytic activity of numerous enzymes. Therefore, the homeostatic mechanisms associated with cellular Mg2+ are crucial for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms and are thus strictly controlled by Mg2+ channels and transporters. Technological advances in structural biology, such as the expression screening of membrane proteins, in meso phase crystallization, and recent cryo-EM techniques, have enabled the structure determination of numerous Mg2+ channels and transporters. In this review article, we provide an overview of the families of Mg2+ channels and transporters (MgtE/SLC41, TRPM6/7, CorA/Mrs2, CorC/CNNM), and discuss the structural biology prospects based on the known structures of MgtE, TRPM7, CorA and CorC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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5
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Ferreira A, Rivera A, Wohlgemuth JG, Dlott JS, Snyder LM, Alper SL, Romero JR. Dysregulated Erythroid Mg2+ Efflux in Type 2 Diabetes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:861644. [PMID: 35445032 PMCID: PMC9013827 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.861644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is associated with decreased Mg2+ content in red blood cells (RBC), but mechanisms remain unclear. We characterized the regulation of Mg2+ efflux by glucose in ex vivo human RBC. We observed that hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) values correlated with Na+-dependent Mg2+ efflux (Na+/Mg2+ exchange) and inversely correlated with cellular Mg content. Treatment of cells with 50 mM D-glucose, but not with sorbitol, lowered total cellular Mg (2.2 ± 0.1 to 2.0 ± 0.1 mM, p < 0.01) and enhanced Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity [0.60 ± 0.09 to 1.12 ± 0.09 mmol/1013 cell × h (flux units, FU), p < 0.05]. In contrast, incubation with selective Src family kinase inhibitors PP2 or SU6656 reduced glucose-stimulated exchange activation (p < 0.01). Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity was also higher in RBC from individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D, 1.19 ± 0.13 FU) than from non-diabetic individuals (0.58 ± 0.05 FU, p < 0.01). Increased Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity in RBC from T2D subjects was associated with lower intracellular Mg content. Similarly increased exchange activity was evident in RBC from the diabetic db/db mouse model as compared to its non-diabetic control (p < 0.03). Extracellular exposure of intact RBC from T2D subjects to recombinant peptidyl-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) reduced Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity from 0.98 ± 0.14 to 0.59 ± 0.13 FU (p < 0.05) and increased baseline intracellular Mg content (1.8 ± 0.1 mM) to normal values (2.1 ± 0.1 mM, p < 0.05). These data suggest that the reduced RBC Mg content of T2D RBC reflects enhanced RBC Na+/Mg2+ exchange subject to regulation by Src family kinases and by the N-glycosylation state of one or more membrane proteins. The data extend our understanding of dysregulated RBC Mg2+ homeostasis in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ferreira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alicia Rivera
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alicia Rivera,
| | | | | | | | - Seth L. Alper
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jose R. Romero
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Scrt1, a transcriptional regulator of β-cell proliferation identified by differential chromatin accessibility during islet maturation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8800. [PMID: 33888791 PMCID: PMC8062533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-induced insulin secretion, a hallmark of mature β-cells, is achieved after birth and is preceded by a phase of intense proliferation. These events occurring in the neonatal period are decisive for establishing an appropriate functional β-cell mass that provides the required insulin throughout life. However, key regulators of gene expression involved in functional maturation of β-cells remain to be elucidated. Here, we addressed this issue by mapping open chromatin regions in newborn versus adult rat islets using the ATAC-seq assay. We obtained a genome-wide picture of chromatin accessible sites (~ 100,000) among which 20% were differentially accessible during maturation. An enrichment analysis of transcription factor binding sites identified a group of transcription factors that could explain these changes. Among them, Scrt1 was found to act as a transcriptional repressor and to control β-cell proliferation. Interestingly, Scrt1 expression was controlled by the transcriptional repressor RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) and was increased in an in vitro reprogramming system of pancreatic exocrine cells to β-like cells. Overall, this study led to the identification of several known and unforeseen key transcriptional events occurring during β-cell maturation. These findings will help defining new strategies to induce the functional maturation of surrogate insulin-producing cells.
