1
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Fritzsche M, Kruse K. Mechanical force matters in early T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404748121. [PMID: 39240966 PMCID: PMC11406235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404748121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force has repeatedly been highlighted to be involved in T cell activation. However, the biological significance of mechanical force for T cell receptor signaling remains under active consideration. Here, guided by theoretical analysis, we provide a perspective on how mechanical forces between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell can influence the bond of a single T cell receptor major histocompatibility complex during early T cell activation. We point out that the lifetime of T cell receptor bonds and thus the degree of their phosphorylation which is essential for T cell activation depends considerably on the T cell receptor rigidity and the average magnitude and frequency of an applied oscillatory force. Such forces could be, for example, produced by protrusions like microvilli during early T cell activation or invadosomes during full T cell activation. These features are suggestive of mechanical force being exploited by T cells to advance self-nonself discrimination in early T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fritzsche
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37FY, United Kingdom
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
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2
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Xiong Y, Libby KA, Su X. The physical landscape of CAR-T synapse. Biophys J 2024; 123:2199-2210. [PMID: 37715447 PMCID: PMC11331049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells form dynamic immunological synapses with their cancer cell targets. After a CAR-antigen engagement, the CAR-T synapse forms, matures, and finally disassembles, accompanied by substantial remodeling of cell surface proteins, lipids, and glycans. In this review, we provide perspectives for understanding protein distribution, membrane topology, and force transmission across the CAR-T synapse. We highlight the features of CAR-T synapses that differ from T cell receptor synapses, including the disorganized protein pattern, adjustable synapse width, diverse mechano-responding properties, and resulting signaling consequences. Through a range of examples, we illustrate how revealing the biophysical nature of the CAR-T synapse could guide the design of CAR-Ts with improved anti-tumor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kendra A Libby
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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3
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Hu Y, Rogers J, Duan Y, Velusamy A, Narum S, Al Abdullatif S, Salaita K. Quantifying T cell receptor mechanics at membrane junctions using DNA origami tension sensors. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01723-0. [PMID: 39103452 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) is thought to be a mechanosensor, meaning that it transmits mechanical force to its antigen and leverages the force to amplify the specificity and magnitude of TCR signalling. Although a variety of molecular probes have been proposed to quantify TCR mechanics, these probes are immobilized on hard substrates, and thus fail to reveal fluid TCR-antigen interactions in the physiological context of cell membranes. Here we developed DNA origami tension sensors (DOTS) which bear force sensors on a DNA origami breadboard and allow mapping of TCR mechanotransduction at dynamic intermembrane junctions. We quantified the mechanical forces at fluid TCR-antigen bonds and observed their dependence on cell state, antigen mobility, antigen potency, antigen height and F-actin activity. The programmability of DOTS allows us to tether these to microparticles to mechanically screen antigens in high throughput using flow cytometry. Additionally, DOTS were anchored onto live B cells, allowing quantification of TCR mechanics at immune cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jhordan Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Steven Narum
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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4
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Abstract
T cell activation is initiated by the recognition of specific antigenic peptides and subsequently accomplished by complex signaling cascades. These aspects have been extensively studied for decades as pivotal factors in the establishment of adaptive immunity. However, how receptors or signaling molecules are organized in the resting state prior to encountering antigens has received less attention. Recent advancements in super-resolution microscopy techniques have revealed topographically controlled pre-formed organization of key molecules involved in antigen recognition and signal transduction on microvillar projections of T cells before activation and substantial effort has been dedicated to characterizing the topological structure of resting T cells over the past decade. This review will summarize our current understanding of how key surface receptors are pre-organized on the T-cell plasma membrane and discuss the potential role of these receptors, which are preassembled prior to ligand binding in the early activation events of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Jung
- Department of Nano-Biomedical Engineering, Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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5
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Hu Y, Duan Y, Velusamy A, Narum S, Rogers J, Salaita K. DNA Origami Tension Sensors (DOTS) to study T cell receptor mechanics at membrane junctions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.09.548279. [PMID: 37503090 PMCID: PMC10369911 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.09.548279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) is thought to be a mechanosensor, meaning that it transmits mechanical force to its antigen and leverages the force to amplify the specificity and magnitude of TCR signaling. The past decade has witnessed the development of molecular probes which have revealed many aspects of receptor mechanotransduction. However, most force probes are immobilized on hard substrates, thus failing to reveal mechanics in the physiological context of cell membranes. In this report, we developed DNA origami tension sensors (DOTS) which bear force sensors on a DNA origami breadboard and allow mapping of TCR mechanotransduction at dynamic intermembrane junctions. We demonstrate that TCR-antigen bonds experience 5-10 pN forces, and the mechanical events are dependent on cell state, antigen mobility, antigen potency, antigen height and F-actin activity. We tethered DOTS onto a microparticle to mechanically screen antigen in high throughput using flow cytometry. Finally, DOTS were anchored onto live B cell membranes thus producing the first quantification of TCR mechanics at authentic immune cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yuxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arventh Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Steven Narum
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jhordan Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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6
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Chinnathambi S, Das R. Microglia degrade Tau oligomers deposit via purinergic P2Y12-associated podosome and filopodia formation and induce chemotaxis. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:95. [PMID: 37221563 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tau protein forms neurofibrillary tangles and becomes deposited in the brain during Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau oligomers are the most reactive species, mediating neurotoxic and inflammatory activity. Microglia are the immune cells in the central nervous system, sense the extracellular Tau via various cell surface receptors. Purinergic P2Y12 receptor can directly interact with Tau oligomers and mediates microglial chemotaxis via actin remodeling. The disease-associated microglia are associated with impaired migration and express a reduced level of P2Y12, but elevate the level of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Here, we studied the formation and organization of various actin microstructures such as-podosome, filopodia and uropod in colocalization with actin nucleator protein Arp2 and scaffold protein TKS5 in Tau-induced microglia by fluorescence microscopy. Further, the relevance of P2Y12 signaling either by activation or blockage was studied in terms of actin structure formations and Tau deposits degradation by N9 microglia. Extracellular Tau oligomers facilitate the microglial migration via Arp2-associated podosome and filopodia formation through the involvement of P2Y12 signaling. Similarly, Tau oligomers induce the TKS5-associated podosome clustering in microglial lamella in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, the P2Y12 was evidenced to localize with F-actin-rich podosome and filopodia during Tau-deposit degradation. The blockage of P2Y12 signaling resulted in decreased microglial migration and Tau-deposit degradation. CONCLUSIONS The P2Y12 signaling mediate the formation of migratory actin structures like- podosome and filopodia to exhibit chemotaxis and degrade Tau deposit. These beneficial roles of P2Y12 in microglial chemotaxis, actin network remodeling and Tau clearance can be intervened as a therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Institute of National Importance, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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7
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Chinnathambi S, Das R, Desale SE. Tau aggregates improve the purinergic receptor P2Y12-associated podosome rearrangements in microglial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119477. [PMID: 37061007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is associated with protein misfolding, plaque accumulation, neuronal dysfunction, synaptic loss, and cognitive decline. The pathological cascade of AD includes the intracellular Tau hyperphosphorylation and its subsequent aggregation, extracellular Amyloid-β plaque formation and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. The extracellular release of aggregated Tau is sensed by surveilling microglia through the involvement of various cell surface receptors. Among all, purinergic P2Y12R signaling is involved in microglial chemotaxis towards the damaged neurons. Microglial migration is highly linked with membrane-associated actin remodeling leading to the phagocytosis of extracellular Tau species. Here, we studied the formation of various actin structures such as podosome, lamellipodia and filopodia, in response to extracellular Tau monomers and aggregates. Microglial podosomes are colocalized with actin nucleator protein WASP, Arp2 and TKS5 adaptor protein during Tau-mediated migration. Moreover, the P2Y12 receptors were associated with F-actin-rich podosome structures, which signify the potential of Tau aggregates in microglial chemotaxis through the involvement of actin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Institute of National Importance, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Smita Eknath Desale
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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8
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Pettmann J, Awada L, Różycki B, Huhn A, Faour S, Kutuzov M, Limozin L, Weikl TR, van der Merwe PA, Robert P, Dushek O. Mechanical forces impair antigen discrimination by reducing differences in T-cell receptor/peptide-MHC off-rates. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111841. [PMID: 36484367 PMCID: PMC10068313 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells use their T-cell receptors (TCRs) to discriminate between lower-affinity self and higher-affinity foreign peptide major-histocompatibility-complexes (pMHCs) based on the TCR/pMHC off-rate. It is now appreciated that T cells generate mechanical forces during this process but how force impacts the TCR/pMHC off-rate remains debated. Here, we measured the effect of mechanical force on the off-rate of multiple TCR/pMHC interactions. Unexpectedly, we found that lower-affinity TCR/pMHCs with faster solution off-rates were more resistant to mechanical force (weak slip or catch bonds) than higher-affinity interactions (strong slip bonds). This was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Consistent with these findings, we show that the best-characterized catch bond, involving the OT-I TCR, has a low affinity and an exceptionally fast solution off-rate. Our findings imply that reducing forces on the TCR/pMHC interaction improves antigen discrimination, and we suggest a role for the adhesion receptors CD2 and LFA-1 in force-shielding the TCR/pMHC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lama Awada
