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Rascle P, Woolley G, Jost S, Manickam C, Reeves RK. NK cell education: Physiological and pathological influences. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087155. [PMID: 36742337 PMCID: PMC9896005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent a critical defense against viral infections and cancers. NK cells require integration of activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors to detect target cells and the balance of these NK cell inputs defines the global NK cell response. The sensitivity of the response is largely defined by interactions between self-major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules and specific inhibitory NK cell receptors, so-called NK cell education. Thus, NK cell education is a crucial process to generate tuned effector NK cell responses in different diseases. In this review, we discuss the relationship between NK cell education and physiologic factors (type of self-MHC-I, self-MHC-I allelic variants, variant of the self-MHC-I-binding peptides, cytokine effects and inhibitory KIR expression) underlying NK cell education profiles (effector function or metabolism). Additionally, we describe the broad-spectrum of effector educated NK cell functions on different pathologies (such as HIV-1, CMV and tumors, among others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Rascle
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Griffin Woolley
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie Jost
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Björkström NK. Immunobiology of the biliary tract system. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1657-1669. [PMID: 36116989 PMCID: PMC7615184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The biliary tract is a complex tubular organ system spanning from the liver to the duodenum. It is the site of numerous acute and chronic disorders, many of unknown origin, that are often associated with cancer development and for which there are limited treatment options. Cholangiocytes with proinflammatory capacities line the lumen and specialised types of immune cells reside in close proximity. Recent technological breakthroughs now permit spatiotemporal assessments of immune cells within distinct niches and have increased our understanding of immune cell tissue residency. In this review, a comprehensive overview of emerging knowledge on the immunobiology of the biliary tract system is provided, with a particular emphasis on the role of distinct immune cells in biliary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Le T, Reeves RK, McKinnon LR. The Functional Diversity of Tissue-Resident Natural Killer Cells Against Infection. Immunology 2022; 167:28-39. [PMID: 35751452 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, studies of natural killer (NK) cells have focused on those found in peripheral blood (PBNK cells) as the prototype for NK cell biology. Only recently have researchers begun to explore the diversity of tissue-resident NK (tr-NK) cells. While tr-NK cells were initially identified from mice parabiosis and intravascular staining experiments, they can also be identified by tissue retention markers such as CD69, CD103, and others. More importantly, tr-NK cells have distinct functions compared to PBNK cells. Within the liver, there are diverse subsets of tr-NK cells expressing different combinations of tissue-retention markers and transcription factors, the clinical relevance of which are still unclear. Functionally, liver tr-NK are primed with immediate responsiveness to infection and equipped with regulatory mechanisms to prevent liver damage. When decidual NK (dNK) cells were first discovered, they were mainly characterized by their reduced cytotoxicity and functions related to placental development. Recent studies, however, revealed different mechanisms by which dNK cells prevent uterine infections. The lungs are one of the most highly exposed sites for infection due to their role in oxygen exchange. Upon influenza infection, lung tr-NK cells can degranulate and produce more inflammatory cytokines than PBNK cells. Less understood are gut tr-NK cells which were recently characterized in infants and adults for their functional differences. In this mini-review, we aim to provide a brief overview of the most recent discoveries on how several tr-NK cells are implicated in the immune response against infection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Le
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
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4
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Corvino D, Kumar A, Bald T. Plasticity of NK cells in Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888313. [PMID: 35619715 PMCID: PMC9127295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial to various facets of human immunity and function through direct cytotoxicity or via orchestration of the broader immune response. NK cells exist across a wide range of functional and phenotypic identities. Murine and human studies have revealed that NK cells possess substantial plasticity and can alter their function and phenotype in response to external signals. NK cells also play a critical role in tumor immunity and form the basis for many emerging immunotherapeutic approaches. NK cells can directly target and lyse malignant cells with their inherent cytotoxic capabilities. In addition to direct targeting of malignant cells, certain subsets of NK cells can mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) which is integral to some forms of immune checkpoint-blockade immunotherapy. Another important feature of various NK cell subsets is to co-ordinate anti-tumor immune responses by recruiting adaptive and innate leukocytes. However, given the diverse range of NK cell identities it is unsurprising that both pro-tumoral and anti-tumoral NK cell subsets have been described. Here, NK cell subsets have been shown to promote angiogenesis, drive inflammation and immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment. To date, the signals that drive tumor-infiltrating NK cells towards the acquisition of a pro- or anti-tumoral function are poorly understood. The notion of tumor microenvironment-driven NK cell plasticity has substantial implications for the development of NK-based immunotherapeutics. This review will highlight the current knowledge of NK cell plasticity pertaining to the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, this review will pose critical and relevant questions that need to be addressed by the field in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Corvino
- Tumor-Immunobiology, Institute for Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ananthi Kumar
- Tumor-Immunobiology, Institute for Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bald
- Tumor-Immunobiology, Institute for Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Angelo LS, Hogg GD, Abeynaike S, Bimler L, Vargas-Hernandez A, Paust S. Phenotypic and Functional Plasticity of CXCR6+ Peripheral Blood NK Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:810080. [PMID: 35173710 PMCID: PMC8841448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cells are comprised of phenotypic subsets, whose potentially unique functions remain largely unexplored. C-X-C-motif-chemokine-receptor-6 (CXCR6)+ NK cells have been identified as phenotypically immature tissue-resident NK cells in mice and humans. A small fraction of peripheral blood (PB)-NK cells also expresses CXCR6. However, prior reports about their phenotypic and functional plasticity are conflicting. In this study, we isolated, expanded, and phenotypically and functionally evaluated CXCR6+ and CXCR6– PB-NK cells, and contrasted results to bulk liver and spleen NK cells. We found that CXCR6+ and CXCR6– PB-NK cells preserved their distinct phenotypic profiles throughout 14 days of in vitro expansion (“day 14”), after which phenotypically immature CXCR6+ PB-NK cells became functionally equivalent to CXCR6– PB-NK cells. Despite a consistent reduction in CD16 expression and enhanced expression of the transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes), day 14 CXCR6+ PB-NK cells had superior antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) compared to CXCR6– PB-NK cells. Further, bulk liver NK cells responded to IL-15, but not IL-2 stimulation, with STAT-5 phosphorylation. In contrast, bulk splenic and PB-NK cells robustly responded to both cytokines. Our findings may allow for the selection of superior NK cell subsets for infusion products increasingly used to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Graham D. Hogg
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shawn Abeynaike
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lynn Bimler
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernandez
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Silke Paust,
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Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the innate immune system which represent the first line of defense against viral infections. NK cell activation depends on the engagement of a complex receptor repertoire expressed on their surface, consisting of both activating and inhibitory receptors. Among the known NK cell receptors, the family of killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) consists in activating/inhibitory receptors that interact with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules expressed on target cells. In particular, the expression of peculiar KIRs have been reported to be associated to viral infection susceptibility. Interestingly, a significant association between the development and onset of different human pathologies, such as tumors, neurodegeneration and infertility, and a clonal KIRs expression on NK cells has been described in presence of viral infections, supporting the crucial role of KIRs in defining the effect of viral infections in different tissues and organs. This review aims to report the state of art about the role of KIRs receptors in NK cell activation and viral infection control.