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7
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Jin F, Sun M, Fujii T, Yamada Y, Wang J, Maturana AD, Wada M, Su S, Ma J, Takeda H, Kusakizako T, Tomita A, Nakada-Nakura Y, Liu K, Uemura T, Nomura Y, Nomura N, Ito K, Nureki O, Namba K, Iwata S, Yu Y, Hattori M. The structure of MgtE in the absence of magnesium provides new insights into channel gating. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001231. [PMID: 33905418 PMCID: PMC8104411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MgtE is a Mg2+ channel conserved in organisms ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, including humans, and plays an important role in Mg2+ homeostasis. The previously determined MgtE structures in the Mg2+-bound, closed-state, and structure-based functional analyses of MgtE revealed that the binding of Mg2+ ions to the MgtE cytoplasmic domain induces channel inactivation to maintain Mg2+ homeostasis. There are no structures of the transmembrane (TM) domain for MgtE in Mg2+-free conditions, and the pore-opening mechanism has thus remained unclear. Here, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the MgtE-Fab complex in the absence of Mg2+ ions. The Mg2+-free MgtE TM domain structure and its comparison with the Mg2+-bound, closed-state structure, together with functional analyses, showed the Mg2+-dependent pore opening of MgtE on the cytoplasmic side and revealed the kink motions of the TM2 and TM5 helices at the glycine residues, which are important for channel activity. Overall, our work provides structure-based mechanistic insights into the channel gating of MgtE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Takashi Fujii
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yurika Yamada
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andrés D. Maturana
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Wada
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shichen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Multiscale Research Institute for Complex Systems, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinbiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Multiscale Research Institute for Complex Systems, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hironori Takeda
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kusakizako
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tomita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakada-Nakura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kehong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yayoi Nomura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norimichi Nomura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ye Yu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Crandall CJ, Diamant AL, Maglione M, Thurston RC, Sinsheimer J. Genetic Variation and Hot Flashes: A Systematic Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa536. [PMID: 32797194 PMCID: PMC7538102 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Approximately 70% of women report experiencing vasomotor symptoms (VMS, hot flashes and/or night sweats). The etiology of VMS is not clearly understood but may include genetic factors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched PubMed and Embase in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance. We included studies on associations between genetic variation and VMS. We excluded studies focused on medication interventions or prevention or treatment of breast cancer. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of 202 unique citations, 18 citations met the inclusion criteria. Study sample sizes ranged from 51 to 17 695. Eleven of the 18 studies had fewer than 500 participants; 2 studies had 1000 or more. Overall, statistically significant associations with VMS were found for variants in 14 of the 26 genes assessed in candidate gene studies. The cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1B1) gene was the focus of the largest number (n = 7) of studies, but strength and statistical significance of associations of CYP1B1 variants with VMS were inconsistent. A genome-wide association study reported statistically significant associations between 14 single-nucleotide variants in the tachykinin receptor 3 gene and VMS. Heterogeneity across trials regarding VMS measurement methods and effect measures precluded quantitative meta-analysis; there were few studies of each specific genetic variant. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants are associated with VMS. The associations are not limited to variations in sex-steroid metabolism genes. However, studies were few and future studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Crandall
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Allison L Diamant
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Rebecca C Thurston
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Janet Sinsheimer
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Samaha G, Wade CM, Beatty J, Lyons LA, Fleeman LM, Haase B. Mapping the genetic basis of diabetes mellitus in the Australian Burmese cat (Felis catus). Sci Rep 2020; 10:19194. [PMID: 33154479 PMCID: PMC7644637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a common endocrinopathy affecting domestic cats, shares many clinical and pathologic features with type 2 diabetes in humans. In Australia and Europe, diabetes mellitus is almost four times more common among Burmese cats than in other breeds. As a genetically isolated population, the diabetic Australian Burmese cat provides a spontaneous genetic model for studying diabetes mellitus in humans. Studying complex diseases in pedigreed breeds facilitates tighter control of confounding factors including population stratification, allelic frequencies and environmental heterogeneity. We used the feline SNV array and whole genome sequence data to undertake a genome wide-association study and runs of homozygosity analysis, of a case–control cohort of Australian and European Burmese cats. Our results identified diabetes-associated haplotypes across chromosomes A3, B1 and E1 and selective sweeps across the Burmese breed on chromosomes B1, B3, D1 and D4. The locus on chromosome B1, common to both analyses, revealed coding and splice region variants in candidate genes, ANK1, EPHX2 and LOX2, implicated in diabetes mellitus and lipid dysregulation. Mapping this condition in Burmese cats has revealed a polygenic spectrum, implicating loci linked to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, lipid dysregulation and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in the Burmese cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Samaha
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Claire M Wade
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Beatty
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Bianca Haase
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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10
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The Coordination Chemistry of Bio-Relevant Ligands and Their Magnesium Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143172. [PMID: 32664540 PMCID: PMC7397051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of magnesium (Mg2+) was extensively explored. More recently; magnesium; which plays a role in over 80% of metabolic functions and governs over 350 enzymatic processes; is becoming increasingly linked to chronic disease—predominantly due to magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia). Supplemental dietary magnesium utilizing biorelevant chelate ligands is a proven method for counteracting hypomagnesemia. However, the coordination chemistry of such bio-relevant magnesium complexes is yet to be extensively explored or elucidated. It is the aim of this review to comprehensively describe what is currently known about common bio-relevant magnesium complexes from the perspective of coordination chemistry.