- Laboratoire Adhesion et InflammationAix Marseille University UM 61, INSERM UMRS 1067, CNRS UMR 7333MarseilleFrance
| | | | - Anna Huhn
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sara Faour
- Laboratoire Adhesion et InflammationAix Marseille University UM 61, INSERM UMRS 1067, CNRS UMR 7333MarseilleFrance
| | - Mikhail Kutuzov
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Laurent Limozin
- Laboratoire Adhesion et InflammationAix Marseille University UM 61, INSERM UMRS 1067, CNRS UMR 7333MarseilleFrance
| | - Thomas R Weikl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Philippe Robert
- Laboratoire Adhesion et InflammationAix Marseille University UM 61, INSERM UMRS 1067, CNRS UMR 7333MarseilleFrance
- Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de MarseilleMarseilleFrance
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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9
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Hyun J, Kim SJ, Cho SD, Kim HW. Mechano-modulation of T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2023; 297:122101. [PMID: 37023528 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, despite its promise for future anti-cancer approach, faces significant challenges, such as off-tumor side effects, innate or acquired resistance, and limited infiltration of immune cells into stiffened extracellular matrix (ECM). Recent studies have highlighted the importance of mechano-modulation/-activation of immune cells (mainly T cells) for effective caner immunotherapy. Immune cells are highly sensitive to the applied physical forces and matrix mechanics, and reciprocally shape the tumor microenvironment. Engineering T cells with tuned properties of materials (e.g., chemistry, topography, and stiffness) can improve their expansion and activation ex vivo, and their ability to mechano-sensing the tumor specific ECM in vivo where they perform cytotoxic effects. T cells can also be exploited to secrete enzymes that soften ECM, thus increasing tumor infiltration and cellular therapies. Furthermore, T cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, genomic engineered to be spatiotemporally controllable by physical stimuli (e.g., ultrasound, heat, or light), can mitigate adverse off-tumor effects. In this review, we communicate these recent cutting-edge endeavors devoted to mechano-modulating/-activating T cells for effective cancer immunotherapy, and discuss future prospects and challenges in this field.
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10
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Zheng X, Hou Z, Qian Y, Zhang Y, Cui Q, Wang X, Shen Y, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Fu B, Sun R, Tian Z, Huang G, Wei H. Tumors evade immune cytotoxicity by altering the surface topology of NK cells. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:802-813. [PMID: 36959292 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The highly variable response rates to immunotherapies underscore our limited knowledge about how tumors can manipulate immune cells. Here the membrane topology of natural killer (NK) cells from patients with liver cancer showed that intratumoral NK cells have fewer membrane protrusions compared with liver NK cells outside tumors and with peripheral NK cells. Dysregulation of these protrusions prevented intratumoral NK cells from recognizing tumor cells, from forming lytic immunological synapses and from killing tumor cells. The membranes of intratumoral NK cells have altered sphingomyelin (SM) content and dysregulated serine metabolism in tumors contributed to the decrease in SM levels of intratumoral NK cells. Inhibition of SM biosynthesis in peripheral NK cells phenocopied the disrupted membrane topology and cytotoxicity of the intratumoral NK cells. Targeting sphingomyelinase confers powerful antitumor efficacy, both as a monotherapy and as a combination therapy with checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhuanghao Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yeben Qian
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Quanwei Cui
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuben Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yiqing Shen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenbang Liu
- Core Facility Center for Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Binqing Fu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Research Unit Of NK Cells, Chinese Academy Of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China.
| | - Guangming Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Haiming Wei
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Research Unit Of NK Cells, Chinese Academy Of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China.
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11
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Jenkins E, Körbel M, O'Brien-Ball C, McColl J, Chen KY, Kotowski M, Humphrey J, Lippert AH, Brouwer H, Santos AM, Lee SF, Davis SJ, Klenerman D. Antigen discrimination by T cells relies on size-constrained microvillar contact. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1611. [PMID: 36959206 PMCID: PMC10036606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells use finger-like protrusions called 'microvilli' to interrogate their targets, but why they do so is unknown. To form contacts, T cells must overcome the highly charged, barrier-like layer of large molecules forming a target cell's glycocalyx. Here, T cells are observed to use microvilli to breach a model glycocalyx barrier, forming numerous small (<0.5 μm diameter) contacts each of which is stabilized by the small adhesive protein CD2 expressed by the T cell, and excludes large proteins including CD45, allowing sensitive, antigen dependent TCR signaling. In the absence of the glycocalyx or when microvillar contact-size is increased by enhancing CD2 expression, strong signaling occurs that is no longer antigen dependent. Our observations suggest that, modulated by the opposing effects of the target cell glycocalyx and small adhesive proteins, the use of microvilli equips T cells with the ability to effect discriminatory receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jenkins
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Markus Körbel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Caitlin O'Brien-Ball
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - James McColl
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kevin Y Chen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Mateusz Kotowski
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jane Humphrey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Anna H Lippert
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Heather Brouwer
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - David Klenerman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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12
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Beppler C, Eichorst J, Marchuk K, Cai E, Castellanos CA, Sriram V, Roybal KT, Krummel MF. Hyperstabilization of T cell microvilli contacts by chimeric antigen receptors. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202205118. [PMID: 36520493 PMCID: PMC9757849 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells typically recognize their ligands using a defined cell biology-the scanning of their membrane microvilli (MV) to palpate their environment-while that same membrane scaffolds T cell receptors (TCRs) that can signal upon ligand binding. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) present both a therapeutic promise and a tractable means to study the interplay between receptor affinity, MV dynamics and T cell function. CARs are often built using single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) with far greater affinity than that of natural TCRs. We used high-resolution lattice lightsheet (LLS) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging to visualize MV scanning in the context of variations in CAR design. This demonstrated that conventional CARs hyper-stabilized microvillar contacts relative to TCRs. Reducing receptor affinity, antigen density, and/or multiplicity of receptor binding sites normalized microvillar dynamics and synapse resolution, and effector functions improved with reduced affinity and/or antigen density, highlighting the importance of understanding the underlying cell biology when designing receptors for optimal antigen engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Beppler
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Eichorst
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - En Cai
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos A. Castellanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Saltukoglu D, Özdemir B, Holtmannspötter M, Reski R, Piehler J, Kurre R, Reth M. Plasma membrane topography governs the 3D dynamic localization of IgM B cell antigen receptor clusters. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112030. [PMID: 36594262 PMCID: PMC9929642 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes recognize bacterial or viral antigens via different classes of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Protrusive structures termed microvilli cover lymphocyte surfaces, and are thought to perform sensory functions in screening antigen-bearing surfaces. Here, we have used lattice light-sheet microscopy in combination with tailored custom-built 4D image analysis to study the cell-surface topography of B cells of the Ramos Burkitt's Lymphoma line and the spatiotemporal organization of the IgM-BCR. Ramos B-cell surfaces were found to form dynamic networks of elevated ridges bridging individual microvilli. A fraction of membrane-localized IgM-BCR was found in clusters, which were mainly associated with the ridges and the microvilli. The dynamic ridge-network organization and the IgM-BCR cluster mobility were linked, and both were controlled by Arp2/3 complex activity. Our results suggest that dynamic topographical features of the cell surface govern the localization and transport of IgM-BCR clusters to facilitate antigen screening by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Saltukoglu
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Bugra Özdemir
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Present address:
Euro‐BioImaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Holtmannspötter
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Rainer Kurre
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Michael Reth
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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14