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7
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Lipid Metabolism in Tumor-Associated Natural Killer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:71-85. [PMID: 33740244 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulative data demonstrate that during the initiation and progression of tumors, several types of cellular components in tumor microenvironment, including tumor cells and immune cells, exhibit malfunctions in cellular energy metabolism. For instance, lipid metabolism impairments in immune cells are crucial in coordinating immunosuppression and tumor immune escape. In particular, excessive lipids have been shown to exhibit negative effects on innate immunity. Previous studies on lipid metabolism in immune cells are mainly focused on macrophages and T lymphocytes. Although natural killer (NK) cells are major players in the innate elimination of virus, bacteria, and tumor cells, available literature reports related with lipid metabolism in NK cells and tumor-associated NK (TANK) cells are very sparse. Despite these, the importance and clinical relevance of the crosstalk among lipid metabolism, NK/TANK cells, and tumors have been clearly indicated. In this chapter, following a general description of NK and TANK cells, our knowledge on the regulation of lipid metabolism in NK cells is reviewed, with an emphasis on the roles of mTOR and SREBP signaling. Then the interactions between lipid metabolism and NK/TANK cells under pathological conditions, e.g., obesity and cancer, were carefully introduced. As there is an urgent need to reveal more regulators and to clarify detailed molecular mechanisms by which lipid metabolism interacts with NK/TANK cells, several categories of potential regulators/pathways, as well as the challenges and perspectives in this emerging field, are discussed.
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8
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Role of Natural Killer Cells in Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123694. [PMID: 33317028 PMCID: PMC7764114 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastatic Uveal Melanoma (MUM) is a lethal malignancy with no durable treatment available to date. A vast majority of patients with MUM present with liver metastasis. The liver harbors metastatic disease with an apparent lack of a cytotoxic T cell response. It is becoming evident that MUM is not an immunologically silent malignancy and the investigation of non-T cell anti-tumor immunity is warranted. In this review, we highlight the relevance of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the biology and treatment of MUM. Potent anti-NK cell immunosuppression employed by uveal melanoma alludes to its vulnerability to NK cell cytotoxicity. On the contrary, micro-metastasis in the liver survive for several years within close vicinity of a plethora of circulating and liver-resident NK cells. This review provides unique perspectives into the potential role of NK cells in control or progression of uveal melanoma. Abstract Uveal melanoma has a high mortality rate following metastasis to the liver. Despite advances in systemic immune therapy, treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM) has failed to achieve long term durable responses. Barriers to success with immune therapy include the immune regulatory nature of uveal melanoma as well as the immune tolerant environment of the liver. To adequately harness the anti-tumor potential of the immune system, non-T cell-based approaches need to be explored. Natural Killer (NK) cells possess potent ability to target tumor cells via innate and adaptive responses. In this review, we discuss evidence that highlights the role of NK cell surveillance and targeting of uveal melanoma. We also discuss the repertoire of intra-hepatic NK cells. The human liver has a vast and diverse lymphoid population and NK cells comprise 50% of the hepatic lymphocytes. Hepatic NK cells share a common niche with uveal melanoma micro-metastasis within the liver sinusoids. It is, therefore, crucial to understand and investigate the role of intra-hepatic NK cells in the control or progression of MUM.
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9
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De Pelsmaeker S, Denaeghel S, Hermans L, Favoreel HW. Identification of a Porcine Liver Eomes highT-bet low NK Cell Subset That Resembles Human Liver Resident NK Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2561. [PMID: 31736976 PMCID: PMC6836759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cells of the innate immunity and play an important role in the defense against viral infections and cancer, but also contribute to shaping adaptive immune responses. Long-lived tissue-resident NK cells have been described in man and mouse, particularly in the liver, contributing to the idea that the functional palette of NK cells may be broader than originally thought, and may include memory-like responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Remarkably, liver resident (lr)NK cells in man and mouse show substantial species-specific differences, in particular reverse expression patterns of the T-box transcription factors Eomesodermin (Eomes) and T-bet (EomeshighT-betlow in man and vice versa in mouse). In pig, compared to blood NK cells which are CD3-CD8αhigh cells, the porcine liver contains an abundant additional CD3-CD8αdim NK cell subpopulation. In the current study, we show that this porcine CD3-CD8αdim liver NK population is highly similar to its human lrNK counterpart and therefore different from mouse lrNK cells. Like human lrNK cells, this porcine NK cell population shows an EomeshighT-betlow expression pattern. In addition, like its human counterpart, the porcine liver NK population is CD49e- and CXCR6+. Furthermore, the porcine EomeshighT-betlow liver NK cell population is able to produce IFN-γ upon IL-2/12/18 stimulation but lacks the ability to kill K562 or pseudorabies virus-infected target cells, although limited degranulation could be observed upon incubation with K562 cells or upon CD16 crosslinking. All together, these results show that porcine EomeshighT-betlow NK cells in the liver strongly resemble human lrNK cells, and therefore indicate that the pig may represent a unique model to study the function of these lrNK cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi De Pelsmaeker
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Denaeghel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Leen Hermans
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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10
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Lunemann S, Langeneckert AE, Martrus G, Hess LU, Salzberger W, Ziegler AE, Löbl SM, Poch T, Ravichandran G, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, Schramm C, Oldhafer KJ, Altfeld M, Körner C. Human liver-derived CXCR6 + NK cells are predominantly educated through NKG2A and show reduced cytokine production. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1331-1340. [PMID: 30779432 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ma1118-428r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells have been implicated to affect the outcome of numerous liver diseases. In particular, members of the killer-cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family, predominantly expressed by NK cells, have been associated with the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection and clearance of hepatocellular carcinoma. Inhibitory KIRs tune NK cell function through interaction with HLA class I, a process termed education. Nevertheless, the impact of the hepatic environment on NK cell education is incompletely understood. Therefore, we investigated the composition and function of hepatic KIR-expressing NK cells. Matched PBMC and hepatic lymphocytes were isolated from 20 individuals undergoing liver surgery and subsequently phenotypically analyzed for expression of KIRs and markers for tissue residency using flow cytometry. NK cell function was determined by co-culturing NK cells with the target cell line 721.221 and subsequent assessment of CD107a, IFN-γ, and TNF-α expression. Liver-resident CXCR6+ /CD56Bright NK cells lacked KIRs and were predominantly educated through NKG2A, while CXCR6- /CD16+ NK cells expressed KIRs and resembled peripheral blood NK cells. Hepatic NK cells showed lower response rates compared to peripheral blood NK cells; in particular, CXCR6+ NK cells were hyporesponsive to stimulation with target cells. The high proportion of educated NK cells in both subsets indicates the importance of self-inhibitory receptors for the balance between maintenance of self-tolerance and functional readiness. However, the reduced functionality of hepatic NK cells may reflect the impact of the tolerogenic hepatic environment on NK cells irrespective of NK cell education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lunemann
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika E Langeneckert
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gloria Martrus
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonard U Hess
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Salzberger
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annerose E Ziegler
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Löbl
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gevitha Ravichandran
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander H Schmidt
- DKMS Gemeinnützige GmbH, Tübingen, Germany.,DKMS Life Science Lab GmbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl J Oldhafer
- Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Bruijnesteijn J, van der Wiel MKH, de Groot N, Otting N, de Vos-Rouweler AJM, Lardy NM, de Groot NG, Bontrop RE. Extensive Alternative Splicing of KIR Transcripts. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2846. [PMID: 30564240 PMCID: PMC6288254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The killer-cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) form a multigene entity involved in modulating immune responses through interactions with MHC class I molecules. The complexity of the KIR cluster is reflected by, for instance, abundant levels of allelic polymorphism, gene copy number variation, and stochastic expression profiles. The current transcriptome study involving human and macaque families demonstrates that KIR family members are also subjected to differential levels of alternative splicing, and this seems to be gene dependent. Alternative splicing may result in the partial or complete skipping of exons, or the partial inclusion of introns, as documented at the transcription level. This post-transcriptional process can generate multiple isoforms from a single KIR gene, which diversifies the characteristics of the encoded proteins. For example, alternative splicing could modify ligand interactions, cellular localization, signaling properties, and the number of extracellular domains of the receptor. In humans, we observed abundant splicing for KIR2DL4, and to a lesser extent in the lineage III KIR genes. All experimentally documented splice events are substantiated by in silico splicing strength predictions. To a similar extent, alternative splicing is observed in rhesus macaques, a species that shares a close evolutionary relationship with humans. Splicing profiles of Mamu-KIR1D and Mamu-KIR2DL04 displayed a great diversity, whereas Mamu-KIR3DL20 (lineage V) is consistently spliced to generate a homolog of human KIR2DL5 (lineage I). The latter case represents an example of convergent evolution. Although just a single KIR splice event is shared between humans and macaques, the splicing mechanisms are similar, and the predicted consequences are comparable. In conclusion, alternative splicing adds an additional layer of complexity to the KIR gene system in primates, and results in a wide structural and functional variety of KIR receptors and its isoforms, which may play a role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bruijnesteijn
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Marit K H van der Wiel
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Nanine de Groot
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Nel Otting
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Neubury M Lardy
- Department of Immunogenetics, Sanquin, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natasja G de Groot
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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12
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NK cells in liver homeostasis and viral hepatitis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1477-1485. [PMID: 30421296 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As an important member of the innate immune system, natural killer (NK) cells are well known for their rapid and efficient immune responses against infectious agents and tumors. NK cells are widely distributed throughout the body and are particularly enriched within the liver, where they display unique phenotypic and functional properties, playing important roles in various liver diseases. Herein, we present an overview of liver NK cell properties with regard to phenotype, function, and subset composition at steady state, and we also summarize the complex reciprocal interactions between liver NK cells and other cell types within the local environment of the liver. We also provide an overview of recent advances demonstrating the roles of NK cells in viral hepatitis, including a discussion of NK cell altered states and their beneficial versus harmful effects during hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection.
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13
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Castriconi R, Carrega P, Dondero A, Bellora F, Casu B, Regis S, Ferlazzo G, Bottino C. Molecular Mechanisms Directing Migration and Retention of Natural Killer Cells in Human Tissues. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2324. [PMID: 30364222 PMCID: PMC6193061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of data shows that Natural Killer (NK) cells are immune effectors exerting a potent cytolytic activity against tumors and virus infected cells. The discovery and characterization of several inhibitory and activating receptors unveiled most of the mechanisms allowing NK cells to spare healthy cells while selectively attacking abnormal tissues. Nevertheless, the mechanisms ruling NK cell subset recirculation among the different compartments of human body have only lately started to be investigated. This is particularly true for pathological settings such as tumors or infected tissues but also for para-physiological condition like pregnant human uterine mucosa. It is becoming evident that the microenvironment associated to a particular clinical condition can deeply influence the migratory capabilities of NK cells. In this review we describe the main mechanisms and stimuli known to regulate the expression of chemokine receptors and other molecules involved in NK cell homing to either normal or pathological/inflamed tissues, including tumors or organs such as lung and liver. We will also discuss the role played by the chemokine/chemokine receptor axes in the orchestration of physiological events such as NK cell differentiation, lymphoid organ retention/egress and recruitment to decidua during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Castriconi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Carrega
- Dipartimento di Patologia Umana, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dondero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Bellora
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Beatrice Casu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Regis
- Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Guido Ferlazzo
- Dipartimento di Patologia Umana, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Bottino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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14
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Zitti B, Bryceson YT. Natural killer cells in inflammation and autoimmunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 42:37-46. [PMID: 30122459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
First described 40 years ago, natural killer (NK) cells represent the founding members of the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family. They were initially defined by their ability to kill cancer cells of hematopoietic origin. More recently, NK cells are recognized not only for their ability to kill infected or malignant cells, but also for mediating cytotoxicity against a range of normal immune cells. They thereby play an important physiological role in controlling immune responses and maintaining homeostasis. Besides cytotoxic activity, NK cells activation is accompanied by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hence, NK cells have the potential to act both in driving inflammation and in restricting adaptive immune responses that may otherwise lead to excessive inflammation or even autoimmunity. Here, we highlight how NK cell activity is linked to inflammasome activation and review new molecular insights to the roles of NK cells in inflammation and autoimmunity. Furthermore, in light of new insights to NK cell differentiation and memory, we deliberate on how distinct NK cell subsets may impact immunoregulatory functions. Hypothetically, memory-like or adaptive NK cells could drive NK cell-mediated autoreactive diseases. Together, new findings underscore the complex yet important physiological roles of NK cells in both promoting inflammation and exerting immunoregulation and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Insights raise intriguing questions as to how NK cells themselves maintain self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Zitti
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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15
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Li D, He W, Liu X, Zheng S, Qi Y, Li H, Mao F, Liu J, Sun Y, Pan L, Du K, Ye K, Li W, Sui J. A potent human neutralizing antibody Fc-dependently reduces established HBV infections. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28949917 PMCID: PMC5614562 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem. Currently-available therapies are ineffective in curing chronic HBV infection. HBV and its satellite hepatitis D virus (HDV) infect hepatocytes via binding of the preS1 domain of its large envelope protein to sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). Here, we developed novel human monoclonal antibodies that block the engagement of preS1 with NTCP and neutralize HBV and HDV with high potency. One antibody, 2H5-A14, functions at picomolar level and exhibited neutralization-activity-mediated prophylactic effects. It also acts therapeutically by eliciting antibody-Fc-dependent immunological effector functions that impose durable suppression of viral infection in HBV-infected mice, resulting in reductions in the levels of the small envelope antigen and viral DNA, with no emergence of escape mutants. Our results illustrate a novel antibody-Fc-dependent approach for HBV treatment and suggest 2H5-A14 as a novel clinical candidate for HBV prevention and treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ximing Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,PTN Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sanduo Zheng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghe Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyu Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengfeng Mao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate Program in College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyan Sun
