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Sharma S, Singh N, Turk AA, Wan I, Guttikonda A, Dong JL, Zhang X, Opyrchal M. Molecular insights into clinical trials for immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer: Unravelling challenges and future directions. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:1815-1835. [PMID: 38659481 PMCID: PMC11036501 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i13.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex disease with diverse etiologies and clinical outcomes. Despite considerable progress in development of CRC therapeutics, challenges remain regarding the diagnosis and management of advanced stage metastatic CRC (mCRC). In particular, the five-year survival rate is very low since mCRC is currently rarely curable. Over the past decade, cancer treatment has significantly improved with the introduction of cancer immunotherapies, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitors. Therapies aimed at blocking immune checkpoints such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 target inhibitory pathways of the immune system, and thereby enhance anti-tumor immunity. These therapies thus have shown promising results in many clinical trials alone or in combination. The efficacy and safety of immunotherapy, either alone or in combination with CRC, have been investigated in several clinical trials. Clinical trials, including KEYNOTE-164 and CheckMate 142, have led to Food and Drug Administration approval of the PD-1 inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab, respectively, for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic microsatellite instability-high or deficient mismatch repair CRC. Unfortunately, these drugs benefit only a small percentage of patients, with the benefits of immunotherapy remaining elusive for the vast majority of CRC patients. To this end, primary and secondary resistance to immunotherapy remains a significant issue, and further research is necessary to optimize the use of immunotherapy in CRC and identify biomarkers to predict the response. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical trials involving immune checkpoint inhibitors in CRC. The underlying rationale, challenges faced, and potential future steps to improve the prognosis and enhance the likelihood of successful trials in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sharma
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Naresh Singh
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Anita Ahmed Turk
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Isabella Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Akshay Guttikonda
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Julia Lily Dong
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Xinna Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Mateusz Opyrchal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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2
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Hosonuma M, Hirasawa Y, Kuramasu A, Murayama M, Narikawa Y, Toyoda H, Baba Y, Isobe J, Funayama E, Tajima K, Shida M, Hamada K, Tsurui T, Ariizumi H, Ishiguro T, Suzuki R, Ohkuma R, Kubota Y, Horiike A, Sambe T, Tsuji M, Wada S, Kiuchi Y, Kobayashi S, Tsunoda T, Yoshimura K. Nivolumab receptor occupancy on effector regulatory T cells predicts clinical benefit. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:752-762. [PMID: 38254257 PMCID: PMC10920990 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor discovery represents a turning point in cancer treatment. However, the response rates of solid tumors remain ~10%-30%; consequently, prognostic and immune-related adverse event (irAE) predictors are being explored. The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor occupancy (RO) of PD-1 inhibitors depends on the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and their PD-1 expression levels, suggesting that the RO may be related to efficacy and adverse events. As PD-1 inhibition affects each T-cell subset differently, the RO of each cell population must be characterized. However, relevant data have not been reported, and the prognostic relevance of this parameter is not known. In this study, we aimed to clarify the association between the nivolumab RO in each T-cell population and patient prognosis and reveal the development of irAEs in nivolumab-treated patients. Thirty-two patients were included in the study, and the mean follow-up period was 364 days. The nivolumab RO on effector regulatory T cells (eTregs) was significantly lower in the group that presented clinical benefits, and a significant negative association was observed between PD-1 occupancy on eTregs and all-cause mortality. The results suggest that the nivolumab RO on eTregs may be a prognostic factor in PD-1 inhibitor therapy, implying that the inhibition of PD-1/PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling on eTregs may attenuate antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hosonuma
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Pharmacological Research CenterShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Yuya Hirasawa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Atsuo Kuramasu
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Masakazu Murayama
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Pharmacological Research CenterShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Head and Neck Oncology CenterShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Yoichiro Narikawa
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Pharmacological Research CenterShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Head and Neck Oncology CenterShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyFujigaoka HospitalYokohamaJapan
| | - Hitoshi Toyoda
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Pharmacological Research CenterShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyFujigaoka HospitalYokohamaJapan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Yuta Baba
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Junya Isobe
- Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Eiji Funayama
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Kohei Tajima
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Midori Shida
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Kazuyuki Hamada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Toshiaki Tsurui
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Hirotsugu Ariizumi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Ishiguro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Risako Suzuki
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Ryotaro Ohkuma
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Yutaro Kubota
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Atsushi Horiike
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Takehiko Sambe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Pharmacological Research CenterShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Pharmacological Research CenterShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Shinichi Kobayashi
- Head and Neck Oncology CenterShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Takuya Tsunoda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of MedicineShowa UniversitySetagaya‐KuJapan
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3
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Duke S, Maiarana J, Yousefi P, Burks E, Gerrie S, Setiadi A, Hildebrand KJ, James E, Turvey SE, Markle JG, Biggs CM. Expanding the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of CTLA-4 insufficiency. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2024; 35:e14077. [PMID: 38351878 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Duke
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James Maiarana
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pariya Yousefi
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Samantha Gerrie
- Department of Radiology, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Audi Setiadi
- Department of Pathology, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyla J Hildebrand
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elliot James
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janet G Markle
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Catherine M Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, St Paul's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Tey PY, Dufner A, Knobeloch KP, Pruneda JN, Clague MJ, Urbé S. Rapid turnover of CTLA4 is associated with a complex architecture of reversible ubiquitylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.31.573735. [PMID: 38260548 PMCID: PMC10802369 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.31.573735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The immune checkpoint regulator CTLA4 is an unusually short-lived membrane protein. Here we show that its lysosomal degradation is dependent on ubiquitylation at Lysine residues 203 and 213. Inhibition of the v-ATPase partially restores CTLA4 levels following cycloheximide treatment, but also reveals a fraction that is secreted in exosomes. The endosomal deubiquitylase, USP8, interacts with CTLA4 and its loss enhances CTLA4 ubiquitylation in cancer cells, mouse CD4+ T cells and in cancer cell-derived exosomes. Depletion of the USP8 adapter protein, HD-PTP, but not ESCRT-0 recapitulates this cellular phenotype, but shows distinct properties vis-à-vis exosome incorporation. Re-expression of wild-type USP8, but neither a catalytically inactive, nor a localization-compromised ΔMIT domain mutant can rescue delayed degradation of CTLA4, or counteract its accumulation in clustered endosomes. UbiCRest analysis of CTLA4-associated ubiquitin chain linkages identifies a complex mixture of conventional Lys63- and more unusual Lys27- and Lys29-linked polyubiquitin chains that may underly the rapidity of protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yee Tey
- Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Almut Dufner
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan N. Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael J. Clague
- Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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5
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Torki E, Gharezade A, Doroudchi M, Sheikhi S, Mansury D, Sullman MJM, Fouladseresht H. The kinetics of inhibitory immune checkpoints during and post-COVID-19: the knowns and unknowns. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:3299-3319. [PMID: 37697158 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is tightly regulated to prevent immune reactions to self-antigens and to avoid excessive immune responses during and after challenges from non-self-antigens. Inhibitory immune checkpoints (IICPs), as the major regulators of immune system responses, are extremely important for maintaining the homeostasis of cells and tissues. However, the high and sustained co-expression of IICPs in chronic infections, under persistent antigenic stimulations, results in reduced immune cell functioning and more severe and prolonged disease complications. Furthermore, IICPs-mediated interactions can be hijacked by pathogens in order to evade immune induction or effector mechanisms. Therefore, IICPs can be potential targets for the prognosis and treatment of chronic infectious diseases. This is especially the case with regards to the most challenging infectious disease of recent times, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose long-term complications can persist long after recovery. This article reviews the current knowledge about the kinetics and functioning of the IICPs during and post-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensiye Torki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arezou Gharezade
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shima Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Davood Mansury
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mark J M Sullman
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Hamed Fouladseresht
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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6
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Rojas-Restrepo J, Sindram E, Zenke S, Haberstroh H, Mitsuiki N, Gabrysch A, Huebscher K, Posadas-Cantera S, Krausz M, Kobbe R, Rohr JC, Grimbacher B, Gámez-Díaz L. Functional Relevance of CTLA4 Variants: an Upgraded Approach to Assess CTLA4-Dependent Transendocytosis by Flow Cytometry. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:2076-2089. [PMID: 37740092 PMCID: PMC10661720 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in CTLA4 are frequently identified in patients with antibody deficiency or immune dysregulation syndromes including, but not limited to, patients with multi-organ autoimmunity and autoinflammation. However, to ascertain the diagnosis of CTLA4 insufficiency, the functional relevance of each variant needs to be determined. Currently, various assays have been proposed to assess the functionality of CTLA4 VUS, including the analysis of transendocytosis, the biological function of CTLA4 to capture CD80 molecules from antigen presenting cells. Challenges of this assay include weak fluorescence intensity of the internalized ligand, poor reproducibility, and poor performance upon analyzing thawed cells. In addition, the distinction of pathogenic from non-pathogenic variants and from wild-type CTLA4, and the classification of the different VUS according to its level of CTLA4 dysfunction, would be desirable. We developed a novel CD80-expressing cell line for the evaluation of CD80-transendocytosis and compared it to the published transendocytosis assay. Our approach showed lower inter-assay variability and better robustness regardless the type of starting material (fresh or thawed peripheral mononuclear cells). In addition, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed 100% specificity, avoiding false positive results and allowing for a clear distinction between pathogenic and non-pathogenic variants in CTLA4-variant carriers. With our transendocytosis assay, we assessed the pathogenicity of 24 distinct CTLA4 variants from patients submitted to our diagnostic unit. Significantly impaired transendocytosis was demonstrated for 17 CTLA4 variants, whereas seven variants tested normal. In conclusion, our upgraded transendocytosis assay allows a reliable assessment of newly identified variants in CTLA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rojas-Restrepo
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Sindram
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Zenke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Matterhorn Biosciences GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Haberstroh
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Noriko Mitsuiki
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annemarie Gabrysch
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Huebscher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Posadas-Cantera
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Máté Krausz
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Kobbe
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan C Rohr
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS - Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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7
