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Fransen LFH, Leonard MO. Mononuclear phagocyte sub-types in vitro display diverse transcriptional responses to dust mite exposure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14187. [PMID: 38902328 PMCID: PMC11189906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), including macrophages and dendritic cells form an essential component of primary responses to environmental hazards and toxic exposures. This is particularly important in disease conditions such as asthma and allergic airway disease, where many different cell types are present. In this study, we differentiated CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells towards different populations of MNP in an effort to understand how different cell subtypes present in inflammatory disease microenvironments respond to the common allergen house dust mite (HDM). Using single cell mRNA sequencing, we demonstrate that macrophage subtypes MCSPP1+ and MLCMARCO+ display different patterns of gene expression after HDM challenge, noted especially for the chemokines CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL5 and CCL15. MLCCD206Hi alternatively activated macrophages displayed the greatest changes in expression, while neutrophil and monocyte populations did not respond. Further work investigated how pollutant diesel exhaust particles could modify these transcriptional responses and revealed that CXC but not CC type chemokines were further upregulated. Through the use of diesel particles with adsorbed material removed, we suggest that soluble pollutants on these particles are the active constituents responsible for the modifying effects on HDM. This study highlights that environmental exposures may influence tissue responses dependent on which MNP cell type is present, and that these should be considerations when modelling such events in vitro. Understanding the nuanced responsiveness of different immune cell types to allergen and pollutant exposure also contributes to a better understanding of how these exposures influence the development and exacerbation of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie F H Fransen
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, OX11 0RQ, UK.
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2
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Kharrazian D. Exposure to Environmental Toxins & Autoimmune Conditions. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2024; 23:22-26. [PMID: 38618165 PMCID: PMC11007618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmunity is growing rapidly worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have found environmental factors, such as toxic chemicals, to be a key factor in this rapid progression. Many mechanisms that can cause immune dysregulation and autoimmune reactivity from toxic chemical exposure to subsets of individuals with genetic susceptibility in immune regulatory genes have been identified. In susceptible genotypes, toxic chemicals can induce epigenetic expressions, bind to immune and endocrine receptors throughout the body and promote immune dysregulation, bind to nucleic acids and promote anti-nuclear autoimmunity, deplete antioxidant reserves, promote immune barrier degradation, induce lymphocyte dysregulation, and alter normal antigen presenting responses. This paper reviews the specific immunological pathways involved with environmental toxins and autoimmunity exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datis Kharrazian
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, USA
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3
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Jo J, Acharya M, K C PB, Maharjan A, Lee D, Gautam R, Kwon JT, Kim K, Kim C, Heo Y, Kim H. Immunodysregulatory potentials of polyethylene or polytetrafluorethylene microplastics to mice subacutely exposed via intragastric intubation. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:419-427. [PMID: 37398562 PMCID: PMC10313636 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have been recently recognized as posing a risk to human health. The adverse health effects of MP exposure have been recently reported, especially via the oral exposure route. The present study investigated whether subacute (4 week) exposure to polyethylene (PE) or polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) MPs via gastric intubation caused immunotoxicity. Two different sizes of PE MPs (6.2 or 27.2 μm) and PTFE MPs (6.0 or 30.5 μm) were administered to 6-week-old mice of both sexes at 0 (corn oil vehicle control), 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg/day (n = 4/group). No significant differences were observed between groups in the major thymic or splenic immune cell populations, including thymic CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes, and splenic helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells. The ratio of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) to interleukin-4 (IL-4) in culture supernatants from polyclonally activated splenic mononuclear cells ex vivo (48 h) was dose-dependently decreased in female mice that received small- and large-size PTFE MPs. The IFNγ/IL-4 ratio was also decreased in the female mice dosed with large-size PE MPs. The serum IgG2a/IgG1 ratio was dose-dependently increased in male and female animals dosed with small-size PE MPs, in female animals dosed with large-size PTFE MPs, and in male animals dosed with small-size PTFE MPs. The present study implies that immune functions could be affected in animals exposed to MPs via gastric intubation. These effects are dependent on MP size, MP dose, MP polymer type, and mouse sex. Further investigations with longer exposure periods could be necessary to more clearly define the immunotoxic effects of MPs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00172-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiHun Jo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Manju Acharya
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pramod Bahadur K C
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Anju Maharjan
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - DaEun Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Gautam
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Taek Kwon
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - KilSoo Kim
- Preclinical Research Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYul Kim
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoungAh Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
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4
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Fransen LFH, Leonard MO. Induced pluripotent and CD34+ stem cell derived myeloid cells display differential responses to particle and dust mite exposure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9375. [PMID: 37296179 PMCID: PMC10256772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells form an essential component of initial responses to environmental hazards and toxic exposures. The ability to model these responses in vitro is central to efforts tasked with identifying hazardous materials and understanding mechanisms of injury and disease. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived cells have been suggested as alternatives to more established primary cell testing systems for these purposes. iPSC derived macrophage and dendritic like cells were compared to CD34+ haematopoietic stem cell derived populations using transcriptomic analysis. Using single cell sequencing-based characterisation of iPSC derived myeloid cells, we identified transitional, mature and M2 like macrophages as well as dendritic like antigen presenting cells and fibrocytes. Direct transcriptomic comparisons between iPSC and CD34+ cell derived populations revealed higher expression of myeloid differentiation genes such as MNDA, CSF1R and CSF2RB in CD34+ cells, while iPSC populations had higher fibroblastic and proliferative markers. Exposure of differentiated macrophage populations to nanoparticle alone or in combination with dust mite, resulted in differential gene expression on combination only, with responses markedly absent in iPSC compared to CD34+ derived cells. The lack of responsiveness in iPSC derived cells may be attributable to lower levels of dust mite component receptors CD14, TLR4, CLEC7A and CD36. In summary, iPSC derived myeloid cells display typical characteristics of immune cells but may lack a fully mature phenotype to adequately respond to environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie F H Fransen
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK.
