1
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Heinzel S, Cheon H, Belz GT, Hodgkin PD. Survival and division fate programs are preserved but retuned during the naïve to memory CD8 + T-cell transition. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:46-57. [PMID: 37840018 PMCID: PMC10952575 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells are generated from naïve precursors undergoing proliferation during the initial immune response. Both naïve and memory T cells are maintained in a resting, quiescent state and respond to activation with a controlled proliferative burst and differentiation into effector cells. This similarity in the maintenance and response dynamics points to the preservation of key cellular fate programs; however, whether memory T cells have acquired intrinsic changes in these programs that may contribute to the enhanced immune protection in a recall response is not fully understood. Here we used a quantitative model-based analysis of proliferation and survival kinetics of in vitro-stimulated murine naïve and memory CD8+ T cells in response to homeostatic and activating signals to establish intrinsic similarities or differences within these cell types. We show that resting memory T cells display heightened sensitivity to homeostatic cytokines, responding to interleukin (IL)-2 in addition to IL-7 and IL-15. The proliferative response to αCD3 was equal in size and kinetics, demonstrating that memory T cells undergo the same controlled division burst and automated return to quiescence as naïve T cells. However, perhaps surprisingly, we observed reduced expansion of αCD3-stimulated memory T cells in response to activating signals αCD28 and IL-2 compared with naïve T cells. Overall, we demonstrate that although sensitivities to cytokine and costimulatory signals have shifted, fate programs regulating the scale of the division burst are conserved in memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heinzel
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - HoChan Cheon
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
- Frazer InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology DivisionWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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2
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Zonozi R, Walters LC, Shulkin A, Naranbhai V, Nithagon P, Sauvage G, Kaeske C, Cosgrove K, Nathan A, Tano-Menka R, Gayton AC, Getz MA, Senjobe F, Worrall D, Iafrate AJ, Fromson C, Montesi SB, Rao DA, Sparks JA, Wallace ZS, Farmer JR, Walker BD, Charles RC, Laliberte K, Niles JL, Gaiha GD. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination are elevated in B cell deficiency and reduce risk of severe COVID-19. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh4529. [PMID: 38019932 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with primary and pharmacologic B cell deficiencies have high rates of severe disease and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the immune responses and clinical outcomes after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination have yet to be fully defined. Here, we evaluate the cellular immune responses after both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in patients receiving the anti-CD20 therapy rituximab (RTX) and those with low B cell counts due to common variable immune deficiency (CVID) disease. Assessment of effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 revealed elevated reactivity and proliferative capacity after both infection and vaccination in B cell-deficient individuals, particularly within the CD8+ T cell compartment, in comparison with healthy controls. Evaluation of clinical outcomes demonstrates that vaccination of RTX-treated individuals was associated with about 4.8-fold reduced odds of moderate or severe COVID-19 in the absence of vaccine-induced antibodies. Analysis of T cell differentiation demonstrates that RTX administration increases the relative frequency of naïve CD8+ T cells, potentially by depletion of CD8+CD20dim T cells, which are primarily of an effector memory or terminal effector memory (TEMRA) phenotype. However, this also leads to a reduction in preexisting antiviral T cell immunity. Collectively, these data indicate that individuals with B cell deficiencies have enhanced T cell immunity after both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination that potentially accounts for reduced hospitalization and severe disease from subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zonozi
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lucy C Walters
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron Shulkin
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3022, Australia
| | - Pravarut Nithagon
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gabriel Sauvage
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Clarety Kaeske
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katherine Cosgrove
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anusha Nathan
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rhoda Tano-Menka
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alton C Gayton
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew A Getz
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fernando Senjobe
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Worrall
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Caroline Fromson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sydney B Montesi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jocelyn R Farmer
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Beth Israel Lahey Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Karen Laliberte
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John L Niles
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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3
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Martin MD, Skon-Hegg C, Kim CY, Xu J, Kucaba TA, Swanson W, Pierson MJ, Williams JW, Badovinac VP, Shen SS, Ingersoll MA, Griffith TS. CD115 + monocytes protect microbially experienced mice against E. coli-induced sepsis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113345. [PMID: 38111515 PMCID: PMC10727454 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is a primary organism responsible for urinary tract infections and a common cause of sepsis. Microbially experienced laboratory mice, generated by cohousing with pet store mice, exhibit increased morbidity and mortality to polymicrobial sepsis or lipopolysaccharide challenge. By contrast, cohoused mice display significant resistance, compared with specific pathogen-free mice, to a monomicrobial sepsis model using UPEC. CD115+ monocytes mediate protection in the cohoused mice, as depletion of these cells leads to increased mortality and UPEC pathogen burden. Further study of the cohoused mice reveals increased TNF-α production by monocytes, a skewing toward Ly6ChiCD115+ "classical" monocytes, and enhanced egress of Ly6ChiCD115+ monocytes from the bone marrow. Analysis of cohoused bone marrow also finds increased frequency and number of myeloid multipotent progenitor cells. These results show that a history of microbial exposure impacts innate immunity in mice, which can have important implications for the preclinical study of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Martin
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Cara Skon-Hegg
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Caleb Y. Kim
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Julie Xu
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tamara A. Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Whitney Swanson
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark J. Pierson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven S. Shen
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Molly A. Ingersoll
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Mucosal Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Lead contact
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4
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Luda KM, Longo J, Kitchen-Goosen SM, Duimstra LR, Ma EH, Watson MJ, Oswald BM, Fu Z, Madaj Z, Kupai A, Dickson BM, DeCamp LM, Dahabieh MS, Compton SE, Teis R, Kaymak I, Lau KH, Kelly DP, Puchalska P, Williams KS, Krawczyk CM, Lévesque D, Boisvert FM, Sheldon RD, Rothbart SB, Crawford PA, Jones RG. Ketolysis drives CD8 + T cell effector function through effects on histone acetylation. Immunity 2023; 56:2021-2035.e8. [PMID: 37516105 PMCID: PMC10528215 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Environmental nutrient availability influences T cell metabolism, impacting T cell function and shaping immune outcomes. Here, we identified ketone bodies (KBs)-including β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) and acetoacetate (AcAc)-as essential fuels supporting CD8+ T cell metabolism and effector function. βOHB directly increased CD8+ T effector (Teff) cell cytokine production and cytolytic activity, and KB oxidation (ketolysis) was required for Teff cell responses to bacterial infection and tumor challenge. CD8+ Teff cells preferentially used KBs over glucose to fuel the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in vitro and in vivo. KBs directly boosted the respiratory capacity and TCA cycle-dependent metabolic pathways that fuel CD8+ T cell function. Mechanistically, βOHB was a major substrate for acetyl-CoA production in CD8+ T cells and regulated effector responses through effects on histone acetylation. Together, our results identify cell-intrinsic ketolysis as a metabolic and epigenetic driver of optimal CD8+ T cell effector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Luda
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; University of Copenhagen, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 København, Denmark
| | - Joseph Longo
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Susan M Kitchen-Goosen
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Lauren R Duimstra
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Eric H Ma
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - McLane J Watson
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Brandon M Oswald
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Zhen Fu
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Zachary Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ariana Kupai
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Bradley M Dickson
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Lisa M DeCamp
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Michael S Dahabieh
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Shelby E Compton
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Robert Teis
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Irem Kaymak
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Kin H Lau
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Daniel P Kelly
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrycja Puchalska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelsey S Williams
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Dominique Lévesque
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - François-Michel Boisvert
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Scott B Rothbart
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Peter A Crawford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Russell G Jones
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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5
