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Huang G, Geng Y, Kulur V, Liu N, Liu X, Taghavifar F, Liang J, Noble PW, Jiang D. Arrestin beta 1 Regulates Alveolar Progenitor Renewal and Lung Fibrosis. JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2024; 1:10006. [PMID: 38736470 PMCID: PMC11087074 DOI: 10.35534/jrbtm.2024.10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate progressive pulmonary fibrosis remain poorly understood. Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2s) function as adult stem cells in the lung. We previously showed that there is a loss of AEC2s and a failure of AEC2 renewal in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. We also reported that beta-arrestins are the key regulators of fibroblast invasion, and beta-arrestin 1 and 2 deficient mice exhibit decreased mortality, decreased matrix deposition, and increased lung function in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. However, the role of beta-arrestins in AEC2 regeneration is unclear. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanism of Arrestin beta 1 (ARRB1) in AEC2 renewal and in lung fibrosis. We used conventional deletion as well as cell type-specific deletion of ARRB1 in mice and found that Arrb1 deficiency in fibroblasts protects mice from lung fibrosis, and the knockout mice exhibit enhanced AEC2 regeneration in vivo, suggesting a role of fibroblast-derived ARRB1 in AEC2 renewal. We further found that Arrb1-deficient fibroblasts promotes AEC2 renewal in 3D organoid assays. Mechanistically, we found that CCL7 is among the top downregulated cytokines in Arrb1 deficient fibroblasts and CCL7 inhibits AEC2 regeneration in 3D organoid experiments. Therefore, fibroblast ARRB1 mediates AEC2 renewal, possibly by releasing chemokine CCL7, leading to fibrosis in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanling Huang
- Division of Pulmonary, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Current Address: GH, Sanofi, 500 Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Division of Pulmonary, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Current Address: YG, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Vrishika Kulur
- Division of Pulmonary, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ningshan Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xue Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Forough Taghavifar
- Division of Pulmonary, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul W. Noble
- Division of Pulmonary, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Borges BM, Ramos RBC, Preite NW, Kaminski VDL, Alves de Castro P, Camacho M, Maximo MF, Fill TP, Calich VLG, Traynor AM, Sarikaya-Bayram Ö, Doyle S, Bayram Ö, de Campos CBL, Zelanis A, Goldman GH, Loures FV. Transcriptional profiling of a fungal granuloma reveals a low metabolic activity of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts and an actively regulated host immune response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1268959. [PMID: 37868350 PMCID: PMC10585178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1268959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are important immunological structures in the host defense against the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the main etiologic agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a granulomatous systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. We have performed transcriptional and proteomic studies of yeasts present in the pulmonary granulomas of PCM aiming to identify relevant genes and proteins that act under stressing conditions. C57BL/6 mice were infected with 1x106 yeasts and after 8- and 12-weeks of infection, granulomatous lesions were obtained for extraction of fungal and murine RNAs and fungal proteins. Dual transcriptional profiling was done comparing lung cells and P. brasiliensis yeasts from granulomas with uninfected lung cells and the original yeast suspension used in the infection, respectively. Mouse transcripts indicated a lung malfunction, with low expression of genes related to muscle contraction and organization. In addition, an increased expression of transcripts related to the activity of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes as well as an elevated expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17 transcripts were observed. The increased expression of transcripts for CTLA-4, PD-1 and arginase-1, provided evidence of immune regulatory mechanisms within the granulomatous lesions. Also, our results indicate iron as a key element for the granuloma to function, where a high number of transcripts related to fungal siderophores for iron uptake was observed, a mechanism of fungal virulence not previously described in granulomas. Furthermore, transcriptomics and proteomics analyzes indicated a low fungal activity within the granuloma, as demonstrated by the decreased expression of genes and proteins related to energy metabolism and cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Berton Correia Ramos
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alves de Castro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Camacho
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Taicia Pacheco Fill
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aimee M. Traynor
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - André Zelanis
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Conn BN, Wozniak KL. Innate Pulmonary Phagocytes and Their Interactions with Pathogenic Cryptococcus Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:617. [PMID: 37367553 PMCID: PMC10299524 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes over 180,000 annual deaths in HIV/AIDS patients. Innate phagocytes in the lungs, such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, are the first cells to interact with the pathogen. Neutrophils, another innate phagocyte, are recruited to the lungs during cryptococcal infection. These innate cells are involved in early detection of C. neoformans, as well as the removal and clearance of cryptococcal infections. However, C. neoformans has developed ways to interfere with these processes, allowing for the evasion of the host's innate immune system. Additionally, the innate immune cells have the ability to aid in cryptococcal pathogenesis. This review discusses recent literature on the interactions of innate pulmonary phagocytes with C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen L. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, 307 Life Science East, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
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Woodring T, Deepe GS, Levitz SM, Wuethrich M, Klein BS. They shall not grow mold: Soldiers of innate and adaptive immunity to fungi. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101673. [PMID: 36459927 PMCID: PMC10311222 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous commensals, seasoned predators, and important agents of emerging infectious diseases [1 ]. The immune system assumes the essential responsibility for responding intelligently to the presence of known and novel fungi to maintain host health. In this Review, we describe the immune responses to pathogenic fungi and the varied array of fungal agents confronting the vertebrate host within the broader context of fungal and animal evolution. We provide an overview of the mechanistic details of innate and adaptive antifungal immune responses, as well as ways in which these basic mechanisms support the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Woodring
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marcel Wuethrich
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA; Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA.
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5
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Espinosa V, Dutta O, Heung LJ, Wang K, Chang YJ, Soteropoulos P, Hohl TM, Siracusa MC, Rivera A. Cutting Edge: Neutrophils License the Maturation of Monocytes into Effective Antifungal Effectors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1827-1831. [PMID: 36216513 PMCID: PMC10115354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are critical for the direct eradication of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia, but whether they mediate antifungal defense beyond their role as effectors is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that neutrophil depletion impairs the activation of protective antifungal CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes. In the absence of neutrophils, monocytes displayed limited differentiation into monocyte-derived dendritic cells, reduced formation of reactive oxygen species, and diminished conidiacidal activity. Upstream regulator analysis of the transcriptional response in monocytes predicted a loss of STAT1-dependent signals as the potential basis for the dysfunction seen in neutrophil-depleted mice. We find that conditional removal of STAT1 on CCR2+ cells results in diminished antifungal monocyte responses, whereas exogenous administration of IFN-γ to neutrophil-depleted mice restores monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation and reactive oxygen species production. Altogether, our findings support a critical role for neutrophils in antifungal immunity not only as effectors but also as important contributors to antifungal monocyte activation, in part by regulating STAT1-dependent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Espinosa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ
| | - Orchi Dutta
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ
| | - Lena J Heung
- Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Keyi Wang
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ
| | - Yun-Juan Chang
- Genomics Research Program, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Genomics Research Program, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ;
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6
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Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in the Central Nervous System: The Battle between Host and Pathogen. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101069. [PMID: 36294634 PMCID: PMC9605252 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) is a pathogenic fungus with a global distribution. Humans become infected by inhaling the fungus from the environment, and the fungus initially colonizes the lungs. If the immune system fails to contain C. neoformans in the lungs, the fungus can disseminate to the blood and invade the central nervous system, resulting in fatal meningoencephalitis particularly in immunocompromised individuals including HIV/AIDS patients. Following brain invasion, C. neoformans will encounter host defenses involving resident as well as recruited immune cells in the brain. To overcome host defenses, C. neoformans possesses multiple virulence factors capable of modulating immune responses. The outcome of the interactions between the host and C. neoformans will determine the disease progression. In this review, we describe the current understanding of how C. neoformans migrates to the brain across the blood–brain barrier, and how the host immune system responds to the invading organism in the brain. We will also discuss the virulence factors that C. neoformans uses to modulate host immune responses.