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Ghosh S, Alcover A, Haran G. Microvillar Cartography: A Super-Resolution Single-Molecule Imaging Method to Map the Positions of Membrane Proteins with Respect to Cellular Surface Topography. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:169-199. [PMID: 37106183 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe microvillar cartography (MC), a method to map proteins on cellular surfaces with respect to the membrane topography. The surfaces of many cells are not smooth, but are rather covered with various protrusions such as microvilli. These protrusions may play key roles in multiple cellular functions, due to their ability to control the distribution of specific protein assemblies on the cell surface. Thus, for example, we have shown that the T-cell receptor and several of its proximal signaling proteins reside on microvilli, while others are excluded from these projections. These results have indicated that microvilli can function as key signaling hubs for the initiation of the immune response. MC has facilitated our observations of particular surface proteins and their specialized distribution on microvillar and non-microvillar compartments. MC combines membrane topography imaging, using variable-angle total internal microscopy, with stochastic localization nanoscopy, which generates deep sub-diffraction maps of protein distribution. Since the method is based on light microscopy, it avoids some of the pitfalls inherent to electron-microscopy-based techniques, such as dehydration, the need for carbon coating, and immunogold clustering, and is amenable to future developments involving, for example, live-cell imaging. This protocol details the procedures we developed for MC, which can be readily adopted to study a broad range of cell-surface molecules and dissect their distribution within distinct surface assemblies under multiple cell activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirsendu Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andres Alcover
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Unité Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Paris, France
| | - Gilad Haran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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15
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Morgan J, Pettmann J, Dushek O, Lindsay AE. T cell microvilli simulations show operation near packing limit and impact on antigen recognition. Biophys J 2022; 121:4128-4136. [PMID: 36181267 PMCID: PMC9675027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are immune cells that continuously scan for foreign-derived antigens on the surfaces of nearly all cells, termed antigen-presenting cells (APCs). They do this by dynamically extending numerous protrusions called microvilli (MVs) that contain T cell receptors toward the APC surface in order to scan for antigens. The number, size, and dynamics of these MVs, and the complex multiscale topography that results, play a yet unknown role in antigen recognition. We develop an anatomically informed model that confines antigen recognition to small areas representing MVs that can dynamically form and dissolve and use the model to study how MV dynamics impact antigen sensitivity and discrimination. We find that MV surveillance reduces antigen sensitivity compared with a completely flat interface, unless MV are stabilized in an antigen-dependent manner, and observe that MVs have only a modest impact on antigen discrimination. The model highlights that MV contacts optimize the competing demands of fast scanning speeds of the APC surface with antigen sensitivity. Our model predicts an interface packing fraction that corresponds closely to those observed experimentally, indicating that T cells operate their MVs near the limits imposed by anatomical and geometric constraints. Finally, we find that observed MV contact lifetimes can be largely influenced by conditions in the T cell/APC interface, with these lifetimes often being longer than the simulation or experimental observation period. This work highlights the role of MVs in antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Morgan
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alan E Lindsay
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
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16
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Covalent TCR-peptide-MHC interactions induce T cell activation and redirect T cell fate in the thymus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4951. [PMID: 35999236 PMCID: PMC9399087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between a T cell receptor (TCR) and a peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand are typically mediated by noncovalent bonds. By studying T cells expressing natural or engineered TCRs, here we describe covalent TCR-pMHC interactions that involve a cysteine-cysteine disulfide bond between the TCR and the peptide. By introducing cysteines into a known TCR-pMHC combination, we demonstrate that disulfide bond formation does not require structural rearrangement of the TCR or the peptide. We further show these disulfide bonds still form even when the initial affinity of the TCR-pMHC interaction is low. Accordingly, TCR-peptide disulfide bonds facilitate T cell activation by pMHC ligands with a wide spectrum of affinities for the TCR. Physiologically, this mechanism induces strong Zap70-dependent TCR signaling, which triggers T cell deletion or agonist selection in the thymus cortex. Covalent TCR-pMHC interactions may thus underlie a physiological T cell activation mechanism that has applications in basic immunology and potentially in immunotherapy. Differentiation and activation of T cells are normally modulated by non-covalent interactions between T cell receptor (TCR) and antigenic peptides. Here the authors use step-wise mutations, biochemical characterization and structural insights to describe the contributions of natural covalent bonds between TCR and antigenic peptides during these processes.
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17
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Abstract
T-cell interaction with the endothelial cells lining the vessel wall is a necessary step in the inflammatory response that allows T cells to extravasate from the circulation and migrate to sites of infectious or sterile inflammation. On one hand, the vascular endothelium is activated and, as a result, switches from an anti-adhesive to a pro-adhesive state, allowing adhesion of T cells and other leukocytes. On the other hand, T cells express ligands of endothelial adhesion molecules to sustain these interactions that eventually result in T-cell extravasation into sites of inflammation. A better understanding of the central players mediating these interactions may help develop novel therapeutics that modulate this process by preventing T-cell migration and inflammation. Here, I summarize current knowledge on the nature of these interactions in the context of inflammation and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alcaide
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston 02111, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Göhring J, Schrangl L, Schütz GJ, Huppa JB. Mechanosurveillance: Tiptoeing T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886328. [PMID: 35693808 PMCID: PMC9178122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient scanning of tissue that T cells encounter during their migratory life is pivotal to protective adaptive immunity. In fact, T cells can detect even a single antigenic peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) among thousands of structurally similar yet non-stimulatory endogenous pMHCs on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or target cells. Of note, the glycocalyx of target cells, being composed of proteoglycans and bulky proteins, is bound to affect and even modulate antigen recognition by posing as a physical barrier. T cell-resident microvilli are actin-rich membrane protrusions that puncture through such barriers and thereby actively place the considerably smaller T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) in close enough proximity to APC-presented pMHCs so that productive interactions may occur efficiently yet under force. We here review our current understanding of how the plasticity of T-cell microvilli and physicochemical properties of the glycocalyx may affect early events in T-cell activation. We assess insights gained from studies on T-cell plasma membrane ultrastructure and provide an update on current efforts to integrate biophysical aspects such as the amplitude and directionality of TCR-imposed mechanical forces and the distribution and lateral mobility of plasma membrane-resident signaling molecules into a more comprehensive view on sensitized T-cell antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Göhring
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Janett Göhring,
| | | | | | - Johannes B. Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Brameshuber M, Klotzsch E, Ponjavic A, Sezgin E. Understanding immune signaling using advanced imaging techniques. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:853-866. [PMID: 35343569 PMCID: PMC9162467 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced imaging is key for visualizing the spatiotemporal regulation of immune signaling which is a complex process involving multiple players tightly regulated in space and time. Imaging techniques vary in their spatial resolution, spanning from nanometers to micrometers, and in their temporal resolution, ranging from microseconds to hours. In this review, we summarize state-of-the-art imaging methodologies and provide recent examples on how they helped to unravel the mysteries of immune signaling. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current technologies and share our insights on how to overcome these limitations to visualize immune signaling with unprecedented fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Brameshuber
- Institute of Applied Physics – Biophysics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrico Klotzsch
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biophysik, Experimentelle Biophysik Mechanobiologie, Sitz Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleks Ponjavic
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
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20
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Simsek H, Klotzsch E. The solid tumor microenvironment-Breaking the barrier for T cells: How the solid tumor microenvironment influences T cells: How the solid tumor microenvironment influences T cells. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100285. [PMID: 35393714 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in the behavior and development of solid tumors as well as shaping the immune response against them. As the tumor cells proliferate, the space they occupy and their physical interactions with the surrounding tissue increases. The growing tumor tissue becomes a complex dynamic structure, containing connective tissue, vascular structures, and extracellular matrix (ECM) that facilitates stimulation, oxygenation, and nutrition, necessary for its fast growth. Mechanical cues such as stiffness, solid stress, interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), matrix density, and microarchitecture influence cellular functions and ultimately tumor progression and metastasis. In this fight, our body is equipped with T cells as its spearhead against tumors. However, the altered biochemical and mechanical environment of the tumor niche affects T cell efficacy and leads to their exhaustion. Understanding the mechanobiological properties of the TME and their effects on T cells is key for developing novel adoptive tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Simsek
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Klotzsch
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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The endothelial diapedesis synapse regulates transcellular migration of human T lymphocytes in a CX3CL1- and SNAP23-dependent manner. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110243. [PMID: 35045291 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) efficiently leave the circulation to target cancer cells or contribute to inflammation is of high medical interest. Here, we demonstrate that human central memory CTLs cross the endothelium in a predominantly paracellular fashion, whereas effector and effector memory CTLs cross the endothelium preferably in a transcellular fashion. We find that effector CTLs show a round morphology upon adhesion and induce a synapse-like interaction with the endothelium where ICAM-1 is distributed at the periphery. Moreover, the interaction of ICAM-1:β2integrin and endothelial-derived CX3CL1:CX3CR1 enables transcellular migration. Mechanistically, we find that ICAM-1 clustering recruits the SNARE-family protein SNAP23, as well as syntaxin-3 and -4, for the local release of endothelial-derived chemokines like CXCL1/8/10. In line, silencing of endothelial SNAP23 drives CTLs across the endothelium in a paracellular fashion. In conclusion, our data suggest that CTLs trigger local chemokine release from the endothelium through ICAM-1-driven signals driving transcellular migration.