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11
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Feng J, Wang H, Jing Z, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Wang W, Sun W. Role of Magnesium in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:74-85. [PMID: 31713111 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (in its ionized and biologically active form, Mg2+) is an essential trace element that participates in numerous physiologic processes. Abnormal Mg2+ homeostasis can lead to many metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Mg2+ participates in energy generation and is required for DNA and RNA synthesis, reproduction, and protein synthesis. Additionally, Mg2+ acts as a calcium antagonist and protects vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. Imbalances in Mg2+ status, more frequently hypomagnesemia, inhibit glucose transporter type 4 translocation, increase insulin resistance, affect lipid metabolism, induce oxidative stress, and impair the antioxidant system of endothelial cells, In these ways, hypomagnesemia contributes to the initiation and progression of DM and its macrovascular and microvascular complications. In this review, we summarize recent advances in knowledge of the mechanisms whereby Mg2+ regulates insulin secretion and sensitivity. In addition, we discuss the future prospects for research regarding the mechanisms whereby Mg2+ status impacts DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Feng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Heyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Jing
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yanli Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wanning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Weixia Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Jilin Province, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Circulating Ionized Magnesium as a Measure of Supplement Bioavailability: Results from a Pilot Study for Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051245. [PMID: 32353962 PMCID: PMC7281967 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral supplementation may improve the dietary intake of magnesium, which has been identified as a shortfall nutrient. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate appropriate methods for assessing responses to the ingestion of oral magnesium supplements, including ionized magnesium in whole blood (iMg2+) concentration, serum total magnesium concentration, and total urinary magnesium content. In a single-blinded crossover study, 17 healthy adults were randomly assigned to consume 300 mg of magnesium from MgCl2 (ReMag®, a picosized magnesium formulation) or placebo, while having a low-magnesium breakfast. Blood and urine samples were obtained for the measurement of iMg2+, serum total magnesium, and total urine magnesium, during 24 h following the magnesium supplement or placebo dosing. Bioavailability was assessed using area-under-the-curve (AUC) as well as maximum (Cmax) and time-to-maximum (Tmax) concentration. Depending on normality, data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or median (range), and differences between responses to MgCl2 or placebo were measured using the paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Following MgCl2 administration versus placebo administration, we observed significantly greater increases in iMg2+ concentrations (AUC = 1.51 ± 0.96 vs. 0.84 ± 0.82 mg/dL•24h; Cmax = 1.38 ± 0.13 vs. 1.32 ± 0.07 mg/dL, respectively; both p < 0.05) but not in serum total magnesium (AUC = 27.00 [0, 172.93] vs. 14.55 [0, 91.18] mg/dL•24h; Cmax = 2.38 [1.97, 4.01] vs. 2.24 [1.98, 4.31] mg/dL) or in urinary magnesium (AUC = 201.74 ± 161.63 vs. 139.30 ± 92.84 mg•24h; Cmax = 26.12 [12.91, 88.63] vs. 24.38 [13.51, 81.51] mg/dL; p > 0.05). Whole blood iMg2+ may be a more sensitive measure of acute oral intake of magnesium compared to serum and urinary magnesium and may be preferred for assessing supplement bioavailability.
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13
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NIPA2 regulates osteoblast function by modulating mitophagy in type 2 diabetes osteoporosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3078. [PMID: 32080264 PMCID: PMC7033235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly selective magnesium transporter non-imprinted in Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome region protein 2 (NIPA2) has recently been associated with the development and progression of type 2 diabetes osteoporosis, but the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. Because mitophagy is involved in the pathology of type 2 diabetes osteoporosis, the present study aimed to explore the relationship among NIPA2, mitophagy and osteoblast osteogenic capacity. NIPA2 expression was reduced in C57BKS background db/db mice and in vitro models of type 2 diabetes osteoporosis, and the activation of mitophagy in primary culture osteoblast-derived from db/db mice and in high glucose-treated human fetal osteoblastic cells (hFOB1.19) was observed. Knockdown, overexpression of NIPA2 and pharmacological inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) showed that NIPA2 increased osteoblast function, which was likely regulated by PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/E3 ubiquitin ligase PARK2 (Parkin)-mediated mitophagy via the PGC-1α/forkhead box O3a(FoxO3a)/mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) pathway. Furthermore, the negative effect of mitophagy on osteoblast function was confirmed by pharmacological regulation of mitophagy and knockdown of Parkin. Taken together, these results suggest that NIPA2 positively regulates the osteogenic capacity of osteoblasts via the mitophagy pathway in type 2 diabetes.