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7
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Serra A, del Giudice G, Kinaret PAS, Saarimäki LA, Poulsen SS, Fortino V, Halappanavar S, Vogel U, Greco D. Characterization of ENM Dynamic Dose-Dependent MOA in Lung with Respect to Immune Cells Infiltration. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122031. [PMID: 35745370 PMCID: PMC9228743 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular effects of exposures to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are still largely unknown. In classical inhalation toxicology, cell composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a toxicity indicator at the lung tissue level that can aid in interpreting pulmonary histological changes. Toxicogenomic approaches help characterize the mechanism of action (MOA) of ENMs by investigating the differentially expressed genes (DEG). However, dissecting which molecular mechanisms and events are directly induced by the exposure is not straightforward. It is now generally accepted that direct effects follow a monotonic dose-dependent pattern. Here, we applied an integrated modeling approach to study the MOA of four ENMs by retrieving the DEGs that also show a dynamic dose-dependent profile (dddtMOA). We further combined the information of the dddtMOA with the dose dependency of four immune cell populations derived from BAL counts. The dddtMOA analysis highlighted the specific adaptation pattern to each ENM. Furthermore, it revealed the distinct effect of the ENM physicochemical properties on the induced immune response. Finally, we report three genes dose-dependent in all the exposures and correlated with immune deregulation in the lung. The characterization of dddtMOA for ENM exposures, both for apical endpoints and molecular responses, can further promote toxicogenomic approaches in a regulatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Serra
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (A.S.); (G.d.G.); (L.A.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Giusy del Giudice
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (A.S.); (G.d.G.); (L.A.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Laura Aliisa Saarimäki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (A.S.); (G.d.G.); (L.A.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sarah Søs Poulsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.S.P.); (U.V.)
| | - Vittorio Fortino
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.S.P.); (U.V.)
| | - Dario Greco
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (A.S.); (G.d.G.); (L.A.S.)
- BioMediTech Institute, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Loss of the intracellular enzyme QPCTL limits chemokine function and reshapes myeloid infiltration to augment tumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:568-580. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Marx C, Gardner S, Harman RM, Wagner B, Van de Walle GR. Mesenchymal stromal cell-secreted CCL2 promotes antibacterial defense mechanisms through increased antimicrobial peptide expression in keratinocytes. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1666-1679. [PMID: 34528765 PMCID: PMC8641085 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.21-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from both humans and horses, which represent a clinically relevant translation animal model for human cutaneous wound healing, were recently found to possess antimicrobial properties against planktonic bacteria, and in the case of equine MSCs, also against biofilms. This, together with previous findings that human and equine MSCs promote angiogenesis and wound healing, makes these cells an attractive approach to treat infected cutaneous wounds in both species. The anti-biofilm activities of equine MSC, via secretion of cysteine proteases, have only been demonstrated in vitro, thus lacking information about in vivo relevance. Moreover, the effects of the equine MSC secretome on resident skin cells have not yet been explored. The goals of this study were to (a) test the efficacy of the MSC secretome in a physiologically relevant ex vivo equine skin biofilm explant model and (b) explore the impact of the MSC secretome on the antimicrobial defense mechanisms of resident skin cells. Our salient findings were that secreted factors from equine MSCs significantly decreased viability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in mature biofilms in this novel skin biofilm explant model. Moreover, we demonstrated that equine MSCs secrete CCL2 that increases the antimicrobial activity of equine keratinocytes by stimulating expression of antimicrobial peptides. Collectively, these data contribute to our understanding of the MSC secretome's antimicrobial properties, both directly by killing bacteria and indirectly by stimulating immune responses of surrounding resident skin cells, thus further supporting the value of MSC secretome-based treatments for infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Marx
- Baker Institute for Animal HealthCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Sophia Gardner
- Baker Institute for Animal HealthCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Rebecca M. Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal HealthCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal HealthCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
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10
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Detection of Cytokines and Collectins in Bronchoalveolar Fluid Samples of Patients Infected with Histoplasma capsulatum and Pneumocystis jirovecii. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110938. [PMID: 34829225 PMCID: PMC8623738 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis and pneumocystosis co-infections have been reported mainly in immunocompromised humans and in wild animals. The immunological response to each fungal infection has been described primarily using animal models; however, the host response to concomitant infection is unknown. The present work aimed to evaluate the pulmonary immunological response of patients with pneumonia caused either by Histoplasma capsulatum, Pneumocystis jirovecii, or their co-infection. We analyzed the pulmonary collectin and cytokine patterns of 131 bronchoalveolar lavage samples, which included HIV and non-HIV patients infected with H. capsulatum, P. jirovecii, or both fungi, as well as healthy volunteers and HIV patients without the studied fungal infections. Our results showed an increased production of the surfactant protein-A (SP-A) in non-HIV patients with H. capsulatum infection, contrasting with HIV patients (p < 0.05). Significant differences in median values of SP-A, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-17A, IL-33, IL-13, and CXCL8 were found among all the groups studied, suggesting that these cytokines play a role in the local inflammatory processes of histoplasmosis and pneumocystosis. Interestingly, non-HIV patients with co-infection and pneumocystosis alone showed lower levels of SP-A, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-17A, and IL-23 than histoplasmosis patients, suggesting an immunomodulatory ability of P. jirovecii over H. capsulatum response.
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11
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Petermann M, Orfanos Z, Sellau J, Gharaibeh M, Lotter H, Fleischer B, Keller C. CCR2 Deficiency Impairs Ly6C lo and Ly6C hi Monocyte Responses in Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670219. [PMID: 34290699 PMCID: PMC8287586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientia (O.) tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus, is a neglected, obligate intracellular bacterium that has a prominent tropism for monocytes and macrophages. Complications often involve the lung, where interstitial pneumonia is a typical finding. The severity of scrub typhus in humans has been linked to altered plasma concentrations of chemokines which are known to act as chemoattractants for myeloid cells. The trafficking and function of monocyte responses is critically regulated by interaction of the CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and its CC chemokine receptor CCR2. In a self-healing mouse model of intradermal infection with the human-pathogenic Karp strain of O. tsutsugamushi, we investigated the role of CCR2 on bacterial dissemination, development of symptoms, lung histology and monocyte subsets in blood and lungs. CCR2-deficient mice showed a delayed onset of disease and resolution of symptoms, higher concentrations and impaired clearance of bacteria in the lung and the liver, accompanied by a slow infiltration of interstitial macrophages into the lungs. In the blood, we found an induction of circulating monocytes that depended on CCR2, while only a small increase in Ly6Chi monocytes was observed in CCR2-/- mice. In the lung, significantly higher numbers of Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo monocytes were found in the C57BL/6 mice compared to CCR2-/- mice. Both wildtype and CCR2-deficient mice developed an inflammatory milieu as shown by cytokine and inos/arg1 mRNA induction in the lung, but with delayed kinetics in CCR2-deficient mice. Histopathology revealed that infiltration of macrophages to the parenchyma, but not into the peribronchial tissue, depended on CCR2. In sum, our data suggest that in Orientia infection, CCR2 drives blood monocytosis and the influx and activation of Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo monocytes into the lung, thereby accelerating bacterial replication and development of interstitial pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Petermann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zacharias Orfanos
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julie Sellau
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Gharaibeh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleischer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Keller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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12
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Smits M, Meijerink M, Le TM, Knulst A, de Jong A, Caspers MPM, Lima ES, Babé L, Ladics G, McClain S, Houben G, Verhoeckx K. Predicting the allergenicity of legume proteins using a PBMC gene expression assay. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:27. [PMID: 33849432 PMCID: PMC8042678 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food proteins differ in their allergenic potential. Currently, there is no predictive and validated bio-assay to evaluate the allergenicity of novel food proteins. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression assay to identify biomarkers to predict the allergenicity of legume proteins. RESULTS PBMCs from healthy donors were exposed to weakly and strongly allergenic legume proteins (2S albumins, and 7S and 11S globulins from white bean, soybean, peanut, pea and lupine) in three experiments. Possible biomarkers for allergenicity were investigated by exposing PBMCs to a protein pair of weakly (white bean) and strongly allergenic (soybean) 7S globulins in a pilot experiment. Gene expression was measured by RNA-sequencing and differentially expressed genes were selected as biomarkers. 153 genes were identified as having significantly different expression levels to the 7S globulin of white bean compared to soybean. Inclusion of multiple protein pairs from 2S albumins (lupine and peanut) and 7S globulins (white bean and soybean) in a larger study, led to the selection of CCL2, CCL7, and RASD2 as biomarkers to distinguish weakly from strongly allergenic proteins. The relevance of these three biomarkers was confirmed by qPCR when PBMCs were exposed to a larger panel of weakly and strongly allergenic legume proteins (2S albumins, and 7S and 11S globulins from white bean, soybean, peanut, pea and lupine). CONCLUSIONS The PBMC gene expression assay can potentially distinguish weakly from strongly allergenic legume proteins within a protein family, though it will be challenging to develop a generic method for all protein families from plant and animal sources. Graded responses within a protein family might be of more value in allergenicity prediction instead of a yes or no classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Smits
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Meijerink
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Thuy-My Le
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André Knulst
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aard de Jong
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Everton Souto Lima
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lilia Babé
- DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Scott McClain
- Formerly, Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 754 Research Triangle Park, Durham, USA
| | - Geert Houben
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Verhoeckx
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Amara AAAF. Improving Animal Immunity to Prevent Fungal Infections with Folk Remedies and Advanced Medicine. FUNGAL DISEASES IN ANIMALS 2021:127-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-69507-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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14
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Mohd Jaya FN, Liu Z, Chan GCF. Early Treatment of Interleukin-33 can Attenuate Lupus Development in Young NZB/W F1 Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112448. [PMID: 33182616 PMCID: PMC7696801 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, has been recently associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). IL-33 is an alarmin and a pleiotropic cytokine that affects various types of immune cells via binding to its receptor, ST2. In this study, we determine the impact of intraperitoneal IL-33 treatments in young lupus, NZB/W F1 mice. Mice were treated from the age of 6 to 11 weeks. We then assessed the proteinuria level, renal damage, survival rate, and anti-dsDNA antibodies. The induction of regulatory B (Breg) cells, changes in the level of autoantibodies, and gene expression were also examined. In comparison to the control group, young NZB/W F1 mice administered with IL-33 had a better survival rate as well as reduced proteinuria level and lupus nephritis. IL-33 treatments significantly increased the level of IgM anti-dsDNA antibodies, IL-10 expressing Breg cells, and alternatively-induced M2 macrophage gene signatures. These results imply that IL-33 exhibits a regulatory role during lupus onset via the expansion of protective IgM anti-dsDNA as well as regulatory cells such as Breg cells and M2 macrophages.