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Ayala-Ramirez M, MacNell N, McNamee LE, McGrath JA, Akhtari FS, Curry MD, Dunnon AK, Fessler MB, Garantziotis S, Parks CG, Fargo DC, Schmitt CP, Motsinger-Reif AA, Hall JE, Miller FW, Schurman SH. Association of distance to swine concentrated animal feeding operations with immune-mediated diseases: An exploratory gene-environment study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107687. [PMID: 36527873 PMCID: PMC10962257 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are a source of environmental pollution and have been associated with a variety of health outcomes. Immune-mediated diseases (IMD) are characterized by dysregulation of the normal immune response and, while they may be affected by gene and environmental factors, their association with living in proximity to a CAFO is unknown. OBJECTIVES We explored gene, environment, and gene-environment (GxE) relationships between IMD, CAFOs, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of prototypical xenobiotic response genes AHR, ARNT, and AHRR and prototypical immune response gene PTPN22. METHODS The exposure analysis cohort consisted of 6,464 participants who completed the Personalized Environment and Genes Study Health and Exposure Survey and a subset of 1,541 participants who were genotyped. We assessed the association between participants' residential proximity to a CAFO in gene, environment, and GxE models. We recombined individual associations in a transethnic model using METAL meta-analysis. RESULTS In White participants, ARNT SNP rs11204735 was associated with autoimmune diseases and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and ARNT SNP rs1889740 was associated with RA. In a transethnic genetic analysis, ARNT SNPs rs11204735 and rs1889740 and PTPN22 SNP rs2476601 were associated with autoimmune diseases and RA. In participants living closer than one mile to a CAFO, the log-distance to a CAFO was associated with autoimmune diseases and RA. In a GxE interaction model, White participants with ARNT SNPs rs11204735 and rs1889740 living closer than eight miles to a CAFO had increased odds of RA and autoimmune diseases, respectively. The transethnic model revealed similar GxE interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest increased risk of autoimmune diseases and RA in those living in proximity to a CAFO and a potential role of the AHR-ARNT pathway in conferring risk. We also report the first association of ARNT SNPs rs11204735 and rs1889740 with RA. Our findings, if confirmed, could allow for novel genetically-targeted or other preventive approaches for certain IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Ayala-Ramirez
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Nathaniel MacNell
- Social and Scientific Systems, 505 Emperor Blvd Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, USA.
| | - Lucy E McNamee
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - John A McGrath
- Social and Scientific Systems, 505 Emperor Blvd Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, USA.
| | - Farida S Akhtari
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Matthew D Curry
- Social and Scientific Systems, 505 Emperor Blvd Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, USA.
| | - Askia K Dunnon
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop D2-01, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, BG 109 RM 109 MSC CU-01, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Christine G Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop A3-05, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - David C Fargo
- Office of Scientific Computing, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop B3-01, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Charles P Schmitt
- Office of Data Science, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop K2-02, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Alison A Motsinger-Reif
- PEGS Co-PI, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, RTP 101, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Janet E Hall
- PEGS Co-PI, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, BG 101 RM A222 MSC A2-03. 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Frederick W Miller
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, RTP 101 David P. Rall Building, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Shepherd H Schurman
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Keil-Stietz K, Lein PJ. Gene×environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 152:221-284. [PMID: 36707213 PMCID: PMC10496028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is credible evidence that environmental factors influence individual risk and/or severity of autism spectrum disorders (hereafter referred to as autism). While it is likely that environmental chemicals contribute to the etiology of autism via multiple mechanisms, identifying specific environmental factors that confer risk for autism and understanding how they contribute to the etiology of autism has been challenging, in part because the influence of environmental chemicals likely varies depending on the genetic substrate of the exposed individual. Current research efforts are focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals interact with autism genetic susceptibilities to adversely impact neurodevelopment. The goal is to not only generate insights regarding the pathophysiology of autism, but also inform the development of screening platforms to identify specific environmental factors and gene×environment (G×E) interactions that modify autism risk. Data from such studies are needed to support development of intervention strategies for mitigating the burden of this neurodevelopmental condition on individuals, their families and society. In this review, we discuss environmental chemicals identified as putative autism risk factors and proposed mechanisms by which G×E interactions influence autism risk and/or severity using polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Keil-Stietz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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7
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Li X, Zhao B, Luo L, Zhou Y, Lai D, Luan T. In vitro immunotoxicity detection for environmental pollutants: Current techniques and future perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Cestonaro LV, Macedo SMD, Piton YV, Garcia SC, Arbo MD. Toxic effects of pesticides on cellular and humoral immunity: an overview. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:816-831. [PMID: 35770924 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2096466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to pesticides through food, drinking water, and the environment. These compounds are associated with several disorders, such as inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and a condition related to metabolic syndrome. The immunotoxicants or immunotoxic compounds can cause a wide variety of effects on immune function, altering humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, resulting in adverse effects to the body. Here, immune system disorders are highlighted because they are closely linked to multiple organs, including the nervous, endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, leading to transient or permanent changes. Therefore, this study reviewed the mechanisms involved in the immunotoxicity of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides in cells, animals, and humans in the past 11 years. According to the studies analyzed, the pesticides interfere with innate and adaptive immune functions, but the effects observed mainly on cellular and humoral immunity were highlighted. These compounds affected specific immune cells, causing apoptosis, changes in factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) expression, pro-inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), chemokines (CXCL-c1c), and anti-inflammatory factor, such as interleukin 10 (IL-10). To verify the threats of these compounds, new evaluations with immunotoxicological biomarkers are necessary. HighlightsPesticides interfere with the innate and adaptive immune response.Cells, animals and human studies demonstrate the immunotoxicity of pesticides in the cellular and humoral immune response.Fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides alter the immune system by various mechanisms, such as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Vivan Cestonaro
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra Manoela Dias Macedo
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Vendrusculo Piton
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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9
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Cheong A, Nagel ZD. Human Variation in DNA Repair, Immune Function, and Cancer Risk. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899574. [PMID: 35935942 PMCID: PMC9354717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage constantly threatens genome integrity, and DNA repair deficiency is associated with increased cancer risk. An intuitive and widely accepted explanation for this relationship is that unrepaired DNA damage leads to carcinogenesis due to the accumulation of mutations in somatic cells. But DNA repair also plays key roles in the function of immune cells, and immunodeficiency is an important risk factor for many cancers. Thus, it is possible that emerging links between inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity and cancer risk are driven, at least in part, by variation in immune function, but this idea is underexplored. In this review we present an overview of the current understanding of the links between cancer risk and both inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity and inter-individual variation in immune function. We discuss factors that play a role in both types of variability, including age, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. In conclusion, we propose a research paradigm that incorporates functional studies of both genome integrity and the immune system to predict cancer risk and lay the groundwork for personalized prevention.