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Spanier JA, Fung V, Wardell CM, Alkhatib MH, Chen Y, Swanson LA, Dwyer AJ, Weno ME, Silva N, Mitchell JS, Orban PC, Mojibian M, Verchere CB, Fife BT, Levings MK. Tregs with an MHC class II peptide-specific chimeric antigen receptor prevent autoimmune diabetes in mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e168601. [PMID: 37561596 PMCID: PMC10503798 DOI: 10.1172/jci168601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with Tregs is a promising approach for preventing or treating type 1 diabetes. Islet antigen-specific Tregs have more potent therapeutic effects than polyclonal cells, but their low frequency is a barrier for clinical application. To generate Tregs that recognize islet antigens, we engineered a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) derived from a monoclonal antibody with specificity for the insulin B chain 10-23 peptide presented in the context of the IAg7 MHC class II allele present in NOD mice. Peptide specificity of the resulting InsB-g7 CAR was confirmed by tetramer staining and T cell proliferation in response to recombinant or islet-derived peptide. The InsB-g7 CAR redirected NOD Treg specificity such that insulin B 10-23-peptide stimulation enhanced suppressive function, measured via reduction of proliferation and IL-2 production by BDC2.5 T cells and CD80 and CD86 expression on dendritic cells. Cotransfer of InsB-g7 CAR Tregs prevented adoptive transfer diabetes by BDC2.5 T cells in immunodeficient NOD mice. In WT NOD mice, InsB-g7 CAR Tregs prevented spontaneous diabetes. These results show that engineering Treg specificity for islet antigens using a T cell receptor-like CAR is a promising therapeutic approach for the prevention of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Spanier
- Center for Immunology
- Center for Autoimmune Disease Research, and
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vivian Fung
- Department of Surgery and
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine M. Wardell
- Department of Surgery and
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mohannad H. Alkhatib
- Center for Immunology
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yixin Chen
- Center for Immunology
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Linnea A. Swanson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander J. Dwyer
- Center for Immunology
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew E. Weno
- Center for Immunology
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nubia Silva
- Center for Immunology
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jason S. Mitchell
- Center for Immunology
- Center for Autoimmune Disease Research, and
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul C. Orban
- Department of Surgery and
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- Department of Surgery and
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C. Bruce Verchere
- Department of Surgery and
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian T. Fife
- Center for Immunology
- Center for Autoimmune Disease Research, and
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery and
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Xu X, Dennett P, Zhang J, Sherrard A, Zhao Y, Masubuchi T, Bui JD, Chen X, Hui E. CTLA4 depletes T cell endogenous and trogocytosed B7 ligands via cis-endocytosis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221391. [PMID: 37042938 PMCID: PMC10103642 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CD28 and CTLA4 are T cell coreceptors that competitively engage B7 ligands CD80 and CD86 to control adaptive immune responses. While the role of CTLA4 in restraining CD28 costimulatory signaling is well-established, the mechanism has remained unclear. Here, we report that human T cells acquire antigen-presenting-cell (APC)-derived B7 ligands and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) via trogocytosis through CD28:B7 binding. Acquired MHC and B7 enabled T cells to autostimulate, and this process was limited cell-intrinsically by CTLA4, which depletes B7 ligands trogocytosed or endogenously expressed by T cells through cis-endocytosis. Extending this model to the previously proposed extrinsic function of CTLA4 in human regulatory T cells (Treg), we show that blockade of either CD28 or CTLA4 attenuates Treg-mediated depletion of APC B7, indicating that trogocytosis and CTLA4-mediated cis-endocytosis work together to deplete B7 from APCs. Our study establishes CTLA4 as a cell-intrinsic molecular sink that limits B7 availability on the surface of T cells, with implications for CTLA4-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Xu
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Preston Dennett
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jibin Zhang
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alice Sherrard
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Takeya Masubuchi
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jack D. Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Enfu Hui
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Xiao Z, Wang R, Wang X, Yang H, Dong J, He X, Yang Y, Guo J, Cui J, Zhou Z. Impaired function of dendritic cells within the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213629. [PMID: 37441069 PMCID: PMC10333501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), a class of professional antigen-presenting cells, are considered key factors in the initiation and maintenance of anti-tumor immunity due to their powerful ability to present antigen and stimulate T-cell responses. The important role of DCs in controlling tumor growth and mediating potent anti-tumor immunity has been demonstrated in various cancer models. Accordingly, the infiltration of stimulatory DCs positively correlates with the prognosis and response to immunotherapy in a variety of solid tumors. However, accumulating evidence indicates that DCs exhibit a significantly dysfunctional state, ultimately leading to an impaired anti-tumor immune response due to the effects of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently, numerous preclinical and clinical studies are exploring immunotherapeutic strategies to better control tumors by restoring or enhancing the activity of DCs in tumors, such as the popular DC-based vaccines. In this review, an overview of the role of DCs in controlling tumor progression is provided, followed by a summary of the current advances in understanding the mechanisms by which the TME affects the normal function of DCs, and concluding with a brief discussion of current strategies for DC-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xuyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Haikui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiamei Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiahao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
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10
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Caruso B, Moran AE. Thymic expression of immune checkpoint molecules and their implication for response to immunotherapies. Trends Cancer 2023:S2405-8033(23)00063-8. [PMID: 37173189 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is responsible for generating a diverse T cell repertoire that is tolerant to self, but capable of responding to various immunologic insults, including cancer. Checkpoint blockade has changed the face of cancer treatment by targeting inhibitory molecules, which are known to regulate peripheral T cell responses. However, these inhibitory molecules and their ligands are expressed during T cell development in the thymus. In this review, we describe the underappreciated role of checkpoint molecule expression during the formation of the T cell repertoire and detail the importance of inhibitory molecules in regulating T cell lineage commitment. Understanding how these molecules function in the thymus may inform therapeutic strategies for better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna Caruso
- Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amy E Moran
- Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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11
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Kennedy A, Robinson MA, Hinze C, Waters E, Williams C, Halliday N, Dovedi S, Sansom DM. The CTLA-4 immune checkpoint protein regulates PD-L1:PD-1 interaction via transendocytosis of its ligand CD80. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111556. [PMID: 36727298 PMCID: PMC9975936 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 and PD-1 are key immune checkpoint receptors that are targeted in the treatment of cancer. A recently identified physical interaction between the respective ligands, CD80 and PD-L1, has been shown to block PD-L1/PD-1 binding and to prevent PD-L1 inhibitory functions. Since CTLA-4 is known to capture and degrade its ligands via transendocytosis, we investigated the interplay between CD80 transendocytosis and CD80/PD-L1 interaction. We find that transendocytosis of CD80 results in a time-dependent recovery of PD-L1 availability that correlates with CD80 removal. Moreover, CD80 transendocytosis is highly specific in that only CD80 is internalised, while its heterodimeric PD-L1 partner remains on the plasma membrane of the antigen-presenting cell (APC). CTLA-4 interactions with CD80 do not appear to be inhibited by PD-L1, but efficient removal of CD80 requires an intact CTLA-4 cytoplasmic domain, distinguishing this process from more general trogocytosis and simple CTLA-4 binding to CD80/PD-L1 complexes. These data are consistent with CTLA-4 acting as modulator of PD-L1:PD-1 interactions via control of CD80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kennedy
- UCL Institute of Immunity and TransplantationLondonUK
| | | | - Claudia Hinze
- UCL Institute of Immunity and TransplantationLondonUK
| | - Erin Waters
- UCL Institute of Immunity and TransplantationLondonUK
| | | | - Neil Halliday
- UCL Institute of Immunity and TransplantationLondonUK
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12
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Spanier JA, Fung V, Wardell CM, Alkhatib MH, Chen Y, Swanson LA, Dwyer AJ, Weno ME, Silva N, Mitchell JS, Orban PC, Mojibian M, Verchere CB, Fife BT, Levings MK. Insulin B peptide-MHC class II-specific chimeric antigen receptor-Tregs prevent autoimmune diabetes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.23.529737. [PMID: 36865264 PMCID: PMC9980092 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with Tregs is a promising approach for prevention or treatment of type 1 diabetes. Islet antigen-specific Tregs have more potent therapeutic effects than polyclonal cells, but their low frequency is a barrier for clinical application. To generate Tregs that recognize islet antigens, we engineered a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) derived from a monoclonal antibody with specificity for the insulin B-chain 10-23 peptide presented in the context of the IA g7 MHC class II allele present in NOD mice. Peptide specificity of the resulting InsB-g7 CAR was confirmed by tetramer staining and T cell proliferation in response to recombinant or islet-derived peptide. The InsB-g7 CAR re-directed NOD Treg specificity such that insulin B 10-23-peptide stimulation enhanced suppressive function, measured via reduction of proliferation and IL-2 production by BDC2.5 T cells and CD80 and CD86 expression on dendritic cells. Co-transfer of InsB-g7 CAR Tregs prevented adoptive transfer diabetes by BDC2.5 T cells in immunodeficient NOD mice. In wild type NOD mice, InsB-g7 CAR Tregs stably expressed Foxp3 and prevented spontaneous diabetes. These results show that engineering Treg specificity for islet antigens using a T cell receptor-like CAR is a promising new therapeutic approach for the prevention of autoimmune diabetes. Brief Summary Chimeric antigen receptor Tregs specific for an insulin B-chain peptide presented by MHC class II prevent autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Spanier
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Autoimmune Disease Research, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vivian Fung
- Dept of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine M. Wardell
- Dept of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mohannad H. Alkhatib
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yixin Chen
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linnea A. Swanson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexander J. Dwyer
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew E. Weno
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nubia Silva
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jason S. Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Autoimmune Disease Research, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul C. Orban
- Dept of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- Dept of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C. Bruce Verchere
- Dept of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian T. Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Autoimmune Disease Research, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Dept of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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13
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CTLA-4 Expression Is a Promising Biomarker of Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Allows Differentiation of the Type of Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415910. [PMID: 36555549 PMCID: PMC9783197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an increasingly frequently diagnosed disease, the molecular mechanisms of which have not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of our study was to investigate subpopulations of lymphocytes to better understand their role in the molecular pathomechanisms of various types of PAH and to find a suitable biomarker that could be useful in the differential diagnosis of PAH. Using flow cytometry, we measured the frequencies of lymphocyte subpopulations CD4+CTLA-4+, CD8+ CTLA-4+ and CD19+ CTLA-4+ in patients with different types of PAH, namely pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH), pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disorders (CTD-PAH), chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH), and in an age- and sex-matched control group in relation to selected clinical parameters. Patients in the iPAH group had the significantly highest percentage of CD4+CTLA-4+ T lymphocytes among all PAH groups, as compared to those in the control group (p < 0.001), patients with CTEPH (p < 0.001), CTD-PAH (p < 0.001) and CHD-PAH (p < 0.01). In iPAH patients, the percentages of CD4+CTLA-4+ T cells correlated strongly positively with the severity of heart failure New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification (r = 0.7077, p < 0.001). Moreover, the percentage of B CD19+CTLA-4+ cells strongly positively correlated with the concentration of NT-proBNP (r = 0.8498, p < 0.001). We have shown that statistically significantly higher percentages of CD4+CTLA-4+ (p ≤ 0.01) and CD8+ CTLA-4+ (p ≤ 0.001) T cells, measured at the time of iPAH diagnosis, were found in patients who died within 5 years of the diagnosis, which allows us to consider both of the above lymphocyte subpopulations as a negative prognostic/predictive factor in iPAH. CTLA-4 may be a promising biomarker of noninvasive detection of iPAH, but its role in planning the treatment strategy of PAH remains unclear. Further studies on T and B lymphocyte subsets are needed in different types of PAH to ascertain the relationships that exist between them and the disease.