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15
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Fu MS, Drummond RA. The Diverse Roles of Monocytes in Cryptococcosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030111. [PMID: 32708673 PMCID: PMC7558978 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are considered to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells are key components for the control of infection, but paradoxically they can also contribute to detrimental host responses and may even support fungal proliferation and dissemination. Simultaneously, the C. neoformans polysaccharide capsule can impair the functions of monocytes. Although monocytes are often seen as simple precursor cells, they also function as independent immune effector cells. In this review, we summarize these monocyte-specific functions during cryptococcal infection and the influence of C. neoformans on monocyte responses. We also cover the most recent findings on the functional and phenotypic heterogeneity of monocytes and discuss how new advanced technologies provide a platform to address outstanding questions in the field.
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16
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Alvarez-Rueda N, Rouges C, Touahri A, Misme-Aucouturier B, Albassier M, Pape PL. In vitro immune responses of human PBMCs against Candida albicans reveals fungal and leucocyte phenotypes associated with fungal persistence. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6211. [PMID: 32277137 PMCID: PMC7148345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a growing understanding of immunity against Candida albicans, efforts need to be pursued in order to decipher the cellular mechanisms leading to an uncontrolled immune response that eventually oppose disease eradication. We describe here significant intra- and inter-subject variations in immune response patterns of major human leucocyte subsets following an in vitro challenge with C. albicans clinical isolates. We also observed that there are Candida isolate-dependent changes in leucocyte phenotypes. Through a combination of multiple fungal growth and flow cytometric measurements, coupled to the tSNE algorithm, we showed that significant proliferation differences exist among C. albicans isolates, leading to the calculation of a strain specific persistent index. Despite substantial inter-subject differences in T cells and stability of myeloid cells at baseline, our experimental approach highlights substantial immune cell composition changes and cytokine secretion profiles after C. albicans challenge. The significant secretion of IL-17 by CD66+ cells, IFN-γ and IL-10 by CD4+ T cells 2 days after C. albicans challenge was associated with fungal control. Fungal persistence was associated with delayed secretion of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, TNF-α and IL-10 by myeloid cells and IL-4 and TNF-α secretion by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Overall, this experimental and analytical approach is available for the monitoring of such fungal and human immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Alvarez-Rueda
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Cibles et médicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Célia Rouges
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Cibles et médicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Adel Touahri
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Cibles et médicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Barbara Misme-Aucouturier
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Cibles et médicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Marjorie Albassier
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Cibles et médicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Patrice Le Pape
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Cibles et médicaments des infections et du cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France.
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17
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Heung LJ. Monocytes and the Host Response to Fungal Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:34. [PMID: 32117808 PMCID: PMC7031161 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and their derivatives, including macrophages and dendritic cells, play diverse roles in the response to fungal pathogens. Sensing of fungi by monocytes triggers signaling pathways that mediate direct effects like phagocytosis and cytokine production. Monocytes can also present fungal antigens to elicit adaptive immune responses. These monocyte-mediated pathways may be either beneficial or harmful to the host. In some instances, fungi have developed mechanisms to evade the consequences of monocyte activation and subvert these cells to promote disease. Thus, monocytes are critically involved in mediating the outcomes of these often highly fatal infections. This review will highlight the roles of monocytes in the immune response to some of the major fungi that cause invasive human disease, including Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Candida, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, and Coccidioides, and discuss potential strategies to manipulate monocyte responses in order to enhance anti-fungal immunity in susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena J Heung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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18
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Ramirez R, Herrera AM, Ramirez J, Qian C, Melton DW, Shireman PK, Jin YF. Deriving a Boolean dynamics to reveal macrophage activation with in vitro temporal cytokine expression profiles. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:725. [PMID: 31852428 PMCID: PMC6921543 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages show versatile functions in innate immunity, infectious diseases, and progression of cancers and cardiovascular diseases. These versatile functions of macrophages are conducted by different macrophage phenotypes classified as classically activated macrophages and alternatively activated macrophages due to different stimuli in the complex in vivo cytokine environment. Dissecting the regulation of macrophage activations will have a significant impact on disease progression and therapeutic strategy. Mathematical modeling of macrophage activation can improve the understanding of this biological process through quantitative analysis and provide guidance to facilitate future experimental design. However, few results have been reported for a complete model of macrophage activation patterns. RESULTS We globally searched and reviewed literature for macrophage activation from PubMed databases and screened the published experimental results. Temporal in vitro macrophage cytokine expression profiles from published results were selected to establish Boolean network models for macrophage activation patterns in response to three different stimuli. A combination of modeling methods including clustering, binarization, linear programming (LP), Boolean function determination, and semi-tensor product was applied to establish Boolean networks to quantify three macrophage activation patterns. The structure of the networks was confirmed based on protein-protein-interaction databases, pathway databases, and published experimental results. Computational predictions of the network evolution were compared against real experimental results to validate the effectiveness of the Boolean network models. CONCLUSION Three macrophage activation core evolution maps were established based on the Boolean networks using Matlab. Cytokine signatures of macrophage activation patterns were identified, providing a possible determination of macrophage activations using extracellular cytokine measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ramirez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Allen Michael Herrera
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Joshua Ramirez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Chunjiang Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - David W Melton
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Paula K Shireman
- Department of Surgery, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Blvd, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Yu-Fang Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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19
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Histoplasma Responses to Nutritional Immunity Imposed by Macrophage Activation. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5020045. [PMID: 31195617 PMCID: PMC6616858 DOI: 10.3390/jof5020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum resides within the phagosome of host phagocytic cells. Within this intracellular compartment, Histoplasma yeast replication requires the acquisition of several essential nutrients, including metal ions. Recent work has shown that while iron, zinc, and copper are sufficiently abundant in resting macrophages, cytokine activation of these host cells causes restriction of these metals from intracellular yeasts as a form of nutritional immunity. Faced with limited iron availability in the phagosome following macrophage activation by IFN-γ, Histoplasma yeasts secrete iron-scavenging siderophores and employ multiple strategies for reduction of ferric iron to the more physiologically useful ferrous form. IFN-γ activation of macrophages also limits availability of copper in the phagosome, forcing Histoplasma reliance on the high affinity Ctr3 copper importer for copper acquisition. GM-CSF activation stimulates macrophage production of zinc-chelating metallothioneins and zinc transporters to sequester zinc from Histoplasma yeasts. In response, Histoplasma yeasts express the Zrt2 zinc importer. These findings highlight the dynamics of phagosomal metal ion concentrations in host-pathogen interactions and explain one mechanism by which macrophages become a less permissive environment for Histoplasma replication with the onset of adaptive immunity.