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijing Pan
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate Program in College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Keqiong Ye
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Peng H, Sun R. Liver-resident NK cells and their potential functions. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:cmi201772. [PMID: 28920584 PMCID: PMC5675959 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent a heterogeneous population of innate lymphocytes with phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets. In particular, recent studies have identified a unique subset of NK cells residing within the liver that are maintained as tissue-resident cells, confer antigen-specific memory responses and exhibit different phenotypical and developmental characteristics compared with conventional NK (cNK) cells. These findings have encouraged researchers to uncover tissue-resident NK cells at other sites, and detailed analyses have revealed that these tissue-resident NK cells share many similarities with liver-resident NK cells and tissue-resident memory T cells. Here, we present a brief historical perspective on the discovery of liver-resident NK cells and discuss their relationship to cNK cells and other emerging NK cell subsets and their potential functions.Cellular &Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 18 September 2017; doi:10.1038/cmi.2017.72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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17
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Wu Y, Tian Z, Wei H. Developmental and Functional Control of Natural Killer Cells by Cytokines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:930. [PMID: 28824650 PMCID: PMC5543290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effective in combating infections and tumors and as such are tempting for adoptive transfer therapy. However, they are not homogeneous but can be divided into three main subsets, including cytotoxic, tolerant, and regulatory NK cells, with disparate phenotypes and functions in diverse tissues. The development and functions of such NK cells are controlled by various cytokines, such as fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL), kit ligand (KL), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, transforming growth factor-β, and common-γ chain family cytokines, which operate at different stages by regulating distinct signaling pathways. Nevertheless, the specific roles of each cytokine that regulates NK cell development or that shapes different NK cell functions remain unclear. In this review, we attempt to describe the characteristics of each cytokine and the existing protocols to expand NK cells using different combinations of cytokines and feeder cells. A comprehensive understanding of the role of cytokines in NK cell development and function will aid the generation of better efficacy for adoptive NK cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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18
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Björkström NK, Ljunggren HG, Michaëlsson J. Emerging insights into natural killer cells in human peripheral tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 16:310-20. [PMID: 27121652 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have long been considered to be a homogenous population of innate lymphocytes with limited phenotypic and functional diversity. However, recent findings have revealed that these cells comprise a large number of distinct populations with diverse characteristics. Some of these characteristics may relate to their developmental origin, and others represent differences in differentiation that are influenced by factors such as tissue localization and imprints by viral infections. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the emerging knowledge about the development, differentiation and function of human NK cell populations, with a particular focus on NK cells in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Meyer CE, Key PN, Zhu T, Shabsovich M, Ni A, Tripathy SK. Expression of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A correlates with increased liver and splenic NK cell response to activating receptor engagement. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:177-189. [PMID: 28474506 PMCID: PMC5418142 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the innate immune response to viruses and tumors, and comprise a large proportion of the hepatic lymphocyte population. They must remain tolerant to non‐pathogenic antigens while protecting the host from harmful agents. Herein, we investigate how the NK cell response to activation receptor engagement is altered in the liver. Methods In this study, we assess IFN‐γ production and degranulation of splenic NK cells and selected subsets of liver NK cells. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to asses IFN‐γ production and degranulation following stimulation of the NK cells with plate bound antibodies to activating receptors. Results We show that smaller percentages of hepatic NK cells produce interferon (IFN)–γ and/or degranulate than do splenic NK cells upon stimulation through activating receptors. We also found that smaller percentages of the circulating NK (cNK) cells in the liver produce IFN‐γ and/or degranulate, compared to the liver tissue resident NK (trNK) cells. In addition, IFN‐γ production by liver cNK cells is not increased in IL‐10 deficient mice, suggesting that their hyporesponsiveness is not mediated by the presence of this anti‐inflammatory cytokine in the hepatic microenvironment. On the other hand, liver trNK cells express higher levels of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A than do cNK cells, correlating with their increased IFN‐γ production and degranulation. Conclusions Liver cNK cells’ hyporesponsiveness to stimulation through activating receptors is independent of IL‐10, but correlates with decreased NKG2A expression compared to trNK cells. In addition, we demonstrate that liver NK cells become further hyporesponsive upon continuous engagement of an activating receptor on their cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Meyer
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Phillip N Key
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Toby Zhu
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Shabsovich
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ann Ni
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sandeep K Tripathy
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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20
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Collins A, Rothman N, Liu K, Reiner SL. Eomesodermin and T-bet mark developmentally distinct human natural killer cells. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90063. [PMID: 28289707 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immaturity of the immune system of human fetuses and neonates is often invoked to explain their increased susceptibility to infection; however, the development of the fetal innate immune system in early life remains incompletely explored. We now show that the most mature NK cells found in adult (or postnatal) human circulation (CD94-CD16+) are absent during ontogeny. Human fetal NK cells were found to express the 2 signature T-box transcription factors essential for the development of all murine NK and NK-like cells, eomesodermin (Eomes) and T-bet. The single-cell pattern of Eomes and T-bet expression during ontogeny, however, revealed a stereotyped pattern of reciprocal dominance, with immature NK cells expressing higher amounts of Eomes and more mature NK cells marked by greater abundance of T-bet. We also observed a stereotyped pattern of tissue-specific NK cell maturation during human ontogeny, with fetal liver being more restrictive to NK cell maturity than fetal bone barrow, spleen, or lung. These results support the hypothesis that maturation of human NK cells has a discrete restriction until postnatal life, and provide a framework to better understand the increased susceptibility of fetuses and newborns to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Collins
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nyanza Rothman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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21
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The Development and Diversity of ILCs, NK Cells and Their Relevance in Health and Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1024:225-244. [PMID: 28921473 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Next to T and B cells, natural killer (NK) cells are the third largest lymphocyte population. They are recently re-categorized as innate lymphocytes (ILCs), which also include ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, and the lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. Both NK cells and ILC1 cells are designated as group 1 ILCs because they secrete interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). However, in contrast to ILC1 and all other ILCs, NK cells possess potent cytolytic functions that resemble cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In addition, NK cells express, in a stochastic manner, an array of germ line-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors that recognize the polymorphic regions of major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) molecules and self-proteins. Recognition of self renders NK cell tolerance to self-healthy tissues, but fail to recognize self ('missing-self') leads to activation to neoplastic transformation and infections of certain viruses. In this chapter, we will summarize the development of NK cells in the context of ILCs, describe the diversity of phenotype and function in blood and tissues, and discuss their involvement in health and diseases in humans.