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Lanfermeijer J, Nühn MM, Emmelot ME, Poelen MCM, van Els CACM, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D, Kaaijk P, de Wit J. Longitudinal Characterization of the Mumps-Specific HLA-A2 Restricted T-Cell Response after Mumps Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1431. [PMID: 34960178 PMCID: PMC8707000 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Waning of the mumps virus (MuV)-specific humoral response after vaccination has been suggested as a cause for recent mumps outbreaks in vaccinated young adults, although it cannot explain all cases. Moreover, CD8+ T cells may play an important role in the response against MuV; however, little is known about the characteristics and dynamics of the MuV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after MuV infection. Here, we had the opportunity to follow the CD8+ T-cell response to three recently identified HLA-A2*02:01-restricted MuV-specific epitopes from 1.5 to 36 months post-MuV infection in five previously vaccinated and three unvaccinated individuals. The infection-induced CD8+ T-cell response was dominated by T cells specific for the ALDQTDIRV and LLDSSTTRV epitopes, while the response to the GLMEGQIVSV epitope was subdominant. MuV-specific CD8+ T-cell frequencies in the blood declined between 1.5 and 9 months after infection. This decline was not explained by changes in the expression of inhibitory receptors or homing markers. Despite the ongoing changes in the frequencies and phenotype of MuV-specific CD8+ T cells, TCRβ analyses revealed a stable MuV-specific T-cell repertoire over time. These insights in the maintenance of the cellular response against mumps may provide hallmarks for optimizing vaccination strategies towards a long-term cellular memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marieke M. Nühn
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Maarten E. Emmelot
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Martien C. M. Poelen
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Cécile A. C. M. van Els
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Patricia Kaaijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Jelle de Wit
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
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6
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Pan YG, Aiamkitsumrit B, Bartolo L, Wang Y, Lavery C, Marc A, Holec PV, Rappazzo CG, Eilola T, Gimotty PA, Hensley SE, Antia R, Zarnitsyna VI, Birnbaum ME, Su LF. Vaccination reshapes the virus-specific T cell repertoire in unexposed adults. Immunity 2021; 54:1245-1256.e5. [PMID: 34004140 PMCID: PMC8192456 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined how baseline CD4+ T cell repertoire and precursor states impact responses to pathogen infection in humans using primary immunization with yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine. YFV-specific T cells in unexposed individuals were identified by peptide-MHC tetramer staining and tracked pre- and post-vaccination by tetramers and TCR sequencing. A substantial number of YFV-reactive T cells expressed memory phenotype markers and contained expanded clones in the absence of exposure to YFV. After vaccination, pre-existing YFV-specific T cell populations with low clonal diversity underwent limited expansion, but rare populations with a reservoir of unexpanded TCRs generated robust responses. These altered dynamics reorganized the immunodominance hierarchy and resulted in an overall increase in higher avidity T cells. Thus, instead of further increasing the representation of dominant clones, YFV vaccination recruits rare and more responsive T cells. Our findings illustrate the impact of vaccines in prioritizing T cell responses and reveal repertoire reorganization as a key component of effective vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Gen Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurent Bartolo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Criswell Lavery
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam Marc
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick V Holec
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C Garrett Rappazzo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Eilola
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phyllis A Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura F Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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7
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Schnaack OH, Nourmohammad A. Optimal evolutionary decision-making to store immune memory. eLife 2021; 10:61346. [PMID: 33908347 PMCID: PMC8116052 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system provides a diverse set of molecules that can mount specific responses against a multitude of pathogens. Memory is a key feature of adaptive immunity, which allows organisms to respond more readily upon re-infections. However, differentiation of memory cells is still one of the least understood cell fate decisions. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework to characterize optimal strategies to store memory to maximize the utility of immune response over an organism's lifetime. We show that memory production should be actively regulated to balance between affinity and cross-reactivity of immune receptors for an effective protection against evolving pathogens. Moreover, we predict that specificity of memory should depend on the organism's lifespan, and shorter lived organisms with fewer pathogenic encounters should store more cross-reactive memory. Our framework provides a baseline to gauge the efficacy of immune memory in light of an organism's coevolutionary history with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar H Schnaack
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
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8
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Behr FM, Beumer-Chuwonpad A, Kragten NAM, Wesselink TH, Stark R, van Gisbergen KPJM. Circulating memory CD8 + T cells are limited in forming CD103 + tissue-resident memory T cells at mucosal sites after reinfection. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:151-166. [PMID: 32762051 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM ) localize to barrier tissues and mediate local protection against reinvading pathogens. Circulating central memory (TCM ) and effector memory CD8+ T cells (TEM ) also contribute to tissue recall responses, but their potential to form mucosal TRM remains unclear. Here, we employed adoptive transfer and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus reinfection models to specifically assess secondary responses of TCM and TEM at mucosal sites. Donor TCM and TEM exhibited robust systemic recall responses, but only limited accumulation in the small intestine, consistent with reduced expression of tissue-homing and -retention molecules. Murine and human circulating memory T cells also exhibited limited CD103 upregulation following TGF-β stimulation. Upon pathogen clearance, TCM and TEM readily gave rise to secondary TEM . TCM also formed secondary central memory in lymphoid tissues and TRM in internal tissues, for example, the liver. Both TCM and TEM failed to substantially contribute to resident mucosal memory in the small intestine, while activated intestinal TRM , but not liver TRM , efficiently reformed CD103+ TRM . Our findings demonstrate that circulating TCM and TEM are limited in generating mucosal TRM upon reinfection. This may pose important implications on cell therapy and vaccination strategies employing memory CD8+ T cells for protection at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ammarina Beumer-Chuwonpad
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja A M Kragten
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Wesselink
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Kurup SP, Anthony SM, Hancox LS, Vijay R, Pewe LL, Moioffer SJ, Sompallae R, Janse CJ, Khan SM, Harty JT. Monocyte-Derived CD11c + Cells Acquire Plasmodium from Hepatocytes to Prime CD8 T Cell Immunity to Liver-Stage Malaria. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:565-577.e6. [PMID: 30905437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites inoculated by mosquitoes migrate to the liver and infect hepatocytes prior to release of merozoites that initiate symptomatic blood-stage malaria. Plasmodium parasites are thought to be restricted to hepatocytes throughout this obligate liver stage of development, and how liver-stage-expressed antigens prime productive CD8 T cell responses remains unknown. We found that a subset of liver-infiltrating monocyte-derived CD11c+ cells co-expressing F4/80, CD103, CD207, and CSF1R acquired parasites during the liver stage of malaria, but only after initial hepatocyte infection. These CD11c+ cells found in the infected liver and liver-draining lymph nodes exhibited transcriptionally and phenotypically enhanced antigen-presentation functions and primed protective CD8 T cell responses against Plasmodium liver-stage-restricted antigens. Our findings highlight a previously unrecognized aspect of Plasmodium biology and uncover the fundamental mechanism by which CD8 T cell responses are primed against liver-stage malaria antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven J Moioffer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Sompallae
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shahid M Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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10
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Davenport B, Eberlein J, van der Heide V, Jhun K, Nguyen TT, Victorino F, Trotta A, Chipuk J, Yi Z, Zhang W, Clambey ET, Scott DK, Homann D. Aging of Antiviral CD8 + Memory T Cells Fosters Increased Survival, Metabolic Adaptations, and Lymphoid Tissue Homing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:460-475. [PMID: 30552164 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging of established antiviral T cell memory can foster a series of progressive adaptations that paradoxically improve rather than compromise protective CD8+ T cell immunity. We now provide evidence that this gradual evolution, the pace of which is contingent on the precise context of the primary response, also impinges on the molecular mechanisms that regulate CD8+ memory T cell (TM) homeostasis. Over time, CD8+ TM generated in the wake of an acute infection with the natural murine pathogen lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus become more resistant to apoptosis and acquire enhanced cytokine responsiveness without adjusting their homeostatic proliferation rates; concurrent metabolic adaptations promote increased CD8+ TM quiescence and fitness but also impart the reacquisition of a partial effector-like metabolic profile; and a gradual redistribution of aging CD8+ TM from blood and nonlymphoid tissues to lymphatic organs results in CD8+ TM accumulations in bone marrow, splenic white pulp, and, particularly, lymph nodes. Altogether, these data demonstrate how temporal alterations of fundamental homeostatic determinants converge to render aged CD8+ TM poised for greater recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Davenport
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80045.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jens Eberlein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Verena van der Heide
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kevin Jhun
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Tom T Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Francisco Victorino
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Andrew Trotta
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - Jerry Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - Zhengzi Yi
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Dirk Homann
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80045.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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11
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Abstract