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Abu-Toamih Atamni HJ, Kontogianni G, Binenbaum I, Mott R, Himmelbauer H, Lehrach H, Chatziioannou A, Iraqi FA. Hepatic gene expression variations in response to high-fat diet-induced impaired glucose tolerance using RNAseq analysis in collaborative cross mouse population. Mamm Genome 2019; 30:260-275. [PMID: 31650267 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-019-09816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic gene expression is known to differ between healthy and type 2 diabetes conditions. Identifying these variations will provide better knowledge to the development of gene-targeted therapies. The aim of this study is to assess diet-induced hepatic gene expression of susceptible versus resistant CC lines to T2D development. Next-generation RNA-sequencing was performed for 84 livers of diabetic and non-diabetic mice of 41 different CC lines (both sexes) following 12 weeks on high-fat diet (42% fat). Data analysis revealed significant variations of hepatic gene expression in diabetic versus non-diabetic mice with significant sex effect, where 601 genes were differentially expressed (DE) in overall population (males and females), 718 genes in female mice, and 599 genes in male mice. Top prioritized DE candidate genes were Lepr, Ins2, Mb, Ckm, Mrap2, and Ckmt2 for the overall population; for females-only group were Hdc, Serpina12, Socs1, Socs2, and Mb, while for males-only group were Serpine1, Mb, Ren1, Slc4a1, and Atp2a1. Data analysis for sex differences revealed 193 DE genes in health (Top: Lepr, Cav1, Socs2, Abcg2, and Col5a3), and 389 genes DE between diabetic females versus males (Top: Lepr, Clps, Ins2, Cav1, and Mrap2). Furthermore, integrating gene expression results with previously published QTL, we identified significant variants mapped at chromosomes at positions 36-49 Mb, 62-71 Mb, and 79-99 Mb, on chromosomes 9, 11, and 12, respectively. Our findings emphasize the complexity of T2D development and that significantly controlled by host complex genetic factors. As well, we demonstrate the significant sex differences between males and females during health and increasing to extent levels during disease/diabetes. Altogether, opening the venue for further studies targets the discovery of effective sex-specific and personalized preventions and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Abu-Toamih Atamni
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - G Kontogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - I Binenbaum
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - R Mott
- Department of Genetics, University College of London, London, UK
| | - H Himmelbauer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - H Lehrach
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Chatziioannou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.,e-NIOS Applications PC, 17671, Kallithea, Greece
| | - Fuad A Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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15
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Hypomagnesemia is associated with new-onset diabetes mellitus following heart transplantation. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:132. [PMID: 31604444 PMCID: PMC6787962 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following heart transplantation (HT), with 21% and 35% of survivors being affected within 1 and 5 years following HT, respectively. Magnesium deficiency is common among HT patients treated with calcineurin inhibitors and is a known risk factor for DM in non-HT patients. We therefore investigated the association between serum Mg (s-Mg) levels and new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). METHODS Between 2002 and 2017, 102 non-DM HT patients were assessed. In accordance with the mean value of all s-Mg levels recorded during the first year post-HT, patients were divided into high s-Mg (≥ 1.8 mg/dL) and low s-Mg (< 1.8 mg/dL) groups. The endpoint was NODAT, defined according to the diagnostic criteria of the American Diabetes Association. RESULTS Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics for the high (n = 45) and low s-Mg (n = 57) groups were similar. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that 15-year freedom from NODAT was significantly higher among patients with high vs low s-Mg (85% vs 46% log-rank test, p < 0.001). Consistently, multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender, immunosuppression therapies, BMI and mean creatinine values in the first year post-HT, showed that low s-Mg was independently associated with a significant > 8-fold increased risk for NODAT (95% CI 2.15-32.63, p = 0.003). Stroke rate was significantly higher in patients with low s-Mg levels vs high s-Mg (14% vs 0, p = 0.025), as well as long term mortality (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.02-6.77, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Low s-Mg level post-HT is an independent risk factor for NODAT in HT patients. The implications of interventions, focusing on preventing or correcting low s-Mg, for the risk of NODAT and for clinical outcomes should be evaluated.