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22
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Al-Aghbar MA, Jainarayanan AK, Dustin ML, Roffler SR. The interplay between membrane topology and mechanical forces in regulating T cell receptor activity. Commun Biol 2022; 5:40. [PMID: 35017678 PMCID: PMC8752658 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critically important for host defense against infections. T cell activation is specific because signal initiation requires T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of foreign antigen peptides presented by major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) on antigen presenting cells (APCs). Recent advances reveal that the TCR acts as a mechanoreceptor, but it remains unclear how pMHC/TCR engagement generates mechanical forces that are converted to intracellular signals. Here we propose a TCR Bending Mechanosignal (TBM) model, in which local bending of the T cell membrane on the nanometer scale allows sustained contact of relatively small pMHC/TCR complexes interspersed among large surface receptors and adhesion molecules on the opposing surfaces of T cells and APCs. Localized T cell membrane bending is suggested to increase accessibility of TCR signaling domains to phosphorylation, facilitate selective recognition of agonists that form catch bonds, and reduce noise signals associated with slip bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ameen Al-Aghbar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ashwin K Jainarayanan
- Interdisciplinary Bioscience Doctoral Training Program and Exeter College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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23
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Nanoconfinement of microvilli alters gene expression and boosts T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107535118. [PMID: 34599101 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107535118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells sense and respond to their local environment at the nanoscale by forming small actin-rich protrusions, called microvilli, which play critical roles in signaling and antigen recognition, particularly at the interface with the antigen presenting cells. However, the mechanism by which microvilli contribute to cell signaling and activation is largely unknown. Here, we present a tunable engineered system that promotes microvilli formation and T cell signaling via physical stimuli. We discovered that nanoporous surfaces favored microvilli formation and markedly altered gene expression in T cells and promoted their activation. Mechanistically, confinement of microvilli inside of nanopores leads to size-dependent sorting of membrane-anchored proteins, specifically segregating CD45 phosphatases and T cell receptors (TCR) from the tip of the protrusions when microvilli are confined in 200-nm pores but not in 400-nm pores. Consequently, formation of TCR nanoclustered hotspots within 200-nm pores allows sustained and augmented signaling that prompts T cell activation even in the absence of TCR agonists. The synergistic combination of mechanical and biochemical signals on porous surfaces presents a straightforward strategy to investigate the role of microvilli in T cell signaling as well as to boost T cell activation and expansion for application in the growing field of adoptive immunotherapy.
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24
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Sachar C, Kam LC. Probing T Cell 3D Mechanosensing With Magnetically-Actuated Structures. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704693. [PMID: 34566962 PMCID: PMC8458571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to recognize and respond to the mechanical properties of their environment is of increasing importance in T cell physiology. However, initial studies in this direction focused on planar hydrogel and elastomer surfaces, presenting several challenges in interpretation including difficulties in separating mechanical stiffness from changes in chemistry needed to modulate this property. We introduce here the use of magnetic fields to change the structural rigidity of microscale elastomer pillars loaded with superparamagnetic nanoparticles, independent of substrate chemistry. This magnetic modulation of rigidity, embodied as the pillar spring constant, changed the interaction of mouse naïve CD4+ T cells from a contractile morphology to one involving deep embedding into the array. Furthermore, increasing spring constant was associated with higher IL-2 secretion, showing a functional impact on mechanosensing. The system introduced here thus separates local substrate stiffness and long-range structural rigidity, revealing new facets of T cell interaction with their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Sachar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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25
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Leithner A, Altenburger LM, Hauschild R, Assen FP, Rottner K, Stradal TEB, Diz-Muñoz A, Stein JV, Sixt M. Dendritic cell actin dynamics control contact duration and priming efficiency at the immunological synapse. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211749. [PMID: 33533935 PMCID: PMC7863705 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the priming of naive T cells and the initiation of adaptive immunity. Priming is initiated at a heterologous cell–cell contact, the immunological synapse (IS). While it is established that F-actin dynamics regulates signaling at the T cell side of the contact, little is known about the cytoskeletal contribution on the DC side. Here, we show that the DC actin cytoskeleton is decisive for the formation of a multifocal synaptic structure, which correlates with T cell priming efficiency. DC actin at the IS appears in transient foci that are dynamized by the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). The absence of the WRC in DCs leads to stabilized contacts with T cells, caused by an increase in ICAM1-integrin–mediated cell–cell adhesion. This results in lower numbers of activated and proliferating T cells, demonstrating an important role for DC actin in the regulation of immune synapse functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Leithner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lukas M Altenburger
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Frank P Assen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Units, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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26
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Ghosh S, Feigelson SW, Montresor A, Shimoni E, Roncato F, Legler DF, Laudanna C, Haran G, Alon R. CCR7 signalosomes are preassembled on tips of lymphocyte microvilli in proximity to LFA-1. Biophys J 2021; 120:4002-4012. [PMID: 34411577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte microvilli are elastic actin-rich projections implicated in rapid sensing and penetration across glycocalyx barriers. Microvilli are critical for the capture and arrest of flowing lymphocytes by high endothelial venules, the main lymph node portal vessels. T lymphocyte arrest involves subsecond activation of the integrin LFA-1 by the G-protein-coupled receptor CCR7 and its endothelial-displayed ligands, the chemokines CCL21 and CCL19. The topographical distribution of CCR7 and of LFA-1 in relation to lymphocyte microvilli has never been elucidated. We applied the recently developed microvillar cartography imaging technique to determine the topographical distribution of CCR7 and LFA-1 with respect to microvilli on peripheral blood T lymphocytes. We found that CCR7 is clustered on the tips of T cell microvilli. The vast majority of LFA-1 molecules were found on the cell body, likely assembled in macroclusters, but a subset of LFA-1, 5% of the total, were found scattered within 20 nm from the CCR7 clusters, implicating these LFA-1 molecules as targets for inside-out activation signals transmitted within a fraction of a second by chemokine-bound CCR7. Indeed, RhoA, the key GTPase involved in rapid LFA-1 affinity triggering by CCR7, was also found to be clustered near CCR7. In addition, we observed that the tyrosine kinase JAK2 controls CCR7-mediated LFA-1 affinity triggering and is also highly enriched on tips of microvilli. We propose that tips of lymphocyte microvilli are novel signalosomes for subsecond CCR7-mediated inside-out signaling to neighboring LFA-1 molecules, a critical checkpoint in LFA-1-mediated lymphocyte arrest on high endothelial venules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirsendu Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sara W Feigelson
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Eyal Shimoni
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francesco Roncato
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau, University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Laudanna
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gilad Haran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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27