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14
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Fox TA, Houghton BC, Petersone L, Waters E, Edner NM, McKenna A, Preham O, Hinze C, Williams C, de Albuquerque AS, Kennedy A, Pesenacker AM, Genovese P, Walker LSK, Burns SO, Sansom DM, Booth C, Morris EC. Therapeutic gene editing of T cells to correct CTLA-4 insufficiency. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn5811. [PMID: 36288278 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in CTLA-4 result in an inborn error of immunity with an autoimmune and frequently severe clinical phenotype. Autologous T cell gene therapy may offer a cure without the immunological complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we designed a homology-directed repair (HDR) gene editing strategy that inserts the CTLA-4 cDNA into the first intron of the CTLA-4 genomic locus in primary human T cells. This resulted in regulated expression of CTLA-4 in CD4+ T cells, and functional studies demonstrated CD80 and CD86 transendocytosis. Gene editing of T cells isolated from three patients with CTLA-4 insufficiency also restored CTLA-4 protein expression and rescued transendocytosis of CD80 and CD86 in vitro. Last, gene-corrected T cells from CTLA-4-/- mice engrafted and prevented lymphoproliferation in an in vivo murine model of CTLA-4 insufficiency. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a therapeutic approach using T cell gene therapy for CTLA-4 insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrew Fox
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW1 2BU UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Lina Petersone
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Erin Waters
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Natalie Mona Edner
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Alex McKenna
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Olivier Preham
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Claudia Hinze
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Cayman Williams
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Adriana Silva de Albuquerque
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
- University College London Hospital, National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, London W1T 7DN, UK
| | - Alan Kennedy
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Anne Maria Pesenacker
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Pietro Genovese
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lucy Sarah Kate Walker
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Siobhan Oisin Burns
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - David Michael Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Claire Booth
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Emma Catherine Morris
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, NW3 2PP, UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW1 2BU UK
- University College London Hospital, National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, London W1T 7DN, UK
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2QG, UK
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15
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Koch CM, Prigge AD, Setar L, Anekalla KR, Do-Umehara HC, Abdala-Valencia H, Politanska Y, Shukla A, Chavez J, Hahn GR, Coates BM. Cilia-related gene signature in the nasal mucosa correlates with disease severity and outcomes in critical respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:924792. [PMID: 36211387 PMCID: PMC9540395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.924792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause life-threatening respiratory failure in infants. We sought to characterize the local host response to RSV infection in the nasal mucosa of infants with critical bronchiolitis and to identify early admission gene signatures associated with clinical outcomes. Methods Nasal scrape biopsies were obtained from 33 infants admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with critical RSV bronchiolitis requiring non-invasive respiratory support (NIS) or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed. Gene expression in participants who required shortened NIS (</= 3 days), prolonged NIS (> 3 days), and IMV was compared. Findings Increased expression of ciliated cell genes and estimated ciliated cell abundance, but not immune cell abundance, positively correlated with duration of hospitalization in infants with critical bronchiolitis. A ciliated cell signature characterized infants who required NIS for > 3 days while a basal cell signature was present in infants who required NIS for </= 3 days, despite both groups requiring an equal degree of respiratory support at the time of sampling. Infants who required invasive mechanical ventilation had increased expression of genes involved in neutrophil activation and cell death. Interpretation Increased expression of cilia-related genes in clinically indistinguishable infants with critical RSV may differentiate between infants who will require prolonged hospitalization and infants who will recover quickly. Validation of these findings in a larger cohort is needed to determine whether a cilia-related gene signature can predict duration of illness in infants with critical bronchiolitis. The ability to identify which infants with critical RSV bronchiolitis may require prolonged hospitalization using non-invasive nasal samples would provide invaluable prognostic information to parents and medical providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M. Koch
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew D. Prigge
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leah Setar
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | | | - Yuliya Politanska
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Avani Shukla
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jairo Chavez
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Grant R. Hahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bria M. Coates
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Bria M. Coates,
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16
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Zhang T, Zhao J, Fu J, Chen G, Ma T. Improvement of the sepsis survival rate by adenosine 2a receptor antagonists depends on immune regulatory functions of regulatory T-cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:996446. [PMID: 36148230 PMCID: PMC9485829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.996446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine shows a significant immunosuppressive effect in sepsis via binding to the adenosine 2a receptor (A2aR). Both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of the A2aR may improve survival in sepsis. However, available research on this protective mechanism is quite limited. We used an A2aR antagonist (ZM241385) to treat a cecal ligation and puncture model of normal mice or regulatory T-cell (Treg)-depletion mice and found that the protective effect of ZM241385 is dependent on Tregs. Mechanically, A2aR inactivation was associated with decreased frequencies and reduced function of Foxp3+ Tregs, as evidenced by Foxp3 and CTLA-4 expression and classical effector T-cell proliferative assays, suggesting Treg modulation is a potential protective mechanism against sepsis. Simultaneously, the function and quantity of abdominal neutrophils were improved with ZM241385 treatment. To see if a link exists between them, Tregs and neutrophils were co-cultured, and it was found that ZM241385 blocked the inhibitory effect of Tregs on neutrophils. According to our research, Tregs play a key role in how A2aR antagonists improve sepsis prognosis and bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingnan Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guibing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Ma,
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17
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Kennedy A, Waters E, Rowshanravan B, Hinze C, Williams C, Janman D, Fox TA, Booth C, Pesenacker AM, Halliday N, Soskic B, Kaur S, Qureshi OS, Morris EC, Ikemizu S, Paluch C, Huo J, Davis SJ, Boucrot E, Walker LSK, Sansom DM. Differences in CD80 and CD86 transendocytosis reveal CD86 as a key target for CTLA-4 immune regulation. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1365-1378. [PMID: 35999394 PMCID: PMC9477731 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01289-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CD28 and CTLA-4 (CD152) play essential roles in regulating T cell immunity, balancing the activation and inhibition of T cell responses, respectively. Although both receptors share the same ligands, CD80 and CD86, the specific requirement for two distinct ligands remains obscure. In the present study, we demonstrate that, although CTLA-4 targets both CD80 and CD86 for destruction via transendocytosis, this process results in separate fates for CTLA-4 itself. In the presence of CD80, CTLA-4 remained ligand bound, and was ubiquitylated and trafficked via late endosomes and lysosomes. In contrast, in the presence of CD86, CTLA-4 detached in a pH-dependent manner and recycled back to the cell surface to permit further transendocytosis. Furthermore, we identified clinically relevant mutations that cause autoimmune disease, which selectively disrupted CD86 transendocytosis, by affecting either CTLA-4 recycling or CD86 binding. These observations provide a rationale for two distinct ligands and show that defects in CTLA-4-mediated transendocytosis of CD86 are associated with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kennedy
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Erin Waters
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | | | - Claudia Hinze
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | | | - Daniel Janman
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Fox
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Neil Halliday
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Blagoje Soskic
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Satdip Kaur
- School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Emma C Morris
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Shinji Ikemizu
- Division of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Christopher Paluch
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
- Protein Production UK, The Rosalind Franklin Institute-Diamond Light Source, The Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanuel Boucrot
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK.