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Zhao W, Zhang WL, Yang B, Sun J, Yang MW. NIPA2 regulates osteoblast function via its effect on apoptosis pathways in type 2 diabetes osteoporosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:883-890. [PMID: 31003774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes osteoporosis has recently become a hot topic in the study of diabetic complications, but the specific mechanism of its development remains unclear. Non-imprinted in Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome region protein 2 (NIPA2), a highly-selective magnesium ion transporter, has been found to be associated with type 2 diabetes. In this study we aimed to investigate the specific role and mechanism of NIPA2 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes osteoporosis. We first used western blotting, PCR, immunofluorescence, and magnesium ion probes to detect changes of NIPA2 and intracellular magnesium levels in osteoblasts at different concentrations of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). We then up- or down-regulated NIPA2 using a lentivirus and analyzed apoptotic biomarkers as well as the osteogenic ability of osteoblasts. We found that AGEs dose-dependently down-regulated the expression of NIPA2 in osteoblasts. NIPA2 also regulated osteoblast apoptosis by affecting the intracellular magnesium level and further affecting the osteogenic capacity of osteoblasts. Our study revealed the changes of NIPA2 in response to AGEs in the environment, as well as its function and mechanism in osteoblasts, demonstrating its important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes osteoporosis. The study suggests that NIPA2 is a potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei-Lin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mao-Wei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Kostov K. Effects of Magnesium Deficiency on Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: Focusing on the Processes of Insulin Secretion and Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061351. [PMID: 30889804 PMCID: PMC6470576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral for human health and plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin actions. Despite the widespread clinical evidences for the association of Mg2+ deficiency (MgD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), molecular mechanisms by which Mg2+ contributes to insulin resistance (IR) are still under discussion. Mg2+ regulates electrical activity and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Intracellular Mg2+ concentrations are critical for the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and other downstream signal kinases of the target cells. Low Mg2+ levels result in a defective tyrosine kinase activity, post-receptor impairment in insulin action, altered cellular glucose transport, and decreased cellular glucose utilization, which promotes peripheral IR in T2D. MgD triggers chronic systemic inflammation that also potentiates IR. People with T2D may end up in a vicious circle in which MgD increases IR and IR causes MgD, that requires periodic monitoring of serum Mg2+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Kostov
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria.
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18
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Giménez-Mascarell P, Schirrmacher CE, Martínez-Cruz LA, Müller D. Novel Aspects of Renal Magnesium Homeostasis. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:77. [PMID: 29686978 PMCID: PMC5900390 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is indispensable for several vital functions, such as neurotransmission, cardiac conductance, blood glucose, blood pressure regulation, and proper function of more than 300 enzymes. Thus, Mg2+ homeostasis is subject to tight regulation. Besides the fast and immediate regulation of plasma Mg2+, a major part of Mg2+ homeostasis is realized by a concerted action of epithelial molecular structures that tightly control intestinal uptake and renal absorption. This mechanism is provided by a combination of para- and transcellular pathways. Whereas the first pathway provides the organism with a maximal amount of vital substances by a minimal energy expenditure, the latter enables controlling and fine-tuning by means of local and regional regulatory systems and also, hormonal control. The paracellular pathway is driven by an electrochemical gradient and realized in principal by the tight junction (TJ), a supramolecular organization of membrane-bound proteins and their adaptor and scaffolding proteins. TJ determinants are claudins (CLDN), a family of membrane spanning proteins that generate a barrier or a pore between two adjacent epithelial cells. Many insights into molecular mechanisms of Mg2+ handling have been achieved by the identification of alterations and mutations in human genes which cause disorders of paracellular Mg2+ pathways (CLDN10, CLDN14, CLDN16, CLDN19). Also, in the distal convoluted tubule, a basolateral protein, CNNM2, causes if mutated, familial dominant and also recessive renal Mg2+ wasting, albeit its true function has not been clarified yet, but is assumed to play a key role in the transcellular pathway. Moreover, mutations in human genes that are involved in regulating these proteins directly or indirectly cause, if mutated human diseases, mostly in combination with comorbidities as diabetes, cystic renal disease, or metabolic abnormalities. Generation and characterization of animal models harboring the corresponding mutations have further contributed to the elucidation of physiology and pathophysiology of Mg2+ disorders. Finally, high-end crystallization techniques allow understanding of Mg2+ handling in more detail. As this field is rapidly growing, we describe here the principles of physiology and pathophysiology of epithelial transport of renal Mg2+ homeostasis with emphasis on recently identified mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlotta Else Schirrmacher
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Müller