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Zhovmer AS, Chandler M, Manning A, Afonin KA, Tabdanov ED. Programmable DNA-augmented hydrogels for controlled activation of human lymphocytes. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 37:102442. [PMID: 34284132 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Contractile forces within the planar interface between T cell and antigen-presenting surface mechanically stimulate T cell receptors (TCR) in the mature immune synapses. However, the origin of mechanical stimulation during the initial, i.e., presynaptic, microvilli-based TCR activation in the course of immune surveillance remains unknown and new tools to help address this problem are needed. In this work, we develop nucleic acid nanoassembly (NAN)-based technology for functionalization of hydrogels using isothermal toehold-mediated reassociation of RNA/DNA heteroduplexes. Resulting platform allows for regulation with NAN linkers of 3D force momentum along the TCR mechanical axis, whereas hydrogels contribute to modulation of 2D shear modulus. By utilizing different lengths of NAN linkers conjugated to polyacrylamide gels of different shear moduli, we demonstrate an efficient capture of human T lymphocytes and tunable activation of TCR, as confirmed by T-cell spreading and pY foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Zhovmer
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Morgan Chandler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Alexis Manning
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | - Erdem D Tabdanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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28
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Cross AR, Lion J, Poussin K, Glotz D, Mooney N. Inflammation Determines the Capacity of Allogenic Endothelial Cells to Regulate Human Treg Expansion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666531. [PMID: 34305898 PMCID: PMC8299527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During allotransplantation, the endothelium acts as semi-professional antigen-presenting cells with the ability to activate proliferation and to promote differentiation of CD4+-T subsets. These abilities are dependent on the luminal expression of HLA class II antigens by microvascular endothelial cells, which is regulated by inflammatory cytokines. The upregulation of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ during rejection implies significant intragraft inflammation. Furthermore, the microvascular inflammation is an independent determinant for renal allograft failure. In this study, the potential of inflammation to modify endothelial regulation of peripheral CD4+ Treg cells was examined. Microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines for varying durations before co-culture with PBMC from non-HLA matched donors. Proliferation and expansion of CD4+Treg and soluble factor secretion was determined. Early interactions were detected by phosphorylation of Akt. Video microscopy was used to examine spatial and temporal endothelial-CD4+T interactions. Highly inflammatory conditions led to increased endothelial expression of HLA-DR, the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, the costimulatory molecule PD-L1 and de novo expression of HLA-DQ. Treg differentiation was impaired by exposure of endothelial cells to a high level of inflammation. Neither IL-6, IL-2 nor TGFβ were implicated in reducing Treg numbers. High PD-L1 expression interfered with early endothelial cell interactions with CD4+T lymphocytes and led to modified TCR signaling. Blocking endothelial PD-L1 resulted in a partial restoration of Treg. The allogenic endothelial cell-mediated expansion of Treg depends on a critical threshold of inflammation. Manipulation of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway or endothelial activation post-transplantation may promote or interfere with this intrinsic mechanism of allospecific Treg expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rachael Cross
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lion
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - Karine Poussin
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - Denis Glotz
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Nuala Mooney
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Paris, France
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29
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Sevari SP, Ansari S, Moshaverinia A. A narrative overview of utilizing biomaterials to recapitulate the salient regenerative features of dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:22. [PMID: 34193832 PMCID: PMC8245503 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering approaches have emerged recently to circumvent many limitations associated with current clinical practices. This elegant approach utilizes a natural/synthetic biomaterial with optimized physiomechanical properties to serve as a vehicle for delivery of exogenous stem cells and bioactive factors or induce local recruitment of endogenous cells for in situ tissue regeneration. Inspired by the natural microenvironment, biomaterials could act as a biomimetic three-dimensional (3D) structure to help the cells establish their natural interactions. Such a strategy should not only employ a biocompatible biomaterial to induce new tissue formation but also benefit from an easily accessible and abundant source of stem cells with potent tissue regenerative potential. The human teeth and oral cavity harbor various populations of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with self-renewing and multilineage differentiation capabilities. In the current review article, we seek to highlight recent progress and future opportunities in dental MSC-mediated therapeutic strategies for tissue regeneration using two possible approaches, cell transplantation and cell homing. Altogether, this paper develops a general picture of current innovative strategies to employ dental-derived MSCs combined with biomaterials and bioactive factors for regenerating the lost or defective tissues and offers information regarding the available scientific data and possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Pouraghaei Sevari
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sahar Ansari
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Moshaverinia
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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30
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Dupré L, Boztug K, Pfajfer L. Actin Dynamics at the T Cell Synapse as Revealed by Immune-Related Actinopathies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665519. [PMID: 34249918 PMCID: PMC8266300 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is composed of dynamic filament networks that build adaptable local architectures to sustain nearly all cellular activities in response to a myriad of stimuli. Although the function of numerous players that tune actin remodeling is known, the coordinated molecular orchestration of the actin cytoskeleton to guide cellular decisions is still ill defined. T lymphocytes provide a prototypical example of how a complex program of actin cytoskeleton remodeling sustains the spatio-temporal control of key cellular activities, namely antigen scanning and sensing, as well as polarized delivery of effector molecules, via the immunological synapse. We here review the unique knowledge on actin dynamics at the T lymphocyte synapse gained through the study of primary immunodeficiences caused by mutations in genes encoding actin regulatory proteins. Beyond the specific roles of individual actin remodelers, we further develop the view that these operate in a coordinated manner and are an integral part of multiple signaling pathways in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Dupré
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurène Pfajfer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
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31
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Bhingardive V, Kossover A, Iraqi M, Khand B, Le Saux G, Porgador A, Schvartzman M. Antibody-Functionalized Nanowires: A Tuner for the Activation of T Cells. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4241-4248. [PMID: 33989498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
T cells sense both chemical cues delivered by antigen molecules and physical cues delivered by the environmental elasticity and topography; yet, it is still largely unclear how these cues cumulatively regulate the immune activity of T cells. Here, we engineered a nanoscale platform for ex vivo stimulation of T cells based on antigen-functionalized nanowires. The nanowire topography and elasticity, as well as the immobilized antigens, deliver the physical and chemical cues, respectively, enabling the systematic study of the integrated effect of these cues on a T cell's immune response. We found that T cells sense both the topography and bending modulus of the nanowires and modulate their signaling, degranulation, and cytotoxicity with the variation in these physical features. Our study provides an important insight into the physical mechanism of T cell activation and paves the way to novel nanomaterials for the controlled ex vivo activation of T cells in immunotherapy.