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22
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Tissue-resident natural killer cells in the livers. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:1218-1223. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Human lung natural killer cells are predominantly comprised of highly differentiated hypofunctional CD69 -CD56 dim cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1321-1330.e4. [PMID: 27670241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to the extensive knowledge about human natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood, relatively little is known about NK cells in the human lung. Knowledge about the composition, differentiation, and function of human lung NK cells is critical to better understand their role in diseases affecting the lung, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infections, and cancer. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze and compare the phenotypic and functional characteristics of NK cells in the human lung and peripheral blood at the single-cell level. METHODS NK cells in human lung tissue and matched peripheral blood from 132 subjects were analyzed by using 16-color flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS CD56dimCD16+ NK cells made up the vast majority of NK cells in human lungs, had a more differentiated phenotype, and more frequently expressed educating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors compared with NK cells in peripheral blood. Despite this, human lung NK cells were hyporesponsive toward target cell stimulation, even after priming with IFN-α. Furthermore, we detected a small subset of NK cells expressing CD69, a marker of tissue residency. These CD69+ NK cells in the lung consisted predominantly of immature CD56brightCD16- NK cells and less differentiated CD56dimCD16+ NK cells. CONCLUSION Here, we characterize the major NK cell populations in the human lung. Our data suggest a model in which the majority of NK cells in the human lung dynamically move between blood and the lung rather than residing in the lung as bona fide tissue-resident CD69+ NK cells.
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24
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Landtwing V, Raykova A, Pezzino G, Béziat V, Marcenaro E, Graf C, Moretta A, Capaul R, Zbinden A, Ferlazzo G, Malmberg KJ, Chijioke O, Münz C. Cognate HLA absence in trans diminishes human NK cell education. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3772-3782. [PMID: 27571408 DOI: 10.1172/jci86923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes with protective functions against viral infections and tumor formation. Human NK cells carry inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs), which recognize distinct HLAs. NK cells with KIRs for self-HLA molecules acquire superior cytotoxicity against HLA- tumor cells during education for improved missing-self recognition. Here, we reconstituted mice with human hematopoietic cells from donors with homozygous KIR ligands or with a mix of hematopoietic cells from these homozygous donors, allowing assessment of the resulting KIR repertoire and NK cell education. We found that co-reconstitution with 2 KIR ligand-mismatched compartments did not alter the frequency of KIR-expressing NK cells. However, NK cell education was diminished in mice reconstituted with parallel HLA compartments due to a lack of cognate HLA molecules on leukocytes for the corresponding KIRs. This change in NK cell education in mixed human donor-reconstituted mice improved NK cell-mediated immune control of EBV infection, indicating that mixed hematopoietic cell populations could be exploited to improve NK cell reactivity against leukotropic pathogens. Taken together, these findings indicate that leukocytes lacking cognate HLA ligands can disarm KIR+ NK cells in a manner that may decrease HLA- tumor cell recognition but allows for improved NK cell-mediated immune control of a human γ-herpesvirus.
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25
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Billerbeck E, Mommersteeg MC, Shlomai A, Xiao JW, Andrus L, Bhatta A, Vercauteren K, Michailidis E, Dorner M, Krishnan A, Charlton MR, Chiriboga L, Rice CM, de Jong YP. Humanized mice efficiently engrafted with fetal hepatoblasts and syngeneic immune cells develop human monocytes and NK cells. J Hepatol 2016; 65:334-43. [PMID: 27151182 PMCID: PMC4955758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human liver chimeric mice are useful models of human hepatitis virus infection, including hepatitis B and C virus infections. Independently, immunodeficient mice reconstituted with CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) derived from fetal liver reliably develop human T and B lymphocytes. Combining these systems has long been hampered by inefficient liver reconstitution of human fetal hepatoblasts. Our study aimed to enhance hepatoblast engraftment in order to create a mouse model with syngeneic human liver and immune cells. METHODS The effects of human oncostatin-M administration on fetal hepatoblast engraftment into immunodeficient fah(-/-) mice was tested. Mice were then transplanted with syngeneic human hepatoblasts and HSC after which human leukocyte chimerism and functionality were analyzed by flow cytometry, and mice were challenged with HBV. RESULTS Addition of human oncostatin-M enhanced human hepatoblast engraftment in immunodeficient fah(-/-) mice by 5-100 fold. In contrast to mice singly engrafted with HSC, which predominantly developed human T and B lymphocytes, mice co-transplanted with syngeneic hepatoblasts also contained physiological levels of human monocytes and natural killer cells. Upon infection with HBV, these mice displayed rapid and sustained viremia. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a new mouse model with improved human fetal hepatoblast engraftment and an expanded human immune cell repertoire. With further improvements, this model may become useful for studying human immunity against viral hepatitis. LAY SUMMARY Important human pathogens such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus only infect human cells which complicates the development of mouse models for the study of these pathogens. One way to make mice permissive for human pathogens is the transplantation of human cells into immune-compromised mice. For instance, the transplantation of human liver cells will allow the infection of these so-called "liver chimeric mice" with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. The co-transplantation of human immune cells into liver chimeric mice will further allow the study of human immune responses to hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus. However, for immunological studies it will be crucial that the transplanted human liver and immune cells are derived from the same human donor. In our study we describe the efficient engraftment of human fetal liver cells and immune cells derived from the same donor into mice. We show that liver co-engraftment resulted in an expanded human immune cell repertoire, including monocytes and natural killer cells in the liver. We further demonstrate that these mice could be infected with hepatitis B virus, which lead to an expansion of natural killer cells. In conclusion we have developed a new mouse model that could be useful to study human immune responses to human liver pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Billerbeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michiel C. Mommersteeg
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amir Shlomai
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing W. Xiao
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda Andrus
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ankit Bhatta
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Koen Vercauteren
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael R. Charlton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding authors. Address: The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, 1230 York Avenue, Box 64, New York, NY 10065, USA. Tel.: +1 212 327 7009; fax: +1 212 327 7048. (C.M. Rice), (Y.P. de Jong)
| | - Ype P. de Jong
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding authors. Address: The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, 1230 York Avenue, Box 64, New York, NY 10065, USA. Tel.: +1 212 327 7009; fax: +1 212 327 7048. (C.M. Rice), (Y.P. de Jong)
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26