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Vilchez G, Dai J, Kumar K, Mundy D, Kontopoulos E, Sokol RJ. Racial/ethnic disparities in magnesium sulfate neuroprotection: a subgroup analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:2304-2311. [PMID: 28612671 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1342795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite known racial disparities in obstetrics, as well as differences in magnesium pharmacodynamics according to race, the effect of race/ethnicity in magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) use during pregnancy has not been studied. Whether some mothers are at increased risk of side effects, or infants at decreased neuroprotective effects is unknown. We analyze the effect of race/ethnicity in maternal/infant outcomes after MgSO4 neuroprotection. STUDY DESIGN Subgroup analysis of a multicenter clinical trial (BEAM trial) where pregnant women at risk of preterm birth were randomized to either MgSO4 or placebo. For this study, nonanomalous singleton pregnancies were studied. The effect of race in maternal/neonatal outcomes after MgSO4 was analyzed with Breslow-Day and multifactorial ANOVA. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) of complications according to race. RESULTS 922 MgSO4 and 972 placebo cases were included (45.0% African-American, 36.2% Caucasian, 17.8% Hispanics, and 1.0% Asians). Interaction analysis showed a significant effect of race/ethnicity (p = .043). Hispanics presented the highest frequency (88.3%, p < .001), as well as the highest odds of MgSO4 side effects [OR(95%CI) = 6.6 (1.3-33.8)]. CONCLUSION Hispanics present increased risk of magnesium toxicity compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Whether specific racial/ethnic groups require closer surveillance for early signs of magnesium toxicity needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Vilchez
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Jing Dai
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Komal Kumar
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - David Mundy
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Eftichia Kontopoulos
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Robert J Sokol
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
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20
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Tomita A, Zhang M, Jin F, Zhuang W, Takeda H, Maruyama T, Osawa M, Hashimoto KI, Kawasaki H, Ito K, Dohmae N, Ishitani R, Shimada I, Yan Z, Hattori M, Nureki O. ATP-dependent modulation of MgtE in Mg 2+ homeostasis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:148. [PMID: 28747715 PMCID: PMC5529423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium is an essential ion for numerous physiological processes. MgtE is a Mg2+ selective channel involved in the maintenance of intracellular Mg2+ homeostasis, whose gating is regulated by intracellular Mg2+ levels. Here, we report that ATP binds to MgtE, regulating its Mg2+-dependent gating. Crystal structures of MgtE–ATP complex show that ATP binds to the intracellular CBS domain of MgtE. Functional studies support that ATP binding to MgtE enhances the intracellular domain affinity for Mg2+ within physiological concentrations of this divalent cation, enabling MgtE to function as an in vivo Mg2+ sensor. ATP dissociation from MgtE upregulates Mg2+ influx at both high and low intracellular Mg2+ concentrations. Using site-directed mutagenesis and structure based-electrophysiological and biochemical analyses, we identify key residues and main structural changes involved in the process. This work provides the molecular basis of ATP-dependent modulation of MgtE in Mg2+ homeostasis. MgtE is an Mg2+ transporter involved in Mg2+ homeostasis. Here, the authors report that ATP regulates the Mg+2-dependent gating of MgtE and use X-ray crystallography combined with functional studies to propose the molecular mechanisms involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Tomita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Mingfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Fei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wenhui Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hironori Takeda
- Faculty of Life Science, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Maruyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Osawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hashimoto
- Department of Green and Sustainable Chemistry, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Asahi-cho, Senju, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 120-8551, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kawasaki
- Department of Green and Sustainable Chemistry, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Asahi-cho, Senju, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 120-8551, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Ishitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
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Li H, Sun S, Chen J, Xu G, Wang H, Qian Q. Genetics of Magnesium Disorders. KIDNEY DISEASES 2017; 3:85-97. [PMID: 29344503 DOI: 10.1159/000477730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Magnesium (Mg2+), the second most abundant cation in the cell, is woven into a multitude of cellular functions. Dysmagnesemia is associated with multiple diseases and, when severe, can be life-threatening. Summary This review discusses Mg2+ homeostasis and function with specific focus on renal Mg2+ handling. Intrarenal channels and transporters related to Mg2+ absorption are discussed. Unraveling the rare genetic diseases with manifestations of dysmagnesemia has greatly increased our understanding of the complex and intricate regulatory network in the kidney, specifically, functions of tight junction proteins including claudin-14, -16, -19, and -10; apical ion channels including: TRPM6, Kv1.1, and ROMK; small regulatory proteins including AC3 and ANK3; and basolateral proteins including EGF receptor, γ-subunit (FXYD2) of Na-K-ATPase, Kir4.1, CaSR, CNNM2, and SLC41A. Although our understanding of Mg2+ handling of the kidney has expanded considerably in the last two decades, many questions remain. Future studies are needed to elucidate a multitude of unknown aspects of Mg2+ handling in the kidney. Key Message Understanding rare and genetic diseases of Mg2+ dysregulation has expanded our knowledge and furthers the development of strategies for preventing and managing dysmagnesemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shiren Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Goushuang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Hanmin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Qi Qian