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32
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Zucchetti AE, Paillon N, Markova O, Dogniaux S, Hivroz C, Husson J. Influence of external forces on actin-dependent T cell protrusions during immune synapse formation. Biol Cell 2021; 113:250-263. [PMID: 33471387 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION We have previously observed that in response to antigenic activation, T cells produce actin-rich protrusions that generate forces involved in T cell activation. These forces are influenced by the mechanical properties of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, how external forces, which can be produced by APCs, influence the dynamic of the actin protrusion remains unknown. In this study, we quantitatively characterised the effects of external forces in the dynamic of the protrusion grown by activated T cells. RESULTS Using a micropipette force probe, we applied controlled compressive or pulling forces on primary T lymphocytes activated by an antibody-covered microbead, and measured the effects of these forces on the protrusion generated by T lymphocytes. We found that the application of compressive forces slightly decreased the length, the time at which the protrusion stops growing and retracts and the velocity of the protrusion formation, whereas pulling forces strongly increased these parameters. In both cases, the applied forces did not alter the time required for the T cells to start growing the protrusion (delay). Exploring the molecular events controlling the dynamic of the protrusion, we showed that inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex impaired the dynamic of the protrusion by reducing both its maximum length and its growth speed and increasing the delay to start growing. Finally, T cells developed similar protrusions in more physiological conditions, that is, when activated by an APC instead of an activating microbead. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the formation of the force-generating protrusion by T cells is set by an intracellular constant time and that its dynamic is sensitive to external forces. They also show that actin assembly mediated by actin-related protein Arp2/3 complex is involved in the formation and dynamic of the protrusion. SIGNIFICANCE Actin-rich protrusions developed by T cells are sensory organelles that serve as actuators of immune surveillance. Our study shows that forces experienced by this organelle modify their dynamic suggesting that they might modify immune responses. Moreover, the quantitative aspects of our analysis should help to get insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ernesto Zucchetti
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Noémie Paillon
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Olga Markova
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Julien Husson
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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33
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Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Role of Actin Cytoskeleton Reorganization in Polarized Secretory Traffic at the Immunological Synapse. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629097. [PMID: 33614660 PMCID: PMC7890359 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation by antigen presented on an antigen-presenting cell (APC) induces the formation of the immune synapse (IS), the convergence of secretory vesicles from T and B lymphocytes toward the centrosome, and the polarization of the centrosome to the immune synapse. Immune synapse formation is associated with an initial increase in cortical F-actin at the synapse, followed by a decrease in F-actin density at the central region of the immune synapse, which contains the secretory domain. These reversible, actin cytoskeleton reorganization processes occur during lytic granule degranulation in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and cytokine-containing vesicle secretion in T-helper (Th) lymphocytes. Recent evidences obtained in T and B lymphocytes forming synapses show that F-actin reorganization also occurs at the centrosomal area. F-actin reduction at the centrosomal area appears to be involved in centrosome polarization. In this review we deal with the biological significance of both cortical and centrosomal area F-actin reorganization and some of the derived biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Zhang W, Yang Y, Cui B. New perspectives on the roles of nanoscale surface topography in modulating intracellular signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 25:100873. [PMID: 33364912 PMCID: PMC7751896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2020.100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of biomaterials, such as elasticity, stiffness, and surface nanotopography, are mechanical cues that regulate a broad spectrum of cell behaviors, including migration, differentiation, proliferation, and reprogramming. Among them, nanoscale surface topography, i.e. nanotopography, defines the nanoscale shape and spatial arrangement of surface elements, which directly interact with the cell membranes and stimulate changes in the cell signaling pathways. In biological systems, the effects of nanotopography are often entangled with those of other mechanical and biochemical factors. Precise engineering of 2D nanopatterns and 3D nanostructures with well-defined features has provided a powerful means to study the cellular responses to specific topographic features. In this Review, we discuss efforts in the last three years to understand how nanotopography affects membrane receptor activation, curvature-induced cell signaling, and stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, ChEM-H/Wu Tsai Neuroscience Research Complex, S285, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
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35
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Aramesh M, Mergenthal S, Issler M, Plochberger B, Weber F, Qin XH, Liska R, Duda GN, Huppa JB, Ries J, Schütz GJ, Klotzsch E. Functionalized Bead Assay to Measure Three-dimensional Traction Forces during T-cell Activation. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:507-514. [PMID: 33305952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When T-cells probe their environment for antigens, the bond between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and the peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is put under tension, thereby influencing the antigen discrimination. Yet, the quantification of such forces in the context of T-cell signaling is technically challenging. Here, we developed a traction force microscopy platform which allows for quantifying the pulls and pushes exerted via T-cell microvilli, in both tangential and normal directions, during T-cell activation. We immobilized specific T-cell activating antibodies on the marker beads used to read out the hydrogel deformation. Microvilli targeted the functionalized beads, as confirmed by superresolution microscopy of the local actin organization. Moreover, we found that cellular components, such as actin, TCR, and CD45 reorganize upon interaction with the beads, such that actin forms a vortex-like ring structure around the beads and TCR is enriched at the bead surface, whereas CD45 is excluded from bead-microvilli contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Aramesh
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Mergenthal
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Issler
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Plochberger
- Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Garnisonstrasse 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Florian Weber
- Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Garnisonstrasse 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Xiao-Hua Qin
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Ries
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Klotzsch
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics/Mechanobiology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Lei K, Kurum A, Tang L. Mechanical Immunoengineering of T cells for Therapeutic Applications. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2777-2790. [PMID: 33258577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cells, a key component in adaptive immunity, are central to many immunotherapeutic modalities aimed at treating various diseases including cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders. The past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in immunotherapy, which aims at activation or suppression of the immune responses for disease treatments. Most strikingly, cancer immunotherapy has led to curative responses in a fraction of patients with relapsed or refractory cancers. However, extending those clinical benefits to a majority of cancer patients remains challenging. In order to improve both efficacy and safety of T cell-based immunotherapies, significant effort has been devoted to modulating biochemical signals to enhance T cell proliferation, effector functions, and longevity. Such strategies include discovery of new immune checkpoints, design of armored chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and targeted delivery of stimulatory cytokines and so on.Despite the intense global research effort in developing novel cancer immunotherapies, a major dimension of the interactions between cancer and the immune system, its biomechanical aspect, has been largely underappreciated. Throughout their lifecycle, T cells constantly survey a multitude of organs and tissues and experience diverse biomechanical environments, such as shear force in the blood flow and a broad range of tissue stiffness. Furthermore, biomechanical properties of tissues or cells may be altered in disease and inflammation. Biomechanical cues, including both passive mechanical cues and active mechanical forces, have been shown to govern T cell development, activation, migration, differentiation, and effector functions. In other words, T cells can sense, respond to, and adapt to both passive mechanical cues and active mechanical forces.Biomechanical cues have been intensively studied at a fundamental level but are yet to be extensively incorporated in the design of immunotherapies. Nonetheless, the growing knowledge of T cell mechanobiology has formed the basis for the development of novel engineering strategies to mechanically modulate T cell immunity, a nascent field that we termed "mechanical immunoengineering". Mechanical immunoengineering exploits biomechanical cues (e.g., stiffness and external forces) to modulate T cell differentiation, proliferation, effector functions, etc., for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. It provides an additional dimension, complementary to traditional modulation of biochemical cues (e.g., antigen density and co-stimulatory signals), to tailor T cell immune responses and enhance therapeutic outcomes. For example, stiff antigen-presenting matrices have been shown to enhance T cell proliferation independently of the intensity of biochemical stimulatory signals. Current strategies of mechanical immunoengineering of T cells can be categorized into two major fields including passive mechanical cue-oriented and active force-oriented strategies. In this Account, we first present a brief overview of T cell mechanobiology. Next, we summarize recent advances in mechanical immunoengineering, discuss the roles of chemistry and material science in the development of these engineering strategies, and highlight potential therapeutic applications. Finally, we present our perspective on the future directions in mechanical immunoengineering and critical steps to translate mechanical immunoengineering strategies into therapeutic applications in the clinic.