CD8 T cells comprising the memory pool display considerable heterogeneity, with individual cells differing in phenotype and function. This review will focus on our current understanding of heterogeneity within the antigen-specific memory CD8 T cell compartment and classifications of memory CD8 T cell subsets with defined and discrete functionalities. Recent data suggest that phenotype and/or function of numerically stable circulatory memory CD8 T cells are defined by the age of memory CD8 T cell (or time after initial antigen-encounter). In addition, history of antigen stimulations has a profound effect on memory CD8 T cell populations, suggesting that repeated infections (or vaccination) have the capacity to further shape the memory CD8 T cell pool. Finally, genetic background of hosts and history of exposure to diverse microorganisms likely contribute to the observed heterogeneity in the memory CD8 T cell compartment. Extending our tool box and exploring alternative mouse models (i.e., "dirty" and/or outbred mice) to encompass and better model diversity observed in humans will remain an important goal for the near future that will likely shed new light into the mechanisms that govern biology of memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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12
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Mulherkar R, Karabudak A, Ginwala R, Huang X, Rowan A, Philip R, Murphy EL, Clements D, Ndhlovu LC, Khan ZK, Jain P. In vivo and in vitro immunogenicity of novel MHC class I presented epitopes to confer protective immunity against chronic HTLV-1 infection. Vaccine 2018; 36:5046-5057. [PMID: 30005946 PMCID: PMC6091894 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has infected as many as 10 million people worldwide. While 90% are asymptomatic, 5% develop severe diseases including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoka (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). No vaccine against HTLV-1 exists, and screening programs are not universal. However, patients with chronic HTLV-1 infection have high frequencies of HTLV-1-activated CD8+ T cells, and the two main HLA alleles (A2, A24) are present in 88% of infected individuals. We thus utilized an immunoproteomics approach to characterize MHC-I restricted epitopes presented by HLA-A2+, A24+ MT-2 and SLB-1 cell lines. Unlike traditional motif prediction algorithms, this approach identifies epitopes associated with cytotoxic T-cell responses in their naturally processed forms, minimizing differences in antigen processing and protein expression levels. Out of nine identified peptides, we confirmed six novel MHC-I restricted epitopes that were capable of binding HLA-A2 and HLA-A24 alleles and used in vitro and in vivo methods to generate CD8+ T cells specific for each of these peptides. MagPix MILLIPLEX data showed that in vitro generated epitope-specific CD8+ T cells secreted IFN-ɣ, granzyme B, MIP-1α, TNF-α, perforin and IL-10 when cultured in the presence of MT-2 cell line. Degranulation assay confirmed cytotoxic response through surface expression of CD107 on CD8+ T cells when cultured with MT-2 cells. A CD8+ T-cell killing assay indicated significant antiviral activity of CD8+ T cells specific against all identified peptides. In vivo generated CD8+ T cells similarly demonstrated immunogenicity on ELISpot, CD107 degranulation assay, and MagPix MILLIPLEX analysis. These epitopes are thus candidates for a therapeutic peptide-based vaccine against HTLV-1, and our results provide preclinical data for the advancement of such a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Mulherkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aykan Karabudak
- Immunotope, Inc., Pennsylvania Institute for Biotechnology, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Rashida Ginwala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaofang Huang
- Immunotope, Inc., Pennsylvania Institute for Biotechnology, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Aileen Rowan
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ramila Philip
- Immunotope, Inc., Pennsylvania Institute for Biotechnology, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Edward L. Murphy
- Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco
- Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Clements
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Zafar K. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Modeling the effect of boost timing in murine irradiated sporozoite prime-boost vaccines. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190940. [PMID: 29329308 PMCID: PMC5766151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with radiation-attenuated sporozoites has been shown to induce CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria. Empirical evidence suggests that successive inoculations often improve the efficacy of this type of vaccines. An initial dose (prime) triggers a specific cellular response, and subsequent inoculations (boost) amplify this response to create a robust CD8+ T cell memory. In this work we propose a model to analyze the effect of T cell dynamics on the performance of prime-boost vaccines. This model suggests that boost doses and timings should be selected according to the T cell response elicited by priming. Specifically, boosting during late stages of clonal contraction would maximize T cell memory production for vaccines using lower doses of irradiated sporozoites. In contrast, single-dose inoculations would be indicated for higher vaccine doses. Experimental data have been obtained that support theoretical predictions of the model.
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14
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Martin MD, Danahy DB, Hartwig SM, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Revealing the Complexity in CD8 T Cell Responses to Infection in Inbred C57B/6 versus Outbred Swiss Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1527. [PMID: 29213267 PMCID: PMC5702636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has suggested that current mouse models may underrepresent the complexity of human immune responses. While most mouse immunology studies utilize inbred mouse strains, it is unclear if conclusions drawn from inbred mice can be extended to all mouse strains or generalized to humans. We recently described a “surrogate activation marker” approach that could be used to track polyclonal CD8 T cell responses in inbred and outbred mice and noted substantial discord in the magnitude and kinetics of CD8 T cell responses in individual outbred mice following infection. However, how the memory CD8 T cell response develops following infection and the correlates of memory CD8 T cell-mediated protection against re-infection in outbred mice remains unknown. In this study, we investigated development of pathogen-specific memory CD8 T cell responses in inbred C57B/6 and outbred National Institutes of Health Swiss mice following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or L. monocytogenes infection. Interestingly, the size of the memory CD8 T cell pool generated and rate of phenotypic progression was considerably more variable in individual outbred compared to inbred mice. Importantly, while prior infection provided both inbred and outbred cohorts of mice with protection against re-infection that was dependent on the dose of primary infection, levels of memory CD8 T cells generated and degree of protection against re-infection did not correlate with primary infection dose in all outbred mice. While variation in CD8 T cell responses to infection is not entirely surprising due to the genetic diversity present, analysis of infection-induced immunity in outbred hosts may reveal hidden complexity in CD8 T cell responses in genetically diverse populations and might help us further bridge the gap between mouse and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Derek B Danahy
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Stacey M Hartwig
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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15
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Reeves PL, Rudraraju R, Liu X, Wong FS, Hamilton-Williams EE, Steptoe RJ. APC-targeted proinsulin expression inactivates insulin-specific memory CD8 + T cells in NOD mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:765-774. [PMID: 28611473 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from T-cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Effector T-cell responses emerge early in disease development and expand as disease progresses. Following β-cell destruction, a long-lived T-cell memory is generated that represents a barrier to islet transplantation and other cellular insulin-replacement therapies. Development of effective immunotherapies that control or ablate β-cell destructive effector and memory T-cell responses has the potential to prevent disease progression and recurrence. Targeting antigen expression to antigen-presenting cells inactivates cognate CD8+ effector and memory T-cell responses and has therapeutic potential. Here we investigated this in the context of insulin-specific responses in the non-obese diabetic mouse where genetic immune tolerance defects could impact on therapeutic tolerance induction. Insulin-specific CD8+ memory T cells transferred to mice expressing proinsulin in antigen-presenting cells proliferated in response to transgenically expressed proinsulin and the majority were rapidly deleted. A small proportion of transferred insulin-specific Tmem remained undeleted and these were antigen-unresponsive, exhibited reduced T cell receptor (TCR) expression and H-2Kd/insB15-23 tetramer binding and expressed co-inhibitory molecules. Expression of proinsulin in antigen-presenting cells also abolished the diabetogenic capacity of CD8+ effector T cells. Therefore, destructive insulin-specific CD8+ T cells are effectively inactivated by enforced proinsulin expression despite tolerance defects that exist in diabetes-prone NOD mice. These findings have important implications in developing immunotherapeutic approaches to T1D and other T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta Ls Reeves
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiao Liu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - F Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular &Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | | | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Martin MD, Shan Q, Xue HH, Badovinac VP. Time and Antigen-Stimulation History Influence Memory CD8 T Cell Bystander Responses. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28642758 PMCID: PMC5462920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells can be activated and induced to produce cytokines and increase stores of cytolytic proteins not only in response to cognate antigen (Ag) but also in response to inflammatory cytokines (bystander responses). Importantly, bystander memory CD8 T cell functions have been shown to be dependent upon memory CD8 T cell fitness, since exhausted CD8 T cells have diminished capacity to respond to inflammatory cues. While it is known that memory CD8 T cell functional abilities, including ability to produce cytokines in response to cognate Ag, change with time after initial Ag encounter and upon multiple Ag stimulations (e.g., primary vs. tertiary CD8 T cell responses), it is unknown if bystander memory CD8 T cell responses are influenced by time or by Ag-exposure history. Here, we examined time and Ag-stimulation history-dependent alterations in virus-specific memory CD8 T cell bystander functions in response to inflammatory cytokines and unrelated bacterial infection. We found that expression of cytokine receptors and ability to produce IFN-γ following heterologous infection or incubation with inflammatory cytokines decreases with time following initial Ag encounter and increases with additional Ag encounters, suggesting that the ability to sense inflammation and respond with bystander cytokine production is dependent on age and Ag-stimulation history of memory CD8 T cells. These data shed further light on the regulation of memory CD8 T cell effector functions and have important implications for the development of vaccines designed to elicit protective memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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17