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Liu WY, Yi JP, Shi L, Tung TH. Association Between Air Pollutants and Pediatric Respiratory Outpatient Visits in Zhoushan, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:865798. [PMID: 35444995 PMCID: PMC9014799 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.865798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the time-series relationship between air pollutants and the number of children's respiratory outpatient visits in coastal cities. Methods We used time series analysis to investigate the association between air pollution levels and pediatric respiratory outpatient visits in Zhoushan city, China. The population was selected from children aged 0–18 who had been in pediatric respiratory clinics for eight consecutive years from 2014 to 2020. After describing the population and weather characteristics, a lag model was used to explore the relationship between outpatient visits and air pollution. Results We recorded annual outpatient visits for different respiratory diseases in children. The best synergy lag model found a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 for every 4–10% increase in the number of pediatric respiratory outpatient visits (P < 0.05). The cumulative effect of an increase in the number of daily pediatric respiratory clinics with a lag of 1–7 days was the best model. Conclusions PM2.5 is significantly related to the number of respiratory outpatient visits of children, which can aid in formulating policies for health resource allocation and health risk assessment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Liu
- Department of Health Policy Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Institute for Hospital Management, Tsing Hua University, Shenzhen, China.,Shanghai Bluecross Medical Science Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yi
- Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, China
| | - Leiyu Shi
- Department of Health Policy Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tao-Hsin Tung
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
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11
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Sendra M, Pereiro P, Yeste MP, Novoa B, Figueras A. Surgical face masks as a source of emergent pollutants in aquatic systems: Analysis of their degradation product effects in Danio rerio through RNA-Seq. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128186. [PMID: 35042165 PMCID: PMC9761780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Surgical face masks are the most popularised and effective personal equipment for protecting public health during the COVID-19 pandemic. They are composed of plastic polymer fibres with a large amount of inorganic and organic compounds that can be released into aquatic environments through degradation processes. This source of microplastics and inorganic and organic substances could potentially impact aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxicogenomic effects of face masks at different stages of degradation in water were analysed in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) through RNA-Seq. Larvae were exposed for 10 days to three treatments: 1) face mask fragments in an initial stage of degradation (poorly degraded masks -PDM- products) with the corresponding water; 2) face mask fragments in an advanced stage of degradation (highly degraded masks -HDM- products) with the corresponding water; and 3) water derived from HDM (W-HDM). Transcriptome analyses revealed that the three treatments provoked the down-regulation of genes related to reproduction, especially the HDM products, suggesting that degradation products derived from face masks could act as endocrine disruptors. The affected genes are involved in different steps of reproduction, including gametogenesis, sperm-egg recognition and binding or fertilisation. Immune-related genes and metabolic processes were also differentially affected by the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sendra
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Pilar Yeste
- Department of Material Science, Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cádiz, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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12
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Afify SM, Regner A, Pacios LF, Blokhuis BR, Jensen SA, Redegeld FA, Pali-Schöll I, Hufnagl K, Bianchini R, Guethoff S, Kramer MF, Fiocchi A, Dvorak Z, Jensen-Jarolim E, Roth-Walter F. Micronutritional supplementation with a holoBLG-based FSMP (food for special medical purposes)-lozenge alleviates allergic symptoms in BALB/c mice: Imitating the protective farm effect. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 52:426-441. [PMID: 34773648 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, the protective farm effect was imitated using the whey protein beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) that is spiked with iron-flavonoid complexes. Here, we formulated for clinical translation a lozenge as food for special medical purposes (FSMP) using catechin-iron complexes as ligands for BLG. The lozenge was tested in vitro and in a therapeutical BALB/c mice model. METHODS Binding of iron-catechin into BLG was confirmed by spectroscopy and docking calculations. Serum IgE binding of children allergic or tolerating milk was assessed to loaded (holo-) versus empty (apo-) BLG and for human mast cell degranulation. BLG and Bet v 1 double-sensitized mice were orally treated with the holoBLG or placebo lozenge, and immunologically analysed after systemic allergen challenge. Human PBMCs of pollen allergic subjects were flow cytometrically assessed after stimulation with apoBLG or holoBLG using catechin-iron complexes as ligands. RESULTS One major IgE and T cell epitope were masked by catechin-iron complexes, which impaired IgE binding of milk-allergic children and degranulation of mast cells. In mice, only supplementation with the holoBLG lozenge reduced clinical reactivity to BLG and Bet v 1, promoted Tregs, and suppressed antigen presentation. In allergic subjects, stimulation of PBMCs with holoBLG led to a significant increase of intracellular iron in circulating CD14+ cells with significantly lower expression of HLADR and CD86 compared to their stimulation with apoBLG. CONCLUSION The FSMP lozenge targeted antigen presenting cells and dampened immune activation in human immune cells and allergic mice in an antigen-non-specific manner, thereby conferring immune resilience against allergic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheriene Moussa Afify
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory Medicine and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Andreas Regner
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Biotechnology Department, ETSIAAB, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, CBGP (UPM-INIA), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart R Blokhuis
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A Jensen
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Pali-Schöll
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hufnagl
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodolfo Bianchini
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Guethoff
- Bencard Allergie GmbH, Munich, Germany.,Allergy Therapeutics, Worthing, UK
| | - Matthias F Kramer
- Bencard Allergie GmbH, Munich, Germany.,Allergy Therapeutics, Worthing, UK
| | | | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Biomedical International R+D GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Roth-Walter