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Williams C, Kennedy A, Robinson MA, Lloyd C, Dovedi SJ, Sansom DM. Impact of CTLA-4 checkpoint antibodies on ligand binding and Transendocytosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:871802. [PMID: 36119113 PMCID: PMC9471429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies have pioneered the field of tumour immunotherapy. However, despite impressive clinical response data, the mechanism by which anti-CTLA-4 antibodies work is still controversial. Two major checkpoint antibodies (ipilimumab and tremelimumab) have been trialled clinically. Both have high affinity binding to CTLA-4 and occupy the ligand binding site, however recently it has been suggested that in some settings such antibodies may not block ligand-CTLA-4 interactions. Here we evaluated blocking capabilities of these antibodies in a variety of settings using both soluble and cell bound target proteins. We found that when ligands (CD80 or CD86) were expressed on cells, soluble CTLA-4-Ig bound in line with affinity expectations and that this interaction was effectively disrupted by both ipilimumab and tremelimumab antibodies. Similarly, cellular CTLA-4 binding to soluble ligands was comparably prevented. We further tested the ability of these antibodies to block transendocytosis, whereby CTLA-4 captures ligands from target cells during a cognate cell-cell interaction. Once again ipilimumab and tremelimumab were similar in preventing removal of ligand by transendocytosis. Furthermore, even once transendocytosis was ongoing and cell contact was fully established, the addition of these antibodies could prevent further ligand transfer. Together these data indicate that the above checkpoint inhibitors performed in-line with predictions based on affinity and binding site data and are capable of blocking CTLA-4-ligand interactions in a wide range of settings tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayman Williams
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Kennedy
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maximillian A. Robinson
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David M. Sansom
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Recent Advances and Challenges in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163972. [PMID: 36010965 PMCID: PMC9406446 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy helps a person’s immune system to target tumor cells. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and cancer vaccination, have changed the landscape of cancer treatment. These approaches have had profound success in certain cancer types but still fail in the majority of cases. This review will cover both successes and current challenges in cancer immunotherapy, as well as recent advances in the field of basic tumor immunology that will allow us to overcome resistance to existing treatments. Abstract Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the field of oncology in recent years. Harnessing the immune system to treat cancer has led to a large growth in the number of novel immunotherapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibition, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and cancer vaccination. In this review, we will discuss the current landscape of immuno-oncology research, with a focus on elements that influence immunotherapeutic outcomes. We will also highlight recent advances in basic aspects of tumor immunology, in particular, the role of the immunosuppressive cells within the tumor microenvironment in regulating antitumor immunity. Lastly, we will discuss how the understanding of basic tumor immunology can lead to the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies.
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20
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Wieland J, Buchan S, Sen Gupta S, Mantzouratou A. Genomic instability and the link to infertility: A focus on microsatellites and genomic instability syndromes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022; 274:229-237. [PMID: 35671666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Infertility is associated to multiple types of different genomic instabilities and is a genetic feature of genomic instability syndromes. While the mismatch repair machinery contributes to the maintenance of genome integrity, surprisingly its potential role in infertility is overlooked. Defects in mismatch repair mechanisms contribute to microsatellite instability and genomic instability syndromes, due to the inability to repair newly replicated DNA. This article reviews the literature to date to elucidate the contribution of microsatellite instability to genomic instability syndromes and infertility. The key findings presented reveal microsatellite instability is poorly researched in genomic instability syndromes and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Wieland
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Sarah Buchan
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Sioban Sen Gupta
- Institute for Women's Health, 86-96 Chenies Mews, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK.
| | - Anna Mantzouratou
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK.
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21
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Céspedes PF, Jainarayanan A, Fernández-Messina L, Valvo S, Saliba DG, Kurz E, Kvalvaag A, Chen L, Ganskow C, Colin-York H, Fritzsche M, Peng Y, Dong T, Johnson E, Siller-Farfán JA, Dushek O, Sezgin E, Peacock B, Law A, Aubert D, Engledow S, Attar M, Hester S, Fischer R, Sánchez-Madrid F, Dustin ML. T-cell trans-synaptic vesicles are distinct and carry greater effector content than constitutive extracellular vesicles. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3460. [PMID: 35710644 PMCID: PMC9203538 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological synapse is a molecular hub that facilitates the delivery of three activation signals, namely antigen, costimulation/corepression and cytokines, from antigen-presenting cells (APC) to T cells. T cells release a fourth class of signaling entities, trans-synaptic vesicles (tSV), to mediate bidirectional communication. Here we present bead-supported lipid bilayers (BSLB) as versatile synthetic APCs to capture, characterize and advance the understanding of tSV biogenesis. Specifically, the integration of juxtacrine signals, such as CD40 and antigen, results in the adaptive tailoring and release of tSV, which differ in size, yields and immune receptor cargo compared with steadily released extracellular vesicles (EVs). Focusing on CD40L+ tSV as model effectors, we show that PD-L1 trans-presentation together with TSG101, ADAM10 and CD81 are key in determining CD40L vesicular release. Lastly, we find greater RNA-binding protein and microRNA content in tSV compared with EVs, supporting the specialized role of tSV as intercellular messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Céspedes
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ashwin Jainarayanan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lola Fernández-Messina
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Intercellular communication in the inflammatory response. Vascular Physiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David G Saliba
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elke Kurz
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lina Chen
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charity Ganskow
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Huw Colin-York
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Errin Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Simon Engledow
- Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Moustafa Attar
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Svenja Hester
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Intercellular communication in the inflammatory response. Vascular Physiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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22
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Bolivar-Wagers S, Larson JH, Jin S, Blazar BR. Cytolytic CD4 + and CD8 + Regulatory T-Cells and Implications for Developing Immunotherapies to Combat Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864748. [PMID: 35493508 PMCID: PMC9040077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Treg) are critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance induction. While the immunosuppressive mechanisms of Treg have been extensively investigated for decades, the mechanisms responsible for Treg cytotoxicity and their therapeutic potential in regulating immune responses have been incompletely explored and exploited. Conventional cytotoxic T effector cells (Teffs) are known to be important for adaptive immune responses, particularly in the settings of viral infections and cancer. CD4+ and CD8+ Treg subsets may also share similar cytotoxic properties with conventional Teffs. Cytotoxic effector Treg (cyTreg) are a heterogeneous population in the periphery that retain the capacity to suppress T-cell proliferation and activation, induce cellular apoptosis, and migrate to tissues to ensure immune homeostasis. The latter can occur through several cytolytic mechanisms, including the Granzyme/Perforin and Fas/FasL signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of cyTreg and their potential application in the treatment of human disease, particularly Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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23
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Rap1 prevents colitogenic Th17 cell expansion and facilitates Treg cell differentiation and distal TCR signaling. Commun Biol 2022; 5:206. [PMID: 35246619 PMCID: PMC8897436 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-specific Rap1 deletion causes spontaneous colitis in mice. In the present study, we revealed that Rap1 deficiency in T cells impaired the preceding induction of intestinal RORγt+ Treg cells. In the large intestinal lamina propria (LILP) of T-cell-specific Rap1-knockout mice (Rap1KO mice), Th17 cells were found to increase in a microbiota-dependent manner, and the inhibition of IL-17A production prevented the development of colitis. In the LILP of Rap1KO mice, RORγt+ Treg cells were scarcely induced by 4 weeks of age. The expression of CTLA-4 on Rap1-deficient Treg cells was reduced and the expression of CD80 and CD86 on dendritic cells was consequently elevated in Rap1KO mice. When cultured under each polarizing condition, Rap1-deficient naïve CD4+ T cells did not show biased differentiation into Th17 cells; their differentiation into Treg cells as well as Th1 and Th2 cells was lesser than that of wild-type cells. Rap1-deficient naïve CD4+ T cells were found to exhibit the defective nuclear translocation of NFAT and formation of actin foci in response to TCR engagement. These data suggest that Rap1 amplifies the TCR signaling required for Treg-mediated control of intestinal colitogenic Th17 responses. Rap1 deficiency in T cells impairs development or maintenance of Rorγt+ Tregs in the colonic lamina propria, leading to an increase in pathogenic Th17 cells and development of spontaneous colitis.
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24
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Westermann-Clark E, Ballow M, Walter JE. The new quest in CTLA-4 insufficiency: How to immune modulate effectively? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:543-546. [PMID: 34915039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Westermann-Clark
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Fla; Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St Petersburg, Fla
| | - Mark Ballow
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St Petersburg, Fla; Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Fla
| | - Jolan E Walter
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St Petersburg, Fla; Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Fla; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass.
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25
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Wang Q, Bardhan K, Boussiotis VA, Patsoukis N. The PD-1 Interactome. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100758. [PMID: 34170628 PMCID: PMC10754315 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is a fine-tuned process that involves T cell receptor and costimulation signals. To prevent undue activation of T cells, inhibitory molecules including PD-1 (programmed death 1) are induced and function as brakes for T cell signaling. In a steady state, the interaction of PD-1 with its ligands PD-L1 (B7-H1, CD274) and PD-L2 (B7-DC, CD273) maintains peripheral immune tolerance. However, the expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells and interaction with PD-1 on T cells dampen anti-tumor immunity. Therapeutic inhibitors of the PD-1 pathway have revolutionized tumor immunotherapy. Unfortunately, the majority of patients do not develop sustained anti-tumor responses. However, the knowledge about unique PD-1 interactions and their role in mediating PD-1 inhibitory signals is currently limited. Advances in the mechanistic understanding of the molecular and signaling integration of the PD-1 pathway could unleash the great potential in tumor immunotherapy by allowing the development of combinatorial approaches that target not only PD-1 and its ligands but also its unique downstream signal mediators. In this review, the current advances in understanding the mechanisms of extracellular and intracellular PD-1 interactions and their significance in potential future therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kankana Bardhan
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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26
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Waldmann H. Regulatory T cells and transplantation tolerance: Emerging from the darkness? Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1580-1591. [PMID: 33961297 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue transplantation has revolutionized the treatment of patients with failing organs. Its success, thus far, has depended on combinations of immunosuppressive drugs that damp host immunity, while also imposing numerous unwanted side-effects. There is a longstanding recognition that better treatment outcomes, will come from replacing these drugs, fully or in part, by taking advantage of tractable physiological mechanisms of self-tolerance. The past 50 years have seen many advances in the field of self-tolerance, but perhaps, the most tractable of these has been the more recent discovery of a subset T-cells (Treg) whose role is to regulate or damp immunity. This article is intended to first provide the reader with some historical background to explain why we have been slow to identify these cells, despite numerous clues to their existence, and also to indicate how little we know about how they achieve their regulatory function in averting transplant rejection. However, as is often the case in immunology, the therapeutic needs often dictate that our advances move to translation even before detailed explanations of the science are available. The final part of the article will briefly summarize how Treg are being harnessed as agents to interface with or perhaps, replace current drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
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27
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PD-L1 signaling on human memory CD4+ T cells induces a regulatory phenotype. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001199. [PMID: 33901179 PMCID: PMC8101994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is expressed on T cells upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed in most tumor environments, and its binding to PD-1 on T cells drives them to apoptosis or into a regulatory phenotype. The fact that PD-L1 itself is also expressed on T cells upon activation has been largely neglected. Here, we demonstrate that PD-L1 ligation on human CD25-depleted CD4+ T cells, combined with CD3/TCR stimulation, induces their conversion into highly suppressive T cells. Furthermore, this effect was most prominent in memory (CD45RA−CD45RO+) T cells. PD-L1 engagement on T cells resulted in reduced ERK phosphorylation and decreased AKT/mTOR/S6 signaling. Importantly, T cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients exhibited high basal levels of phosphorylated ERK and following PD-L1 cross-linking both ERK signaling and the AKT/mTOR/S6 pathway failed to be down modulated, making them refractory to the acquisition of a regulatory phenotype. Altogether, our results suggest that PD-L1 signaling on memory T cells could play an important role in resolving inflammatory responses; maintaining a tolerogenic environment and its failure could contribute to ongoing autoimmunity. This study shows that programmed death cell receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling in memory CD4+ T cells from healthy individuals induces a regulatory phenotype; this mechanism seems to be defective in equivalent T cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients and could be in part responsible for the pathology.
