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Filiberti A, Gmyrek GB, Berube AN, Carr DJJ. Osteopontin contributes to virus resistance associated with type I IFN expression, activation of downstream ifn-inducible effector genes, and CCR2 +CD115 +CD206 + macrophage infiltration following ocular HSV-1 infection of mice. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1028341. [PMID: 36685562 PMCID: PMC9846535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular pathology is often associated with acute herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection of the cornea in mice. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of early T lymphocyte activation 1 protein or osteopontin (OPN) in corneal inflammation and host resistance to ocular HSV-1 infection. C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and osteopontin deficient (OPN KO) mice infected in the cornea with HSV-1 were evaluated for susceptibility to infection and cornea pathology. OPN KO mice were found to possess significantly more infectious virus in the cornea at day 3 and day 7 post infection compared to infected WT mice. Coupled with these findings, HSV-1-infected OPN KO mouse corneas were found to express less interferon (IFN)-α1, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, and RNase L compared to infected WT animals early post infection that likely contributed to decreased resistance. Notably, OPN KO mice displayed significantly less corneal opacity and neovascularization compared to WT mice that paralleled a decrease in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A within 12 hr post infection. The change in corneal pathology of the OPN KO mice aligned with a decrease in total leukocyte infiltration into the cornea and specifically, in neutrophils at day 3 post infection and in macrophage subpopulations including CCR2+CD115+CD206+ and CD115+CD183+CD206+ -expressing cells. The infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the cornea was unaltered comparing infected WT to OPN KO mice. Likewise, there was no difference in the total number of HSV-1-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cells found in the draining lymph node with both sets functionally competent in response to virus antigen comparing WT to OPN KO mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate OPN deficiency directly influences the host innate immune response to ocular HSV-1 infection reducing some aspects of inflammation but at a cost with an increase in local HSV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Filiberti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Grzegorz B. Gmyrek
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Amanda N. Berube
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Daniel J. J. Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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2
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Puri S, Kenyon BM, Hamrah P. Immunomodulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cornea. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1985. [PMID: 36009532 PMCID: PMC9406019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transparency of the cornea along with its dense sensory innervation and resident leukocyte populations make it an ideal tissue to study interactions between the nervous and immune systems. The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue of the body and possesses both immune and vascular privilege, in part due to its unique repertoire of resident immune cells. Corneal nerves produce various neuropeptides that have a wide range of functions on immune cells. As research in this area expands, further insights are made into the role of neuropeptides and their immunomodulatory functions in the healthy and diseased cornea. Much remains to be known regarding the details of neuropeptide signaling and how it contributes to pathophysiology, which is likely due to complex interactions among neuropeptides, receptor isoform-specific signaling events, and the inflammatory microenvironment in disease. However, progress in this area has led to an increase in studies that have begun modulating neuropeptide activity for the treatment of corneal diseases with promising results, necessitating the need for a comprehensive review of the literature. This review focuses on the role of neuropeptides in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface, alterations in disease settings, and the possible therapeutic potential of targeting these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Puri
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brendan M. Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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3
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Mucosal immunology of the ocular surface. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1143-1157. [PMID: 36002743 PMCID: PMC9400566 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a sensory organ exposed to the environment and protected by a mucosal tissue barrier. While it shares a number of features with other mucosal tissues, the ocular mucosal system, composed of the conjunctiva, Meibomian glands, and lacrimal glands, is specialized to address the unique needs of (a) lubrication and (b) host defense of the ocular surface. Not surprisingly, most challenges, physical and immunological, to the homeostasis of the eye fall into those two categories. Dry eye, a dysfunction of the lacrimal glands and/or Meibomian glands, which can both cause, or arise from, sensory defects, including those caused by corneal herpes virus infection, serve as examples of these perturbations and will be discussed ahead. To preserve vision, dense neuronal and immune networks sense various stimuli and orchestrate responses, which must be tightly controlled to provide protection, while simultaneously minimizing collateral damage. All this happens against the backdrop of, and can be modified by, the microorganisms that colonize the ocular mucosa long term, or that are simply transient passengers introduced from the environment. This review will attempt to synthesize the existing knowledge and develop trends in the study of the unique mucosal and immune elements of the ocular surface.
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Singh RB, Das S, Chodosh J, Sharma N, Zegans ME, Kowalski RP, Jhanji V. Paradox of complex diversity: Challenges in the diagnosis and management of bacterial keratitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 88:101028. [PMID: 34813978 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis continues to be one of the leading causes of corneal blindness in the developed as well as the developing world, despite swift progress since the dawn of the "anti-biotic era". Although, we are expeditiously developing our understanding about the different causative organisms and associated pathology leading to keratitis, extensive gaps in knowledge continue to dampen the efforts for early and accurate diagnosis, and management in these patients, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. The ability of the causative bacteria to subdue the therapeutic challenge stems from their large genome encoding complex regulatory networks, variety of unique virulence factors, and rapid secretion of tissue damaging proteases and toxins. In this review article, we have provided an overview of the established classical diagnostic techniques and therapeutics for keratitis caused by various bacteria. We have extensively reported our recent in-roads through novel tools for accurate diagnosis of mono- and poly-bacterial corneal infections. Furthermore, we outlined the recent progress by our group and others in understanding the sub-cellular genomic changes that lead to antibiotic resistance in these organisms. Finally, we discussed in detail, the novel therapies and drug delivery systems in development for the efficacious management of bacterial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Bir Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333, ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sujata Das
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Michael E Zegans
- Department of Ophthalmology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Regis P Kowalski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Charles T Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Charles T Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Corneal Allografts: Factors for and against Acceptance. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:5372090. [PMID: 34642632 PMCID: PMC8502534 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5372090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornea is one of the most commonly transplanted tissues worldwide. However, it is usually omitted in the field of transplantology. Transplantation of the cornea is performed to treat many ocular diseases. It restores eyesight significantly improving the quality of life. Advancements in banking of explanted corneas and progressive surgical techniques increased availability and outcomes of transplantation. Despite the vast growth in the field of transplantation laboratory testing, standards for corneal transplantation still do not include HLA typing or alloantibody detection. This standard practice is based on immune privilege dogma that accounts for high success rates of corneal transplantation. However, the increasing need for retransplantation in high-risk patients with markedly higher risk of rejection causes ophthalmology transplantation centers to reevaluate their standard algorithms. In this review we discuss immune privilege mechanisms influencing the allograft acceptance and factors disrupting the natural immunosuppressive environment of the eye. Current developments in testing and immunosuppressive treatments (including cell therapies), when applied in corneal transplantation, may give very good results, decrease the possibility of rejection, and reduce the need for retransplantation, which is fairly frequent nowadays.