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Khiew SH, Yang J, Young JS, Chen J, Wang Q, Yin D, Vu V, Miller ML, Sciammas R, Alegre ML, Chong AS. CTLA4-Ig in combination with FTY720 promotes allograft survival in sensitized recipients. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92033. [PMID: 28469082 PMCID: PMC5414557 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent evidence of improved graft outcomes and safety, the high incidence of early acute cellular rejection with belatacept, a high-affinity CTLA4-Ig, has limited its use in clinical transplantation. Here we define how the incomplete control of endogenous donor-reactive memory T cells results in belatacept-resistant rejection in an experimental model of BALB/c.2W-OVA donor heart transplantation into C57BL/6 recipients presensitized to donor splenocytes. These sensitized mice harbored modestly elevated numbers of endogenous donor-specific memory T cells and alloantibodies compared with naive recipients. Continuous CTLA4-Ig treatment was unexpectedly efficacious at inhibiting endogenous graft-reactive T cell expansion but was unable to inhibit late CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration into the allografts, and rejection was observed in 50% of recipients by day 35 after transplantation. When CTLA4-Ig was combined with the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) functional antagonist FTY720, alloantibody production was inhibited and donor-specific IFN-γ-producing T cells were reduced to levels approaching nonsensitized tolerant recipients. Late T cell recruitment into the graft was also restrained, and graft survival improved with this combination therapy. These observations suggest that a rational strategy consisting of inhibiting memory T cell expansion and trafficking into the allograft with CTLA4-Ig and FTY720 can promote allograft survival in allosensitized recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinghui Yang
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Jianjun Chen
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Qiang Wang
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Dengping Yin
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Vinh Vu
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Michelle L. Miller
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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18
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Anelone AJN, Spurgeon SK. Modelling and Simulation of the Dynamics of the Antigen-Specific T Cell Response Using Variable Structure Control Theory. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166163. [PMID: 27861537 PMCID: PMC5115707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental and mathematical studies in immunology have revealed that the dynamics of the programmed T cell response to vigorous infection can be conveniently modelled using a sigmoidal or a discontinuous immune response function. This paper hypothesizes strong synergies between this existing work and the dynamical behaviour of engineering systems with a variable structure control (VSC) law. These findings motivate the interpretation of the immune system as a variable structure control system. It is shown that dynamical properties as well as conditions to analytically assess the transition from health to disease can be developed for the specific T cell response from the theory of variable structure control. In particular, it is shown that the robustness properties of the specific T cell response as observed in experiments can be explained analytically using a VSC perspective. Further, the predictive capacity of the VSC framework to determine the T cell help required to overcome chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) infection is demonstrated. The findings demonstrate that studying the immune system using variable structure control theory provides a new framework for evaluating immunological dynamics and experimental observations. A modelling and simulation tool results with predictive capacity to determine how to modify the immune response to achieve healthy outcomes which may have application in drug development and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anet J. N. Anelone
- School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, CT2 7NT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah K. Spurgeon
- School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, CT2 7NT, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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19
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Yan AWC, Cao P, Heffernan JM, McVernon J, Quinn KM, La Gruta NL, Laurie KL, McCaw JM. Modelling cross-reactivity and memory in the cellular adaptive immune response to influenza infection in the host. J Theor Biol 2016; 413:34-49. [PMID: 27856216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The cellular adaptive immune response plays a key role in resolving influenza infection. Experiments where individuals are successively infected with different strains within a short timeframe provide insight into the underlying viral dynamics and the role of a cross-reactive immune response in resolving an acute infection. We construct a mathematical model of within-host influenza viral dynamics including three possible factors which determine the strength of the cross-reactive cellular adaptive immune response: the initial naive T cell number, the avidity of the interaction between T cells and the epitopes presented by infected cells, and the epitope abundance per infected cell. Our model explains the experimentally observed shortening of a second infection when cross-reactivity is present, and shows that memory in the cellular adaptive immune response is necessary to protect against a second infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W C Yan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Pengxing Cao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jane M Heffernan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3; Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute for Health Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Doherty Epidemiology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Modelling and Simulation, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Karen L Laurie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, VIC 3842, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Modelling and Simulation, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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20
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CD45-mediated control of TCR tuning in naïve and memory CD8 + T cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13373. [PMID: 27841348 PMCID: PMC5114568 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous contact with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands is essential for survival of naïve T cells but not memory cells. This surprising finding implies that T cell subsets may vary in their relative T-cell receptor (TCR) sensitivity. Here we show that in CD8+T cells TCR sensitivity correlates inversely with levels of CD5, a marker for strong self-MHC reactivity. We also show that TCR sensitivity is lower in memory CD8+ T cells than naïve cells. In both situations, TCR hypo-responsiveness applies only to short-term TCR signalling events and not to proliferation, and correlates directly with increased expression of a phosphatase, CD45 and reciprocal decreased expression of activated LCK. Inhibition by high CD45 on CD8+ T cells may protect against overt TCR auto-MHC reactivity, while enhanced sensitivity to cytokines ensures strong responses to foreign antigens. Naïve T cells establish self-tolerance via negative selection of cells with strong reactivity for self-peptide/MHC complexes, but undergo T-cell receptor (TCR) desensitisation when leaving the thymus. Here, Cho et al. show that TCR desensitisation correlates with cell-surface density of the phosphatase CD45.
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21
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Hosking MP, Flynn CT, Whitton JL. TCR independent suppression of CD8(+) T cell cytokine production mediated by IFNγ in vivo. Virology 2016; 498:69-81. [PMID: 27564543 PMCID: PMC5045820 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) memory T cells produce IFNγ within hours of secondary infection, but this is quickly terminated in vivo despite the presence of stimulatory viral antigen, suggesting that active suppression occurs. Herein, we investigated the in vivo effector function of CD8(+) memory T cells during successive encounters with viral antigen. CD8(+) T cells in immune mice receiving prior viral or peptide challenge failed to reproduce IFNγ during LCMV rechallenge. Surprisingly, this refractory state was induced even in memory cells that had not encountered their cognate antigen, indicating that the silencing of CD8(+) T cell responses is TCR-independent. Direct injection of IFNγ also suppressed the ability of virus-specific memory cells to respond to subsequent viral challenge. We propose the existence of a negative feedback loop whereby IFNγ, produced by memory CD8(+) T cells to combat viral challenge, acts - directly or indirectly - to limit its further production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Hosking
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Claudia T Flynn
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Lindsay Whitton
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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22
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Eberlein J, Davenport B, Nguyen T, Victorino F, Haist K, Jhun K, Karimpour-Fard A, Hunter L, Kedl R, Clambey ET, Homann D. Aging promotes acquisition of naive-like CD8+ memory T cell traits and enhanced functionalities. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3942-3960. [PMID: 27617858 DOI: 10.1172/jci88546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective T cell memory is an acquired trait that is contingent upon the preservation of its constituents and therefore vulnerable to the potentially deleterious effects of organismal aging. Here, however, we have found that long-term T cell memory in a natural murine host-pathogen system can substantially improve over time. Comprehensive molecular, phenotypic, and functional profiling of aging antiviral CD8+ memory T cells (CD8+ TM) revealed a pervasive remodeling process that promotes the gradual acquisition of distinct molecular signatures, of increasingly homogeneous phenotypes, and of diversified functionalities that combine to confer a CD8+ TM-autonomous capacity for enhanced recall responses and immune protection. Notably, the process of CD8+ TM aging is characterized by a progressive harmonization of memory and naive T cell traits, is broadly amenable to experimental acceleration or retardation, and serves as a constitutional component for the "rebound model" of memory T cell maturation. By casting CD8+ TM populations within the temporal framework of their slowly evolving properties, this model establishes a simple ontogenetic perspective on the principal organization of CD8+ T cell memory that may directly inform the development of improved diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic modalities.