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Mørch AM, Bálint Š, Santos AM, Davis SJ, Dustin ML. Coreceptors and TCR Signaling - the Strong and the Weak of It. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:597627. [PMID: 33178706 PMCID: PMC7596257 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.597627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell coreceptors CD4 and CD8 have well-characterized and essential roles in thymic development, but how they contribute to immune responses in the periphery is unclear. Coreceptors strengthen T-cell responses by many orders of magnitude - beyond a million-fold according to some estimates - but the mechanisms underlying these effects are still debated. T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering is initiated by the binding of the TCR to peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules on the surfaces of other cells. CD4 and CD8 are the only T-cell proteins that bind to the same pMHC ligand as the TCR, and can directly associate with the TCR-phosphorylating kinase Lck. At least three mechanisms have been proposed to explain how coreceptors so profoundly amplify TCR signaling: (1) the Lck recruitment model and (2) the pseudodimer model, both invoked to explain receptor triggering per se, and (3) two-step coreceptor recruitment to partially triggered TCRs leading to signal amplification. More recently it has been suggested that, in addition to initiating or augmenting TCR signaling, coreceptors effect antigen discrimination. But how can any of this be reconciled with TCR signaling occurring in the absence of CD4 or CD8, and with their interactions with pMHC being among the weakest specific protein-protein interactions ever described? Here, we review each theory of coreceptor function in light of the latest structural, biochemical, and functional data. We conclude that the oldest ideas are probably still the best, i.e., that their weak binding to MHC proteins and efficient association with Lck allow coreceptors to amplify weak incipient triggering of the TCR, without comprising TCR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Mørch
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Štefan Bálint
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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38
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Mejia I, Bodapati S, Chen KT, Díaz B. Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Invasiveness and the Tumor Microenvironment: From Biology to Clinical Trials. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E401. [PMID: 33050151 PMCID: PMC7601142 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) originates in the glandular compartment of the exocrine pancreas. Histologically, PDAC tumors are characterized by a parenchyma that is embedded in a particularly prominent stromal component or desmoplastic stroma. The unique characteristics of the desmoplastic stroma shape the microenvironment of PDAC and modulate the reciprocal interactions between cancer and stromal cells in ways that have profound effects in the pathophysiology and treatment of this disease. Here, we review some of the most recent findings regarding the regulation of PDAC cell invasion by the unique microenvironment of this tumor, and how new knowledge is being translated into novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mejia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA;
| | - Sandhya Bodapati
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pacific Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Kathryn T. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA;
| | - Begoña Díaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA;
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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39
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Razvag Y, Neve-Oz Y, Sajman J, Yakovian O, Reches M, Sherman E. T Cell Activation through Isolated Tight Contacts. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3506-3521.e6. [PMID: 31825832 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells engage antigen-presenting cells in search for cognate antigens via dynamic cell protrusions before forming a tight immune synapse. The spatiotemporal events that may lead to rapid TCR triggering and signal amplification in microvilli-driven isolated contacts, and in subsequent, more uniform contacts, remain poorly understood. Here, we combined interference-reflectance microscopy and single-molecule localization microscopy in live cells to resolve TCR-dependent signaling at tight cell contacts. We show that early contacts are sufficient for robust TCR triggering and ZAP-70 recruitment. With cell spreading, TCR activation and ZAP-70 recruitment increase and shift to the edges of the growing tight contacts. CD45 segregates from TCR at tight contacts and is enriched at high local curvature membrane. Surprisingly, cortical actin and LFA localized at contact regions of intermediate tightness. Our results show in molecular detail the roles of early and tight T cell contacts in T cell activation, as both sensing and decision-making entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Razvag
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yair Neve-Oz
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Julia Sajman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Oren Yakovian
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Eilon Sherman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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Chaudhuri PK, Wang MS, Black CT, Huse M, Kam LC. Modulating T Cell Activation Using Depth Sensing Topographic Cues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000143. [PMID: 32744809 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This report examines how sensing of substrate topography can be used to modulate T cell activation, a key coordinating step in the adaptive immune response. Inspired by the native T cell-antigen presenting cell interface, micrometer scale pits with varying depth are fabricated into planar substrates. Primary CD4+ T cells extend actin-rich protrusions into the micropits. T cell activation, reflected in secretion of cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon gamma, is sensitive to the micropit depth. Surprisingly, arrays of micropits with 4 μm depth enhance activation compared to flat substrates but deeper micropits are less effective at increasing cell response, revealing a biphasic dependence in activation as a function of feature dimensions. Inhibition of cell contractility abrogates the enhanced activation associated with the micropits. In conclusion, this report demonstrates that the 3D, microscale topography can be used to enhance T cell activation, an ability that most directly can be used to improve production of these cells for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell S Wang
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Charles T Black
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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41
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Farrell MV, Webster S, Gaus K, Goyette J. T Cell Membrane Heterogeneity Aids Antigen Recognition and T Cell Activation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:609. [PMID: 32850786 PMCID: PMC7399036 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical for co-ordinating the immune response. T cells are activated when their surface T cell receptors (TCRs) engage cognate antigens in the form of peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Large changes in the contact interface between T cells and APCs occur over the course of tens of minutes from the initial contact to the formation of a large-scale junction between the two cells. The mature junction between a T cell and APC is known as the immunological synapse, and this specialized plasma membrane structure is the major platform for TCR signaling. It has long been known that the complex organization of signaling molecules at the synapse is critical for appropriate activation of T cells, but within the last decade advances in microscopy have opened up investigation into the dynamics of T cell surface topology in the immune synapse. From mechanisms mediating the initial contact between T cells and APCs to roles in the organization of molecules in the mature synapse, these studies have made it increasingly clear that local membrane topology has a large impact on signaling processes. This review focuses on the functional consequences of the T cells' highly dynamic and heterogeneous membrane, in particular, how membrane topology leads to the reorganization of membrane proteins on the T cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan V Farrell
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha Webster
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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42
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Leverrier-Penna S, Destaing O, Penna A. Insights and perspectives on calcium channel functions in the cockpit of cancerous space invaders. Cell Calcium 2020; 90:102251. [PMID: 32683175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of metastasis causes the most serious clinical consequences of cancer and is responsible for over 90 % of cancer-related deaths. Hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive metastasis formation appears critical for drug development designed to prevent the spread of cancer and related mortality. Metastasis dissemination is a multistep process supported by the increased motility and invasiveness capacities of tumor cells. To succeed in overcoming the mechanical constraints imposed by the basement membrane and surrounding tissues, cancer cells reorganize their focal adhesions or extend acto-adhesive cellular protrusions, called invadosomes, that can both contact the extracellular matrix and tune its degradation through metalloprotease activity. Over the last decade, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that altered Ca2+ channel activities and/or expression promote tumor cell-specific phenotypic changes, such as exacerbated migration and invasion capacities, leading to metastasis formation. While several studies have addressed the molecular basis of Ca2+ channel-dependent cancer cell migration, we are still far from having a comprehensive vision of the Ca2+ channel-regulated mechanisms of migration/invasion. This is especially true regarding the specific context of invadosome-driven invasion. This review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence supporting a central role for Ca2+ channel-dependent signaling in the regulation of these dynamic degradative structures. It will present available data on the few Ca2+ channels that have been studied in that specific context and discuss some potential interesting actors that have not been fully explored yet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Destaing
- Institute for Advanced BioSciences, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Institut Albert Bonniot, University Grenoble Alpes, 38700 Grenoble, France.
| | - Aubin Penna
- STIM, CNRS ERL7003, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France.
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43
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Pons S, Fodil S, Azoulay E, Zafrani L. The vascular endothelium: the cornerstone of organ dysfunction in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Crit Care 2020; 24:353. [PMID: 32546188 PMCID: PMC7296907 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe SARS-CoV-2 infections, emerging data including recent histopathological studies have emphasized the crucial role of endothelial cells (ECs) in vascular dysfunction, immunothrombosis, and inflammation.Histopathological studies have evidenced direct viral infection of ECs, endotheliitis with diffuse endothelial inflammation, and micro- and macrovascular thrombosis both in the venous and arterial circulations. Venous thrombotic events, particularly pulmonary embolism, with elevated D-dimer and coagulation activation are highly prevalent in COVID-19 patients. The pro-inflammatory cytokine storm, with elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-2 receptor, and tumor necrosis factor-α, could also participate in endothelial dysfunction and leukocyte recruitment in the microvasculature. COVID-19-induced endotheliitis may explain the systemic impaired microcirculatory function in different organs in COVID-19 patients. Ongoing trials directly and indirectly target COVID-19-related endothelial dysfunctions: i.e., a virus-cell entry using recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS-2) blockade, coagulation activation, and immunomodulatory therapies, such as anti-IL-6 strategies. Studies focusing on endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 patients are warranted as to decipher their precise role in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and organ dysfunction and to identify targets for further interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Pons
- INSERM U976, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Department, Avicenne Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Sofiane Fodil
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Elie Azoulay
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Lara Zafrani
- INSERM U976, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France.