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Hazlett LD, McClellan S, Somayajulu M, Bessert D. Targeting Inflammation Driven by HMGB1 in Bacterial Keratitis-A Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101235. [PMID: 34684184 PMCID: PMC8538492 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes human infectionsinfections. It can cause keratitis, a severe eye infection, that develops quickly and is a major cause of ulceration of the cornea and ocular complications globally. Contact lens wear is the greatest causative reason in developed countries, but in other countries, trauma and predominates. Use of non-human models of the disease are critical and may provide promising alternative argets for therapy to bolster a lack of new antibiotics and increasing antibiotic resistance. In this regard, we have shown promising data after inhibiting high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Success has also been obtained after other means to inhinit HMGB1 and include: use of HMGB1 Box A (one of three HMGB1 domains), anti-HMGB1 antibody blockage of HMGB1 and/or its receptors, Toll like receptor (TLR) 4, treatment with thrombomodulin (TM) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and glycyrrhizin (GLY, a triterpenoid saponin) that directly binds to HMGB1. ReducingHMGB1 levels in P. aeruginosa keratitis appears a viable treatment alternative.
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7
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Rodríguez A, Velázquez J, González L, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Dixon B, Miyares FH, Morales A, González O, Estrada MP, Carpio Y. PACAP modulates the transcription of TLR-1/TLR-5/MyD88 pathway genes and boosts antimicrobial defenses in Clarias gariepinus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:150-159. [PMID: 34146673 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that belongs to the secretin/glucagon/GHRH/VIP superfamily. Some of these molecules have antimicrobial activity and they are capable of stimulating the immune system. The present work studied the antibacterial and immunostimulatory activity of PACAP-38 from African catfish Clarias gariepinus against the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vivo test. PACAP-38 improved antimicrobial activity of skin mucus molecules against P. aeruginosa. The peptide modulates the gene expression profile of TLR-1, TLR-5, MyD88, IL-1β, TNF-ɑ, IL-8, pardaxin, hepcidin and G/C-type lysozymes in skin, spleen and head kidney. The influenced exerted depended on the time after infection and tissue analyzed. This study provides the first evidence of a link between PACAP and antimicrobial peptides hepcidin and pardaxin. Our results suggest further use of PACAP as antimicrobial agent that could potentially be used to control disease in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alianet Rodríguez
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Janet Velázquez
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis González
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Fidel Herrera Miyares
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Antonio Morales
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Osmany González
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Veterinary Immunology Project, Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
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8
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He J, Pham TL, Bazan HEP. Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of rat cornea: Changes with age. Ocul Surf 2020; 20:86-94. [PMID: 33340717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the entire rat corneal nerve architecture, the changes that occur with aging, and its sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic fiber distribution. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 1 day to 2 years old) of both sexes were euthanized, and the whole corneas were immunostained with protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5). The specimens were double-labeled with antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) as sensory nerve markers, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) as a parasympathetic nerve marker, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as markers of sympathetic fibers. Relative nerve density positive for each antibody was assessed by computer-assisted image analysis. RESULTS Thick nerve trunks enter the cornea in the middle of the stroma and run towards the anterior stroma, subsequently dividing into smaller branches that penetrate upwards into the epithelium to form the subbasal nerve bundles. There was no significant difference in corneal innervation between sexes. CGRP and SP were the major sensory neuropeptides with 47.6% ± 3.5% and 34.9% ± 5.1%, respectively, of the total nerves. VIP was 18.4% ± 5.7%, and NPY and TH positive fibers took up 6.92% ± 2.66% and 2.92% ± 1.52%, respectively. Epithelial nerve density increased with age, reached full development at 5 weeks, and decreased at 120 weeks. CONCLUSION This study provides a complete nerve architecture and content of components of sensory, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nerves in the rat cornea. The normal innervation pattern described here will provide an essential baseline for investigators who use the rat model for assessing corneal pathologies that involve nerve alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiucheng He
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thang Luong Pham
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Haydee E P Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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9
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Mansoor H, Tan HC, Lin MTY, Mehta JS, Liu YC. Diabetic Corneal Neuropathy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123956. [PMID: 33291308 PMCID: PMC7762152 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic keratopathy (DK) is a common, but underdiagnosed, ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that has a significant economic burden. It is characterised by progressive damage of corneal nerves, due to DM-induced chronic hyperglycaemia and its associated metabolic changes. With advances in corneal nerve imaging and quantitative analytic tools, studies have shown that the severity of diabetic corneal neuropathy correlates with the status of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The corneal nerve plexus is, therefore, considered as an important surrogate marker of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and helps in the evaluation of interventional efficacy in the management of DM. The clinical manifestations of DK depend on the disease severity and vary from decreased corneal sensitivity to sight-threatening corneal infections and neurotrophic ulcers. The severity of diabetic corneal neuropathy and resultant DK determines its management plan, and a step-wise approach is generally suggested. Future work would focus on the exploration of biomarkers for diabetic corneal neuropathy, the development of new treatment for corneal nerve protection, and the improvement in the clinical assessment, as well as current imaging technique and analysis, to help clinicians detect diabetic corneal neuropathy earlier and monitor the sub-clinical progression more reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mansoor
- Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Hong Chang Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore;
| | - Molly Tzu-Yu Lin
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (M.T.-Y.L.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Jodhbir S. Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (M.T.-Y.L.); (J.S.M.)
- Cornea and External Eye Diseases, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Eye-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (M.T.-Y.L.); (J.S.M.)
- Cornea and External Eye Diseases, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Eye-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-65-767-246; Fax: +65-62-277-290
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10
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Carion TW, Ebrahim AS, Alluri S, Ebrahim T, Parker T, Burns J, Sosne G, Berger EA. Antimicrobial Effects of Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Keratitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6840. [PMID: 32961846 PMCID: PMC7555736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior work has indicated that thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) administered with ciprofloxacin markedly improves disease outcome for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA)-induced keratitis. As a result, the goal of the current study was to elucidate mechanisms by which Tβ4 mitigates the corneal response; specifically, regarding its bactericidal influence and potential synergy with ciprofloxacin. An in vitro approach was carried out using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays to assess bactericidal activity against PA. In addition, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production was evaluated at the mRNA levels using human corneal epithelial cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. The results of the MIC assays did not show direct bactericidal activity with Tβ4 alone, although ciprofloxacin exhibited significant killing at concentrations far lower than clinically dosed. Tβ4, however, displayed an indirect effect on bacterial killing, as shown by an upregulation of AMPs and related molecules. The cumulative data from this study indicate an indirect bactericidal role of Tβ4, as well as a synergistic relationship with ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, ciprofloxacin alone was found to influence cellular functions that otherwise have yet to be reported. These results highlight a mechanism of intracellular communication for Tβ4 and further strengthen its development as an adjunct therapy with antibiotics for corneal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth A. Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.W.C.); (A.S.E.); (S.A.); (T.E.); (T.P.); (J.B.); (G.S.)