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23
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Peña Silva RA, Mitchell IJ, Kung DK, Pewe LL, Granja MF, Harty JT, Faraci FM, Heistad DD, Hasan DM. Paradoxical Increase in Mortality and Rupture of Intracranial Aneurysms in Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase Type 1-Deficient Mice: Attenuation by Aspirin. Neurosurgery 2016; 77:613-20. [PMID: 26134597 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Expression of microsomal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthase type 1 (mPGES-1) is increased in the wall of intracranial aneurysms in humans. PGE2, a by-product of mPGES-1, is associated with inflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that deletion of mPGES-1 decreases the formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms in a murine model. METHODS Intracranial aneurysms were induced in wild-type and mPGES-1 knockout (mPGES-1 KO) mice by using a combination of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension and intracranial injection of elastase in the basal cistern. Prevalence of aneurysms, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and mortality were assessed. We also tested the effects of administration of aspirin (6 mg/kg/d) by gavage and PGE2 (1 mg/kg/d) by subcutaneous infusion. RESULTS Systolic blood pressure and prevalence of aneurysm were similar in wild-type and mPGES-1 KO mice. However, mortality and the prevalence of subarachnoid hemorrhage were markedly increased in mPGES-1 KO mice (P < .05). Bone marrow reconstitution studies suggest that mPGES-1 derived from leukocytes does not appear to increase rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Aspirin, but not PGE2, attenuated the increased mortality in mPGES-1 KO mice (P < .05). CONCLUSION Vascular mPGES-1 plays a protective role in blood vessels and attenuates rupture of cerebral aneurysms. In contrast to effects on abdominal aneurysms, mPGES-1 deficiency is associated with an increase in rupture of cerebral aneurysms and mortality, which are attenuated by low-dose aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Peña Silva
- *Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; ‡Departments of Internal Medicine, §Neurosurgery, ¶Microbiology, and ‖Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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24
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Carpenter SM, Nunes-Alves C, Booty MG, Way SS, Behar SM. A Higher Activation Threshold of Memory CD8+ T Cells Has a Fitness Cost That Is Modified by TCR Affinity during Tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005380. [PMID: 26745507 PMCID: PMC4706326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other pathogens are based on the principle that memory T cells rapidly generate effector responses upon challenge, leading to pathogen clearance. Despite eliciting a robust memory CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant Mtb antigen TB10.4 (EsxH), we find the increased frequency of TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells conferred by vaccination to be short-lived after Mtb challenge. To compare memory and naïve CD8+ T cell function during their response to Mtb, we track their expansions using TB10.4-specific retrogenic CD8+ T cells. We find that the primary (naïve) response outnumbers the secondary (memory) response during Mtb challenge, an effect moderated by increased TCR affinity. To determine whether the expansion of polyclonal memory T cells is restrained following Mtb challenge, we used TCRβ deep sequencing to track TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells after vaccination and subsequent challenge in intact mice. Successful memory T cells, defined by their clonal expansion after Mtb challenge, express similar CDR3β sequences suggesting TCR selection by antigen. Thus, both TCR-dependent and -independent factors affect the fitness of memory CD8+ responses. The impaired expansion of the majority of memory T cell clonotypes may explain why some TB vaccines have not provided better protection. CD8+ T cells are important for enforcing latency of tuberculosis, and for Mtb control in patients with HIV and low CD4 counts. While vaccines that primarily elicit CD4+ T cell responses have had difficulty preventing active pulmonary TB, a TB vaccine that elicits a potent memory CD8+ T cells is a logical alternative strategy. Memory T cells are thought to respond more rapidly than the primary (naïve) response. However, by directly comparing naïve and memory TCR retrogenic CD8+ T cells specific for the TB10.4 antigen during infection, we observe memory-derived T cells to be less fit than naïve-derived T cells. We relate the reduced fitness of memory CD8+ T cells to their lower sensitivity to antigen and show that fitness can be improved by increasing TCR affinity. Using a novel method for tracking CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccination during the response to Mtb aerosol challenge in intact mice, we observe the robust expansion of a new primary response as well as clonal selection of the secondary response, likely driven by TCR affinity. We propose that generating memory T cells with high affinities should be a goal of vaccination against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMC); (SMB)
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Matthew G. Booty
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMC); (SMB)
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25
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Klebanoff CA, Scott CD, Leonardi AJ, Yamamoto TN, Cruz AC, Ouyang C, Ramaswamy M, Roychoudhuri R, Ji Y, Eil RL, Sukumar M, Crompton JG, Palmer DC, Borman ZA, Clever D, Thomas SK, Patel S, Yu Z, Muranski P, Liu H, Wang E, Marincola FM, Gros A, Gattinoni L, Rosenberg SA, Siegel RM, Restifo NP. Memory T cell-driven differentiation of naive cells impairs adoptive immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:318-34. [PMID: 26657860 PMCID: PMC4701537 DOI: 10.1172/jci81217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of purified naive, stem cell memory, and central memory T cell subsets results in superior persistence and antitumor immunity compared with ACT of populations containing more-differentiated effector memory and effector T cells. Despite a clear advantage of the less-differentiated populations, the majority of ACT trials utilize unfractionated T cell subsets. Here, we have challenged the notion that the mere presence of less-differentiated T cells in starting populations used to generate therapeutic T cells is sufficient to convey their desirable attributes. Using both mouse and human cells, we identified a T cell-T cell interaction whereby antigen-experienced subsets directly promote the phenotypic, functional, and metabolic differentiation of naive T cells. This process led to the loss of less-differentiated T cell subsets and resulted in impaired cellular persistence and tumor regression in mouse models following ACT. The T memory-induced conversion of naive T cells was mediated by a nonapoptotic Fas signal, resulting in Akt-driven cellular differentiation. Thus, induction of Fas signaling enhanced T cell differentiation and impaired antitumor immunity, while Fas signaling blockade preserved the antitumor efficacy of naive cells within mixed populations. These findings reveal that T cell subsets can synchronize their differentiation state in a process similar to quorum sensing in unicellular organisms and suggest that disruption of this quorum-like behavior among T cells has potential to enhance T cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Klebanoff
- Clinical Investigator Development Program and
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scott
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony J. Leonardi
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tori N. Yamamoto
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony C. Cruz
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Ouyang
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Madhu Ramaswamy
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert L. Eil
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph G. Crompton
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas C. Palmer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary A. Borman
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Clever
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stacy K. Thomas
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shashankkumar Patel
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pawel Muranski
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and
| | - Hui Liu
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alena Gros
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard M. Siegel
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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26
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Martin MD, Badovinac VP. Antigen-dependent and -independent contributions to primary memory CD8 T cell activation and protection following infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18022. [PMID: 26658291 PMCID: PMC4675085 DOI: 10.1038/srep18022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T-cell activation, including expression of IFN-γ and granzymeB, can be induced by antigen (Ag)-dependent signals through the T-cell-receptor, or by pathogen-derived inflammatory cytokines in an Ag-independent manner. Recent studies have come to conflicting results regarding the contributions of Ag and/or inflammation to memory CD8 T-cell activation. Additionally, research has indicated that inflammation-driven CD8 T-cell responses during un-related infections (bystander activation) have the potential to provide protection, but whether protection occurs in immuno-competent hosts is unclear. To investigate these questions, we examined activation of virus-specific memory CD8 T-cells following infection with L. monocytogenes either expressing or not cognate Ag. We show that Ag and inflammation act synergistically in vitro to induce memory activation. In vivo, we found that when memory CD8 T-cells significantly contribute to clearance of infection, early activation and continued responses by these cells are enhanced by cognate Ag recognition. Mechanistically, we show that bystander responses by memory are dependent upon the dose of infection and the amount of inflammation elicited following infection and are able to provide protection in IFN-γ deficient mice, but not in immuno-competent hosts. The data elucidate the requirements for memory CD8 T-cell activation and the protective role of bystander responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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27