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Luo T, Zheng F, Wang K, Xu Y, Xu H, Shen W, Zhu C, Zhang X, Sui W, Tang D, Yin L, Dai Y. A single-cell map for the transcriptomic signatures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:599-608. [PMID: 31883338 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune aberrations in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are characterized by systemic inflammation and immune deficiency. The mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon remains limited. METHODS We generated 12 981 and 9578 single-cell transcriptomes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that were pooled from 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with ESRD by single-cell RNA sequencing. Unsupervised clustering and annotation analyses were performed to cluster and identify cell types. The analysis of hallmark pathway and regulon activity was performed in the main cell types. RESULTS We identified 14 leukocytic clusters that corresponded to six known PBMC types. The comparison of cells from ESRD patients and healthy individuals revealed multiple changes in biological processes. We noticed an ESRD-related increase in inflammation response, complement cascade and cellular metabolism, as well as a strong decrease in activity related to cell cycle progression in relevant cell types in ESRD. Furthermore, a list of cell type-specific candidate transcription factors (TFs) driving the ESRD-associated transcriptome changes was identified. CONCLUSIONS We generated a distinctive, high-resolution map of ESRD-derived PBMCs. These results revealed cell type-specific ESRD-associated pathways and TFs. Notably, the pooled sample analysis limits the generalization of our results. The generation of larger single-cell datasets will complement the current map and drive advances in therapies that manipulate immune cell function in ESRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengping Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huixuan Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenxi Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengxin Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiguo Sui
- Department of Nephrology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Guilin NO. 924 Hospital, Guilin, China
| | - Donge Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianghong Yin
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Dai
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200355. [PMID: 34096963 PMCID: PMC8182890 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called “zoonotic spillover”. Most human infectious diseases (60-75%) are derived from pathogens that originally circulated in non-human animal species. This demonstrates that spillover has a fundamental role in the emergence of new human infectious diseases. Understanding the factors that facilitate the transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is essential to establish strategies focused on the reduction of the frequency of spillover events. In this context, this article describes the basic aspects of zoonotic spillover and the main factors involved in spillover events, considering the role of the inter-species interactions, phylogenetic distance between host species, environmental drivers, and specific characteristics of the pathogens, animals, and humans. As an example, the factors involved in the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are discussed, indicating what can be learned from this public health emergency, and what can be applied to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, this article discusses actions to prevent or reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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15
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Udompornpitak K, Bhunyakarnjanarat T, Charoensappakit A, Dang CP, Saisorn W, Leelahavanichkul A. Lipopolysaccharide-Enhanced Responses against Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in FcgRIIb-Deficient Macrophages, a Profound Impact of an Environmental Toxin on a Lupus-Like Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084199. [PMID: 33919603 PMCID: PMC8073880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc gamma receptor IIb (FcgRIIb) is the only inhibitory-FcgR in the FcgR family, and FcgRIIb-deficient (FcgRIIb−/−) mice develop a lupus-like condition with hyper-responsiveness against several stimulations. The activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), a cellular environmental sensor, might aggravate activity of the lupus-like condition. As such, 1,4-chrysenequinone (1,4-CQ), an Ahr-activator, alone did not induce supernatant cytokines from macrophages, while the 24 h pre-treatment by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a representative inflammatory activator, prior to 1,4-CQ activation (LPS/1,4-CQ) predominantly induced macrophage pro-inflammatory responses. Additionally, the responses from FcgRIIb−/− macrophages were more prominent than wild-type (WT) cells as determined by (i) supernatant cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10), (ii) expression of the inflammation associated genes (NF-κB, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, iNOS, IL-1β and activating-FcgRIV) and cell-surface CD-86 (a biomarker of M1 macrophage polarization), and (iii) cell apoptosis (Annexin V), with the lower inhibitory-FcgRIIb expression. Moreover, 8-week-administration of 1,4-CQ in 8 week old FcgRIIb−/− mice, a genetic-prone lupus-like model, enhanced lupus characteristics as indicated by anti-dsDNA, serum creatinine, proteinuria, endotoxemia, gut-leakage (FITC-dextran), and glomerular immunoglobulin deposition. In conclusion, an Ahr activation worsened the disease severity in FcgRIIb−/− mice possibly through the enhanced inflammatory responses. The deficiency of inhibitory-FcgRIIb in these mice, at least in part, prominently enhanced the pro-inflammatory responses. Our data suggest that patients with lupus might be more vulnerable to environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyarat Udompornpitak
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary and International Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.B.); (A.C.); (C.P.D.); (W.S.)
| | - Thansita Bhunyakarnjanarat
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.B.); (A.C.); (C.P.D.); (W.S.)
| | - Awirut Charoensappakit
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.B.); (A.C.); (C.P.D.); (W.S.)
| | - Cong Phi Dang
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.B.); (A.C.); (C.P.D.); (W.S.)
| | - Wilasinee Saisorn
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.B.); (A.C.); (C.P.D.); (W.S.)
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.B.); (A.C.); (C.P.D.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-256-4251; Fax: +66-2-252-6920
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16
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Kharrazian D. Exposure to Environmental Toxins and Autoimmune Conditions. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2021; 20:20-24. [PMID: 34377090 PMCID: PMC8325494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmunity is growing rapidly worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have found environmental factors, such as toxic chemicals (persistent organic pollutants, toxic metals, solvents, endocrine disruptors), to be a key factor in this rapid progression. Numerous mechanisms have been identified that can cause immune dysregulation and autoimmune reactivity from toxic chemical exposure to subsets of individuals who have genetic susceptibility in immune regulatory genes. In susceptible genotypes, toxic chemicals can induce epigenetic expressions, bind to immune and endocrine receptors throughout the body and promote immune dysregulation, bind to nucleic acids and promote anti-nuclear autoimmunity, deplete antioxidant reserves, promote immune barrier degradation, induce lymphocyte dysregulation, and alter normal antigen-presenting responses. This paper provides a detailed review of the specific immunological pathways involved with exposure to environmental toxins and autoimmunity.