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Kim T, Rhee CM, Streja E, Soohoo M, Obi Y, Chou JA, Tortorici AR, Ravel VA, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Mortality Associated with Serum Potassium in a Large Hemodialysis Cohort. Am J Nephrol 2017; 45:509-521. [PMID: 28528336 PMCID: PMC5546877 DOI: 10.1159/000475997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperkalemia is observed in chronic kidney disease patients and may be a risk factor for life-threatening arrhythmias and death. Race/ethnicity may be important modifiers of the potassium-mortality relationship in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients given that potassium intake and excretion vary among minorities. METHODS We examined racial/ethnic differences in baseline serum potassium levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic splines in a cohort of 102,241 incident MHD patients. Serum potassium was categorized into 6 groups: ≤3.6, >3.6 to ≤4.0, >4.0 to ≤4.5 (reference), >4.5 to ≤5.0, >5.0 to ≤5.5, and >5.5 mEq/L. Models were adjusted for case-mix and malnutrition-inflammation cachexia syndrome (MICS) covariates. RESULTS The cohort was composed of 50% whites, 34% African-Americans, and 16% Hispanics. Hispanics tended to have the highest baseline serum potassium levels (mean ± SD: 4.58 ± 0.55 mEq/L). Patients in our cohort were followed for a median of 1.3 years (interquartile range 0.6-2.5). In our cohort, associations between higher potassium (>5.5 mEq/L) and higher mortality risk were observed in African-American and whites, but not Hispanic patients in models adjusted for case-mix and MICS covariates. While in Hispanics only, lower serum potassium (<3.6 mEq/L) levels were associated with higher mortality risk. Similar trends were observed for cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS Higher potassium levels were associated with higher mortality risk in white and African-American MHD patients, whereas lower potassium levels were associated with higher death risk in Hispanics. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms for the differential association between potassium and mortality across race/ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehee Kim
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
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Kieboom BCT, Ligthart S, Dehghan A, Kurstjens S, de Baaij JHF, Franco OH, Hofman A, Zietse R, Stricker BH, Hoorn EJ. Serum magnesium and the risk of prediabetes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia 2017; 60:843-853. [PMID: 28224192 PMCID: PMC6518103 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Previous studies have found an association between serum magnesium and incident diabetes; however, this association may be due to reverse causation, whereby diabetes may induce urinary magnesium loss. In contrast, in prediabetes (defined as impaired fasting glucose), serum glucose levels are below the threshold for urinary magnesium wasting and, hence, unlikely to influence serum magnesium levels. Thus, to study the directionality of the association between serum magnesium levels and diabetes, we investigated its association with prediabetes. We also investigated whether magnesium-regulating genes influence diabetes risk through serum magnesium levels. Additionally, we quantified the effect of insulin resistance in the association between serum magnesium levels and diabetes risk. METHODS Within the population-based Rotterdam Study, we used Cox models, adjusted for age, sex, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, kidney function, serum levels of electrolytes and diuretic use, to study the association between serum magnesium and prediabetes/diabetes. In addition, we performed two mediation analyses: (1) to study if common genetic variation in eight magnesium-regulating genes influence diabetes risk through serum magnesium levels; and (2) to quantify the proportion of the effect of serum magnesium levels on diabetes that is mediated through insulin resistance (quantified by HOMA-IR). RESULTS A total of 8555 participants (mean age, 64.7 years; median follow-up, 5.7 years) with normal glucose levels (mean ± SD: 5.46 ± 0.58 mmol/l) at baseline were included. A 0.1 mmol/l decrease in serum magnesium level was associated with an increase in diabetes risk (HR 1.18 [95% CI 1.04, 1.33]), confirming findings from previous studies. Of interest, a similar association was found between serum magnesium levels and prediabetes risk (HR 1.12 [95% CI 1.01, 1.25]). Genetic variation in CLDN19, CNNM2, FXYD2, SLC41A2, and TRPM6 significantly influenced diabetes risk (p < 0.05), and for CNNM2, FXYD2, SLC41A2 and TRPM6 this risk was completely mediated by serum magnesium levels. We found that 29.1% of the effect of serum magnesium levels on diabetes was mediated through insulin resistance, whereas for prediabetes 13.4% was mediated through insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Low serum magnesium levels are associated with an increased risk of prediabetes and this increased risk is similar to that of diabetes. Furthermore, common variants in magnesium-regulating genes modify diabetes risk through serum magnesium levels. Both findings support a potential causal role of magnesium in the development of diabetes, where the hypothesised pathway is partly mediated through insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda C T Kieboom
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Inspectorate for Health Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steef Kurstjens