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Sharkey AM, Xiong S, Kennedy PR, Gardner L, Farrell LE, Chazara O, Ivarsson MA, Hiby SE, Colucci F, Moffett A. Tissue-Specific Education of Decidual NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3026-32. [PMID: 26320253 PMCID: PMC4574523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During human pregnancy, fetal trophoblast cells invade the decidua and remodel maternal spiral arteries to establish adequate nutrition during gestation. Tissue NK cells in the decidua (dNK) express inhibitory NK receptors (iNKR) that recognize allogeneic HLA-C molecules on trophoblast. Where this results in excessive dNK inhibition, the risk of pre-eclampsia or growth restriction is increased. However, the role of maternal, self-HLA-C in regulating dNK responsiveness is unknown. We investigated how the expression and function of five iNKR in dNK is influenced by maternal HLA-C. In dNK isolated from women who have HLA-C alleles that carry a C2 epitope, there is decreased expression frequency of the cognate receptor, KIR2DL1. In contrast, women with HLA-C alleles bearing a C1 epitope have increased frequency of the corresponding receptor, KIR2DL3. Maternal HLA-C had no significant effect on KIR2DL1 or KIR2DL3 in peripheral blood NK cells (pbNK). This resulted in a very different KIR repertoire for dNK capable of binding C1 or C2 epitopes compared with pbNK. We also show that, although maternal KIR2DL1 binding to C2 epitope educates dNK cells to acquire functional competence, the effects of other iNKR on dNK responsiveness are quite different from those in pbNK. This provides a basis for understanding how dNK responses to allogeneic trophoblast affect the outcome of pregnancy. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms that determine the repertoire of iNKR and the effect of self-MHC on NK education may differ in tissue NK cells compared with pbNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Sharkey
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Shiqiu Xiong
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Philippa R Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lucy Gardner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lydia E Farrell
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Olympe Chazara
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin A Ivarsson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Susan E Hiby
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Francesco Colucci
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SW, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
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27
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Sun C, Sun H, Zhang C, Tian Z. NK cell receptor imbalance and NK cell dysfunction in HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:292-302. [PMID: 25308752 PMCID: PMC4654321 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the third leading cause of cancer mortality and a common poor-prognosis malignancy due to postoperative recurrence and metastasis. There is a significant correlation between chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocarcinogenesis. As the first line of host defense against viral infections and tumors, natural killer (NK) cells express a large number of immune recognition receptors (NK receptors (NKRs)) to recognize ligands on hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, stellate cells and Kupffer cells, which maintain the balance between immune response and immune tolerance of NK cells. Unfortunately, the percentage and absolute number of liver NK cells decrease significantly during the development and progression of HCC. The abnormal expression of NK cell receptors and dysfunction of liver NK cells contribute to the progression of chronic HBV infection and HCC and are significantly associated with poor prognosis for liver cancer. In this review, we focus on the role of NK cell receptors in anti-tumor immune responses in HCC, particularly HBV-related HCC. We discuss specifically how tumor cells evade attack from NK cells and how emerging understanding of NKRs may aid the development of novel treatments for HCC. Novel mono- and combination therapeutic strategies that target the NK cell receptor-ligand system may potentially lead to successful and effective immunotherapy in HCC.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 6 October 2014; doi:10.1038/cmi.2014.91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Cichicki F, Schlums H, Theorell J, Tesi B, Miller JS, Ljunggren HG, Bryceson YT. Diversification and Functional Specialization of Human NK Cell Subsets. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 395:63-94. [PMID: 26472216 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that participate in different facets of immunity. They can act as innate sentinels through recognition and eradication of infected or transformed target cells, so-called immunosurveillance. In addition, they can contain immune responses through the killing of other activated immune cells, so-called immunoregulation. Furthermore, they instruct and regulate immune responses by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, either upon direct target cell recognition or by relaying cytokine cues from various cell types. Recent studies in mouse and man have uncovered infection-associated expansions of NK cell subsets with specific receptor repertoires and diverse patterns of intracellular signaling molecule expression. Moreover, distinct attributes of NK cells in tissues, including tissue-resident subsets, are being further elucidated. Findings support an emerging theme of ever-increasing diversification and functional specialization among different NK cell subsets, with a functional dichotomy between subsets involved in immunoregulation or immunosurveillance. The epigenetic landscapes and transcriptional profiles of different NK cell subsets are providing insights into the molecular regulation of effector functions. Here, we review phenotypic, functional, and developmental characteristics of a spectrum of human NK cell subsets. We also discuss the molecular underpinnings of different NK cell subsets and their potential contributions to immunity as well as disease susceptibility.
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29
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Sharma R, Das A. Organ-specific phenotypic and functional features of NK cells in humans. Immunol Res 2014; 58:125-31. [PMID: 24366663 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells kill virus-infected and tumor target cells without prior sensitization. Each NK cell expresses a multitude of activating and inhibitory receptors, and the interplay of signals determines the outcome of NK cell activity. NK cell-mediated cytolysis of target cell involves polarized degranulation at effector-target interface. Peripheral blood NK cell constitutes about 10% of lymphocytes, and approximately 90% of peripheral blood NK cells are CD56(dim)CD16(+); however, there is a distinct subset of NK cells, CD56(bright)CD16(-), expressed by certain lymphoid organs which are able to produce large amounts of cytokines including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but the cytotoxicity is attained only on their prolonged activation. In this review, we discuss the accumulated data on distinct phenotypes of NK cells in human uterus, liver, intestine, skin, and lung and also attempt to correlate their phenotype with corresponding activity and functions, with significant stress on the role of NK cells in pathology in the specific organs. Our detailed understanding of altered NK cell activity in different organs and their inherent cytotoxic activity against tumor target cells will help us design better immunotherapeutic strategies in NK cell-mediated cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, New Delhi, 110042, Delhi, India
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30
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Cosgrove C, Berger CT, Kroy DC, Cheney PC, Ghebremichael M, Aneja J, Tomlinson M, Kim AY, Lauer GM, Alter G. Chronic HCV infection affects the NK cell phenotype in the blood more than in the liver. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105950. [PMID: 25148254 PMCID: PMC4141847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epidemiological and functional studies have implicated NK cells in protection and early clearance of HCV, the mechanism by which they may contribute to viral control is poorly understood, particularly at the site of infection, the liver. We hypothesized that a unique immunophenotypic/functional NK cell signature exists in the liver that may provide insights into the contribution of NK cells to viral control. Intrahepatic and blood NK cells were profiled from chronically infected HCV-positive and HCV-negative individuals. Baseline expression of activating and inhibitory receptors was assessed, as well as functional responses following stimulation through classic NK cell pathways. Independent of HCV infection, the liver was enriched for the immunoregulatory CD56bright NK cell population, which produced less IFNγ and CD107a but comparable levels of MIP1β, and was immunophenotypically distinct from their blood counterparts. This profile was mostly unaltered in chronic HCV infection, though different expression levels of NKp46 and NKG2D were associated with different grades of fibrosis. In contrast to the liver, chronic HCV infection associated with an enrichment of CD161lowperforinhigh NK cells in the blood correlated with increased AST and 2B4 expression. However, the association of relatively discrete changes in the NK cell phenotype in the liver with the fibrosis stage nevertheless suggests an important role for the NK response. Overall these data suggest that tissue localization has a more pervasive effect on NK cells than the presence of chronic viral infection, during which these cells might be mostly attuned to limiting immunopathology. It will be important to characterize NK cells during early HCV infection, when they should have a critical role in limiting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Cosgrove