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17
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Lorenzetti S, Plösch T, Teller IC. Antioxidative Molecules in Human Milk and Environmental Contaminants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:550. [PMID: 33916168 PMCID: PMC8065843 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding provides overall beneficial health to the mother-child dyad and is universally recognized as the preferred feeding mode for infants up to 6-months and beyond. Human milk provides immuno-protection and supplies nutrients and bioactive compounds whose concentrations vary with lactation stage. Environmental and dietary factors potentially lead to excessive chemical exposure in critical windows of development such as neonatal life, including lactation. This review discusses current knowledge on these environmental and dietary contaminants and summarizes the known effects of these chemicals in human milk, taking into account the protective presence of antioxidative molecules. Particular attention is given to short- and long-term effects of these contaminants, considering their role as endocrine disruptors and potential epigenetic modulators. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps and indicate potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lorenzetti
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Perinatal Neurobiology, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Komijani M, Shamabadi NS, Shahin K, Eghbalpour F, Tahsili MR, Bahram M. Heavy metal pollution promotes antibiotic resistance potential in the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116569. [PMID: 33540257 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution is one of the main challenges and water crises, which has caused the existing water resources to be unusable due to contamination. To understand the determinants of the distribution and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), we examined the distribution of 22 ARGs in relation to habitat type, heavy metal pollution and antibiotics concentration across six lakes and wetlands of Iran. The concentration of 13 heavy metals was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) by Thermo Electron Corporation, and five antibiotics by online enrichment and triple-quadrupole LC-MS/MS were investigated. We further performed a global meta-analysis to evaluate the distribution of ARGs across global lakes compared with our studied lakes. While habitat type effect was negligible, we found a strong correlation between waste discharge into the lakes and the abundance of ARGs. The ARGs abundance showed stronger correlation with the concentration of heavy metals, such as Vanadium, than with that of antibiotics. Our meta-analysis also confirmed that overuse of antibiotics and discharge of heavy metals in the studied lakes. These data point to an increase in the distribution of ARGs among bacteria and their increasing resistance to various antibiotics, implying the susceptibility of aquatic environment to industrial pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Komijani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | | | - Khashayar Shahin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Farnaz Eghbalpour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Bahram
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls V⋅⋅ag 16, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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19
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Abo-Al-Ela HG, Faggio C. Physiological and metabolic approach of plastic additive effects: Immune cells responses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124114. [PMID: 33035909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human and wildlife are continually exposed to a wide range of compounds and substances, which reach the body through the air, water, food, or personal care products. Plasticizers are compounds added to plastics and can be released to the environment under certain conditions. Toxicological studies have concluded that plasticizers, phthalates, and bisphenols are endocrine disruptors, alter the endocrine system and functioning of the immune system and metabolic process. A functional immune response indicates favourable living conditions for an organism; conversely, a weak immune response could reveal a degraded environment that requires organisms to adapt. There is growing concern about the presence of plastic debris in the environment. In this review, the current knowledge of the action of plasticizers on leukocyte cells will be itemized. We also point out critically the role of some nuclear and membrane receptors as key players in the action of plasticizers on cells possess immune function. We discuss the role of erythrocytes within the immune responses and the alteration caused by plasticizers. Finally, we highlight data evidencing mitochondrial dysfunctions triggered by plasticizing toxic action, which can lead to immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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20
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Sharma J, Parsai K, Raghuwanshi P, Ali SA, Tiwari V, Bhargava A, Mishra PK. Emerging role of mitochondria in airborne particulate matter-induced immunotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116242. [PMID: 33321436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is one of the primary targets of airborne particulate matter. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondria lie at the center of particulate matter-induced immunotoxicity. Particulate matter can directly interact with mitochondrial components (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) and impairs the vital mitochondrial processes including redox mechanisms, fusion-fission, autophagy, and metabolic pathways. These disturbances impede different mitochondrial functions including ATP production, which acts as an important platform to regulate immunity and inflammatory responses. Moreover, the mitochondrial DNA released into the cytosol or in the extracellular milieu acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern and triggers the signaling pathways, involving cGAS-STING, TLR9, and NLRP3. In the present review, we discuss the emerging role of mitochondria in airborne particulate matter-induced immunotoxicity and its myriad biological consequences in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnavi Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Kamakshi Parsai
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pragati Raghuwanshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Sophiya Anjum Ali
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Vineeta Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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21
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Oral Bisphenol A Worsens Liver Immune-Metabolic and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by High-Fat Diet in Adult Mice: Cross-Talk between Oxidative Stress and Inflammasome Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121201. [PMID: 33265944 PMCID: PMC7760359 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lines of evidence have shown the embryogenic and transgenerational impact of bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, on immune-metabolic alterations, inflammation, and oxidative stress, while BPA toxic effects in adult obese mice are still overlooked. Here, we evaluate BPA’s worsening effect on several hepatic maladaptive processes associated to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. After 12 weeks HFD feeding, C57Bl/6J male mice were exposed daily to BPA (50 μg/kg per os) along with HFD for 3 weeks. Glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism were examined in serum and/or liver. Hepatic oxidative damage (reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes), and mitochondrial respiratory capacity were evaluated. Moreover, liver damage progression and inflammatory/immune response were determined by histological and molecular analysis. BPA amplified HFD-induced alteration of key factors involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, liver triglycerides accumulation, and worsened mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress and reducing antioxidant defense. The exacerbation by BPA of hepatic immune-metabolic dysfunction induced by HFD was shown by increased toll-like receptor-4 and its downstream pathways (i.e., NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome) amplifying inflammatory cytokine transcription and promoting fibrosis progression. This study evidences that BPA exposure represents an additional risk factor for the progression of fatty liver diseases strictly related to the cross-talk between oxidative stress and immune-metabolic impairment due to obesity.