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Martin MD, Kim MT, Shan Q, Sompallae R, Xue HH, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Phenotypic and Functional Alterations in Circulating Memory CD8 T Cells with Time after Primary Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005219. [PMID: 26485703 PMCID: PMC4618693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells confer increased protection to immune hosts upon secondary viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. The level of protection provided depends on the numbers, quality (functional ability), and location of memory CD8 T cells present at the time of infection. While primary memory CD8 T cells can be maintained for the life of the host, the full extent of phenotypic and functional changes that occur over time after initial antigen encounter remains poorly characterized. Here we show that critical properties of circulating primary memory CD8 T cells, including location, phenotype, cytokine production, maintenance, secondary proliferation, secondary memory generation potential, and mitochondrial function change with time after infection. Interestingly, phenotypic and functional alterations in the memory population are not due solely to shifts in the ratio of effector (CD62Llo) and central memory (CD62Lhi) cells, but also occur within defined CD62Lhi memory CD8 T cell subsets. CD62Lhi memory cells retain the ability to efficiently produce cytokines with time after infection. However, while it is was not formally tested whether changes in CD62Lhi memory CD8 T cells over time occur in a cell intrinsic manner or are due to selective death and/or survival, the gene expression profiles of CD62Lhi memory CD8 T cells change, phenotypic heterogeneity decreases, and mitochondrial function and proliferative capacity in either a lymphopenic environment or in response to antigen re-encounter increase with time. Importantly, and in accordance with their enhanced proliferative and metabolic capabilities, protection provided against chronic LCMV clone-13 infection increases over time for both circulating memory CD8 T cell populations and for CD62Lhi memory cells. Taken together, the data in this study reveal that memory CD8 T cells continue to change with time after infection and suggest that the outcome of vaccination strategies designed to elicit protective memory CD8 T cells using single or prime-boost immunizations depends upon the timing between antigen encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Martin
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Marie T. Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishna Sompallae
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Bioinformatics Division, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John T. Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Khan SH, Martin MD, Starbeck-Miller GR, Xue HH, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. The Timing of Stimulation and IL-2 Signaling Regulate Secondary CD8 T Cell Responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005199. [PMID: 26431533 PMCID: PMC4592272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells provide protection to immune hosts by eliminating pathogen-infected cells during re-infection. While parameters influencing the generation of primary (1°) CD8 T cells are well established, the factors controlling the development of secondary (2°) CD8 T cell responses remain largely unknown. Here, we address the mechanisms involved in the generation and development of 2° memory (M) CD8 T cells. We observed that the time at which 1° M CD8 T cells enter into immune response impacts their fate and differentiation into 2° M CD8 T cells. Late-entry of 1° M CD8 T cells into an immune response (relative to the onset of infection) not only facilitated the expression of transcription factors associated with memory formation in 2° effector CD8 T cells, but also influenced the ability of 2° M CD8 T cells to localize within the lymph nodes, produce IL-2, and undergo Ag-driven proliferation. The timing of stimulation of 1° M CD8 T cells also impacted the duration of expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (CD25) on 2° effector CD8 T cells and their sensitivity to IL-2 signaling. Importantly, by blocking or enhancing IL-2 signaling in developing 2° CD8 T cells, we provide direct evidence for the role of IL-2 in controlling the differentiation of Ag-driven 2° CD8 T cell responses. Thus, our data suggest that the process of 1° M to 2° M CD8 T cell differentiation is not fixed and can be manipulated, a notion with relevance for the design of future prime-boost vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniya H. Khan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Martin
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gabriel R. Starbeck-Miller
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John T. Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Richer MJ, Pewe LL, Hancox LS, Hartwig SM, Varga SM, Harty JT. Inflammatory IL-15 is required for optimal memory T cell responses. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3477-90. [PMID: 26241055 DOI: 10.1172/jci81261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their ability to rapidly proliferate and produce effector cytokines, memory CD8+ T cells increase protection following reexposure to a pathogen. However, low inflammatory immunizations do not provide memory CD8+ T cells with a proliferation advantage over naive CD8+ T cells, suggesting that cell-extrinsic factors enhance memory CD8+ T cell proliferation in vivo. Herein, we demonstrate that inflammatory signals are critical for the rapid proliferation of memory CD8+ T cells following infection. Using murine models of viral infection and antigen exposure, we found that type I IFN-driven expression of IL-15 in response to viral infection prepares memory CD8+ T cells for rapid division independently of antigen reexposure by transiently inducing cell-cycle progression via a pathway dependent on mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1). Moreover, exposure to IL-15 allowed more rapid division of memory CD8+ T cells following antigen encounter and enhanced their protective capacity against viral infection. Together, these data reveal that inflammatory IL-15 promotes optimal responses by memory CD8+ T cells.
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Arias CF, Herrero MA, Cuesta JA, Acosta FJ, Fernández-Arias C. The growth threshold conjecture: a theoretical framework for understanding T-cell tolerance. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150016. [PMID: 26587263 PMCID: PMC4632576 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses depend on the capacity of T cells to target specific antigens. As similar antigens can be expressed by pathogens and host cells, the question naturally arises of how can T cells discriminate friends from foes. In this work, we suggest that T cells tolerate cells whose proliferation rates remain below a permitted threshold. Our proposal relies on well-established facts about T-cell dynamics during acute infections: T-cell populations are elastic (they expand and contract) and they display inertia (contraction is delayed relative to antigen removal). By modelling inertia and elasticity, we show that tolerance to slow-growing populations can emerge as a population-scale feature of T cells. This result suggests a theoretical framework to understand immune tolerance that goes beyond the self versus non-self dichotomy. It also accounts for currently unexplained observations, such as the paradoxical tolerance to slow-growing pathogens or the presence of self-reactive T cells in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente F. Arias
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, and, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Author for correspondence: Clemente F. Arias e-mail:
| | - Miguel A. Herrero
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, and, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Cuesta
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Fernández-Arias
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Khan IA. CD8+ T cell immune response against non-viral pathogens. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:209-10. [PMID: 25944515 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA,
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32
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Listeria monocytogenes: a model pathogen to study antigen-specific memory CD8 T cell responses. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:301-10. [PMID: 25860798 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells play a critical role in providing protection to immune hosts by orchestrating rapid elimination of pathogen-infected cells after re-infection. Systemic bacterial infection with Listeria monocytogenes has been a favored approach for researchers to characterize pathogen-specific CD8 T cell responses, and in-depth understanding of L. monocytogenes biology has provided invaluable experimental tools that have been used to increase our understanding of memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Here, we describe how the tools from this murine model system of infection have been utilized to characterize pathogen-specific CD8 T cells in inbred and genetically diverse outbred hosts as they undergo naïve-to-memory CD8 T cell differentiation in vivo. We also discuss how studying L. monocytogenes-evoked CD8 T cell responses have provided insight on the degree of diminished T cell immunity in clinically relevant conditions such as sepsis and obesity. Overall, this review will highlight how infection with the intracellular pathogen L. monocytogenes has enabled analysis of systemic CD8 T cell responses and greatly contributed to what is known about memory CD8 T cell generation and differentiation.