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11
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Zhang Y, Gao N, Wu L, Lee PSY, Me R, Dai C, Xie L, Yu FSX. Role of VIP and Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathways in Mediating Epithelial Wound Healing, Sensory Nerve Regeneration, and Their Defects in Diabetic Corneas. Diabetes 2020; 69:1549-1561. [PMID: 32345752 PMCID: PMC7306128 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic keratopathy, a sight-threatening corneal disease, comprises several symptomatic conditions including delayed epithelial wound healing, recurrent erosions, and sensory nerve (SN) neuropathy. We investigated the role of neuropeptides in mediating corneal wound healing, including epithelial wound closure and SN regeneration. Denervation by resiniferatoxin severely impaired corneal wound healing and markedly upregulated proinflammatory gene expression. Exogenous neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) partially reversed resiniferatoxin's effects, with VIP specifically inducing interleukin-10 expression. Hence, we focused on VIP and observed that wounding induced VIP and VIP type 1 receptor (VIPR1) expression in normal (NL) corneas, but not corneas from mice with diabetes mellitus (DM). Targeting VIPR1 in NL corneas attenuated corneal wound healing, dampened wound-induced expression of neurotrophic factors, and exacerbated inflammatory responses, while exogenous VIP had the opposite effects in DM corneas. Remarkably, wounding and diabetes also affected the expression of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) in a VIP-dependent manner. Downregulating Shh expression in NL corneas decreased while exogenous Shh in DM corneas increased the rates of corneal wound healing. Furthermore, inhibition of Shh signaling dampened VIP-promoted corneal wound healing. We conclude that VIP regulates epithelial wound healing, inflammatory response, and nerve regeneration in the corneas in an Shh-dependent manner, suggesting a therapeutic potential for these molecules in treating diabetic keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
- Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Lin Wu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Patrick S Y Lee
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Rao Me
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Chenyang Dai
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Lixin Xie
- Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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12
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Fan NW, Dohlman TH, Foulsham W, McSoley M, Singh RB, Chen Y, Dana R. The role of Th17 immunity in chronic ocular surface disorders. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:157-168. [PMID: 32470612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. At the ocular surface, Th17 cells have been identified as key effector cells in chronic ocular surface disease. Evidence from murine studies indicates that following differentiation and expansion, Th17 cells migrate from the lymphoid tissues to the eye, where they release inflammatory cytokines including, but not limited to, their hallmark cytokine IL-17A. As the acute phase subsides, a population of long-lived memory Th17 cells persist, which predispose hosts both to chronic inflammation and severe exacerbations of disease; of great interest is the small subset of Th17/1 cells that secrete both IL-17A and IFN-γ in acute-on-chronic disease exacerbation. Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in deciphering how Th17 cells interact with the immune and neuroimmune pathways that mediate chronic ocular surface disease. Here, we review (i) the evidence for Th17 immunity in chronic ocular surface disease, (ii) regulatory mechanisms that constrain the Th17 immune response, and (iii) novel therapeutic strategies targeting Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wen Fan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas H Dohlman
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Matthew McSoley
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Larsson OJ, Georén SK, Cardell LO. Rapid activation of brainstem nuclei following TLR stimulation of the nasal mucosa. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Martínez C, Juarranz Y, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Carrión M, Pérez-García S, Villanueva-Romero R, Castro D, Lamana A, Mellado M, González-Álvaro I, Gomariz RP. A Clinical Approach for the Use of VIP Axis in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E65. [PMID: 31861827 PMCID: PMC6982157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine and immune systems are coordinated to maintain the homeostasis of the organism, generating bidirectional communication through shared mediators and receptors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the paradigm of an endogenous neuropeptide produced by neurons and endocrine and immune cells, involved in the control of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Exogenous administration of VIP exerts therapeutic effects in models of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Currently, there are no curative therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and patients present complex diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic problems in daily clinical practice due to their heterogeneous nature. This review focuses on the biology of VIP and VIP receptor signaling, as well as its protective effects as an immunomodulatory factor. Recent progress in improving the stability, selectivity, and effectiveness of VIP/receptors analogues and new routes of administration are highlighted, as well as important advances in their use as biomarkers, contributing to their potential application in precision medicine. On the 50th anniversary of VIP's discovery, this review presents a spectrum of potential clinical benefits applied to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mar Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Raúl Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - David Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mario Mellado
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Médica, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa P. Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
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Bains M, Laney C, Wolfe AE, Orr M, Waschek JA, Ericsson AC, Dorsam GP. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Deficiency Is Associated With Altered Gut Microbiota Communities in Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2689. [PMID: 31849864 PMCID: PMC6900961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is crucial for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health. VIP sustains GIT homeostasis through maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier and acts as a potent anti-inflammatory mediator that contributes to gut bacterial tolerance. Based on these biological functions by VIP, we hypothesized that its deficiency would alter gut microbial ecology. To this end, fecal samples from male and female VIP+/+, VIP+/-, and VIP-/- littermates (n = 47) were collected and 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted. Our data revealed significant changes in bacterial composition, biodiversity, and weight loss from VIP-/- mice compared to VIP+/+ and VIP+/- littermates, irrespective of sex. The gut bacteria compositional changes observed in VIP-/- mice was consistent with gut microbial structure changes reported for certain inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Moreover, predicted functional changes by PICRUSt software suggested an energy surplus within the altered microbiota from VIP-/- mice. These data support that VIP plays an important role in maintaining microbiota balance, biodiversity, and GIT function, and its genetic removal results in significant gut microbiota restructuring and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Bains
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Caleb Laney
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Annie E. Wolfe
- Metagenomics Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Megan Orr
- Department of Statistics, College of Science and Math, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - James A. Waschek
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Metagenomics Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Glenn P. Dorsam
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Molgora M, Supino D, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. Tuning inflammation and immunity by the negative regulators IL-1R2 and IL-1R8. Immunol Rev 2018; 281:233-247. [PMID: 29247989 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor family members (ILRs) and Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are key players in immunity and inflammation and are tightly regulated at different levels. Most cell types, including cells of the innate and adaptive immune system express ILRs and TLRs. In addition, IL-1 family members are emerging as key players in the differentiation and function of innate and adaptive lymphoid cells. IL-1R2 and IL-1R8 (also known as TIR8 or SIGIRR) are members of the ILR family acting as negative regulators of the IL-1 system. IL-1R2 binds IL-1 and the accessory protein IL-1RAcP without activating signaling and can be released as a soluble form (sIL-1R2), thus modulating IL-1 availability for the signaling receptor. IL-1R8 dampens ILR- and TLR-mediated cell activation and it is a component of the receptor recognizing human IL-37. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of IL-1R2 and IL-1R8, focusing on their role in different pathological conditions, ranging from infectious and sterile inflammation, to autoimmunity and cancer-related inflammation. We also address the emerging evidence regarding the role of IL-1R8 as a crucial checkpoint molecule in NK cells in anti-cancer and antiviral activity and the potential therapeutic implications of IL-1R8 blockade in specific pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Molgora