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Zietse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Inspectorate for Health Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Workalemahu T, Enquobahrie DA, Tadesse MG, Hevner K, Gelaye B, Sanchez SE, Williams MA. Genetic variations related to maternal whole blood mitochondrial DNA copy number: a genome-wide and candidate gene study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 30:2433-2439. [PMID: 27806667 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1252747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted genome-wide (GWAS) and candidate gene association studies of maternal mitochondrial DNA copy number. Maternal peripheral blood was collected during labor and delivery admission from 471 participants of a placental abruption case-control study conducted in Lima, Peru. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed using the Illumina Cardio-Metabo Chip. Whole blood mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number was measured using qRT-PCR techniques. We evaluated 119,629 SNPs in the GWAS and 161 SNPs (in 29 mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation genes) in the candidate association study. Top hits from GWAS and the candidate gene study were selected to compute weighted genetic risk scores (wGRS). Linear regression models were used to calculate effect size estimates and related nominal p values. The top hit in our GWAS was chr19:51063065 in FOXA3 (empirical p values = 2.20e - 6). A total of 134 SNPs had p values < 0.001 including rs17111633 in CNNM1 (p values = 6.32e - 6) and chr19:51083059 in MYPOP (p values = 3.23e - 5). In the candidate association study, several SNPs in PPARG, PRKCA, SP1 and THRB were associated with mtDNA copy number (p values < 0.05). mtDNA copy number was significantly associated with wGRS based on top GWAS hits (β = 0.49, 95% CI:0.38-0.60, p < 0.001). Variations in nuclear DNA are potentially associated with maternal mtDNA copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A Enquobahrie
- a Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA.,b Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Mahlet G Tadesse
- c Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgetown University , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Karin Hevner
- b Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- d Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Sixto E Sanchez
- e Asociación Civil PROESA, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicados , Lima , Peru
| | - Michelle A Williams
- d Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA , USA
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Kersten S, Arjona FJ. Ion transport in the zebrafish kidney from a human disease angle: possibilities, considerations, and future perspectives. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F172-F189. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00425.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique experimental advantages, such as its embryonic/larval transparency, high-throughput nature, and ease of genetic modification, underpin the rapid emergence of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a preeminent model in biomedical research. Particularly in the field of nephrology, the zebrafish provides a promising model for studying the physiological implications of human solute transport processes along consecutive nephron segments. However, although the zebrafish might be considered a valuable model for numerous renal ion transport diseases and functional studies of many channels and transporters, not all human renal electrolyte transport mechanisms and human diseases can be modeled in the zebrafish. With this review, we explore the ontogeny of zebrafish renal ion transport, its nephron structure and function, and thereby demonstrate the clinical translational value of this model. By critical assessment of genomic and amino acid conservation of human proteins involved in renal ion handling (channels, transporters, and claudins), kidney and nephron segment conservation, and renal electrolyte transport physiology in the zebrafish, we provide researchers and nephrologists with an indication of the possibilities and considerations of the zebrafish as a model for human renal ion transport. Combined with advanced techniques envisioned for the future, implementation of the zebrafish might expand beyond unraveling pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie distinct genetic or environmentally, i.e., pharmacological and lifestyle, induced renal transport deficits. Specifically, the ease of drug administration and the exploitation of improved genetic approaches might argue for the adoption of the zebrafish as a model for preclinical personalized medicine for distinct renal diseases and renal electrolyte transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kersten
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Francisco J. Arjona
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
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Abstract
Over the past decades, hypomagnesemia (serum Mg(2+) <0.7 mmol/L) has been strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with hypomagnesemia show a more rapid disease progression and have an increased risk for diabetes complications. Clinical studies demonstrate that T2DM patients with hypomagnesemia have reduced pancreatic β-cell activity and are more insulin resistant. Moreover, dietary Mg(2+) supplementation for patients with T2DM improves glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Intracellular Mg(2+) regulates glucokinase, KATP channels, and L-type Ca(2+) channels in pancreatic β-cells, preceding insulin secretion. Moreover, insulin receptor autophosphorylation is dependent on intracellular Mg(2+) concentrations, making Mg(2+) a direct factor in the development of insulin resistance. Conversely, insulin is an important regulator of Mg(2+) homeostasis. In the kidney, insulin activates the renal Mg(2+) channel transient receptor potential melastatin type 6 that determines the final urinary Mg(2+) excretion. Consequently, patients with T2DM and hypomagnesemia enter a vicious circle in which hypomagnesemia causes insulin resistance and insulin resistance reduces serum Mg(2+) concentrations. This Perspective provides a systematic overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of Mg(2+) on insulin secretion and insulin signaling. In addition to providing a review of current knowledge, we provide novel directions for future research and identify previously neglected contributors to hypomagnesemia in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M M Gommers
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
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