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33
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Martin MD, Badovinac VP. Influence of time and number of antigen encounters on memory CD8 T cell development. Immunol Res 2015; 59:35-44. [PMID: 24825776 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells are an important part of the adaptive immune system providing protection against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. After infection and/or vaccination, increased numbers of antigen-specific CD8 T cells remain as a memory population that is capable of responding and providing enhanced protection during reinfection. Experimental studies indicate that while memory CD8 T cells can be maintained for great lengths of time, their properties change with time after infection and/or vaccination. However, the full scope of these changes and what effects they have on memory CD8 T cell function remain unknown. In addition, memory CD8 T cells can encounter antigen multiple times through either reinfection or prime-boost vaccine strategies designed to increase numbers of protective memory CD8 T cells. Importantly, recent studies suggest that memory CD8 T cell development following infection and/or vaccination is influenced by the number of times they have encountered cognate antigen. Since protection offered by memory CD8 T cells in response to infection depends on both the numbers and quality (functional characteristics) at the time of pathogen re-encounter, a thorough understanding of how time and antigen stimulation history impacts memory CD8 T cell properties is critical for the design of vaccines aimed at establishing populations of long-lived, protective memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 1160 Med Labs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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34
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Cabrera-Perez J, Condotta SA, James BR, Kashem SW, Brincks EL, Rai D, Kucaba TA, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Alterations in antigen-specific naive CD4 T cell precursors after sepsis impairs their responsiveness to pathogen challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1609-20. [PMID: 25595784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients surviving the acute stages of sepsis develop compromised T cell immunity and increased susceptibility to infection. Little is known about the decreased CD4 T cell function after sepsis. We tracked the loss and recovery of endogenous Ag-specific CD4 T cell populations after cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis and analyzed the CD4 T cell response to heterologous infection during or after recovery. We observed that the sepsis-induced early loss of CD4 T cells was followed by thymic-independent numerical recovery in the total CD4 T cell compartment. Despite this numerical recovery, we detected alterations in the composition of naive CD4 T cell precursor pools, with sustained quantitative reductions in some populations. Mice that had experienced sepsis and were then challenged with epitope-bearing, heterologous pathogens demonstrated significantly reduced priming of recovery-impaired Ag-specific CD4 T cell responses, with regard to both magnitude of expansion and functional capacity on a per-cell basis, which also correlated with intrinsic changes in Vβ clonotype heterogeneity. Our results demonstrate that the recovery of CD4 T cells from sepsis-induced lymphopenia is accompanied by alterations to the composition and function of the Ag-specific CD4 T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera-Perez
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Britnie R James
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sakeen W Kashem
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Erik L Brincks
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417
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35
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Khan SH, Hemann EA, Legge KL, Norian LA, Badovinac VP. Diet-induced obesity does not impact the generation and maintenance of primary memory CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5873-82. [PMID: 25378592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which obesity compromises the differentiation and maintenance of protective memory CD8 T cell responses and renders obese individuals susceptible to infection remains unknown. In this study, we show that diet-induced obesity did not impact the maintenance of pre-existing memory CD8 T cells, including acquisition of a long-term memory phenotype (i.e., CD27(hi), CD62L(hi), KLRG1(lo)) and function (i.e., cytokine production, secondary expansion, and memory CD8 T cell-mediated protection). Additionally, obesity did not influence the differentiation and maintenance of newly evoked memory CD8 T cell responses in inbred and outbred hosts generated in response to different types of systemic (LCMV, L. monocytogenes) and/or localized (influenza virus) infections. Interestingly, the rate of naive-to-memory CD8 T cell differentiation after a peptide-coated dendritic cell immunization was similar in lean and obese hosts, suggesting that obesity-associated inflammation, unlike pathogen- or adjuvant-induced inflammation, did not influence the development of endogenous memory CD8 T cell responses. Therefore, our studies reveal that the obese environment does not influence the development or maintenance of memory CD8 T cell responses that are either primed before or after obesity is established, a surprising notion with important implications for future studies aiming to elucidate the role obesity plays in host susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniya H Khan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Lyse A Norian
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
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36
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MHC Class I Presented T Cell Epitopes as Potential Antigens for Therapeutic Vaccine against HBV Chronic Infection. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:860562. [PMID: 24971174 PMCID: PMC4058288 DOI: 10.1155/2014/860562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 370 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite the success of the prophylactic HBV vaccine, no therapeutic vaccine or other immunotherapy modality is available for treatment of chronically infected individuals. Clearance of HBV depends on robust, sustained CD8(+) T activity; however, the limited numbers of therapeutic vaccines tested have not induced such a response. Most of these vaccines have relied on peptide prediction algorithms to identify MHC-I epitopes or characterization of T cell responses during acute infection. Here, we took an immunoproteomic approach to characterize MHC-I restricted epitopes from cells chronically infected with HBV and therefore more likely to represent the true targets of CD8(+) T cells during chronic infection. In this study, we identified eight novel MHC-I restricted epitopes derived from a broad range of HBV proteins that were capable of activating CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, five of the eight epitopes were able to bind HLA-A2 and A24 alleles and activated HBV specific T cell responses. These epitopes also have potential as new tools to characterize T cell immunity in chronic HBV infection and may serve as candidate antigens for a therapeutic vaccine against HBV infection.
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37
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Rai D, Martin MD, Badovinac VP. The longevity of memory CD8 T cell responses after repetitive antigen stimulations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5652-9. [PMID: 24829415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In experimental models in which the Ag-stimulation history of memory CD8 T cell populations was clearly defined (adoptive transfer of a known number of TCR-transgenic memory CD8 T cells), all facets of the ensuing CD8 T cell responses, including proliferative expansion, duration and extent of contraction, diversification of memory CD8 T cell transcriptomes, and life-long survival, were dependent on the number of prior Ag encounters. However, the extent to which sequential adoptive-transfer models reflect the physiological scenario in which memory CD8 T cells are generated by repetitive Ag challenges of individual hosts (no adoptive transfer involved) is not known. Direct comparison of endogenous memory CD8 T cell responses generated in repetitively infected hosts revealed that recurrent homologous boosting was required to preserve the numbers and increase the phenotypic and functional complexity of the developing memory CD8 T cell pool. Although life-long survival of the memory CD8 T cells was not impacted, phenotype (i.e., upregulation of CD62L) and function (i.e., homeostatic turnover, Ag-stimulated IL-2 production) of repeatedly stimulated memory CD8 T cells were dependent on time after last Ag encounter. Therefore, repetitive Ag challenges of individual hosts can substantially influence the numerical and functional attributes of polyclonal memory CD8 T cells, a notion with important implications for the design of future vaccination strategies aimed at increasing the number of protective memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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38
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Mehlhop-Williams ER, Bevan MJ. Memory CD8+ T cells exhibit increased antigen threshold requirements for recall proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:345-56. [PMID: 24493801 PMCID: PMC3920562 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells require stronger TCR stimulation than naive cells to enter cell cycle due to reduced Zap70 activation and increased levels of protein tyrosine phosphatases. A hallmark of immunological memory is the ability of previously primed T cells to undergo rapid recall responses upon antigen reencounter. Classic work has suggested that memory T cells proliferate in response to lower doses of antigen than naive T cells and with reduced requirements for co-stimulation. In contrast to this premise, we observed that naive but not memory T cells proliferate in vivo in response to limited antigen presentation. To reconcile these observations, we tested the antigen threshold requirement for cell cycle entry in naive and central memory CD8+ T cells. Although both naive and memory T cells detect low dose antigen, only naive T cells activate cell cycle effectors. Direct comparison of TCR signaling on a single cell basis indicated that central memory T cells do not activate Zap70, induce cMyc expression, or degrade p27 in response to antigen levels that activate these functions in naive T cells. The reduced sensitivity of memory T cells may result from both decreased surface TCR expression and increased expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases as compared with naive T cells. Our data describe a novel aspect of memory T cell antigen threshold sensitivity that may critically regulate recall expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Mehlhop-Williams
- Department of Immunology and 2 the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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39