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28
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Gámez-Díaz L, Grimbacher B. Immune checkpoint deficiencies and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes. Biomed J 2021; 44:400-411. [PMID: 34384744 PMCID: PMC8514790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is an inherited non-malignant and non-infectious lymphoproliferative syndrome caused by mutations in genes affecting the extrinsic apoptotic pathway (FAS, FASL, CASP10). The resulting FAS-mediated apoptosis defect accounts for the expansion and accumulation of autoreactive (double-negative) T cells leading to cytopenias, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, autoimmune disorders, and risk of lymphoma. However, there are other monogenetic disorders known as ALPS-like syndromes that can be clinically similar to ALPS but are genetically and biologically different, such as observed in patients with immune checkpoint deficiencies, particularly cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) insufficiency and lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor protein LRBA deficiency. CTLA-4 insufficiency is caused by heterozygous mutations in CTLA-4, an essential negative immune regulator that is constitutively expressed on regulatory T (Treg) cells. Mutations in CTLA-4 affect CTLA-4 binding to CD80-CD86 costimulatory molecules, CTLA-4 homodimerization, or CTLA-4 intracellular vesicle trafficking upon cell activation. Abnormal CTLA-4 trafficking is also observed in patients with LRBA deficiency, a syndrome caused by biallelic mutations in LRBA that abolishes the LRBA protein expression. Both immune checkpoint deficiencies are biologically characterized by low levels of CTLA-4 protein on the cell surface of Tregs, accounting for the autoimmune manifestations observed in CTLA4-insufficient and LRBA-deficient patients. In addition, both immune checkpoint deficiencies present with an overlapping but heterogeneous clinical picture despite the difference in inheritance and penetrance. In this review, we describe the most prominent clinical features of ALPS, CTLA-4 insufficiency and LRBA deficiency, emphasizing their corresponding biological mechanisms. We also provide some clinical and laboratory approaches to diagnose these three rare immune disorders, together with therapeutic strategies that have worked best at improving prognosis and quality life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany; DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Germany.
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Vackova J, Polakova I, Johari SD, Smahel M. CD80 Expression on Tumor Cells Alters Tumor Microenvironment and Efficacy of Cancer Immunotherapy by CTLA-4 Blockade. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081935. [PMID: 33923750 PMCID: PMC8072777 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation (CD) 80 is mainly expressed in immune cells but can also be found in several types of cancer cells. This molecule may either activate or inhibit immune reactions. Here, we determined the immunosuppressive role of CD80 in the tumor microenvironment by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deactivation of the corresponding gene in the mouse oncogenic TC-1 cell line. The tumor cells with deactivated CD80 (TC-1/dCD80-1) were more immunogenic than parental cells and induced tumors that gained sensitivity to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade, as compared with the TC-1 cells. In vivo depletion experiments showed that the deactivation of CD80 switched the pro-tumorigenic effect of macrophages observed in TC-1-induced tumors into an anti-tumorigenic effect in TC-1/dCD80-1 tumors and induced the pro-tumorigenic activity of CD4+ cells. Moreover, the frequency of lymphoid and myeloid cells and the CTLA-4 expression by T helper (Th)17 cells were increased in TC-1/dCD80-1- compared with that in the TC-1-induced tumors. CTLA-4 blockade downregulated the frequencies of most immune cell types and upregulated the frequency of M2 macrophages in the TC-1 tumors, while it increased the frequency of lymphoid cells in TC-1/dCD80-1-induced tumors. Furthermore, the anti-CTLA-4 therapy enhanced the frequency of CD8+ T cells as well as CD4+ T cells, especially for a Th1 subset. Regulatory T cells (Treg) formed the most abundant CD4+ T cell subset in untreated tumors. The anti-CTLA-4 treatment downregulated the frequency of Treg cells with limited immunosuppressive potential in the TC-1 tumors, whereas it enriched this type of Treg cells and decreased the Treg cells with high immunosuppressive potential in TC-1/dCD80-1-induced tumors. The immunosuppressive role of tumor-cell-expressed CD80 should be considered in research into biomarkers for the prediction of cancer patients' sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors and for the development of a tumor-cell-specific CD80 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Vackova
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (I.P.); (S.D.J.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ingrid Polakova
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (I.P.); (S.D.J.)
| | - Shweta Dilip Johari
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (I.P.); (S.D.J.)
| | - Michal Smahel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (I.P.); (S.D.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-325-873-921
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30
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Luo WJ, Tian X, Xu WH, Qu YY, Zhu WK, Wu J, Ma CG, Zhang HL, Ye DW, Zhu YP. Construction of an immune-related LncRNA signature with prognostic significance for bladder cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4326-4339. [PMID: 33797188 PMCID: PMC8093983 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the most common urological cancer with increasing cases and deaths every year. In the present study, we aim to construct an immune‐related prognostic lncRNA signature (IRPLS) in bladder cancer (BLCA) patients and explore its immunogenomic implications in pan‐cancers. First, the immune‐related differentially expressed lncRNAs (IRDELs) were identified by ‘limma’ R package and the score of IRPLS in every patient were evaluated by Cox regression. The dysregulation of IRDELs expression between cancer and para‐cancer normal tissues was validated through RT‐qPCR. Then, we further explore the biological functions of a novel lncRNA from IRPLS, RP11‐89 in BLCA using CCK8 assay, Transwell assay and Apoptosis analysis, which indicated that RP11‐89 was able to promote cell proliferation and invasive capacity while inhibits cell apoptosis in BLCA. In addition, we performed bioinformatic methods and RIP to investigate and validate the RP11‐89/miR‐27a‐3p/PPARγ pathway in order to explore the mechanism. Next, CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithm were used to evaluate abundance of tumour‐infiltrating immune cells and scores of tumour environment elements in BLCA with different level of IRPLS risk scores. Finally, multiple bioinformatic methods were performed to show us the immune landscape of these four lncRNAs for pan‐cancers. In conclusion, this study first constructed an immune‐related prognostic lncRNA signature, which consists of RP11‐89, PSORS1C3, LINC02672 and MIR100HG and might shed lights on novel targets for individualized immunotherapy for BLCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Luo
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Tian
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Kai Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Guang Ma
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Goleva E, Lyubchenko T, Kraehenbuehl L, Lacouture ME, Leung DYM, Kern JA. Our current understanding of checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 126:630-638. [PMID: 33716146 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatments with Food and Drug Administration-approved blocking antibodies targeting inhibitory cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor, or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), collectively named checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), have been successful in producing long-lasting remissions, even in patients with advanced-stage cancers. However, these treatments are often accompanied by undesirable autoimmune and inflammatory side effects, sometimes bringing severe consequences for the patient. Rapid expansion of clinical applications necessitates a more nuanced understanding of CPI function in health and disease to develop new strategies for minimizing the negative side effects, while preserving the immunotherapeutic benefit. DATA SOURCES This review summarizes a new paradigm-shifting approach to cancer immunotherapy with the focus on the mechanism of action of immune checkpoints (CTLA4, PD-1, and its ligands). STUDY SELECTIONS We performed a literature search and identified relevant recent clinical reports, experimental research, and review articles. RESULTS This review highlights our understanding of the CPI mechanism of action on cellular and molecular levels. The authors also discuss how reactivation of T cell responses through the inhibition of CTLA4, PD-1, and PD-L1 is used for tumor inhibition in cancer immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Mechanisms of PD-1 and CTLA4 blockade and normal biological functions of these molecules are highly complex and require additional studies that will be critical for developing new approaches to dissociate the benefits of checkpoint blockade from off-target effects of the immune reactivation that leads to immune-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Goleva
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.