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christoph T. Berger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniela C. Kroy
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical Department 3, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick C. Cheney
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Musie Ghebremichael
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jasneet Aneja
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle Tomlinson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arthur Y. Kim
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Georg M. Lauer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Chijioke O, Münz C. Dendritic cell derived cytokines in human natural killer cell differentiation and activation. Front Immunol 2013; 4:365. [PMID: 24273539 PMCID: PMC3822368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells shape each other’s functions early during immune responses. DCs activate NK cells and NK cells can mature or kill DCs. In this review we will discuss which DC and NK cell subsets are mainly affected by this interaction, where these encounters might take place and which signals are exchanged. Finally, we will point out what the clinical benefit of understanding this interaction might be and how it changed our view on NK cells as innate lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Chijioke
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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32
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Björkström NK, Kekäläinen E, Mjösberg J. Tissue-specific effector functions of innate lymphoid cells. Immunology 2013; 139:416-27. [PMID: 23489335 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) is the collective term for a group of related innate lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells and the more recently discovered non-NK ILCs, which all lack rearranged antigen receptors such as those expressed by T and B cells. Similar to NK cells, the newly discovered ILCs depend on the transcription factor Id2 and the common γ-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor for development. However, in contrast to NK cells, non-NK ILCs also require interleukin-7. In addition to the cytotoxic functions of NK cells, assuring protection against tumour development and viruses, new data indicate that ILCs contribute to a wide range of homeostatic and pathophysiological conditions in various organs via specialized cytokine production capabilities. Here we summarize current knowledge on ILCs with a particular emphasis on their tissue-specific effector functions, in the gut, liver, lungs and uterus. When possible, we try to highlight the role that these cells play in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K Björkström
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Ivarsson MA, Loh L, Marquardt N, Kekäläinen E, Berglin L, Björkström NK, Westgren M, Nixon DF, Michaëlsson J. Differentiation and functional regulation of human fetal NK cells. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3889-901. [PMID: 23945237 DOI: 10.1172/jci68989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human fetal immune system is naturally exposed to maternal allogeneic cells, maternal antibodies, and pathogens. As such, it is faced with a considerable challenge with respect to the balance between immune reactivity and tolerance. Here, we show that fetal natural killer (NK) cells differentiate early in utero and are highly responsive to cytokines and antibody-mediated stimulation but respond poorly to HLA class I-negative target cells. Strikingly, expression of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) did not educate fetal NK cells but rendered them hyporesponsive to target cells lacking HLA class I. In addition, fetal NK cells were highly susceptible to TGF-β-mediated suppression, and blocking of TGF-β signaling enhanced fetal NK cell responses to target cells. Our data demonstrate that KIR-mediated hyporesponsiveness and TGF-β-mediated suppression are major factors determining human fetal NK cell hyporesponsiveness to HLA class I-negative target cells and provide a potential mechanism for fetal-maternal tolerance in utero. Finally, our results provide a basis for understanding the role of fetal NK cells in pregnancy complications in which NK cells could be involved, for example, during in utero infections and anti-RhD-induced fetal anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Ivarsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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Murine natural killer cell licensing and regulation by T regulatory cells in viral responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7401-6. [PMID: 23589894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218767110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells show differential functionality based on their capability of binding to self-MHC consistent with licensing. Here we show in vivo confirmation of the physiologic effects of licensing with differential effects of NK subsets on anti-murine cytomegalovirus (anti-MCMV) responses after syngeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or regulatory T-cell (Treg) depletion. After HSCT, depletion of licensed NK cells led to far greater viral loads in target organs early after infection compared with nondepleted and unlicensed depleted mice. There was a preferential expansion of licensed, C-type lectin-like activating receptor Ly49H+ NK cells with increased IFNγ production after infection in nondepleted mice post-HSCT and after Treg depletion. Adoptive transfer of licensed NK subsets into immunodeficient hosts provided significantly greater MCMV resistance compared with transfer of total NK populations or unlicensed subsets. In non-HSCT mice, only concurrent depletion of Tregs or TGF-β neutralization resulted in detection of NK licensing effects. This suggests that licensed NK cells are the initial and rapidly responding population of NK cells to MCMV infection, but are highly regulated by Tregs and TGF-β.
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35
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Maini MK, Peppa D. NK cells: a double-edged sword in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Front Immunol 2013; 4:57. [PMID: 23459859 PMCID: PMC3585438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is natural enrichment of NK cells in the human liver and this intrahepatic predominance underscores their potential importance in the control of infections with hepatotropic viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV). The contribution of innate components during chronic HBV infection has been a relatively under-investigated area. However, recent data have highlighted that NK cells are capable of exerting antiviral and immunoregulatory functions whilst also contributing to the pathogenesis of liver injury via death receptor pathways. We will present an overview of current knowledge regarding the complex biology of NK cells in the context of their antiviral versus pathogenic role in chronic hepatitis B as a clinically relevant avenue for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London London, UK
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36
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Carrega P, Ferlazzo G. Natural killer cell distribution and trafficking in human tissues. Front Immunol 2012; 3:347. [PMID: 23230434 PMCID: PMC3515878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Few data are available regarding the recirculation of natural killer (NK) cells among human organs. Earlier studies have been often impaired by the use of markers then proved to be either not sufficiently specific for NK cells (e.g., CD57, CD56) or expressed only by subsets of NK cells (e.g., CD16). At the present, available data confirmed that human NK cells populate blood, lymphoid organs, lung, liver, uterus (during pregnancy), and gut. Several studies showed that NK cell homing appears to be subset-specific, as secondary lymphoid organs and probably several solid tissues are preferentially inhabited by CD56brightCD16neg/dull non-cytotoxic NK cells. Similar studies performed in the mouse model showed that lymph node and bone marrow are preferentially populated by CD11bdull NK cells while blood, spleen, and lung by CD27dull NK cells. Therefore, an important topic to be addressed in the human system is the contribution of factors that regulate NK cell tissue homing and egress, such as chemotactic receptors or homeostatic mechanisms. Here, we review the current knowledge on NK cell distribution in peripheral tissues and, based on recent acquisitions, we propose our view regarding the recirculation of NK cells in the human body.