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20
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Heung LJ, Hohl TM. Inflammatory monocytes are detrimental to the host immune response during acute infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007627. [PMID: 30897162 PMCID: PMC6428256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a leading cause of invasive fungal infections among immunocompromised patients. However, the cellular constituents of the innate immune response that promote clearance versus progression of infection upon respiratory acquisition of C. neoformans remain poorly defined. In this study, we found that during acute C. neoformans infection, CCR2+ Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes (IM) rapidly infiltrate the lungs and mediate fungal trafficking to lung-draining lymph nodes. Interestingly, this influx of IM is detrimental to the host, since ablating IM or impairing their recruitment to the lungs improves murine survival and reduces fungal proliferation and dissemination. Using a novel conditional gene deletion strategy, we determined that MHC class II expression by IM did not mediate their deleterious impact on the host. Furthermore, although ablation of IM reduced the number of lymphocytes, innate lymphoid cells, and eosinophils in the lungs, the effects of IM were not dependent on these cells. We ascertained that IM in the lungs upregulated transcripts associated with alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in response to C. neoformans, consistent with the model that IM assume a cellular phenotype that is permissive for fungal growth. We also determined that conditional knockout of the prototypical M2 marker arginase 1 in IM and deletion of the M2-associated transcription factor STAT6 were not sufficient to reverse the harmful effects of IM. Overall, our findings indicate that C. neoformans can subvert the fungicidal potential of IM to enable the progression of infection through a mechanism that is not dependent on lymphocyte priming, eosinophil recruitment, or downstream M2 macrophage polarization pathways. These results give us new insight into the plasticity of IM function during fungal infections and the level of control that C. neoformans can exert on host immune responses. Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that is prevalent throughout the environment and can cause a fatal infection of the central nervous system when inhaled into the lungs by patients with impaired immune systems. Our understanding of the immune responses that either help clear C. neoformans from the lungs or permit development of disease remains limited. In this study, we used a mouse model of lethal C. neoformans infection to determine that inflammatory monocytes, immune cells that are often among the first responders to infections, actually facilitate the progression of infection rather than clearance. These findings establish a foundation for future work to target the immune response of inflammatory monocytes as a strategy to improve the outcomes of patients that develop C. neoformans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena J. Heung
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJH); (TMH)
| | - Tobias M. Hohl
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJH); (TMH)
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21
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Ford J, Hughson A, Lim K, Bardina SV, Lu W, Charo IF, Lim JK, Fowell DJ. CCL7 Is a Negative Regulator of Cutaneous Inflammation Following Leishmania major Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3063. [PMID: 30671055 PMCID: PMC6331479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL7 (MCP3) is known to promote the recruitment of many innate immune cell types including monocytes and neutrophils to sites of bacterial and viral infection and eosinophils and basophils to sites of allergic inflammation. CCL7 upregulation has been associated with many inflammatory settings including infection, cardiovascular disease, and the tumor microenvironment. CCL7's pleotropic effects are due in part to its ability to bind numerous chemokine receptors, namely CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and CCR10. CCL7-blockade or CCL7-deficiency is often marked by decreased inflammation and poor pathogen control. In the context of Leishmania major infection, CCL7 is specifically upregulated in the skin one-2 weeks after infection but its role in L. major control is unclear. To determine CCL7's impact on the response to L. major we infected WT and CCL7-/- C57BL/6 mice. L. major infection of CCL7-deficient mice led to an unexpected increase in inflammation in the infected skin 2 weeks post-infection. A broad increase in immune cell subsets was observed but was dominated by enhanced neutrophilic infiltration. Increased neutrophil recruitment was associated with an enhanced IL-17 gene profile in the infected skin. CCL7 was shown to directly antagonize neutrophil migration in vitro and CCL7 add-back in vivo specifically reduced neutrophil influx into the infected skin revealing an unexpected role for CCL7 in limiting neutrophil recruitment during L. major infection. Enhanced neutrophilic infiltration in CCL7-deficient mice changed the balance of L. major infected host cells with an increase in the ratio of infected neutrophils over monocytes/macrophages. To determine the consequence of CCL7 deficiency on L. major control we analyzed parasite load cutaneously at the site of infection and viscerally in the draining LN and spleen. The CCL7-/- mice supported robust cutaneous parasite control similar to their WT C57BL/6 counterparts. In contrast, CCL7-deficiency led to greater parasite dissemination and poor parasite control in the spleen. Our studies reveal a novel role for CCL7 in negatively regulating cutaneous inflammation, specifically neutrophils, early during L. major infection. We propose that CCL7-mediated dampening of the early immune response in the skin may limit the ability of the parasite to disseminate without compromising cutaneous control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Ford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Angela Hughson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kihong Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Susana V Bardina
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Israel F Charo
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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22
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Bueter CL, Deepe GS. Aeroallergens Exacerbate Histoplasma capsulatum Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3352-3361. [PMID: 30348735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergens such as house dust mites (HDM) and papain induce strong Th2 responses, including elevated IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and marked eosinophilia in the airways. Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungal pathogen that induces a strong Th1 response marked by IFN-γ and TNF-α production, leading to rapid clearance in nonimmunocompromised hosts. Th1 responses are generally dominant and overwhelm the Th2 response when stimuli for both are present, although there are instances when Th2 stimuli downregulate a Th1 response. We determined if the Th2 response to allergens prevents the host from mounting a Th1 response to H. capsulatum in vivo. C57BL/6 mice exposed to HDM or papain and infected with H. capsulatum exhibited a dominant Th2 response early, characterized by enhanced eosinophilia and elevated Th2 cytokines in lungs. These mice manifested exacerbated fungal burdens, suggesting that animals skewed toward a Th2 response by an allergen are less able to clear the H. capsulatum infection despite an intact Th1 response. In contrast, secondary infection is not exacerbated by allergen exposure, indicating that the memory response may suppress the Th2 response to HDM and quickly clear the infection. In conclusion, an in vivo skewing toward Th2 by allergens exacerbates fungal infection, even though there is a concurrent and unimpaired Th1 response to H. capsulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Bueter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; and
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; and .,Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220
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23
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Lv J, Yu Q, Lv J, Di C, Lin X, Su W, Wu M, Xia Z. Airway epithelial TSLP production of TLR2 drives type 2 immunity in allergic airway inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1838-1850. [PMID: 30184256 PMCID: PMC6282509 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells (ECs)-derived cytokines are induced by different stimuli through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to mount a type-2-cell-mediated immune response; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrated asthmatic features in both primary bronchial epithelial cells (pBECs) and mouse model using several allergens including ovalbumin (OVA), house dust mite (HDM), or Alternaria alternata. We found that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was highly induced in ECs but not dendritic cells (DCs) by various allergens, leading to recruitment of circulating basophils into the lung via C-C chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2). TLR2 expression increased thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) production through the NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways to extend the survival of recruited basophils and resident DCs in the lung, predisposing a type-2-cell-mediated airway inflammation. Conversely, TLR2 deficiency impaired secretion of TSLP and CCL2, decreased infiltration of lung basophils, and increased resistance to Th2 response. Blocking TSLP also phenocopied these phenomena. Our findings reveal a pro-inflammatory role of airway ECs through a TLR2-dependent TSLP production, which may have implication for treating allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianying Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Di
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoliang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Zhenwei Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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24
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McDermott AJ, Klein BS. Helper T-cell responses and pulmonary fungal infections. Immunology 2018; 155:155-163. [PMID: 29781185 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the respiratory tract encounters microbes, such as fungal particles, with every inhaled breath. When pathogenic fungi breach the physical barrier and innate immune system within the lung to establish an infection, adaptive immunity is engaged, often in the form of helper CD4 T-cell responses. Type 1 responses, characterized by interferon-γ production from CD4 cells, promote clearance of Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Likewise, interleukin-17A (IL-17A) production from Th17 cells promotes immunity to Blastomyces dermatitidis and Coccidioides species infection by recruiting neutrophils. In contrast the development of T helper type 2 responses, characterized by IL-5 production from T cells and eosinophil influx into the lungs, drives allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and poor outcomes during C. neoformans infection. Experimental vaccines against several endemic mycoses, including Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus and Blastomyces dermatitidis, induce protective T-cell responses and foreshadow the development of vaccines against pulmonary fungal infections for use in humans. Additionally, recent work using antifungal T cells as immunotherapy to protect immune-compromised patients from opportunist fungal infections also shows great promise. This review covers the role of T-cell responses in driving protection and pathology in response to pulmonary fungal infections, and highlights promising therapeutic applications of antifungal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McDermott
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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25
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Deepe GS, Buesing WR, Ostroff GR, Abraham A, Specht CA, Huang H, Levitz SM. Vaccination with an alkaline extract of Histoplasma capsulatum packaged in glucan particles confers protective immunity in mice. Vaccine 2018; 36:3359-3367. [PMID: 29729993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum, occurs world-wide, but North and South America are regions of high endemicity. Interventions to mitigate exposure and consequent disease are limited to remediating a habitat harboring the fungus. The development of a vaccine to prevent infection or lessen its severity is an important advance in disease prevention. Accordingly, we prepared an alkaline extract from the yeast phase of Histoplasma and encased it in glucan particles that act as an adjuvant and delivery vehicle. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with this encapsulated extract decreased the number of CFUs in lungs and spleens at days 7 and 14 following intranasal infection. Moreover, this vaccine conferred protection against a lethal challenge with the fungus. Cytokine assessment in lungs at a time when the CFUs were similar between controls and vaccinated groups revealed increased quantities of interferon-γ and interleukin-17 in vaccine recipients. This finding was supported by increased generation of both Th1 and Th17 cells in lungs and draining lymph nodes of vaccinated mice compared to controls. Neutralization of interferon-γ or interleukin-17 blunted the effectiveness of vaccination. To identify the proteins comprising this extract, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was performed. Thus, an H. capsulatum alkaline extract packaged in glucan particles confers protection in an interferon-γ and interleukin-17-dependent manner. Discovery of a single protein or a few proteins in this admixture that mediate protective immunity would represent significant progress in efforts to prevent histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States; Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States.