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Domenico Supino
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (Milano), Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (Milano), Italy
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17
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Li C, Liu YY, Zhao GQ, Lin J, Che CY, Jiang N, Li N, Zhang J, He K, Peng XD. Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in Aspergillus fumigatus-infected cornea. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:183-188. [PMID: 29487804 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the anti-inflammatory role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) ketatitis. METHODS Expression of VIP was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in C57BL/6 and BALB/c normal and A. fumigatus infected corneas. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with recombinant (r) VIP, while BALB/c mice were pretreated with VIP antagonist, and then infected with A. fumigatus. Clinical score was recorded. Expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1), and neutrophil infiltration were tested by PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay. RESULTS VIP mRNA expression in BALB/c cornea was higher than C57BL/6 cornea at 1 and 3d post infection (p.i.). rVIP treatment of C57BL/6 mice showed alleviated disease and down-regulated expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while IL-10 expression was up-regulated. Neutrophil infiltration and TLR4, IL-17 expression were decreased after rVIP treatment, while LOX-1 expression was up-regulated in C57BL/6. VIP antagonist pretreatment showed increased disease and higher IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR4, IL-17 and MPO levels, while IL-10 and LOX-1 levels were down-regulated in BALB/c mice. CONCLUSION rVIP alleviate disease response of C57BL/6 mice. VIP antagonist resulted in worsened disease of BALB/c mice. VIP proposed anti-inflammatory role in A. fumigatus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng-Ye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xu-Dong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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18
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Taylor AW, Ng TF. Negative regulators that mediate ocular immune privilege. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1179-1187. [PMID: 29431864 PMCID: PMC6240388 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0817-337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular microenvironment has adapted several negative regulators of inflammation to maintain immune privilege and health of the visual axis. Several constitutively produced negative regulators within the eye TGF-β2, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), Fas ligand (FasL), and PD-L1 standout because of their capacity to influence multiple pathways of inflammation, and that they are part of promoting immune tolerance. These regulators demonstrate the capacity of immune privilege to prevent the activation of inflammation, and to suppress activation of effector immune cells even under conditions of ocular inflammation induced by endotoxin and autoimmune disease. In addition, these negative regulators promote and expand immune cells that mediate regulatory and tolerogenic immunity. This in turn makes the immune cells themselves negative regulators of inflammation. This provides for a greater understanding of immune privilege in that it includes both molecular and cellular negative regulators of inflammation. This would mean that potentially new approaches to the treatment of autoimmune disease can be developed through the use of molecules and cells as negative regulators of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Taylor
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tat Fong Ng
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Xu C, Guo Y, Qiao X, Shang X, Niu W, Jin M. Design, Recombinant Fusion Expression and Biological Evaluation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Analogue as Novel Antimicrobial Agent. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111963. [PMID: 29135962 PMCID: PMC6150413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides represent an emerging category of therapeutic agents with remarkable structural and functional diversity. Modified vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (VIP analogue 8 with amino acid sequence “FTANYTRLRRQLAVRRYLAAILGRR”) without haemolytic activity and cytotoxicity displayed enhanced antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922 than parent VIP even in the presence of 180 mM NaCl or 50 mM MgCl2, or in the range of pH 4–10. VIP analogue 8 was expressed as fusion protein thioredoxin (Trx)-VIP8 in E. coli BL21(DE) at a yield of 45.67 mg/L. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the recombinant VIP analogue 8 against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 were 2 μM. These findings suggest that VIP analogue 8 is a promising candidate for application as a new and safe antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yu Guo
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiangjin Qiao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiaoya Shang
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Weining Niu
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Mingliang Jin
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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20
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Kulka M. Could substance P be an antiviral mediator and potential therapeutic target in the nose? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:84-85. [PMID: 29146273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Kulka
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton and the National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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21
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Mohammed I, Said DG, Dua HS. Human antimicrobial peptides in ocular surface defense. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Larsson O, Tengroth L, Xu Y, Uddman R, Kumlien Georén S, Cardell LO. Substance P represents a novel first-line defense mechanism in the nose. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:128-136.e3. [PMID: 28219705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), have long been seen as mediators of widespread continuous airway inflammation, a process known as neurogenic inflammation. However, this has been difficult to demonstrate clinically, suggesting an alternative role for these signaling molecules. OBJECTIVES We sought to examine the role of SP in nasal infection by assessing the release of SP in response to viral stimulation and characterizing the effects of SP on innate immunity, with the latter reflected in changes in local Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression. METHODS The distribution of SP and TLRs in the nasal mucosa and local airway neurons was assessed with immunohistochemistry. The TLR7 agonists R-837 and R-848 were used to mimic a viral insult in the upper airways represented by primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and murine nasal epithelial cells (MNECs) and isolated murine trigeminal ganglial neurons. SP release from HNECs, MNECs, and trigeminal ganglial neurons was quantified with EIA. The effects of SP on TLR expression on HNECs were determined by using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS SP was released from the sensory neurons, MNECs, and HNECs within 15 minutes of local TLR7 stimulation. Subsequently, stimulation with SP induced upregulation of TLR expression in HNECs within 30 minutes through induction of TLR movement within HNECs. Upregulation of TLR expression was not evident when cells were treated with the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist aprepitant before SP stimulation. CONCLUSIONS This highlights a novel role for sensory neuropeptides as acute and local mediators of pathogen-driven inflammation, rapidly priming innate immune defenses in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Larsson
- Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Tengroth
- Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuan Xu
- Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Uddman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of ENT Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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The Intriguing Role of Neuropeptides at the Ocular Surface. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Wu J, Zhang WS, Zhao J, Zhou HY. Review of clinical and basic approaches of fungal keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1676-1683. [PMID: 27990375 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.11.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a serious disease which can cause blindness. This review has current information about the pathogenesis, limitations of traditional diagnosis and therapeutic strategies, immune recognition and the diagnosis and therapy of FK. The information of this summary was reviewed regularly and updated as what we need in the diagnosis and therapy of FK nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Song Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
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25