| | - Taras Lyubchenko
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Lukas Kraehenbuehl
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Swim Across America/Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mario E Lacouture
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey A Kern
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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32
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Wiese T, Dennstädt F, Hollmann C, Stonawski S, Wurst C, Fink J, Gorte E, Mandasari P, Domschke K, Hommers L, Vanhove B, Schumacher F, Kleuser B, Seibel J, Rohr J, Buttmann M, Menke A, Schneider-Schaulies J, Beyersdorf N. Inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase increases regulatory T cells in humans. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab020. [PMID: 33898989 PMCID: PMC8054263 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic deficiency for acid sphingomyelinase or its pharmacological inhibition has been shown to increase Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell frequencies among CD4+ T cells in mice. We now investigated whether pharmacological targeting of the acid sphingomyelinase, which catalyzes the cleavage of sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine, also allows to manipulate relative CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell frequencies in humans. Pharmacological acid sphingomyelinase inhibition with antidepressants like sertraline, but not those without an inhibitory effect on acid sphingomyelinase activity like citalopram, increased the frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cell among human CD4+ T cells in vitro. In an observational prospective clinical study with patients suffering from major depression, we observed that acid sphingomyelinase-inhibiting antidepressants induced a stronger relative increase in the frequency of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in peripheral blood than acid sphingomyelinase-non- or weakly inhibiting antidepressants. This was particularly true for CD45RA− CD25high effector CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Mechanistically, our data indicate that the positive effect of acid sphingomyelinase inhibition on CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells required CD28 co-stimulation, suggesting that enhanced CD28 co-stimulation was the driver of the observed increase in the frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells among human CD4+ T cells. In summary, the widely induced pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase activity in patients leads to an increase in Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell frequencies among CD4+ T cells in humans both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Wiese
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Fabio Dennstädt
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Claudia Hollmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Saskia Stonawski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Catherina Wurst
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Julian Fink
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Erika Gorte
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Putri Mandasari
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Leif Hommers
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,OSE Immunotherapeutics S.A., Nantes, France
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal D-14558, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal D-14558, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Jan Rohr
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Mathias Buttmann
- Department of Neurology, Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim 97980, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Andreas Menke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany.,Medical Park Chiemseeblick, Bernau-Felden 83233, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
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33
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Roberts A, Bentley L, Tang T, Stewart F, Pallini C, Juvvanapudi J, Wallace GR, Cooper AJ, Scott A, Thickett D, Lugg ST, Bancroft H, Hemming B, Ferris C, Langman G, Robinson A, Chapman J, Naidu B, Pinkney T, Taylor GS, Brock K, Stamataki Z, Brady CA, Curnow SJ, Gordon J, Qureshi O, Barnes NM. Ex vivo modelling of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade under acute, chronic, and exhaustion-like conditions of T-cell stimulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4030. [PMID: 33597595 PMCID: PMC7889918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions is proving an exciting, durable therapeutic modality in a range of cancers whereby T cells are released from checkpoint inhibition to revive their inherent anti-tumour activity. Here we have studied various ways to model ex vivo T cell function in order to compare the impact of the clinically utilised anti-PD-1 antibody, pembrolizumab (Keytruda) on the activation of human T cells: focussing on the release of pro-inflammatory IFNγ and anti-inflammatory IL-10 to assess functionality. Firstly, we investigated the actions of pembrolizumab in an acute model of T-cell activation with either immature or mature allogeneic dendritic cells (DCs); pembrolizumab enhanced IFNγ and IL-10 release from purified CD4+ T-cells in the majority of donors with a bias towards pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Next, we modelled the impact of pembrolizumab in settings of more chronic T-cell activation. In a 7-day antigen-specific response to EBV peptides, the presence of pembrolizumab resulted in a relatively modest increase in both IFNγ and IL-10 release. Where pembrolizumab was assessed against long-term stimulated CD4+ cells that had up-regulated the exhaustion markers TIM-3 and PD-1, there was a highly effective enhancement of the otherwise exhausted response to allogeneic DCs with respect to IFNγ production. By contrast, the restoration of IL-10 production was considerably more limited. Finally, to assess a direct clinical relevance we investigated the consequence of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in the disease setting of dissociated cells from lung and colon carcinomas responding to allogeneic DCs: here, pembrolizumab once more enhanced IFNγ production from the majority of tumour preparations whereas, again, the increase in IL-10 release was modest at best. In conclusion, we have shown that the contribution of PD-1-revealed by using a canonical blocking antibody to interrupt its interaction with PD-L1-to the production of an exemplar pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine, respectively, depends in magnitude and ratio on the particular stimulation setting and activation status of the target T cell. We have identified a number of in vitro assays with response profiles that mimic features of dissociated cell populations from primary tumours thereby indicating these represent disease-relevant functional assays for the screening of immune checkpoint inhibitors in current and future development. Such in vitro assays may also support patient stratification of those likely to respond to immuno-oncology therapies in the wider population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Roberts
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lindsay Bentley
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Tina Tang
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Fay Stewart
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Chiara Pallini
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Joel Juvvanapudi
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Graham R Wallace
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alison J Cooper
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Aaron Scott
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Thickett
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sebastian T Lugg
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hollie Bancroft
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Bridget Hemming
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Charlotte Ferris
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Gerald Langman
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Andrew Robinson
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Joanne Chapman
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Babu Naidu
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Thomas Pinkney
- Academic Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK
| | - Graham S Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kristian Brock
- Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Catherine A Brady
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - S John Curnow
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - John Gordon
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Omar Qureshi
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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34
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Soskic B, Jeffery LE, Kennedy A, Gardner DH, Hou TZ, Halliday N, Williams C, Janman D, Rowshanravan B, Hirschfield GM, Sansom DM. CD80 on Human T Cells Is Associated With FoxP3 Expression and Supports Treg Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:577655. [PMID: 33488578 PMCID: PMC7820758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD80 and CD86 are expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and their role in providing costimulation to T cells is well established. However, it has been shown that these molecules can also be expressed by T cells, but the significance of this observation remains unknown. We have investigated stimuli that control CD80 and CD86 expression on T cells and show that in APC-free conditions around 40% of activated, proliferating CD4+ T cells express either CD80, CD86 or both. Expression of CD80 and CD86 was strongly dependent upon provision of CD28 costimulation as ligands were not expressed following TCR stimulation alone. Furthermore, we observed that CD80+ T cells possessed the hallmarks of induced regulatory T cells (iTreg), expressing Foxp3 and high levels of CTLA-4 whilst proliferating less extensively. In contrast, CD86 was preferentially expressed on INF-γ producing cells, which proliferated more extensively and had characteristics of effector T cells. Finally, we demonstrated that CD80 expressed on T cells inhibits CTLA-4 function and facilitates the growth of iTreg. Together these data establish endogenous expression of CD80 and CD86 by activated T cells is not due to ligand capture by transendocytosis and highlight clear differences in their expression patterns and associated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagoje Soskic
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa E Jeffery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Kennedy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David H Gardner
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tie Zheng Hou
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Halliday
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cayman Williams
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Janman
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Behzad Rowshanravan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David M Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Farmer JR, Uzel G. Mapping Out Autoimmunity Control in Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 9:653-659. [PMID: 33358993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing understanding of the clinical overlap between primary immune deficiency and autoimmunity. An atypical or treatment-refractory clinical presentation of autoimmunity may in fact signal an underlying congenital condition of primary immune dysregulation (an inborn error of immunity). Detailed profiling of the family history is critical in the diagnostic process and must not be limited to the occurrence of frequent or atypical infections, but additionally should include inquiries into chronic forms of autoimmunity, hyperinflammation, and malignancy. A genetic and a functional diagnostic approach are complementary and nonoverlapping methods of identifying and validating an inborn error of immunity. Extended immune phenotyping of both affected and unaffected family members may provide insight into disease mode of inheritance, penetrance, and secondary inherited or environmentally acquired modifiers. Clinical care of a family with an inborn error of immunity may require local and national expertise in addition to cross-disciplinary care from the disciplines of pediatrics and internal medicine. Physician communication across subspecialties as well as distinct medical institutes can facilitate the appropriate disclosure of genetic testing results toward their prompt incorporation into patient care. Targeted immunomodulation based directly on genetic and functional immune phenotyping has the potential to reduce unnecessary immunosuppression and provide more exacting therapeutic benefit to our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn R Farmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Mass.