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France.
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44
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Shi Q, Carman CV, Chen Y, Sage PT, Xue F, Liang XM, Gilbert GE. Unexpected enhancement of FVIII immunogenicity by endothelial expression in lentivirus-transduced and transgenic mice. Blood Adv 2020; 4:2272-2285. [PMID: 32453842 PMCID: PMC7252558 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy for hemophilia A is complicated by development of inhibitory antibodies (inhibitors) in ∼30% of patients. Because endothelial cells (ECs) are the primary physiologic expression site, we probed the therapeutic potential of genetically restoring FVIII expression selectively in ECs in hemophilia A mice (FVIIInull). Expression of FVIII was driven by the Tie2 promoter in the context of lentivirus (LV)-mediated in situ transduction (T2F8LV) or embryonic stem cell-mediated transgenesis (T2F8Tg). Both endothelial expression approaches were associated with a strikingly robust immune response. Following in situ T2F8LV-mediated EC transduction, all FVIIInull mice developed inhibitors but had no detectable plasma FVIII. In the transgenic approach, the T2F8Tg mice had normalized plasma FVIII levels, but showed strong sensitivity to developing an FVIII immune response upon FVIII immunization. A single injection of FVIII with incomplete Freund adjuvant led to high titers of inhibitors and reduction of plasma FVIII to undetectable levels. Because ECs are putative major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-expressing nonhematopoietic, "semiprofessional" antigen-presenting cells (APCs), we asked whether they might directly influence the FVIII immune responses. Imaging and flow cytometric studies confirmed that both murine and human ECs express MHCII and efficiently bind and take up FVIII protein in vitro. Moreover, microvascular ECs preconditioned ex vivo with inflammatory cytokines could functionally present exogenously taken-up FVIII to previously primed CD4+/CXCR5+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells to drive FVIII-specific proliferation. Our results show an unanticipated immunogenicity of EC-expressed FVIII and suggest a context-dependent role for ECs in the regulation of inhibitors as auxiliary APCs for Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhen Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Midwest Athletes Against Childhood Cancer Fund Research Center, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Christopher V Carman
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Peter T Sage
- Renal Division, Transplant Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Xin M Liang
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gary E Gilbert
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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45
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Tamzalit F, Wang MS, Jin W, Tello-Lafoz M, Boyko V, Heddleston JM, Black CT, Kam LC, Huse M. Interfacial actin protrusions mechanically enhance killing by cytotoxic T cells. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/33/eaav5445. [PMID: 30902904 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav5445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill by forming immunological synapses with target cells and secreting toxic proteases and the pore-forming protein perforin into the intercellular space. Immunological synapses are highly dynamic structures that boost perforin activity by applying mechanical force against the target cell. Here, we used high-resolution imaging and microfabrication to investigate how CTLs exert synaptic forces and coordinate their mechanical output with perforin secretion. Using micropatterned stimulatory substrates that enable synapse growth in three dimensions, we found that perforin release occurs at the base of actin-rich protrusions that extend from central and intermediate locations within the synapse. These protrusions, which depended on the cytoskeletal regulator WASP and the Arp2/3 actin nucleation complex, were required for synaptic force exertion and efficient killing. They also mediated physical deformation of the target cell surface during CTL-target cell interactions. Our results reveal the mechanical basis of cellular cytotoxicity and highlight the functional importance of dynamic, three-dimensional architecture in immune cell-cell interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fella Tamzalit
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wang
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weiyang Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Tello-Lafoz
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vitaly Boyko
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John M Heddleston
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Charles T Black
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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46
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Moreau HD, Lennon-Duménil AM, Pierobon P. “If you please… draw me a cell”. Insights from immune cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/5/jcs244806. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Studies in recent years have shed light on the particular features of cytoskeleton dynamics in immune cells, challenging the classical picture drawn from typical adherent cell lines. New mechanisms linking the dynamics of the membrane–cytoskeleton interface to the mechanical properties of immune cells have been uncovered and shown to be essential for immune surveillance functions. In this Essay, we discuss these features, and propose immune cells as a new playground for cell biologists who try to understand how cells adapt to different microenvironments to fulfil their functions efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène D. Moreau
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL and ANR-11-LABX-0043, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Ana-Maria Lennon-Duménil
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL and ANR-11-LABX-0043, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL and ANR-11-LABX-0043, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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47
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Blumenthal D, Burkhardt JK. Multiple actin networks coordinate mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201911058. [PMID: 31977034 PMCID: PMC7041673 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of naive T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is an essential step in mounting an adaptive immune response. It is known that antigen recognition and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling depend on forces applied by the T cell actin cytoskeleton, but until recently, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly defined. Here, we review recent advances in the field, which show that specific actin-dependent structures contribute to the process in distinct ways. In essence, T cell priming involves a tug-of-war between the cytoskeletons of the T cell and the APC, where the actin cytoskeleton serves as a mechanical intermediate that integrates force-dependent signals. We consider each of the relevant actin-rich T cell structures separately and address how they work together at the topologically and temporally complex cell-cell interface. In addition, we address how this mechanobiology can be incorporated into canonical immunological models to improve how these models explain T cell sensitivity and antigenic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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48
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Pons S, Arnaud M, Loiselle M, Arrii E, Azoulay E, Zafrani L. Immune Consequences of Endothelial Cells' Activation and Dysfunction During Sepsis. Crit Care Clin 2020; 36:401-413. [PMID: 32172821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium provides a direct interface between circulating blood cells and parenchymal cells. Thus, it has a key role in vasomotor tone regulation, primary hemostasis, vascular barrier, and immunity. In the case of systemic inflammation, endothelial cell (EC) activation initiates a powerful innate immune response to eliminate the pathogen. In some specific conditions, ECs may also contribute to the activation of adaptive immunity and the recruitment of antigen-specific lymphocytes. However, the loss of EC functions or an exaggerated activation of ECs during sepsis can lead to multiorgan failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Pons
- INSERM U976, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France
| | - Marine Arnaud
- INSERM U976, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France
| | - Maud Loiselle
- INSERM U976, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France
| | - Eden Arrii
- INSERM U976, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France
| | - Elie Azoulay
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France
| | - Lara Zafrani
- INSERM U976, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France; Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris 75010, France.
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49
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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50
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Siokis A, Robert PA, Demetriou P, Dustin ML, Meyer-Hermann M. F-Actin-Driven CD28-CD80 Localization in the Immune Synapse. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1151-1162. [PMID: 30067972 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During immunological synapse (IS) formation, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling complexes, integrins, and costimulatory molecules exhibit a particular spatial localization. Here, we develop an agent-based model for the IS formation based on TCR peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) and leukocyte-function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) intracellular activation molecule 1 (ICAM-1) dynamics, including CD28 binding to a costimulatory ligand, coupling of molecules to the centripetal actin flow, and size-based segregation (SBS). A radial gradient of LFA-1 in the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC) toward the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) emerged as a combined consequence of actin binding and diffusion and modified the positioning of other molecules. The simulations predict a mechanism of CD28 movement, according to which CD28-CD80 complexes passively follow TCR-pMHC microclusters. However, the characteristic CD28-CD80 localization in a ring pattern around the cSMAC only emerges with a particular CD28-actin coupling strength that induces a centripetal motion. These results have implications for the understanding of T cell activation and fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Siokis
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Philippos Demetriou
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
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