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Remakus S, Rubio D, Lev A, Ma X, Fang M, Xu RH, Sigal LJ. Memory CD8⁺ T cells can outsource IFN-γ production but not cytolytic killing for antiviral protection. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:546-557. [PMID: 23684306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with vaccinia virus (VACV), the virus comprising the smallpox vaccine, induces memory CD8(+) T cells that protect from subsequent infections with smallpox in humans or the related ectromelia virus (ECTV) in mice. Memory CD8(+) T cells largely mediate these effects by expanding into secondary effectors that secrete the antiviral cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and induce cytolysis via releasing factors such as perforin, which permeabilizes target cells. We show that protection from ECTV infection after VACV immunization depends on the initial memory cell frequency and ability of expanded secondary effectors to kill infected targets in a perforin-dependent manner. Although IFN-γ is essential for antiviral protection, it can be produced by either secondary effectors or concomitant primary effector CD8(+) T cells recruited to the response. Thus, during lethal virus challenge, memory CD8(+) T cells are required for cytolytic killing of infected cells, but primary effectors can play important roles by producing IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Remakus
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, 233 South 10(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Daniel Rubio
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Avital Lev
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Xueying Ma
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Min Fang
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Ren-Huan Xu
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Research Institute of the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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40
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Fraser KA, Schenkel JM, Jameson SC, Vezys V, Masopust D. Preexisting high frequencies of memory CD8+ T cells favor rapid memory differentiation and preservation of proliferative potential upon boosting. Immunity 2013; 39:171-83. [PMID: 23890070 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cell quantity and quality determine protective efficacy against reinfection. Heterologous prime boost vaccination minimizes contraction of anamnestic effectors and maximizes memory CD8+ T cell quantity but reportedly erodes proliferative potential and protective efficacy. This study exploited heterologous prime boost vaccination to discover parameters regulating effector CD8+ T cell contraction and memory differentiation. When abundant memory T cells were established, boosting induced only 5-8 cell divisions, unusually rapid memory T cell differentiation as measured by phenotype and mitochondrial bioenergetic function, long-lived survival of 50% of effector T cells, and preservation of proliferative potential. Conversely, boosting in situations of low memory CD8+ T cell frequencies induced many cell divisions, increased contraction of effector cells, and caused senescence, low mitochondrial membrane potential, and poorly protective memory. Thus, anamnestic memory T cell differentiation is flexible, and abundant quantity can be achieved while maximizing protective efficacy and preserving proliferative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Fraser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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41
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Plumlee CR, Sheridan BS, Cicek BB, Lefrançois L. Environmental cues dictate the fate of individual CD8+ T cells responding to infection. Immunity 2013; 39:347-56. [PMID: 23932571 PMCID: PMC3817618 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have examined pathways controlling effector T cell differentiation, but less is known about the fate of individual CD8+ T cells during infection. Here, we examine the antiviral and antibacterial responses of single CD8+ T cells from the polyclonal repertoire. The progeny of naive clonal CD8+ T cells displayed unique profiles of differentiation based on extrinsic pathogen-induced environmental cues, with some clones demonstrating extreme bias toward a single developmental pathway. Moreover, even within the same animal, a single naive CD8+ T cell exhibited distinct fates that were controlled by tissue-specific events. However, memory CD8+ T cells relied on intrinsic factors to control differentiation upon challenge. Our results demonstrate that stochastic and instructive events differentially contribute to shaping the primary and secondary CD8+ T cell response and provide insight into the underlying forces that drive effector differentiation and protective memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Plumlee
- Center for Integrated Immunology and Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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42
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CD8 memory T cells have a bioenergetic advantage that underlies their rapid recall ability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14336-41. [PMID: 23940348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221740110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of memory T (TM) cells is their ability to mount faster and stronger responses to reinfection than naïve T (TN) cells do in response to an initial infection. However, the mechanisms that allow this rapid recall are not completely understood. We found that CD8 TM cells have more mitochondrial mass than CD8 TN cells and, that upon activation, the resulting secondary effector T (TE) cells proliferate more quickly, produce more cytokines, and maintain greater ATP levels than primary effector T cells. We also found that after activation, TM cells increase oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis and sustain this increase to a greater extent than TN cells, suggesting that greater mitochondrial mass in TM cells not only promotes oxidative capacity, but also glycolytic capacity. We show that mitochondrial ATP is essential for the rapid induction of glycolysis in response to activation and the initiation of proliferation of both TN and TM cells. We also found that fatty acid oxidation is needed for TM cells to rapidly respond upon restimulation. Finally, we show that dissociation of the glycolysis enzyme hexokinase from mitochondria impairs proliferation and blocks the rapid induction of glycolysis upon T-cell receptor stimulation in TM cells. Our results demonstrate that greater mitochondrial mass endows TM cells with a bioenergetic advantage that underlies their ability to rapidly recall in response to reinfection.
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43
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Yang J, James E, Gates TJ, DeLong JH, LaFond RE, Malhotra U, Kwok WW. CD4+ T cells recognize unique and conserved 2009 H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin epitopes after natural infection and vaccination. Int Immunol 2013; 25:447-57. [PMID: 23524391 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A/California/4/2009 (H1N1/09) is a recently emerged influenza virus capable of causing serious illness or death in otherwise healthy individuals. Serious outcomes were most common in young adults and children, suggesting that pre-existing heterologous immunity may influence the severity of infection. Using tetramers, we identified CD4(+) T-cell epitopes within H1N1/09 hemagglutinin (HA) that share extensive homology with seasonal influenza and epitopes that are unique to H1N1/09 HA. Ex vivo tetramer staining revealed that T cells specific for conserved epitopes were detectable within the memory compartment, whereas T cells specific for unique epitopes were naive and infrequent prior to infection or vaccination. Following infection, the frequencies of T cells specific for unique epitopes were 11-fold higher, reaching levels comparable to those of T cells specific for immunodominant epitopes. In contrast, the frequencies of T cells specific for conserved epitopes were only 2- to 3-fold higher following infection. In general, H1HA-reactive T cells exhibited a memory phenotype, expressed CXCR3 and secreted IFN-γ, indicating a predominantly Th1-polarized response. A similar Th1 response was seen in vaccinated subjects, but the expansion of T cells specific for HA epitopes was comparatively modest after vaccination. Our findings indicate that CD4(+) T cells recognize both strain-specific and conserved epitopes within the influenza HA protein and suggest that naive T cells specific for HA epitopes undergo significant expansion, whereas memory T cells specific for the conserved epitopes undergo more restrained expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbao Yang
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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44
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Condotta SA, Rai D, James BR, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Sustained and incomplete recovery of naive CD8+ T cell precursors after sepsis contributes to impaired CD8+ T cell responses to infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:1991-2000. [PMID: 23355736 PMCID: PMC3578009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients who survive severe sepsis often display compromised immune function with impairment in innate and adaptive immune responses. These septic patients are highly susceptible to "secondary" infections with intracellular pathogens that are usually controlled by CD8(+) T cells. It is not known when and if this observed immunoparalysis of CD8(+) T cell immunity recovers, and the long-term consequences of sepsis on the ability of naive CD8(+) T cells to respond to subsequent infections are poorly understood. In this study, using the cecal-ligation and puncture mouse model of sepsis, we show that sepsis induces a rapid loss of naive CD8(+) T cells. However, IL-15-dependent numerical recovery is observed a month after initial septic insult. Numerical recovery is accompanied by IL-15-dependent phenotypic changes where a substantial proportion of naive (Ag-inexperienced) CD8(+) T cells display a "memory-like" phenotype (CD44(hi)/CD11a(hi)). Importantly, the impairment of naive CD8(+) T cells to respond to viral and bacterial infection was sustained for month(s) after sepsis induction. Incomplete recovery of naive CD8(+) T cell precursors was observed in septic mice, suggesting that the availability of naive precursors contributes to the sustained impairment in primary CD8(+) T cell responses. Thus, sepsis can result in substantial and long-lasting changes in the available CD8(+) T cell repertoire affecting the capacity of the host to respond to new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Britnie R. James
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Miyakoda M, Kimura D, Honma K, Kimura K, Yuda M, Yui K. Development of Memory CD8+T Cells and Their Recall Responses during Blood-Stage Infection withPlasmodium bergheiANKA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4396-404. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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