| | - William R Buesing
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Haibin Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
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26
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Subramanian Vignesh K, Landero Figueroa JA, Porollo A, Divanovic S, Caruso JA, Deepe GS. IL-4 Induces Metallothionein 3- and SLC30A4-Dependent Increase in Intracellular Zn(2+) that Promotes Pathogen Persistence in Macrophages. Cell Rep 2018; 16:3232-3246. [PMID: 27653687 PMCID: PMC5603080 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative activation of macrophages promotes wound healing but weakens antimicrobial defenses against intracellular pathogens. The mechanisms that suppress macrophage function to create a favorable environment for pathogen growth remain elusive. We show that interleukin (IL)-4 triggers a metallothionein 3 (MT3)- and Zn exporter SLC30A4- dependent increase in the labile Zn2+ stores in macrophages and that intracellular pathogens can exploit this increase in Zn to survive. IL-4 regulates this pathway by shuttling extracellular Zn into macrophages and by activating cathepsins that act on MT3 to release bound Zn. We show that IL-4 can modulate Zn homeostasis in both human monocytes and mice. In vivo, MT3 can repress macrophage function in an M2-polarizing environment to promote pathogen persistence. Thus, MT3 and SLC30A4 dictate the size of the labile Zn2+ pool and promote the survival of a prototypical intracellular pathogen in M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio A Landero Figueroa
- University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joseph A Caruso
- University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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27
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Lionakis MS, Levitz SM. Host Control of Fungal Infections: Lessons from Basic Studies and Human Cohorts. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 36:157-191. [PMID: 29237128 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, the AIDS pandemic and the significant advances in the medical management of individuals with neoplastic and inflammatory conditions have resulted in a dramatic increase in the population of immunosuppressed patients with opportunistic, life-threatening fungal infections. The parallel development of clinically relevant mouse models of fungal disease and the discovery and characterization of several inborn errors of immune-related genes that underlie inherited human susceptibility to opportunistic mycoses have significantly expanded our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that protect against ubiquitous fungal exposures. This review synthesizes immunological knowledge derived from basic mouse studies and from human cohorts and provides an overview of mammalian antifungal host defenses that show promise for informing therapeutic and vaccination strategies for vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655;
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28
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Host STING-dependent MDSC mobilization drives extrinsic radiation resistance. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1736. [PMID: 29170400 PMCID: PMC5701019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy induces and promotes innate and adaptive immunity in which host STING plays an important role. However, radioresistance in irradiated tumors can also develop, resulting in relapse. Here we report a mechanism by which extrinsic resistance develops after local ablative radiation that relies on the immunosuppressive action of STING. The STING/type I interferon pathway enhances suppressive inflammation in tumors by recruiting myeloid cells in part via the CCR2 pathway. Germ-line knockouts of CCR2 or treatment with an anti-CCR2 antibody results in blockade of radiation-induced MDSC infiltration. Treatment with anti-CCR2 antibody alleviates immunosuppression following activation of the STING pathway, enhancing the anti-tumor effects of STING agonists and radiotherapy. We propose that radiation-induced STING activation is immunosuppressive due to (monocytic) M-MDSC infiltration, which results in tumor radioresistance. Furthermore, the immunosuppressive effects of radiotherapy and STING agonists can be abrogated in humans by a translational strategy involving anti-CCR2 antibody treatment to improve radiotherapy.
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29
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Metallothioneins: Emerging Modulators in Immunity and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102197. [PMID: 29065550 PMCID: PMC5666878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal-binding proteins virtually expressed in all organisms including prokaryotes, lower eukaryotes, invertebrates and mammals. These proteins regulate homeostasis of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), mitigate heavy metal poisoning, and alleviate superoxide stress. In recent years, MTs have emerged as an important, yet largely underappreciated, component of the immune system. Innate and adaptive immune cells regulate MTs in response to stress stimuli, cytokine signals and microbial challenge. Modulation of MTs in these cells in turn regulates metal ion release, transport and distribution, cellular redox status, enzyme function and cell signaling. While it is well established that the host strictly regulates availability of metal ions during microbial pathogenesis, we are only recently beginning to unravel the interplay between metal-regulatory pathways and immunological defenses. In this perspective, investigation of mechanisms that leverage the potential of MTs to orchestrate inflammatory responses and antimicrobial defenses has gained momentum. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to illumine the role of MTs in immune regulation. We discuss the mechanisms of MT induction and signaling in immune cells and explore the therapeutic potential of the MT-Zn axis in bolstering immune defenses against pathogens.