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Bonecchi R, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Riva F. Cytokine decoy and scavenger receptors as key regulators of immunity and inflammation. Cytokine 2016; 87:37-45. [PMID: 27498604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-1R2 was the first decoy receptor to be described. Subsequently receptors which act as pure decoys or scavengers or trigger dampening of cytokine signaling have been described for cytokines and chemokines. Here we review the current understanding of the mode of action and significance in pathology of the chemokine atypical receptor ACKR2, the IL-1 decoy receptor IL-1R2 and the atypical IL-1 receptor family IL-1R8. Decoy and scavenger receptors with no or atypical signaling have emerged as a general strategy conserved in evolution to tune the action of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bonecchi
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Humanitas University, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Humanitas University, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
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Hazlett LD, McClellan SA, Ekanayaka SA. Decreasing HMGB1 levels improves outcome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in mice. JOURNAL OF RARE DISEASES RESEARCH & TREATMENT 2016; 1:36-39. [PMID: 29376148 PMCID: PMC5784448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium widely dispersed in the environment which can cause acute and chronic infections in humans. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the overall incidence of P. aeruginosa infections in USA hospitals averages about 0.4% (4/1000 discharges), and the bacterium is the fourth most commonly-isolated nosocomial pathogen accounting for 10.1% of all hospital-acquired infections. P. aeruginosa keratitis is a severe infection of the eye, progresses rapidly and remains a leading cause of corneal ulcers worldwide. Use of contact lenses is the major risk factor in the USA, while in less industrialized countries, trauma from agricultural accidents are of importance. Animal models of bacterial keratitis are of value in the study of this disease and suggest potential alternative therapeutic targets that are needed urgently due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Recently we have shown success and improved disease outcome after down-regulation of one promising target, high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Testing more clinically relevant approaches are underway to reduce HMGB1 levels in P. aeruginosa keratitis which may hold promise for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D. Hazlett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sharon A. McClellan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sandamali A. Ekanayaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Molgora M, Barajon I, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. Regulatory Role of IL-1R8 in Immunity and Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:149. [PMID: 27148268 PMCID: PMC4837151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor family members (ILRs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are characterized by the presence of a conserved intracellular domain and the toll-IL-1resistance (TIR) domain and are key players in immunity and inflammation. ILR and TLR signaling is tightly regulated at different levels. All cell types of the innate immune system express ILRs and TLRs. In addition, IL-1 family members are emerging as key players in the differentiation and function of innate and adaptive lymphoid cells. IL-1R8, also known as TIR8 or SIGIRR, is a fringe member of the ILR family and acts as a negative regulator of ILR and TLR signaling, which dampens ILR- and TLR-mediated cell activation. IL-1R8 is a component of the receptor recognizing human IL-37. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of IL-1R8, focusing on its role in different pathological conditions, ranging from infectious and sterile inflammation to autoimmunity and cancer-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Molgora
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano , Italy
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano , Italy
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Secretory IgA in complex with Lactobacillus rhamnosus potentiates mucosal dendritic cell-mediated Treg cell differentiation via TLR regulatory proteins, RALDH2 and secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:546-556. [PMID: 26972771 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of secretory IgA in controlling the microbiota is well known, yet how the antibody affects the perception of the commensals by the local immune system is still poorly defined. We have previously shown that the transport of secretory IgA in complex with bacteria across intestinal microfold cells results in an association with dendritic cells in Peyer's patches. However, the consequences of such an interaction on dendritic cell conditioning have not been elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the impact of the commensal Lactobacillus rhamnosus, alone or associated with secretory IgA, on the responsiveness of dendritic cells freshly recovered from mouse Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. Lactobacillus rhamnosus-conditioned mucosal dendritic cells are characterized by increased expression of Toll-like receptor regulatory proteins [including single immunoglobulin interleukin-1 receptor-related molecule, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, and Toll-interacting molecule] and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, low surface expression of co-stimulatory markers, high anti- versus pro-inflammatory cytokine production ratios, and induction of T regulatory cells with suppressive function. Association with secretory IgA enhanced the anti-inflammatory/regulatory Lactobacillus rhamnosus-induced conditioning of mucosal dendritic cells, particularly in Peyer's patches. At the systemic level, activation of splenic dendritic cells exposed to Lactobacillus rhamnosus was partially dampened upon association with secretory IgA. These data suggest that secretory IgA, through coating of commensal bacteria, contributes to the conditioning of mucosal dendritic cells toward tolerogenic profiles essential for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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Tuncel N, Yildirim N, Gurer F, Basmak H, Uzuner K, Sahinturk V, Gursoy H. Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the wound healing of alkali-burned corneas. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:204-10. [PMID: 26949636 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.02.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on wound healing in experimental alkali burns of the cornea. METHODS Twenty-seven albino rabbits, weighing 3.2±0.75 kg were used. Alkali burns were induced on corneas by applying 10 mm Whatman paper No:50 soaked in 1 mol/L NaOH. They have further classified into 5 groups as follows: 1) control group given no treatment (n=5); 2) VIP given subconjunctivally (n=6); 3) VIP injected into anterior chamber (n=6); 4) NaCl 0.9% given subconjunctivally (n=5); 5) NaCl 0.9% given into the anterior chamber (n=5). All treatment protocols except control group were followed by topical eye drops composed of VIP at two hourly intervals for one week from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. RESULTS VIP treated groups of rabbits with alkali burns were found to have better wound healing findings histo-pathologically when compared to those of control group who have received no treatment on day 30. No differences were observed between groups in respect to degree of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) infiltration and degree of loss of amorphous substrate on day 15. However, PMNL infiltration and degree of loss of amorphous substrate were lower in Groups 2 and 3 when compared to that of control group on day 30 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION We have shown that VIP has positive effects on alkali induced corneal burns. VIP may inhibit PMNL migration to cornea through an immunomodulatory effect. Inhibition of PMNL migration might reduce the release of collagenases and this might prevent the extracellular amorphous substance loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Tuncel
- Department of Physiology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Yildirim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
| | - Firdevs Gurer
- Department of Histology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Basmak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Uzuner
- Department of Physiology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
| | - Varol Sahinturk
- Department of Histology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Gursoy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
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Yu CH, Yu WY, Fang J, Zhang HH, Ma Y, Yu B, Wu F, Wu XN. Mosla scabra flavonoids ameliorate the influenza A virus-induced lung injury and water transport abnormality via the inhibition of PRR and AQP signaling pathways in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:146-155. [PMID: 26719287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACROLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mosla scabra (Thunb.) C.Y. Wu and H.W. Li has been used as a traditional medicinal herb for centuries in East Asian countries. It has antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In folk medicine, it is used as a remedy for the treatment of pulmonary diseases, such as fever, cold, cough, pulmonary edema and emphysema. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was to investigate the protective mechanism of total flavonoids from M. scabra (MF) in influenza A virus (IAV)-infected mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice were infected with IAV and then were treated daily with MF for five days. At the end of the experiment, the levels of inflammatory-related cytokines (IFN-α, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) were determined by ELISA. Pathological changes of lung tissue were examined by H&E staining. The protein expressions of AQP5, p-p38, caspase-3 and NF-κB p65 were detected by western blot analysis while the gene expressions of key effectors in AQP5 and PRRs signaling pathways were detected by real-time Fluorescence Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RFQ-PCR) analysis. RESULTS The results showed that treatment with MF at doses of 120-360mg/kg for five days to IAV-infected mice significantly attenuated IAV-induced pulmonary injury and decreased the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β, but increased IFN-α levels. MF treatment could up-regulate the mRNA expressions of TLR-7, RIG-1, TRAF6, Bcl-2, Bax, VIPR1, PKCα and AQP5 and down-regulate caspase-3 and NF-κB p65 protein expression. CONCLUSION Treatment with MF could significantly alleviate IAV-induced pulmonary inflammation, apoptosis and water transport abnormality, which was probably through the regulation of TLR7, RIG-1 and AQP5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Wen-Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Bing Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China; College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Wu