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22
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Chiu K, Bashir ST, Nowak RA, Mei W, Flaws JA. Subacute exposure to di-isononyl phthalate alters the morphology, endocrine function, and immune system in the colon of adult female mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18788. [PMID: 33139756 PMCID: PMC7608689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), a common plasticizer used in polyvinyl chloride products, exhibits endocrine-disrupting capabilities. It is also toxic to the brain, reproductive system, liver, and kidney. However, little is known about how DiNP impacts the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It is crucial to understand how DiNP exposure affects the GIT because humans are primarily exposed to DiNP through the GIT. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that subacute exposure to DiNP dysregulates cellular, endocrine, and immunological aspects in the colon of adult female mice. To test this hypothesis, adult female mice were dosed with vehicle control or DiNP doses ranging from 0.02 to 200 mg/kg for 10–14 days. After the treatment period, mice were euthanized during diestrus, and colon tissue samples were subjected to morphological, biochemical, and hormone assays. DiNP exposure significantly increased histological damage in the colon compared to control. Exposure to DiNP also significantly decreased sICAM-1 levels, increased Tnf expression, decreased a cell cycle regulator (Ccnb1), and increased apoptotic factors (Aifm1 and Bcl2l10) in the colon compared to control. Colon-extracted lipids revealed that DiNP exposure significantly decreased estradiol levels compared to control. Collectively, these data indicate that subacute exposure to DiNP alters colon morphology and physiology in adult female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Shah Tauseef Bashir
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Romana A Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA. .,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Bhattarai
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Purna C. Kashyap
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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24
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Meta-Analysis of Transcriptome Data Detected New Potential Players in Response to Dioxin Exposure in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217858. [PMID: 33113971 PMCID: PMC7672605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioxins are one of the most potent anthropogenic poisons, causing systemic disorders in embryonic development and pathologies in adults. The mechanism of dioxin action requires an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), but the downstream mechanisms are not yet precisely clear. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of all available transcriptome datasets taken from human cell cultures exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Differentially expressed genes from different experiments overlapped partially, but there were a number of those genes that were systematically affected by TCDD. Some of them have been linked to toxic dioxin effects, but we also identified other attractive targets. Among the genes that were affected by TCDD, there are functionally related gene groups that suggest an interplay between retinoic acid, AhR, and Wnt signaling pathways. Next, we analyzed the upstream regions of differentially expressed genes and identified potential transcription factor (TF) binding sites overrepresented in the genes responding to TCDD. Intriguingly, the dioxin-responsive element (DRE), the binding site of AhR, was not overrepresented as much as other cis-elements were. Bioinformatics analysis of the AhR binding profile unveils potential cooperation of AhR with E2F2, CTCFL, and ZBT14 TFs in the dioxin response. We discuss the potential implication of these predictions for further dioxin studies.
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Hollander JA, Cory-Slechta DA, Jacka FN, Szabo ST, Guilarte TR, Bilbo SD, Mattingly CJ, Moy SS, Haroon E, Hornig M, Levin ED, Pletnikov MV, Zehr JL, McAllister KA, Dzierlenga AL, Garton AE, Lawler CP, Ladd-Acosta C. Beyond the looking glass: recent advances in understanding the impact of environmental exposures on neuropsychiatric disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1086-1096. [PMID: 32109936 PMCID: PMC7234981 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The etiologic pathways leading to neuropsychiatric diseases remain poorly defined. As genomic technologies have advanced over the past several decades, considerable progress has been made linking neuropsychiatric disorders to genetic underpinnings. Interest and consideration of nongenetic risk factors (e.g., lead exposure and schizophrenia) have, in contrast, lagged behind heritable frameworks of explanation. Thus, the association of neuropsychiatric illness to environmental chemical exposure, and their potential interactions with genetic susceptibility, are largely unexplored. In this review, we describe emerging approaches for considering the impact of chemical risk factors acting alone and in concert with genetic risk, and point to the potential role of epigenetics in mediating exposure effects on transcription of genes implicated in mental disorders. We highlight recent examples of research in nongenetic risk factors in psychiatric disorders that point to potential shared biological mechanisms-synaptic dysfunction, immune alterations, and gut-brain interactions. We outline new tools and resources that can be harnessed for the study of environmental factors in psychiatric disorders. These tools, combined with emerging experimental evidence, suggest that there is a need to broadly incorporate environmental exposures in psychiatric research, with the ultimate goal of identifying modifiable risk factors and informing new treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Hollander
- Genes, Environment and Health Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Felice N Jacka
- Food & Mood Centre, IMPACT SRC, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- iMPACT (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Steven T Szabo
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tomás R Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn J Mattingly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sheryl S Moy
- Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mady Hornig
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia L Zehr
- Developmental Mechanisms and Trajectories of Psychopathology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly A McAllister
- Genes, Environment and Health Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Anika L Dzierlenga
- Genes, Environment and Health Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Amanda E Garton
- Genes, Environment and Health Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cindy P Lawler
- Genes, Environment and Health Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christine Ladd-Acosta
- Department of Epidemiology and Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kamio Y, Gunge Y, Koike Y, Kuwatsuka Y, Tsuruta K, Yanagihara K, Furue M, Murota H. Insight into innate immune response in "Yusho": The impact of natural killer cell and regulatory T cell on inflammatory prone diathesis of Yusho patients. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109415. [PMID: 32240844 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1968 in western Japan, polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated "Kanemi rice oil" was used in cooking, causing food poisoning in many people. More than 50 years have passed since the Yusho incident, and although inflammatory disorders such as suppuration have been observed in Yusho patients, the etiology of this inflammation susceptibility remains obscure. OBJECTIVES To investigate the mechanisms of susceptibility to inflammation in Yusho patients, peripheral immune cell fractions and concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in blood samples collected from both Yusho patients and age-matched healthy subjects undergoing medical examination in Nagasaki. METHODS To exclude diagnostic uncertainty, serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polychlorinated quarterphenyl (PCQ), and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) were measured. Immune cell (e.g. natural killer and regulatory T cell) populations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum cytokines involved in immune cell activation were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The relative proportion of natural killer cells was higher in Yusho patients than in healthy subjects, while the proportion of regulatory T cells did not differ between groups. Serum concentrations of IL-36 and IFN-γ were significantly lower in Yusho patients than in healthy subjects. Conversely, serum cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), which is a cytokine related to activated NK cells, was higher in Yusho patients than in healthy subjects and was positively correlated with PCDF blood levels. CONCLUSION Increased numbers of NK cells in Yusho patients suggests that the innate immune response has been activated in Yusho patients. The seemingly paradoxical results for CTLA-4 and IFN-γ may reflect counterbalancing mechanisms preventing excessive NK cell activation. This dysregulation of innate immunity might contribute to the inflammation observed in Yusho patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kamio