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
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36
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Oyewole-Said D, Konduri V, Vazquez-Perez J, Weldon SA, Levitt JM, Decker WK. Beyond T-Cells: Functional Characterization of CTLA-4 Expression in Immune and Non-Immune Cell Types. Front Immunol 2020; 11:608024. [PMID: 33384695 PMCID: PMC7770141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response consists of a finely-tuned program, the activation of which must be coupled with inhibitory mechanisms whenever initiated. This ensures tight control of beneficial anti-pathogen and anti-tumor responses while preserving tissue integrity, promoting tissue repair, and safeguarding against autoimmunity. A cogent example of this binary response is in the mobilization of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signaling in regulating the strength and type of a T-cell response. Of particular importance is the costimulatory molecule CD28 which is countered by CTLA-4. While the role of CD28 in the immune response has been thoroughly elucidated, many aspects of CTLA-4 biology remain controversial. The expression of CD28 is largely constrained to constitutive expression in T-cells and as such, teasing out its function has been somewhat simplified by a limited and specific expression profile. The expression of CTLA-4, on the other hand, while reported predominantly in T-cells, has also been described on a diverse repertoire of cells within both lymphoid and myeloid lineages as well as on the surface of tumors. Nonetheless, the function of CTLA-4 has been mostly described within the context of T-cell biology. The focus on T-cell biology may be a direct result of the high degree of amino acid sequence homology and the co-expression pattern of CD28 and CTLA-4, which initially led to the discovery of CTLA-4 as a counter receptor to CD28 (for which a T-cell-activating role had already been described). Furthermore, observations of the outsized role of CTLA-4 in Treg-mediated immune suppression and the striking phenotype of T-cell hyperproliferation and resultant disease in CTLA-4−/− mice contribute to an appropriate T-cell-centric focus in the study of CTLA-4. Complete elucidation of CTLA-4 biology, however, may require a more nuanced understanding of its role in a context other than that of T-cells. This makes particular sense in light of the remarkable, yet limited utility of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in the treatment of cancers and of CTLA-4-Ig in autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. By fully deducing the biology of CTLA-4-regulated immune homeostasis, bottlenecks that hinder the widespread applicability of CTLA-4-based immunotherapies can be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Oyewole-Said
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vanaja Konduri
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Vazquez-Perez
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott A Weldon
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan M Levitt
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William K Decker
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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37
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Halliday N, Williams C, Kennedy A, Waters E, Pesenacker AM, Soskic B, Hinze C, Hou TZ, Rowshanravan B, Janman D, Walker LSK, Sansom DM. CD86 Is a Selective CD28 Ligand Supporting FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cell Homeostasis in the Presence of High Levels of CTLA-4. Front Immunol 2020; 11:600000. [PMID: 33363541 PMCID: PMC7753196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD80 and CD86 are expressed on antigen presenting cells and are required to engage their shared receptor, CD28, for the costimulation of CD4 T cells. It is unclear why two stimulatory ligands with overlapping roles have evolved. CD80 and CD86 also bind the regulatory molecule CTLA-4. We explored the role of CD80 and CD86 in the homeostasis and proliferation of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg), which constitutively express high levels of CTLA-4 yet are critically dependent upon CD28 signals. We observed that CD86 was the dominant ligand for Treg proliferation, survival, and maintenance of a regulatory phenotype, with higher expression of CTLA-4, ICOS, and OX40. We also explored whether CD80-CD28 interactions were specifically compromised by CTLA-4 and found that antibody blockade, clinical deficiency of CTLA-4 and CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of CTLA-4 all improved Treg survival following CD80 stimulation. Taken together, our data suggest that CD86 is the dominant costimulatory ligand for Treg homeostasis, despite its lower affinity for CD28, because CD80-CD28 interactions are selectively impaired by the high levels of CTLA-4. These data suggest a cell intrinsic role for CTLA-4 in regulating CD28 costimulation by direct competition for CD80, and indicate that that CD80 and CD86 have discrete roles in CD28 costimulation of CD4 T cells in the presence of high levels of CTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Halliday
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cayman Williams
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Kennedy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Waters
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne M Pesenacker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Blagoje Soskic
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Hinze
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tie Zheng Hou
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Behzad Rowshanravan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Janman
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Filippi L, Nervi C, Proietti I, Pirisino R, Potenza C, Martelli O, Equitani F, Bagni O. Molecular imaging in immuno-oncology: current status and translational perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:1199-1211. [PMID: 33215963 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1854090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Only 20-40% of patients respond to therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Therefore, the early identification of subjects that can benefit from such therapeutic regimen is mandatory. Areas covered: The immunobiological mechanisms of ICIs are briefly illustrated. Furthermore, the limitations of traditional radiological approaches are covered. Then, the pros and cons of molecular imaging through positron emission computed tomography (PET/CT) are reviewed, with a particular focus on 18f-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) and PET-derived metabolic parameters. Lastly, translational perspective of radiopharmaceuticals others than 18F-FDG such as 89zirconium (89Zr) or fluorine-18 (18F) labeled monoclonal antibodies (e.g.89Zr-atezolizumab, 89Zr-nivolumab) binding to specific biomarkers are discussed. Expert opinion: Molecular imaging presents a prominent role for the management of oncological patients treated with ICIs. Preliminary clinical data indicate that PET/CT with 18F-FDG is useful for assessing the response to treatment and for the imaging of immune-related adverse effects. Nevertheless, the methodological approach (iPERCIST, PERCIMT, or others) to be used for an optimal diagnostic accuracy and patients' evaluation is still a debated issue. PET/CT with radioligands directed toward ICIs biomarkers, although is still in a translational phase, holds the promise of accurately predicting the response to treatment and revealing the acquired resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL , Latina, Italy
| | - Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Latina, Italy
| | - Ilaria Proietti
- Dermatology Unit Daniele Innocenzi, A. Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino , Terracina, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pirisino
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL , Latina, Italy
| | - Concetta Potenza
- Dermatology Unit Daniele Innocenzi, A. Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino , Terracina, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Equitani
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL , Latina, Italy
| | - Oreste Bagni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL , Latina, Italy
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Abraham RS. How to evaluate for immunodeficiency in patients with autoimmune cytopenias: laboratory evaluation for the diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity associated with immune dysregulation. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2020; 2020:661-672. [PMID: 33275711 PMCID: PMC7727558 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2020000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The identification of genetic disorders associated with dysregulated immunity has upended the notion that germline pathogenic variants in immune genes universally result in susceptibility to infection. Immune dysregulation (autoimmunity, autoinflammation, lymphoproliferation, and malignancy) and immunodeficiency (susceptibility to infection) represent 2 sides of the same coin and are not mutually exclusive. Also, although autoimmunity implies dysregulation within the adaptive immune system and autoinflammation indicates disordered innate immunity, these lines may be blurred, depending on the genetic defect and diversity in clinical and immunological phenotypes. Patients with immune dysregulatory disorders may present to a variety of clinical specialties, depending on the dominant clinical features. Therefore, awareness of these disorders, which may manifest at any age, is essential to avoid a protracted diagnostic evaluation and associated complications. Availability of and access to expanded immunological testing has altered the diagnostic landscape for immunological diseases. Nonetheless, there are constraints in using these resources due to a lack of awareness, challenges in systematic and logical evaluation, interpretation of results, and using results to justify additional advanced testing, when needed. The ability to molecularly characterize immune defects and develop "bespoke" therapy and management mandates a new paradigm for diagnostic evaluation of these patients. The immunological tests run the gamut from triage to confirmation and can be used for both diagnosis and refinement of treatment or management strategies. However, the complexity of testing and interpretation of results often necessitates dialogue between laboratory immunologists and specialty physicians to ensure timely and appropriate use of testing and delivery of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshini S Abraham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
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40
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Park S, Shi Y, Kim BC, Jo MH, Cruz LO, Gou Z, Ha T, Lu LF, Reich DH, Chen Y. Force-dependent trans-endocytosis by breast cancer cells depletes costimulatory receptor CD80 and attenuates T cell activation. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112389. [PMID: 32729511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the biophysical interaction between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and CD80. CTLA-4 is a key molecule in immunosuppression, and CD80 is a costimulatory receptor promoting T cell activation. We observed that after cell-cell contact was established between breast cancer cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs), CTLA-4 expressed on the breast cancer cells bind to CD80 expressed on the APCs, and underwent trans-endocytosis to deplete CD80. Force measurement and live cell imaging revealed that upon binding to CD80, forces generated by breast cancer cells and transmitted via CTLA-4 were sufficiently strong to displace CD80 from the surface of APCs to be internalized by breast cancer cells. We further demonstrated that because of the force-dependent trans-endocytosis of CD80, the capacity of APCs to activate T cells was significantly attenuated. Furthermore, inhibiting force generation in cancer cells would increase the T cell activating capacity of APCs. Our results provide a possible mechanism behind the immunosuppression commonly seen in breast cancer patients, and may lead to a new strategy to restore anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting pathways of force-generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungman Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, MD, 21218, USA; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, MD, 21218, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Byoung Choul Kim
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Division of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Jo
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leilani O Cruz
- Division of Biological Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zheming Gou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Division of Biological Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Daniel H Reich
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, MD, 21218, USA; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, MD, 21218, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, MD, 21218, USA.
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Patsoukis N, Wang Q, Strauss L, Boussiotis VA. Revisiting the PD-1 pathway. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/38/eabd2712. [PMID: 32948597 PMCID: PMC7500922 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Programmed Death-1 (PD-1; CD279) is an inhibitory receptor induced in activated T cells. PD-1 engagement by its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, maintains peripheral tolerance but also compromises anti-tumor immunity. Blocking antibodies against PD-1 or its ligands have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. However, only a fraction of patients develop durable antitumor responses. Clinical outcomes have reached a plateau without substantial advances by combinatorial approaches. Thus, great interest has recently emerged to investigate, in depth, the mechanisms by which the PD-1 pathway transmits inhibitory signals with the goal to identify molecular targets for improvement of the therapeutic success. These efforts have revealed unpredictable dimensions of the pathway and uncovered novel mechanisms involved in PD-1 and PD-L1 regulation and function. Here, we provide an overview of the recent advances on the mechanistic aspects of the PD-1 pathway and discuss the implications of these new discoveries and the gaps that remain to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Laura Strauss
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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42
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Akkaya B, Shevach EM. Regulatory T cells: Master thieves of the immune system. Cell Immunol 2020; 355:104160. [PMID: 32711171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treg cells are the immune system's in-house combatants against pathological immune activation. Because they are vital to maintenance of peripheral tolerance, it is important to understand how they perform their functions. To this end, various mechanisms have been proposed for Treg-mediated immune inhibition. A major group of mechanisms picture Treg cells as skilled thieves stealing a plethora of molecules that would otherwise promote immune effector functions. This suggests that several million years of evolution have endowed Treg cells with efficient ways to deprive immune effectors of activating stimuli to prevent immunopathology for survival of the host. Although we are still long way from deciphering their complete set of tricks, this review will focus on the types of "crimes" committed by these master thieves in both secondary lymphoid organs and non-lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billur Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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43
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Pistillo MP, Carosio R, Grillo F, Fontana V, Mastracci L, Morabito A, Banelli B, Tanda E, Cecchi F, Dozin B, Gualco M, Salvi S, Spagnolo F, Poggi A, Queirolo P. Phenotypic characterization of tumor CTLA-4 expression in melanoma tissues and its possible role in clinical response to Ipilimumab. Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108428. [PMID: 32344017 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the immune checkpoint molecule CTLA-4 has been almost exclusively studied in the T cell lineage, but increasing evidence has shown its expression on tumors with implications for immunotherapy. To date, the degree of expression of CTLA-4 on tumor cells as a predictive biomarker of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors has not been studied. In this report, we analyzed this issue in melanoma patients treated with CTLA-4 inhibitor Ipilimumab (IPI). We show that the level of CTLA-4 expression on melanoma cells is higher than that on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and it is associated with clinical response to IPI therapy supporting the idea of its possible role as a predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Pistillo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberta Carosio
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- University of Genova, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fontana
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- University of Genova, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Morabito
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Banelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Enrica Tanda
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Skin Cancer Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Cecchi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Skin Cancer Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Beatrice Dozin
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Gualco
- Ospedale Villa Scassi, ASL3, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Sandra Salvi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Anatomic Pathology Unit, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Poggi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- IEO, Division of Medical Oncology for Melanoma, Sarcoma, and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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44
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Modulation of regulatory T cell function and stability by co-inhibitory receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:680-693. [PMID: 32269380 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells constitute a dynamic population that is essential for controlling immune responses in health and disease. Defects in Treg cell function and decreases in Treg cell numbers have been observed in patients with autoimmunity and the opposite effects on Treg cells occur in cancer settings. Current research on new therapies for these diseases is focused on modulating Treg cell function to increase or decrease suppressive activity in autoimmunity and cancer, respectively. In this regard, several co-inhibitory receptors that are preferentially expressed by Treg cells under homeostatic conditions have recently been shown to control Treg cell function and stability in different disease settings. These receptors could be amenable to therapeutic targeting aimed at modulating Treg cell function and plasticity. This Review summarizes recent data regarding the role of co-inhibitory molecules in the control of Treg cell function and stability, with a focus on their roles and potential therapeutic use in autoimmunity and cancer.