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30
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Decker SO, Sigl A, Grumaz C, Stevens P, Vainshtein Y, Zimmermann S, Weigand MA, Hofer S, Sohn K, Brenner T. Immune-Response Patterns and Next Generation Sequencing Diagnostics for the Detection of Mycoses in Patients with Septic Shock-Results of a Combined Clinical and Experimental Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081796. [PMID: 28820494 PMCID: PMC5578184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are of increasing importance in sepsis. However, culture-based diagnostic procedures are associated with relevant weaknesses. Therefore, culture- and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based fungal findings as well as corresponding plasma levels of β-d-glucan, interferon gamma (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -6, -10, -17A, and mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) were evaluated in 50 septic patients at six consecutive time points within 28 days after sepsis onset. Furthermore, immune-response patterns during infections with Candida spp. were studied in a reconstituted human epithelium model. In total, 22% (n = 11) of patients suffered from a fungal infection. An NGS-based diagnostic approach appeared to be suitable for the identification of fungal pathogens in patients suffering from fungemia as well as in patients with negative blood cultures. Moreover, MR-proADM and IL-17A in plasma proved suitable for the identification of patients with a fungal infection. Using RNA-seq., adrenomedullin (ADM) was shown to be a target gene which is upregulated early after an epithelial infection with Candida spp. In summary, an NGS-based diagnostic approach was able to close the diagnostic gap of routinely used culture-based diagnostic procedures, which can be further facilitated by plasmatic measurements of MR-proADM and IL-17A. In addition, ADM was identified as an early target gene in response to epithelial infections with Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian O Decker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 110, Im Neuenheimer Feld, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Annette Sigl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 110, Im Neuenheimer Feld, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Philip Stevens
- Fraunhofer IGB, 12, Nobelstraße, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Noscendo GmbH, 9, Meitnerstraße, D-70563 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, 324, Im Neuenheimer Feld, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 110, Im Neuenheimer Feld, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Hofer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Westpfalzklinikum, 1, Hellmut-Hartert-Straß, D-67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Kai Sohn
- Fraunhofer IGB, 12, Nobelstraße, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 110, Im Neuenheimer Feld, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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31
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Bickelhaupt S, Erbel C, Timke C, Wirkner U, Dadrich M, Flechsig P, Tietz A, Pföhler J, Gross W, Peschke P, Hoeltgen L, Katus HA, Gröne HJ, Nicolay NH, Saffrich R, Debus J, Sternlicht MD, Seeley TW, Lipson KE, Huber PE. Effects of CTGF Blockade on Attenuation and Reversal of Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3064590. [PMID: 28376190 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is a mainstay for the treatment of lung cancer that can induce pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis. The matricellular protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a central mediator of tissue remodeling. Methods A radiation-induced mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was used to determine if transient administration of a human antibody to CTGF (FG-3019) started at different times before or after 20 Gy thoracic irradiation reduced acute and chronic radiation toxicity. Mice (25 mice/group; 10 mice/group in a confirmation study) were examined by computed tomography, histology, gene expression changes, and for survival. In vitro experiments were performed to directly study the interaction of CTGF blockade and radiation. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Administration of FG-3019 prevented (∼50%-80%) or reversed (∼50%) lung remodeling, improved lung function, improved mouse health, and rescued mice from lethal irradiation ( P < .01). Importantly, when antibody treatment was initiated at 16 weeks after thoracic irradiation, FG-3019 reversed established lung remodeling and restored lung function. CTGF blockade abrogated M2 polarized macrophage influx, normalized radiation-induced gene expression changes, and reduced myofibroblast abundance and Osteopontin expression. Conclusion These results indicate that blocking CTGF attenuates radiation-induced pulmonary remodeling and can reverse the process after initiation. CTGF has a central role in radiation-induced fibrogenesis, and FG-3019 may benefit patients with radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis or patients with other forms or origin of chronic fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bickelhaupt
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Erbel
- Departments of Cardiology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Timke
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Wirkner
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Dadrich
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Flechsig
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Tietz
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Pföhler
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gross
- Departments of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Peschke
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Line Hoeltgen
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Departments of Cardiology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Departments of Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils H Nicolay
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Saffrich
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark D Sternlicht
- Departments of Molecular Biology, FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Todd W Seeley
- Departments of Molecular Biology, FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter E Huber
- Departments of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Verma AH, Bueter CL, Rothenberg ME, Deepe GS. Eosinophils subvert host resistance to an intracellular pathogen by instigating non-protective IL-4 in CCR2 -/- mice. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:194-204. [PMID: 27049063 PMCID: PMC5053824 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils contribute to type II immune responses in helminth infections and allergic diseases; however, their influence on intracellular pathogens is less clear. We previously reported that CCR2-/- mice exposed to the intracellular fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum exhibit dampened immunity caused by an early exaggerated interleukin (IL)-4 response. We sought to identify the cellular source promulgating IL-4 in infected mutant animals. Eosinophils were the principal instigators of non-protective IL-4 and depleting this granulocyte population improved fungal clearance in CCR2-/- animals. The deleterious impact of eosinophilia on mycosis was also recapitulated in transgenic animals overexpressing eosinophils. Mechanistic examination of IL-4 induction revealed that phagocytosis of H. capsulatum via the pattern recognition receptor complement receptor (CR) 3 triggered the heightened IL-4 response in murine eosinophils. This phenomenon was conserved in human eosinophils; exposure of cells to the fungal pathogen elicited a robust IL-4 response. Thus, our findings elucidate a detrimental attribute of eosinophil biology in fungal infections that could potentially trigger a collapse in host defenses by instigating type II immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash H. Verma
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Chelsea L. Bueter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - George S. Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
- Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, USA
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33
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Roussey JA, Olszewski MA, Osterholzer JJ. Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases. Microorganisms 2016; 4:microorganisms4040047. [PMID: 27973396 PMCID: PMC5192530 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses specific regulatory mechanisms involved in the host immune response to fungal organisms. We focus on key cells and regulatory pathways involved in these responses, including a brief overview of their broader function preceding a discussion of their specific relevance to fungal disease. Important cell types discussed include dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, with a focus on specific studies relating to their effects on immune responses to fungi. We highlight the interleukin-10, programmed cell death 1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 signaling pathways and emphasize interrelationships between these pathways and the regulatory functions of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Throughout our discussion, we identify selected studies best illustrating the role of these cells and pathways in response to specific fungal pathogens to provide a contextual understanding of the tightly-controlled network of regulatory mechanisms critical to determining the outcome of exposure to fungal pathogens. Lastly, we discuss two unique phenomena relating to immunoregulation, protective tolerance and immune reactivation inflammatory syndrome. These two clinically-relevant conditions provide perspective as to the range of immunoregulatory mechanisms active in response to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Roussey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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34
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Pathogen–Host Interaction of Histoplasma capsulatum: an Update. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-016-0267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Eastman AJ, Osterholzer JJ, Olszewski MA. Role of dendritic cell-pathogen interactions in the immune response to pulmonary cryptococcal infection. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:1837-57. [PMID: 26597428 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the unique contributions of dendritic cells (DCs) to T-cell priming and the generation of effective host defenses against Cryptococcus neoformans (C.neo) infection. We highlight DC subsets involved in the early and later stages of anticryptococcal immune responses, interactions between C.neo pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pattern recognition receptors expressed by DC, and the influence of DC on adaptive immunity. We emphasize recent studies in mouse models of cryptococcosis that illustrate the importance of DC-derived cytokines and costimulatory molecules and the potential role of DC epigenetic modifications that support maintenance of these signals throughout the immune response to C.neo. Lastly, we stipulate where these advances can be developed into new, immune-based therapeutics for treatment of this global pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Eastman
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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36
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Transcription Factor KLF2 in Dendritic Cells Downregulates Th2 Programming via the HIF-1α/Jagged2/Notch Axis. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00436-16. [PMID: 27302755 PMCID: PMC4916374 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00436-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is tightly regulated by complex signals in dendritic cells (DCs). Although Th2 polarization is dictated by defined functional DC subsets, the molecular factors that govern the amplitude of these responses are not well understood. Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a transcription factor that negatively regulates the activation of numerous immune cells in response to stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that suppression of KLF2 in conditioned DCs preferentially amplifies Th2 responses in two model systems, one of which is a prototypical intracellular pathogen and the other an allergen. This elevation in Th2 responses was dependent on contact-mediated Notch signaling in vitro and in vivo. A deficiency of KLF2 increased the expression of Notch ligand Jagged2 via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which led to Th2 amplification. Our results revealed a novel circuit in DCs for Th2 polarization that is governed by KLF2. Dendritic cells are the key element that bridges innate and adaptive immunity. A complex and not-well-understood area in dendritic cell biology is the regulatory network that predetermines or moderates their function to shape the adaptive immune response. Our study for the first time demonstrates that KLF2, a transcription factor, conditions dendritic cells to regulate Th2 responses via a Jagged2/Notch axis. Downregulation of KLF2 expression in dendritic cells may provide a beneficial effect for treatment of diseases such as obesity or parasitic infections but may be deleterious in the case of invasion by intracellular pathogens. Strategies to tune KLF2 may be useful for future therapeutic approaches to particular diseases of mankind.