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37
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Adair RA, Scott KJ, Fraser S, Errington-Mais F, Pandha H, Coffey M, Selby P, Cook GP, Vile R, Harrington KJ, Toogood G, Melcher AA. Cytotoxic and immune-mediated killing of human colorectal cancer by reovirus-loaded blood and liver mononuclear cells. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2327-38. [PMID: 23114986 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reovirus is a promising oncolytic virus, acting by both direct and immune-mediated mechanisms, although its potential may be limited by inactivation after systemic delivery. Our study addressed whether systemically delivered reovirus might be shielded from neutralising antibodies by cell carriage and whether virus-loaded blood or hepatic innate immune effector cells become activated to kill colorectal cancer cells metastatic to the liver in human systems. We found that reovirus was directly cytotoxic against tumour cells but not against fresh hepatocytes. Although direct tumour cell killing by neat virus was significantly reduced in the presence of neutralising serum, reovirus was protected when loaded onto peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which may carry virus after intravenous administration in patients. As well as handing off virus for direct oncolytic killing, natural killer (NK) cells within reovirus-treated blood mononuclear cells were stimulated to kill tumour targets, but not normal hepatocytes, in a Type I interferon-dependent manner. Similarly, NK cells within liver mononuclear cells became selectively cytotoxic towards tumour cells when activated by reovirus. Hence, intravenous reovirus may evade neutralisation by serum via binding to circulating mononuclear cells, and this blood cell carriage has the potential to investigate both direct and innate immune-mediated therapy against human colorectal or other cancers metastatic to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Adair
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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38
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Shimoda S, Tsuneyama K, Kikuchi K, Harada K, Nakanuma Y, Nakamura M, Ishibashi H, Hisamoto S, Niiro H, Leung PSC, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Akashi K. The role of natural killer (NK) and NK T cells in the loss of tolerance in murine primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2012. [PMID: 22519590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04581.x.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles in dissecting the mechanism of pathology in human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been the absence of animal models. Our laboratory has focused on a model in which mice, following immunization with a xenobiotic chemical mimic of the immunodominant autoepitope of the E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2), develop autoimmune cholangitis. In particular, following immunization with 2-octynoic acid (a synthetic chemical mimic of lipoic acid-lysine located within the inner domain of PDC-E2) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), several strains of mice develop typical anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies and portal inflammation. The role of innate immune effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and that NK T cells, was studied in this model based on the hypothesis that early events during immunization play an important role in the breakdown of tolerance. We report herein that, following in-vivo depletion of NK and NK T cells, there is a marked suppression of anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies and cytokine production from autoreactive T cells. However, there was no change in the clinical pathology of portal inflammation compared to controls. These data support the hypothesis that there are probably multiple steps in the natural history of PBC, including a role of NK and NK T cells in initiating the breakdown of tolerance. However, the data suggest that adaptive autoimmune effector mechanisms are required for the progression of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimoda
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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39
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Shimoda S, Tsuneyama K, Kikuchi K, Harada K, Nakanuma Y, Nakamura M, Ishibashi H, Hisamoto S, Niiro H, Leung PSC, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Akashi K. The role of natural killer (NK) and NK T cells in the loss of tolerance in murine primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:279-84. [PMID: 22519590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles in dissecting the mechanism of pathology in human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been the absence of animal models. Our laboratory has focused on a model in which mice, following immunization with a xenobiotic chemical mimic of the immunodominant autoepitope of the E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2), develop autoimmune cholangitis. In particular, following immunization with 2-octynoic acid (a synthetic chemical mimic of lipoic acid-lysine located within the inner domain of PDC-E2) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), several strains of mice develop typical anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies and portal inflammation. The role of innate immune effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and that NK T cells, was studied in this model based on the hypothesis that early events during immunization play an important role in the breakdown of tolerance. We report herein that, following in-vivo depletion of NK and NK T cells, there is a marked suppression of anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies and cytokine production from autoreactive T cells. However, there was no change in the clinical pathology of portal inflammation compared to controls. These data support the hypothesis that there are probably multiple steps in the natural history of PBC, including a role of NK and NK T cells in initiating the breakdown of tolerance. However, the data suggest that adaptive autoimmune effector mechanisms are required for the progression of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimoda
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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40
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Lautenbach A, Breitmeier D, Kuhlmann S, Nave H. Human obesity reduces the number of hepatic leptin receptor (ob-R) expressing NK cells. Endocr Res 2011; 36:158-66. [PMID: 21973235 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2011.580442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the industrialized world, obesity is an increasing socioeconomic health problem. Obese subjects have a higher risk of developing several types of cancer. NK cells are an integral component of the innate immune system, able to destruct tumor cells. The adipokine leptin plays a crucial role in the development of obesity and its related diseases. Peripheral leptin signaling is modulated by the liver. METHODS The aim of this study was to evaluate the number of hepatic NK cells (CD56+) and the number of leptin-receptor positive (Ob-R+) cells in the livers of five normal-weight and five obese humans. Livers were removed during autopsy and accurately defined sections were stained immunohistochemically and CD56+, Ob-R+, and double-positive cells were quantified. RESULTS Results revealed a dramatic reduction of NK cells and Ob-R-expressing NK cells in the livers of obese individuals. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates, for the first time, body-weight-dependent numbers of hepatic NK cells. This supports the hypothesis of obesity-associated alterations of immune cell numbers in different human organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lautenbach
- Institute for Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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41
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Male V, Hughes T, McClory S, Colucci F, Caligiuri MA, Moffett A. Immature NK cells, capable of producing IL-22, are present in human uterine mucosa. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:3913-8. [PMID: 20802153 PMCID: PMC3795409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are the dominant population of immune cells in the endometrium in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and in the decidua in early pregnancy. The possibility that this is a site of NK cell development is of particular interest because of the cyclical death and regeneration of the NK population during the menstrual cycle. To investigate this, we searched for NK developmental stages 1-4, based on expression of CD34, CD117, and CD94. In this study, we report that a heterogeneous population of stage 3 NK precursor (CD34(-)CD117(+)CD94(-)) and mature stage 4 NK (CD34(-)CD117(-/+)CD94(+)) cells, but not multipotent stages 1 and 2 (CD34(+)), are present in the uterine mucosa. Cells within the uterine stage 3 population are able to give rise to mature stage 4-like cells in vitro but also produce IL-22 and express RORC and LTA. We also found stage 3 cells with NK progenitor potential in peripheral blood. We propose that stage 3 cells are recruited from the blood to the uterus and mature in the uterine microenvironment to become distinctive uterine NK cells. IL-22 producers in this population might have a physiological role in this specialist mucosa dedicated to reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Male
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Tiffany Hughes
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Susan McClory
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Francesco Colucci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Clinical School, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael A. Caligiuri
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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42
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Abstract
Among the numerous consequences of globalization, the dissemination of scientific research allows real-time comparisons of clinical and basic experimental data between different geographical areas. As a result, the field of geoepidemiology is now vigorously supported by multiple lines of evidence. This special issue of Autoimmunity Reviews is dedicated to the 2010 International Congress on Autoimmunity and aims to provide a state-of-the-art representation of what is currently known in the field of geoepidemiology for autoimmune diseases. The obvious implications of these observations is a role for environmental factors. We will herein review selected publications from prominent scientific journals to provide the bases to understand some of the lines of evidence proposed in the subsequent papers of this comprehensive volume. The ultimate goal is thus to define whether geoepidemiology should be considered a new challenge for autoimmunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Selmi
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
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