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, West Wing. 5F 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yumi Gunge
- Gunge Hospital, 1-9, Suehiro, Goto-shi, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuta Koike
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kuwatsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsuruta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, West Wing. 5F 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Roth-Walter F, Afify SM, Pacios LF, Blokhuis BR, Redegeld F, Regner A, Petje LM, Fiocchi A, Untersmayr E, Dvorak Z, Hufnagl K, Pali-Schöll I, Jensen-Jarolim E. Cow's milk protein β-lactoglobulin confers resilience against allergy by targeting complexed iron into immune cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:321-334.e4. [PMID: 32485264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) is a bovine lipocalin in milk with an innate defense function. The circumstances under which BLG is associated with tolerance of or allergy to milk are not understood. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to assess the capacity of ligand-free apoBLG versus loaded BLG (holoBLG) to protect mice against allergy by using an iron-quercetin complex as an exemplary ligand and to study the molecular mechanisms of this protection. METHODS Binding of iron-quercetin to BLG was modeled and confirmed by spectroscopy and docking calculations. Serum IgE binding to apoBLG and holoBLG in children allergic to milk and children tolerant of milk was assessed. Mice were intranasally treated with apoBLG versus holoBLG and analyzed immunologically after systemic challenge. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation was evaluated with reporter cells and Cyp1A1 expression. Treated human PBMCs and human mast cells were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and degranulation, respectively. RESULTS Modeling predicted masking of major IgE and T-cell epitopes of BLG by ligand binding. In line with this modeling, IgE binding in children allergic to milk was reduced toward holoBLG, which also impaired degranulation of mast cells. In mice, only treatments with holoBLG prevented allergic sensitization and anaphylaxis, while sustaining regulatory T cells. BLG facilitated quercetin-dependent AhR activation and, downstream of AhR, lung Cyp1A1 expression. HoloBLG shuttled iron into monocytic cells and impaired their antigen presentation. CONCLUSION The cargo of holoBLG is decisive in preventing allergy in vivo. BLG without cargo acted as an allergen in vivo and further primed human mast cells for degranulation in an antigen-independent fashion. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation why the same proteins can act either as tolerogens or as allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sheriene Moussa Afify
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory Medicine and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Biotechnology Department, ETSIAAB, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, CBGP (UPM-INIA), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart R Blokhuis
- Faculty of Science, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Faculty of Science, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Regner
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa-Marie Petje
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Hufnagl
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Pali-Schöll
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Tsatsakis A, Petrakis D, Nikolouzakis TK, Docea AO, Calina D, Vinceti M, Goumenou M, Kostoff RN, Mamoulakis C, Aschner M, Hernández AF. COVID-19, an opportunity to reevaluate the correlation between long-term effects of anthropogenic pollutants on viral epidemic/pandemic events and prevalence. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111418. [PMID: 32437891 PMCID: PMC7211730 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Occupational, residential, dietary and environmental exposures to mixtures of synthetic anthropogenic chemicals after World War II have a strong relationship with the increase of chronic diseases, health cost and environmental pollution. The link between environment and immunity is particularly intriguing as it is known that chemicals and drugs can cause immunotoxicity (e.g., allergies and autoimmune diseases). In this review, we emphasize the relationship between long-term exposure to xenobiotic mixtures and immune deficiency inherent to chronic diseases and epidemics/pandemics. We also address the immunotoxicologic risk of vulnerable groups, taking into account biochemical and biophysical properties of SARS-CoV-2 and its immunopathological implications. We particularly underline the common mechanisms by which xenobiotics and SARS-CoV-2 act at the cellular and molecular level. We discuss how long-term exposure to thousand chemicals in mixtures, mostly fossil fuel derivatives, exposure toparticle matters, metals, ultraviolet (UV)–B radiation, ionizing radiation and lifestyle contribute to immunodeficiency observed in the contemporary pandemic, such as COVID-19, and thus threaten global public health, human prosperity and achievements, and global economy. Finally, we propose metrics which are needed to address the diverse health effects of anthropogenic COVID-19 crisis at present and those required to prevent similar future pandemics. Developmental exposure to environmental factors can disrupt the immune system. Long-term low-dose exposure to chemical mixtures is linked to imunodeficiency Immunodeficiency contributes to chronic diseases and the current Covid-19 pandemics. Environmental chemicals and microorganisms share similar molecular pathomechanisms (AhR pathway). Understanding the underlying pathomechanisms helps to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Demetrious Petrakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | | | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Marina Goumenou
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ronald N Kostoff
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA, 20155, USA.
| | - Charalampos Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, 180016 Granada, Spain.
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Fabris AL, Nunes AV, Schuch V, de Paula-Silva M, Rocha G, Nakaya HI, Ho PL, Silveira ELV, Farsky SHP. Hydroquinone exposure alters the morphology of lymphoid organs in vaccinated C57Bl/6 mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113554. [PMID: 31767231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influenza is a common viral infection that can be fatal, especially in high-risk groups such as children, pregnant women, elderly, and immune-deficient individuals. Vaccination is the most efficient approach to prevent the spreading of viral infection and promote individual and public health. In contrast, exposure to environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke reduces the efficacy of vaccination. We investigated whether chronic exposure to hydroquinone (HQ), the most abundant compound of the tobacco particulate phase, could impair the adaptive immune responses elicited by influenza vaccination. For this, adult male C57BL/6 mice were daily exposed to either nebulized HQ or PBS for 1 h for a total of eight weeks. At weeks 6 and 8, the mice were primed and boosted with the trivalent influenza vaccine via IM respectively. Although the HQ exposure did not alter the body weight of the mice and the biochemical and hematological parameters, the pollutant increased the oxidative stress in splenocytes of immunized animals, modified the morphology of spleen follicles, and augmented the size of their lymph nodes. The lymphoid organs of HQ-exposed mice presented a similar number of vaccine-specific IgG-secreting cells, titers of vaccine-specific total IgG, and respective subclasses. Transcriptome studies with HQ, benzene, or cigarette smoke exposure were also analyzed. The genes up-regulated upon pollutant exposure were associated with neutrophil migration and were shown to be co-expressed with antibody-secreting cell genes. Therefore, these findings suggest that HQ exposure may trigger an immune-compensatory mechanism that enhances the humoral responses induced by influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fabris
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre Vinicius Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Schuch
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina de Paula-Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gho Rocha
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Bacteriology Service, BioIndustrial Division, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L V Silveira