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37
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Fecher RA, Horwath MC, Friedrich D, Rupp J, Deepe GS. Inverse Correlation between IL-10 and HIF-1α in Macrophages Infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:565-79. [PMID: 27271565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is a transcription factor that regulates metabolic and immune response genes in the setting of low oxygen tension and inflammation. We investigated the function of HIF-1α in the host response to Histoplasma capsulatum because granulomas induced by this pathogenic fungus develop hypoxic microenvironments during the early adaptive immune response. In this study, we demonstrated that myeloid HIF-1α-deficient mice exhibited elevated fungal burden during the innate immune response (prior to 7 d postinfection) as well as decreased survival in response to a sublethal inoculum of H. capsulatum The absence of myeloid HIF-1α did not alter immune cell recruitment to the lungs of infected animals but was associated with an elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Treatment with mAb to IL-10 restored protective immunity to the mutant mice. Macrophages (Mϕs) constituted most IL-10-producing cells. Deletion of HIF-1α in neutrophils or dendritic cells did not alter fungal burden, thus implicating Mϕs as the pivotal cell in host resistance. HIF-1α was stabilized in Mϕs following infection. Increased activity of the transcription factor CREB in HIF-1α-deficient Mϕs drove IL-10 production in response to H. capsulatum IL-10 inhibited Mϕ control of fungal growth in response to the activating cytokine IFN-γ. Thus, we identified a critical function for Mϕ HIF-1α in tempering IL-10 production following infection. We established that transcriptional regulation of IL-10 by HIF-1α and CREB is critical for activation of Mϕs by IFN-γ and effective handling of H. capsulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Fecher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Michael C Horwath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Dirk Friedrich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220
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38
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Lauvau G, Loke P, Hohl TM. Monocyte-mediated defense against bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Semin Immunol 2016; 27:397-409. [PMID: 27021645 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating blood monocytes are a heterogeneous leukocyte population that contributes critical antimicrobial and regulatory functions during systemic and tissue-specific infections. These include patrolling vascular tissue for evidence of microbial invasion, infiltrating peripheral tissues and directly killing microbial invaders, conditioning the inflammatory milieu at sites of microbial tissue invasion, and orchestrating the activation of innate and adaptive immune effector cells. The central focus of this review is the in vivo mechanisms by which monocytes and their derivative cells promote microbial clearance and immune regulation. We include an overview of murine models to examine monocyte functions during microbial challenges and review our understanding of the functional roles of monocytes and their derivative cells in host defense against bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cencer Center, New York, NY, United States.
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39
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Haileselassie Y, Navis M, Vu N, Qazi KR, Rethi B, Sverremark-Ekström E. Postbiotic Modulation of Retinoic Acid Imprinted Mucosal-like Dendritic Cells by Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri 17938 In Vitro. Front Immunol 2016; 7:96. [PMID: 27014275 PMCID: PMC4794487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are widely used as probiotics with beneficial effects on infection-associated diarrhea, but also used in clinical trials of e.g., necrotizing enterocolitis and inflammatory bowel diseases. The possibility of using probiotic metabolic products, so-called postbiotics, is desirable as it could prevent possible side effects of live bacteria in individuals with a disturbed gut epithelial barrier. Here, we studied how Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 cell-free supernatant (L. reuteri-CFS) influenced retinoic acid (RA)-driven mucosal-like dendritic cells (DC) and their subsequent effect on T regulatory cells (Treg) in vitro. RA clearly imprinted a mucosal-like DC phenotype with higher IL10 production, increased CD103 and CD1d expression, and a downregulated mRNA expression of several inflammatory-associated genes (NFκB1, RELB, and TNF). Treatment with L. reuteri-CFS further influenced the tolerogenic phenotype of RA-DC by downregulating most genes involved in antigen uptake, antigen presentation, and signal transduction as well as several chemokine receptors, while upregulating IL10 production. L. reuteri-CFS also augmented CCR7 expression on RA-DC. In cocultures, RA-DC increased IL10 and FOXP3 expression in Treg, but pre-treatment with L. reuteri-CFS did not further influence the Treg phenotype. In conclusion, L. reuteri-CFS modulates the phenotype and function of mucosal-like DC, implicating its potential application as postbiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeneneh Haileselassie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Marit Navis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Nam Vu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Bence Rethi
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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40
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Espinosa V, Rivera A. First Line of Defense: Innate Cell-Mediated Control of Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:272. [PMID: 26973640 PMCID: PMC4776213 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotic infections and their effect on the human condition have been widely overlooked and poorly surveilled by many health organizations even though mortality rates have increased in recent years. The increased usage of immunosuppressive and myeloablative therapies for the treatment of malignant as well as non-malignant diseases has contributed significantly to the increased incidence of fungal infections. Invasive fungal infections have been found to be responsible for at least 1.5 million deaths worldwide. About 90% of these deaths can be attributed to Cryptococcus, Candida, Aspergillus, and Pneumocystis. A better understanding of how the host immune system contains fungal infection is likely to facilitate the development of much needed novel antifungal therapies. Innate cells are responsible for the rapid recognition and containment of fungal infections and have been found to play essential roles in defense against multiple fungal pathogens. In this review we summarize our current understanding of host-fungi interactions with a focus on mechanisms of innate cell-mediated recognition and control of pulmonary aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Espinosa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA; Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA
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41
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Horwath MC, Fecher RA, Deepe GS. Histoplasma capsulatum, lung infection and immunity. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:967-75. [PMID: 26059620 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum, an environmental fungus, is the most common endemic pulmonary mycosis in the USA. Disease is most frequently observed in immunocompromised patients living in endemic areas. We present the mechanisms of fungal recognition, innate immune response and adaptive immune response that lead to protection or exacerbation of disease. Current understanding of these mechanisms is the result of a continuing dialogue between clinical observations and murine studies. Mice are a powerful model to study the immune response to H. capsulatum alone or in the presence of immunomodulatory drugs. Vigilance for histoplasmosis should be exercised with novel immunosuppressive agents that target the important immune pathways identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Horwath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 2600 Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Roger A Fecher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 2600 Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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42
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Patarčić I, Gelemanović A, Kirin M, Kolčić I, Theodoratou E, Baillie KJ, de Jong MD, Rudan I, Campbell H, Polašek O. The role of host genetic factors in respiratory tract infectious diseases: systematic review, meta-analyses and field synopsis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16119. [PMID: 26524966 PMCID: PMC4630784 DOI: 10.1038/srep16119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic factors have frequently been implicated in respiratory infectious diseases, often with inconsistent results in replication studies. We identified 386 studies from the total of 24,823 studies identified in a systematic search of four bibliographic databases. We performed meta-analyses of studies on tuberculosis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-Coronavirus and pneumonia. One single-nucleotide polymorphism from IL4 gene was significant for pooled respiratory infections (rs2070874; 1.66 [1.29–2.14]). We also detected an association of TLR2 gene with tuberculosis (rs5743708; 3.19 [2.03–5.02]). Subset analyses identified CCL2 as an additional risk factor for tuberculosis (rs1024611; OR = 0.79 [0.72–0.88]). The IL4-TLR2-CCL2 axis could be a highly interesting target for translation towards clinical use. However, this conclusion is based on low credibility of evidence - almost 95% of all identified studies had strong risk of bias or confounding. Future studies must build upon larger-scale collaborations, but also strictly adhere to the highest evidence-based principles in study design, in order to reduce research waste and provide clinically translatable evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Patarčić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Andrea Gelemanović
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Kirin
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kolčić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kenneth J Baillie
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.,Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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43
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Bishop LR, Lionakis MS, Sassi M, Murphy PM, Hu X, Huang DW, Sherman B, Qiu J, Yang J, Lempicki RA, Kovacs JA. Characterization of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression during Pneumocystis infection in healthy and immunodeficient mice. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:638-50. [PMID: 26052064 PMCID: PMC4554965 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined gene expression levels of multiple chemokines and chemokine receptors during Pneumocystis murina infection in wild-type and immunosuppressed mice, using microarrays and qPCR. In wild-type mice, expression of chemokines that are ligands for Ccr2, Cxcr3, Cxcr6, and Cxcr2 increased at days 32-41 post-infection, with a return to baseline by day 75-150. Concomitant increases were seen in Ccr2, Cxcr3, and Cxcr6, but not in Cxcr2 expression. Induction of these same factors also occurred in CD40-ligand and CD40 knockout mice but only at a much later time-point, during uncontrolled Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Expression of CD4 Th1 markers was increased in wild-type mice during clearance of infection. Ccr2 and Cx3cr1 knockout mice cleared Pneumocystis infection with kinetics similar to wild-type mice, and all animals developed anti-Pneumocystis antibodies. Upregulation of Ccr2, Cxcr3, and Cxcr6 and their ligands supports an important role for T helper cells and mononuclear phagocytes in the clearance of Pneumocystis infection. However, based on the current and prior studies, no single chemokine receptor appears to be critical to the clearance of Pneumocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Bishop
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Monica Sassi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brad Sherman