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45
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Abstract
The T lymphocyte, especially its capacity for antigen-directed cytotoxicity, has become a central focus for engaging the immune system in the fight against cancer. Basic science discoveries elucidating the molecular and cellular biology of the T cell have led to new strategies in this fight, including checkpoint blockade, adoptive cellular therapy and cancer vaccinology. This area of immunological research has been highly active for the past 50 years and is now enjoying unprecedented bench-to-bedside clinical success. Here, we provide a comprehensive historical and biological perspective regarding the advent and clinical implementation of cancer immunotherapeutics, with an emphasis on the fundamental importance of T lymphocyte regulation. We highlight clinical trials that demonstrate therapeutic efficacy and toxicities associated with each class of drug. Finally, we summarize emerging therapies and emphasize the yet to be elucidated questions and future promise within the field of cancer immunotherapy.
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46
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Zhao Y, Lee CK, Lin CH, Gassen RB, Xu X, Huang Z, Xiao C, Bonorino C, Lu LF, Bui JD, Hui E. PD-L1:CD80 Cis-Heterodimer Triggers the Co-stimulatory Receptor CD28 While Repressing the Inhibitory PD-1 and CTLA-4 Pathways. Immunity 2019; 51:1059-1073.e9. [PMID: 31757674 PMCID: PMC6935268 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Combined immunotherapy targeting the immune checkpoint receptors cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or CTLA-4 and the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) exhibits superior anti-tumor responses compared with single-agent therapy. Here, we examined the molecular basis for this synergy. Using reconstitution assays with fluorescence readouts, we found that PD-L1 and the CTLA-4 ligand CD80 heterodimerize in cis but not trans. Quantitative biochemistry and cell biology assays revealed that PD-L1:CD80 cis-heterodimerization inhibited both PD-L1:PD-1 and CD80:CTLA-4 interactions through distinct mechanisms but preserved the ability of CD80 to activate the T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) prevented CTLA-4-mediated trans-endocytosis of CD80. Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1), but not anti-PD-1, reduced cell surface expression of CD80 on APCs, and this effect was negated by co-blockade of CTLA-4 with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4). Thus, PD-L1 exerts an immunostimulatory effect by repressing the CTLA-4 axis; this has implications to the synergy of anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Calvin K Lee
- Department of Pathology, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rodrigo B Gassen
- Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Xiaozheng Xu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cristina Bonorino
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Enfu Hui
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Hollmann C, Wiese T, Dennstädt F, Fink J, Schneider-Schaulies J, Beyersdorf N. Translational Approaches Targeting Ceramide Generation From Sphingomyelin in T Cells to Modulate Immunity in Humans. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2363. [PMID: 31681273 PMCID: PMC6798155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In T cells, as in all other cells of the body, sphingolipids form important structural components of membranes. Due to metabolic modifications, sphingolipids additionally play an active part in the signaling of cell surface receptors of T cells like the T cell receptor or the co-stimulatory molecule CD28. Moreover, the sphingolipid composition of their membranes crucially affects the integrity and function of subcellular compartments such as the lysosome. Previously, studying sphingolipid metabolism has been severely hampered by the limited number of analytical methods/model systems available. Besides well-established high resolution mass spectrometry new tools are now available like novel minimally modified sphingolipid subspecies for click chemistry as well as recently generated mouse mutants with deficiencies/overexpression of sphingolipid-modifying enzymes. Making use of these tools we and others discovered that the sphingolipid sphingomyelin is metabolized to ceramide to different degrees in distinct T cell subpopulations of mice and humans. This knowledge has already been translated into novel immunomodulatory approaches in mice and will in the future hopefully also be applicable to humans. In this paper we are, thus, summarizing the most recent findings on the impact of sphingolipid metabolism on T cell activation, differentiation, and effector functions. Moreover, we are discussing the therapeutic concepts arising from these insights and drugs or drug candidates which are already in clinical use or could be developed for clinical use in patients with diseases as distant as major depression and chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hollmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Wiese
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabio Dennstädt
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Fink
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Scorilas A, Gonçalves AC, Efferth T, Trougakos IP. The emergence of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapies: Clinical evidence. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 47:100646. [PMID: 31733611 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For many decades classical anti-tumor therapies included chemotherapy, radiation and surgery; however, in the last two decades, following the identification of the genomic drivers and main hallmarks of cancer, the introduction of therapies that target specific tumor-promoting oncogenic or non-oncogenic pathways, has revolutionized cancer therapeutics. Despite the significant progress in cancer therapy, clinical oncologists are often facing the primary impediment of anticancer drug resistance, as many cancer patients display either intrinsic chemoresistance from the very beginning of the therapy or after initial responses and upon repeated drug treatment cycles, acquired drug resistance develops and thus relapse emerges, resulting in increased mortality. Our attempts to understand the molecular basis underlying these drug resistance phenotypes in pre-clinical models and patient specimens revealed the extreme plasticity and adaptive pathways employed by tumor cells, being under sustained stress and extensive genomic/proteomic instability due to the applied therapeutic regimens. Subsequent efforts have yielded more effective inhibitors and combinatorial approaches (e.g. the use of specific pharmacologic inhibitors with immunotherapy) that exhibit synergistic effects against tumor cells, hence enhancing therapeutic indices. Furthermore, new advanced methodologies that allow for the early detection of genetic/epigenetic alterations that lead to drug chemoresistance and prospective validation of biomarkers which identify patients that will benefit from certain drug classes, have started to improve the clinical outcome. This review discusses emerging principles of drug resistance to cancer therapies targeting a wide array of oncogenic kinases, along with hedgehog pathway and the proteasome and apoptotic inducers, as well as epigenetic and metabolic modulators. We further discuss mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors, potential biomarkers of drug response/drug resistance, along with possible new therapeutic avenues for the clinicians to combat devastating drug resistant malignancies. It is foreseen that these topics will be major areas of focused multidisciplinary translational research in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Versatile and High-throughput Force Measurement Platform for Dorsal Cell Mechanics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13286. [PMID: 31527594 PMCID: PMC6746792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a high-throughput microfluidics technique facilitating in situ measurements of cell mechanics parameters at the dorsal side of the cell, including molecular binding strengths, local traction forces, and viscoelastic properties. By adjusting the flow rate, the force magnitude exerted on the cell can be modulated ranging from ~14 pN to 2 nN to perturb various force-dependent processees in cells. Time-lapse images were acquired to record events due to such perturbation. The values of various mechanical parameters are subsequently obtained by single particle tracking. Up to 50 events can be measured simultaneously in a single experiment. Integrating the microfluidic techniques with the analytic framework established in computational fluid dynamics, our method is physiologically relevant, reliable, economic and efficient.
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Demeyer A, Skordos I, Driege Y, Kreike M, Hochepied T, Baens M, Staal J, Beyaert R. MALT1 Proteolytic Activity Suppresses Autoimmunity in a T Cell Intrinsic Manner. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1898. [PMID: 31474984 PMCID: PMC6702287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
MALT1 is a central signaling component in innate and adaptive immunity by regulating NF-κB and other key signaling pathways in different cell types. Activities of MALT1 are mediated by its scaffold and protease functions. Because of its role in lymphocyte activation and proliferation, inhibition of MALT1 proteolytic activity is of high interest for therapeutic targeting in autoimmunity and certain lymphomas. However, recent studies showing that Malt1 protease-dead knock-in (Malt1-PD) mice suffer from autoimmune disease have somewhat tempered the initial enthusiasm. Although it has been proposed that an imbalance between immune suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and activated effector CD4+ T cells plays a key role in the autoimmune phenotype of Malt1-PD mice, the specific contribution of MALT1 proteolytic activity in T cells remains unclear. Using T cell-conditional Malt1 protease-dead knock-in (Malt1-PDT) mice, we here demonstrate that MALT1 has a T cell-intrinsic role in regulating the homeostasis and function of thymic and peripheral T cells. T cell-specific ablation of MALT1 proteolytic activity phenocopies mice in which MALT1 proteolytic activity has been genetically inactivated in all cell types. The Malt1-PDT mice have a reduced number of Tregs in the thymus and periphery, although the effect in the periphery is less pronounced compared to full-body Malt1-PD mice, indicating that also other cell types may promote Treg induction in a MALT1 protease-dependent manner. Despite the difference in peripheral Treg number, both T cell-specific and full-body Malt1-PD mice develop ataxia and multi-organ inflammation to a similar extent. Furthermore, reconstitution of the full-body Malt1-PD mice with T cell-specific expression of wild-type human MALT1 eliminated all signs of autoimmunity. Together, these findings establish an important T cell-intrinsic role of MALT1 proteolytic activity in the suppression of autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Demeyer
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Skordos
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Driege
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marja Kreike
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baens
- Center for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery (CISTIM), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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