- Pharmaceutical Department, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Carion TW, McWhirter CR, Grewal DK, Berger EA. Efficacy of VIP as Treatment for Bacteria-Induced Keratitis Against Multiple Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6932-40. [PMID: 26513498 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) treatment in regulating inflammation following bacterial keratitis induced by the P. aeruginosa strain 19660. However, in the current study we assessed whether disease outcome is specific to 19660 or if VIP treatment is effective against multiple P. aeruginosa strains. METHODS B6 mice received daily IP injections of VIP from -1 through 5 days post injection (p.i.). Control mice were similarly injected with PBS. Corneal infection was induced using PA 19660, PAO1 or KEI 1025. Disease response was documented and bacterial plate counts and myeloperoxidase assays were performed. Expression of select inflammatory mediators as well as enzymes associated with lipid mediator production was assessed after VIP treatment. KEI 1025 was characterized by cytotoxicity and invasion assays and then confirmed for ExoS/ExoU expression. RESULTS VIP treatment converted the susceptible response to resistant for the three P. aeruginosa strains tested. Disease response was significantly reduced with no corneal perforation. Anti-inflammatory mediators were enhanced after VIP treatment, while pro-inflammatory molecules were reduced compared to controls. Furthermore, VIP reduced inflammatory cell persistence in the cornea after infection with each of the P. aeruginosa strains. CONCLUSIONS VIP treatment is effective at ameliorating disease pathogenesis for multiple P. aeruginosa strains, both cytotoxic and invasive. This study is also the first to indicate a possible role for VIP regarding lipid mediator expression in the eye. In addition, the clinical isolate, KEI 1025, was characterized as an invasive strain. Overall, this study strengthens the preclinical development of VIP as a therapeutic agent for ocular infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Carion
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Cody R McWhirter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Daiyajot K Grewal
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Berger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Grasa L, Abecia L, Forcén R, Castro M, de Jalón JAG, Latorre E, Alcalde AI, Murillo MD. Antibiotic-Induced Depletion of Murine Microbiota Induces Mild Inflammation and Changes in Toll-Like Receptor Patterns and Intestinal Motility. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:835-48. [PMID: 25896428 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We examine the impact of changes in microbiota induced by antibiotics on intestinal motility, gut inflammatory response, and the function and expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs). Alterations in mice intestinal microbiota were induced by antibiotics and evaluated by q-PCR and DGGE analysis. Macroscopic and microscopic assessments of the intestine were performed in control and antibiotic-treated mice. TLR expression was determined in the intestine by q-RT-PCR. Fecal parameter measurements, intestinal transit, and muscle contractility studies were performed to evaluate alterations in intestinal motility. Antibiotics reduced the total bacterial quantity 1000-fold, and diversity was highly affected by treatment. Mice with microbiota depletion had less Peyer's patches, enlarged ceca, and mild gut inflammation. Treatment with antibiotics increased the expression of TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9 in the ileum and TLR3, TLR4, TLR6, TLR7, and TLR8 in the colon, and it reduced the expression of TLR2, TLR3, and TLR6 in the ileum and TLR2 and TLR9 in the colon. Antibiotics decreased fecal output, delayed the whole gut and colonic transit, and reduced the spontaneous contractions and the response to acetylcholine (ACh) in the ileum and colon. Activation of TLR4 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reverted the reduction of the spontaneous contractions induced by antibiotics in the ileum. Activation of TLR4 by LPS and TLR5 by flagellin reduced the response to ACh in the ileum in control mice. Our results confirm the role of the microbiota in the regulation of TLRs expression and shed light on the microbiota connection to motor intestinal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Grasa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Leticia Abecia
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Forcén
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Castro
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Eva Latorre
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Alcalde
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Divina Murillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
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Morara S, Colangelo AM, Provini L. Microglia-Induced Maladaptive Plasticity Can Be Modulated by Neuropeptides In Vivo. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:135342. [PMID: 26273481 PMCID: PMC4529944 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-induced maladaptive plasticity is being recognized as a major cause of deleterious self-sustaining pathological processes that occur in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Microglia, the primary homeostatic guardian of the central nervous system, exert critical functions both during development, in neural circuit reshaping, and during adult life, in the brain physiological and pathological surveillance. This delicate critical role can be disrupted by neural, but also peripheral, noxious stimuli that can prime microglia to become overreactive to a second noxious stimulus or worsen underlying pathological processes. Among regulators of microglia, neuropeptides can play a major role. Their receptors are widely expressed in microglial cells and neuropeptide challenge can potently influence microglial activity in vitro. More relevantly, this regulator activity has been assessed also in vivo, in experimental models of brain diseases. Neuropeptide action in the central nervous system has been associated with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathological experimental models. This review describes some of the mechanisms of the microglia maladaptive plasticity in vivo and how neuropeptide activity can represent a useful therapeutical target in a variety of human brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute (CNR), Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Provini
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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α-TLR2 antibody attenuates the Aβ-mediated inflammatory response in microglia through enhanced expression of SIGIRR. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:70-9. [PMID: 25620736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoregulatory function of single-Ig-interleukin-1 related receptor (SIGIRR) is derived from its ability to constrain the inflammatory consequences of interleukin (IL)-1R and toll-like receptor (TLR)4 activation. This role extends to the brain, where SIGIRR deficiency increases the synaptic and cognitive dysfunction associated with IL-1R- and TLR4-mediated signalling. The current study set out to investigate the interaction between SIGIRR and TLR2 in brain tissue and the data demonstrate that the response to the TLR2 agonist, Pam3CysSK4 (Pam3Cys4), is enhanced in glial cells from SIGIRR(-/-) animals. Consistent with the view that β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) signals through activation of TLR2, the data also show that Aβ-induced changes are exaggerated in glia from SIGIRR(-/-) animals. We report that microglia, rather than astrocytes, are the primary glial cell expressing both TLR2 and SIGIRR. While Aβ increased TLR2 expression, it decreased SIGIRR expression in microglia. This was mimicked by direct activation of TLR2 with Pam3Cys4. We investigated the effect of an anti-TLR2 antibody (αTLR2) on the Aβ-induced inflammatory responses and demonstrate that it prevented the expression and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 from microglia. In addition, application of αTLR2 alleviated the Aβ-mediated impairment in long-term potentiation (LTP) of hippocampal synaptic activity. The protective effects of αTLR2 were accompanied by an up-regulation in SIGIRR expression. We propose that a mechanism involving activation of PI3 kinase/Akt and the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ may facilitate this increase in SIGIRR. These findings highlight a novel role of SIGIRR as a negative regulator of TLR2-mediated inflammation in the brain.