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ju Qiu
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Richard A Lempicki
- Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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44
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Brunner PM, Glitzner E, Reininger B, Klein I, Stary G, Mildner M, Uhrin P, Sibilia M, Stingl G. CCL7 contributes to the TNF-alpha-dependent inflammation of lesional psoriatic skin. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:522-8. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Brunner
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Elisabeth Glitzner
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Baerbel Reininger
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Irene Klein
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Georg Stingl
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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45
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Bolus WR, Gutierrez DA, Kennedy AJ, Anderson-Baucum EK, Hasty AH. CCR2 deficiency leads to increased eosinophils, alternative macrophage activation, and type 2 cytokine expression in adipose tissue. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:467-77. [PMID: 25934927 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi0115-018r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation during obesity is mediated by immune cells and closely correlates with systemic insulin resistance. In lean AT, eosinophils are present in low but significant numbers and capable of promoting alternative macrophage activation in an IL-4/IL-13-dependent manner. In WT mice, obesity causes the proportion of AT eosinophils to decline, concomitant with inflammation and classical activation of AT macrophages. In this study, we show that CCR2 deficiency leads to increased eosinophil accumulation in AT. Furthermore, in contrast to WT mice, the increase in eosinophils in CCR2(-/-) AT is sustained and even amplified during obesity. Interestingly, a significant portion of eosinophils is found in CLSs in AT of obese CCR2(-/-) mice, which is the first time eosinophils have been shown to localize to these inflammatory hot spots. CCR2(-/-) bone marrow precursors displayed increased expression of various key eosinophil genes during in vitro differentiation to eosinophils, suggesting a potentially altered eosinophil phenotype in the absence of CCR2. In addition, the proportion of eosinophils in AT positively correlated with local expression of Il5, a potent eosinophil stimulator. The increase in eosinophils in CCR2(-/-) mice was detected in all white fat pads analyzed and in the peritoneal cavity but not in bone marrow, blood, spleen, or liver. In AT of CCR2(-/-) mice, an increased eosinophil number positively correlated with M2-like macrophages, expression of the Treg marker Foxp3, and type 2 cytokines, Il4, Il5, and Il13. This is the first study to link CCR2 function with regulation of AT eosinophil accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Reid Bolus
- *Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Tennessee, USA
| | - Dario A Gutierrez
- *Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Tennessee, USA
| | - Arion J Kennedy
- *Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Tennessee, USA
| | - Emily K Anderson-Baucum
- *Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- *Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Tennessee, USA
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46
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Thind SK, Taborda CP, Nosanchuk JD. Dendritic cell interactions with Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides. Virulence 2015; 6:424-32. [PMID: 25933034 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.965586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are among the most common microbes encountered by humans. More than 100, 000 fungal species have been described in the environment to date, however only a few species cause disease in humans. Fungal infections are of particular importance to immunocompromised hosts in whom disease is often more severe, especially in those with impaired cell-mediated immunity such as individuals with HIV infection, hematologic malignancies, or those receiving TNF-α inhibitors. Nevertheless, environmental disturbances through natural processes or as a consequence of deforestation or construction can expose immunologically competent people to a large number of fungal spores resulting in asymptomatic acquisition to life-threatening disease. In recent decades, the significance of the innate immune system and more importantly the role of dendritic cells (DC) have been found to play a fundamental role in the resolution of fungal infections, such as in dimorphic fungi like Histoplasma and Paracoccidioides. In this review article the general role of DCs will be illustrated as the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as their specific interactions with these 2 dimorphic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjeet K Thind
- a Department of Medicine [Division of Infectious Diseases]; SUNY Downstate Medical Center ; Brooklyn , NY , USA
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47
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Verma A, Kroetz DN, Tweedle JL, Deepe GS. Type II cytokines impair host defense against an intracellular fungal pathogen by amplifying macrophage generation of IL-33. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:380-9. [PMID: 25118166 PMCID: PMC4326567 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 subverts protective immunity to multiple intracellular pathogens, including the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Previously, we reported that H. capsulatum-challenged CCR2(-/-) mice manifest elevated pulmonary fungal burden owing to exaggerated IL-4. Paradoxical to our anticipation in IL-33 driving IL-4, we discovered that the latter prompted IL-33 in mutant mice. In infected CCR2(-/-) animals, amplified IL-33 succeeded the heightened IL-4 response and inhibition of IL-4 signaling decreased IL-33. Moreover, macrophages, but not epithelial cells or dendritic cells, from these mice expressed higher IL-33 in comparison with controls. Dissection of mechanisms that promulgated IL-33 revealed type-II cytokines and H. capsulatum synergistically elicited an IL-33 response in macrophages via signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6/interferon-regulatory factor-4 and Dectin-1 pathways, respectively. Neutralizing IL-33 in CCR2(-/-) animals, but not controls, enhanced their resistance to histoplasmosis. Thus we describe a previously unrecognized role for IL-4 in instigating IL-33 in macrophages. Furthermore, in the presence of intracellular fungal pathogens, the type-II cytokine-driven IL-33 response impairs immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Verma
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Danielle N. Kroetz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jamie L. Tweedle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - George S. Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.,Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, USA,Corresponding author: George S. Deepe, Jr., Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0560, ; Phone: 513-558-4706; Fax: 513-558-2089
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48
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Swamydas M, Break TJ, Lionakis MS. Mononuclear phagocyte-mediated antifungal immunity: the role of chemotactic receptors and ligands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2157-75. [PMID: 25715741 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, fungal infections have emerged as significant causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies, hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Besides neutrophils and CD4(+) T lymphocytes, which have long been known to play an indispensable role in promoting protective antifungal immunity, mononuclear phagocytes are now being increasingly recognized as critical mediators of host defense against fungi. Thus, a recent surge of research studies has focused on understanding the mechanisms by which resident and recruited monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells accumulate and become activated at the sites of fungal infection. Herein, we critically review how a variety of G-protein coupled chemoattractant receptors and their ligands mediate mononuclear phagocyte recruitment and effector function during infection by the most common human fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthulekha Swamydas
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 11C102, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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49
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MyD88-dependent signaling drives host survival and early cytokine production during Histoplasma capsulatum infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1265-75. [PMID: 25583527 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02619-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the innate immune system to trigger an adaptive T cell response is critical to resolution of infection with the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. However, the signaling pathways and cell types involved in the recognition of and response to this respiratory pathogen remain poorly defined. Here, we show that MyD88, an adaptor protein vital to multiple innate immune pathways, is critically required for the host response to Histoplasma. MyD88-deficient (MyD88-/-) mice are unable to control the fungal burden and are more sensitive to Histoplasma infection than wild-type, Dectin-1-/-, or interleukin 1 receptor-deficient (IL-1R-/-) mice. We found that MyD88 is necessary for the production of key early inflammatory cytokines and the subsequent recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the lung. In both our in vitro and ex vivo analyses, MyD88 was intrinsically required in dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages for initial cytokine production. Additionally, MyD88-deficient bone marrow-derived dendritic cells fail to efficiently control fungal growth when cocultured with primed splenic T cells. Surprisingly, mice that lack MyD88 only in dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages are competent for early cytokine production and normal survival, indicating the presence of compensatory and redundant MyD88 signaling in other cell types during infection. Ultimately, global MyD88 deficiency prevents proper T cell activation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production, which are critical for infection resolution. Collectively, this work reveals a central role for MyD88 in coordinating the innate and adaptive immune responses to infection with this ubiquitous fungal pathogen of humans.
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50
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Abstract
Life-threatening fungal infections have risen sharply in recent years, owing to the advances and intensity of medical care that may blunt immunity in patients. This emerging crisis has created the growing need to clarify immune defense mechanisms against fungi with the ultimate goal of therapeutic intervention. We describe recent insights in understanding the mammalian immune defenses that are deployed against pathogenic fungi. We focus on adaptive immunity to the major medically important fungi and emphasize three elements that coordinate the response: (1) dendritic cells and subsets that are mobilized against fungi in various anatomical compartments; (2) fungal molecular patterns and their corresponding receptors that signal responses and shape the differentiation of T-cell subsets and B cells; and, ultimately (3) the effector and regulatory mechanisms that eliminate these invaders while constraining collateral damage to vital tissue. These insights create a foundation for the development of new, immune-based strategies for prevention or enhanced clearance of systemic fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Verma
- Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
| | - George Deepe
- Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Bruce Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792 Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792 Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
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