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Ryan JC, Wu Q, Shoemaker RC. Transcriptomic signatures in whole blood of patients who acquire a chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS) following an exposure to the marine toxin ciguatoxin. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8:15. [PMID: 25889530 PMCID: PMC4392619 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-015-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are polyether marine neurotoxins found in multiple reef-fish species and are potent activators of voltage-gated sodium channels. It is estimated that up to 500,000 people annually experience acute ciguatera poisoning from consuming toxic fish and a small percentage of these victims will develop a chronic, multisymptom, multisystem illness, which can last years, termed a Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS). Symptoms of ciguatera CIRS include fatigue, cognitive deficits, neurologic deficits, pain and sensitivity to light. There are few treatment options for ciguatera CIRS since little is known about its pathophysiology. Methods This study characterizes the transcriptional profile in whole blood of 11 patients with ciguatera-induced CIRS and 11 normal controls run in duplicate using Agilent one color whole genome microarrays. Differential expression was determined by using a combination of moderated t-test p-value and fold change (FC). Significant genes were subjected to gene ontology, principal component analysis and SVM classification. Seven significant genes found by microarray were validated by PCR. Results Using a low stringency (p < 0.05 and FC > 1.4) and a high stringency (p < 0.01 and FC > 1.5) filter, the resulting gene sets of 185 and 55, respectively, showed clear separation of cases and controls by PCA as well as 100% classification accuracy by SVM, indicating that the gene profiles can separate patients from controls. PCR results of 7 genes showed a 95% correlation to microarray data. Several genes identified by microarray are important in wound healing (CD9, CD36, vWF and Factor XIII), adaptive immunity (HLA-DQB1, DQB2, IL18R1 and IL5RA) and innate immunity (GZMK, TOLLIP, SIGIRR and VIPR2), overlapping several areas shown to be disrupted in a mouse model of acute exposure to ciguatoxin. Another area of interest was differential expression of long, non-coding sequences, or lncRNA. Conclusions Disruptions of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms were recorded at both the genomic and proteomic level. A disruption in the HLA-T cell receptor axis could indicate HLA haplotype sensitivity for this chronic syndrome, as noted in many autoimmune conditions. Taken together, these indicators of illness provide additional insights into pathophysiology and potential therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-015-0089-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Ryan
- ProteoGenomics, LLC, Vero Beach, FL, 32963, Florida. .,NOAA Center of Excellence for Oceans and Human Health at Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Qingzhong Wu
- NOAA Center of Excellence for Oceans and Human Health at Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Ritchie C Shoemaker
- ProteoGenomics, LLC, Vero Beach, FL, 32963, Florida. .,Center for Research on Biotoxin-Associated Illnesses, Pocomoke, MD, USA.
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McClellan S, Jiang X, Barrett R, Hazlett LD. High-mobility group box 1: a novel target for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1776-87. [PMID: 25589066 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a prototypic alarmin, mediates the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Treatment with vasoactive intestinal peptide, an anti-inflammatory neuropeptide, downregulates proinflammatory cytokines and promotes healing in a susceptible (cornea perforates) model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis, and also significantly downregulates HMGB1 expression. Therefore, we examined targeting HMGB1 for the treatment of P. aeruginosa keratitis to avoid delivery and other issues associated with vasoactive intestinal peptide. For this, HMGB1 was silenced using small interfering RNA, whereas controls were treated with a nonspecific scrambled sequence small interfering RNA. Less disease was seen postinfection in siHMGB1 compared with control mice and was documented by clinical score and photographs with a slit lamp. Real-time RT-PCR and ELISA confirmed HMGB1 knockdown. RT-PCR analysis also revealed reduced mRNA levels of IL-1β, MIP-2, TNF-α, TLR4, and receptor for advanced glycation end products, whereas mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory TLRs single Ig IL-1-related receptor and ST2 were increased significantly. HMGB1 knockdown also decreased IL-1β and MIP-2 proteins, reducing polymorphonuclear cell number in the infected cornea. mRNA and protein levels of CXCL12 and CXCR4, as well as mononuclear cells, were reduced significantly after HMGB1 knockdown. Ab neutralization of HMGB1, infection with a clinical isolate, and recombinant HMGB1 treatment of resistant mice supported the silencing studies. These data provide evidence that silencing HMGB1 promotes better resolution of P. aeruginosa keratitis by decreasing levels of proinflammatory mediators (decreasing polymorphonuclear cell infiltration), increasing anti-inflammatory TLRs, reducing CXCL12 (preventing HMGB1/CXCL12 heterodimer formation), and signaling through CXCR4, reducing monocyte/macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon McClellan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Ronald Barrett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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Ueno-Shuto K, Kato K, Tasaki Y, Sato M, Sato K, Uchida Y, Sakai H, Ono T, Suico MA, Mitsutake K, Tokutomi N, Kai H, Shuto T. Lipopolysaccharide decreases single immunoglobulin interleukin-1 receptor-related molecule (SIGIRR) expression by suppressing specificity protein 1 (Sp1) via the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-p38 pathway in monocytes and neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18097-109. [PMID: 24821721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.532093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Single immunoglobulin interleukin-1 receptor-related molecule (SIGIRR) is one of the immunoglobulin-like membrane proteins that is crucial for negative regulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and interleukin-1 receptor. Despite the importance of understanding its expression and function, knowledge is limited on the regulatory mechanism in the epithelial tissues, such as the liver, lung, and gut, where its predominant expression is originally described. Here, we found expression of SIGIRR in non-epithelial innate immune cells, including primary peripheral blood monocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytic RAW264 cells, and neutrophilic-differentiated HL-60 cells. Consistent with previous findings in epithelial tissues, SIGIRR gene and protein expression were also down-regulated by LPS treatment in a time-dependent manner in primary blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. A reduction was also observed in RAW264 and differentiated HL-60 cells. Notably, exogenous introduction of the dominant negative form of TLR4 and siRNA of p38 resulted in inhibition of LPS-induced SIGIRR down-regulation, whereas treatment with p38 activator anisomycin showed a dose-dependent decrease in SIGIRR expression, suggesting TLR4-p38 signal as a critical pathway for LPS-induced SIGIRR down-regulation. Finally, reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Sp1 is a key factor that directly binds to the proximal promoter of SIGIRR gene and consequently regulates basal SIGIRR expression, which is negatively regulated by the LPS-dependent TLR4-p38 pathway. In summary, the data precisely demonstrate how LPS down-regulates SIGIRR expression and provide a role of LPS signal that counteracts Sp1-dependent basal promoter activation of SIGIRR gene via TLR4-p38 pathway in non-epithelial innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ueno-Shuto
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan, the Laboratory of Pharmacology, Division of Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kato
- the Department of Physiology and Lung Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, and
| | - Yukihiro Tasaki
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Miki Sato
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Keizo Sato
- the School of Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
| | - Yuji Uchida
- the Laboratory of Pharmacology, Division of Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sakai
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ono
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mary Ann Suico
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mitsutake
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Naofumi Tokutomi
- the Laboratory of Pharmacology, Division of Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan,
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Souza TML, Temerozo JR, Giestal-de-Araujo E, Bou-Habib DC. The effects of neurotrophins and the neuropeptides VIP and PACAP on HIV-1 infection: histories with opposite ends. Neuroimmunomodulation 2014; 21:268-82. [PMID: 24603065 DOI: 10.1159/000357434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophins, and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) are largely present in human tissue and can exert modulatory activities on nervous, endocrine and immune system functions. NGF, VIP and PACAP receptors are expressed systemically in organisms, and thus these mediators exhibit pleiotropic natures. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causal agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), infects immune cells, and its replication is modulated by a number of endogenous factors that interact with HIV-1-infected cells. NGF, VIP and PACAP can also affect HIV-1 virus particle production upon binding to their receptors on the membranes of infected cells, which triggers cell signaling pathways that modify the HIV-1 replicative cycle. These molecules exert opposite effects on HIV-1 replication, as NGF and other neurotrophins enhance and VIP and PACAP reduce viral production in HIV-1-infected human primary macrophages. The understanding of AIDS pathogenesis should consider the mechanisms by which the replication of HIV-1, a pathogen that causes chronic morbidity, is influenced by neurotrophins, VIP and PACAP, i.e. molecules that exert a broad spectrum of physiological activities on the neuroimmunoendocrine axis. In this review, we will present the main effects of these two groups of mediators on the HIV-1 replicative cycle, as well as the mechanisms that underlie their abilities to modulate HIV-1 production in infected immune cells, and discuss the possible repercussion of the cross talk between NGF and both neuropeptides on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Moreno L Souza
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
The IL-1 family of ligands and receptors has a central role in both innate and adaptive immune responses and is tightly controlled by antagonists, decoy receptors, scavengers, dominant negative molecules, miRNAs and other mechanisms, acting extracellularly or intracellularly. During evolution, the development of multiple mechanisms of negative regulation reveals the need for tight control of the biological consequences of IL-1 family ligands in order to balance local and systemic inflammation and limit immunopathology. Indeed, studies with gene targeted mice for negative regulators and genetic studies in humans provide evidence for their non-redundant role in controlling inflammation, tissue damage and adaptive responses. In addition, studies have revealed the need of negative regulation of the IL-1 family not only in disease, but also in homeostatic conditions. In this review, the negative regulation mediated by decoy receptors are presented and include IL-1R2 and IL-IL-18BP as well as atypical receptors, which include TIR8/SIGIRR, IL-1RAcPb, TIGIRR-1 and IL-1RAPL. Particular emphasis is given to IL-1R2, since its discovery is the basis for the formulation of the decoy paradigm, now considered a general strategy to counter the primary inflammatory activities of cytokines and chemokines. Emphasis is also given to TIR8, a prototypical negative regulatory receptor having non-redundant roles in limiting inflammation and adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Bonavita
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Rozzano (Milano), Italy
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Pearlman E, Sun Y, Roy S, Karmakar M, Hise AG, Szczotka-Flynn L, Ghannoum M, Chinnery HR, McMenamin PG, Rietsch A. Host defense at the ocular surface. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:4-18. [PMID: 23360155 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.749400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections of the cornea frequently cause painful, blinding and debilitating disease that is often difficult to treat and may require corneal transplantation. In addition, sterile corneal infiltrates that are associated with contact lens wear cause pain, visual impairment and photophobia. In this article, we review the role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in bacterial keratitis and sterile corneal infiltrates, and describe the role of MD-2 regulation in LPS responsiveness by corneal epithelial cells. We conclude that both live bacteria and bacterial products activate Toll-Like Receptors in the cornea, which leads to chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma. While neutrophils are essential for bacterial killing, they also cause tissue damage that results in loss of corneal clarity. These disparate outcomes, therefore, represent a spectrum of disease severity based on this pathway, and further indicate that targeting the TLR pathway is a feasible approach to treating inflammation caused by live bacteria and microbial products. Further, as the P. aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) also plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis by inducing neutrophil apoptosis and facilitating bacterial growth in the cornea, T3SS exotoxins are additional targets for therapy for P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Garlanda C, Riva F, Bonavita E, Gentile S, Mantovani A. Decoys and Regulatory "Receptors" of the IL-1/Toll-Like Receptor Superfamily. Front Immunol 2013; 4:180. [PMID: 23847621 PMCID: PMC3705552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the IL-1 family play a key role in innate and adaptive immunity and in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. Members of IL-1R like receptor (ILR) family include signaling molecules and negative regulators. The latter include decoy receptors (IL-1RII; IL-18BP) and “receptors” with regulatory function (TIR8/SIGIRR; IL-1RAcPb; DIGIRR). Structural considerations suggest that also TIGIRR-1 and IL-1RAPL may have regulatory function. The presence of multiple pathways of negative regulation of members of the IL-1/IL-1R family emphasizes the need for a tight control of members of this fundamental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano , Italy
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Jiang X, McClellan SA, Barrett RP, Zhang Y, Foldenauer ME, Hazlett LD. The role of VIP in cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:7560-6. [PMID: 23074208 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) down-regulates pro-inflammatory but up-regulates anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors (GFs) and Toll-like receptors promoting healing in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) keratitis. Whether VIP is required for GF or GF receptor (R) expression in normal and infected corneas is unknown and is the purpose of this study. METHODS VIP knockout ((-/-)) and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 (B6) mice were infected and tested using PCR array, real-time RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunostaining. VIP antagonist treatment studies also were done using B6 and BALB/c mice. RESULTS Infected corneas of VIP(-/-) versus WT B6 mice perforated earlier (2 vs. 5 days postinfection [p.i.]), and array data showed that GFs were differentially changed between groups. RT-PCR revealed that the infected cornea of VIP(-/-) versus WT mice expressed higher mRNA levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), reduced FGF, EGFR, and HGFR, with no difference in FGFR; differences between groups were not seen in normal cornea. Immunostaining for GF and GFR in the normal cornea of VIP(-/-) versus WT mice was similar. However, at 1 day p.i., VIP(-/-) versus WT mice had more intense EGF and HGF, similar FGFR, and reduced FGF, EGFR, and HGFR staining. VIP antagonist treatment decreased protein levels for GFR at 5 days p.i. in both B6 and BALB/c mice, with no significant changes in normal cornea. CONCLUSIONS The data showed that endogenous VIP is not requisite for GF or GFR expression in the normal cornea but, after infection, its absence or reduction is critical for their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Riva F, Bonavita E, Barbati E, Muzio M, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. TIR8/SIGIRR is an Interleukin-1 Receptor/Toll Like Receptor Family Member with Regulatory Functions in Inflammation and Immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:322. [PMID: 23112799 PMCID: PMC3482685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1R like receptors (ILRs) and Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) are key receptors of innate immunity, inflammation, and orientation of the adaptive response. They belong to a superfamily characterized by the presence of a conserved intracellular domain, the Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain, which is involved in the activation of a signaling cascade leading to activation of transcription factors associated to inflammation. The activation of inflammatory responses and immunity by ILRs or TLRs signaling is potentially detrimental for the host in acute and chronic conditions and is tightly regulated at different levels by receptor antagonists, decoy receptors or signaling molecules, and miRNAs. Recent evidence suggests that the ILRs family member TIR8 (also known as SIGIRR) is a regulatory protein acting intracellularly to inhibit ILRs and TLRs signaling. In particular, current evidence suggests that TIR8/SIGIRR dampens TLRs-mediated activation and inhibits signaling receptor complexes of IL-1 family members associated with Th1 (IL-18), Th2 (IL-33), and Th17 (IL-1) differentiation. Studies with Tir8/Sigirr-deficient mice showed that the ability to dampen signaling from ILRs and TLRs family members makes TIR8/SIGIRR a key regulator of inflammation. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of TIR8/SIGIRR, focusing on its role in different pathological conditions, ranging from infectious and sterile inflammation, to autoimmunity and cancer-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan Milan, Italy
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