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bar-Or D, Thomas G, Rael LT, Frederick E, Hausburg M, Bar-Or R, Brody E. On the Mechanisms of Action of the Low Molecular Weight Fraction of Commercial Human Serum Albumin in Osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2020; 15:189-200. [PMID: 30451114 PMCID: PMC6791032 DOI: 10.2174/1573397114666181119121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The low molecular weight fraction of commercial human serum albumin (LMWF5A) has been shown to successfully relieve pain and inflammation in severe osteoarthritis of the knee (OAK). LMWF5A contains at least three active components that could account for these antiinflammatory and analgesic effects. We summarize in vitro experiments in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, monocytic cell lines, chondrocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and endothelial cells on the biochemistry of anti-inflammatory changes induced by LMWF5A. We then look at four of the major pathways that cut across cell-type considerations to examine which biochemical reactions are affected by mTOR, COX-2, CD36, and AhR pathways. All three components show anti-inflammatory activities in at least some of the cell types. The in vitro experiments show that the effects of LMWF5A in chondrocytes and bone marrow- derived stem cells in particular, coupled with recent data from previous clinical trials of single and multiple injections of LMWF5A into OAK patients demonstrated improvements in pain, function, and Patient Global Assessment (PGA), as well as high responder rates that could be attributed to the multiple mechanism of action (MOA) pathways are summarized here. In vitro and in vivo data are highly suggestive of LMWF5A being a disease-modifying drug for OAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden Avenue, Englewood, CO 80113, United States.,Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 1600 W. 2nd Place, Lakewood, CO 80228, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W. 15th Street, Plano, TX 75075, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N. Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2315 E. Meyer Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64132, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N. Hillside Street, Witchita, KS 67214, United States.,Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 373 Inverness Parkway, #200, Englewood, CO 80112, United States
| | - Gregory Thomas
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden Avenue, Englewood, CO 80113, United States.,Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 1600 W. 2nd Place, Lakewood, CO 80228, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W. 15th Street, Plano, TX 75075, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N. Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2315 E. Meyer Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64132, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N. Hillside Street, Witchita, KS 67214, United States.,Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 373 Inverness Parkway, #200, Englewood, CO 80112, United States
| | - Leonard T Rael
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden Avenue, Englewood, CO 80113, United States.,Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 1600 W. 2nd Place, Lakewood, CO 80228, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W. 15th Street, Plano, TX 75075, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N. Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2315 E. Meyer Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64132, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N. Hillside Street, Witchita, KS 67214, United States
| | - Elizabeth Frederick
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden Avenue, Englewood, CO 80113, United States.,Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 1600 W. 2nd Place, Lakewood, CO 80228, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W. 15th Street, Plano, TX 75075, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N. Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2315 E. Meyer Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64132, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N. Hillside Street, Witchita, KS 67214, United States.,Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 373 Inverness Parkway, #200, Englewood, CO 80112, United States
| | - Melissa Hausburg
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden Avenue, Englewood, CO 80113, United States.,Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 1600 W. 2nd Place, Lakewood, CO 80228, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W. 15th Street, Plano, TX 75075, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N. Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2315 E. Meyer Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64132, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N. Hillside Street, Witchita, KS 67214, United States
| | - Raphael Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden Avenue, Englewood, CO 80113, United States.,Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 1600 W. 2nd Place, Lakewood, CO 80228, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W. 15th Street, Plano, TX 75075, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N. Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2315 E. Meyer Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64132, United States.,Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N. Hillside Street, Witchita, KS 67214, United States.,Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 373 Inverness Parkway, #200, Englewood, CO 80112, United States
| | - Edward Brody
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, United States
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31
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Pessah IN, Lein PJ, Seegal RF, Sagiv SK. Neurotoxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls and related organohalogens. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:363-387. [PMID: 30976975 PMCID: PMC6708608 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds are pervasive in natural and built environments. Despite restrictions on the production of many of these compounds in most parts of the world through the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), many "legacy" compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are routinely detected in human tissues where they continue to pose significant health risks to highly exposed and susceptible populations. A major concern is developmental neurotoxicity, although impacts on neurodegenerative outcomes have also been noted. Here, we review human studies of prenatal and adult exposures to PCBs and describe the state of knowledge regarding outcomes across domains related to cognition (e.g., IQ, language, memory, learning), attention, behavioral regulation and executive function, and social behavior, including traits related to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We also review current understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning these associations, with a focus on dopaminergic neurotransmission, thyroid hormone disruption, calcium dyshomeostasis, and oxidative stress. Finally, we briefly consider contemporary sources of organohalogens that may pose human health risks via mechanisms of neurotoxicity common to those ascribed to PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard F Seegal
- Professor Emeritus, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Nanomaterial Exposure Induced Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: A New Target in Inflammation and Innate Immunity. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3560180. [PMID: 30944832 PMCID: PMC6421747 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3560180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become a novel subject with impact in many research and technology areas. Nanoparticles (NPs), as a key component in nanotechnology, are widely used in many areas such as optical, magnetic, electrical, and mechanical engineering. The biomedical and pharmaceutical industries have embraced NPs as a viable drug delivery modality. As such, the potential for NP-induced cytotoxicity has emerged as a major concern for NP drug delivery systems. Thus, it is important to understand how NPs affect the innate immune system. As the most abundant myeloid cell type in innate immune responses, neutrophils are critical for concerns about potentially toxic side effects of NPs. When activated by innate immune stimuli, neutrophils may initiate NETosis to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Herein, we have reviewed the relationship between NPs and the induction of NETosis and release of NETs.
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Kim Y, Choudhry QN, Chatterjee N, Choi J. Immune and xenobiotic response crosstalk to chemical exposure by PA01 infection in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:1082-1090. [PMID: 30208533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most organisms simultaneously face various chemical and biological stresses in the environment. Herein, we investigated how pathogen infection modifies an organism's response to chemical exposure. To explore this phenomenon, we conducted a toxicity study combined with pathogen infection by using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and various environmental chemicals. C. elegans preinfected with PA01, when subsequently exposed to chemicals, became sensitized to the toxicity of nonylphenol (NP) and cadmium (Cd), whereas they became tolerant to the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); this led us to conduct a mechanistic study focusing on AgNP exposure. A gene expression profiling study revealed that most of the immune response genes activated by PA01 infection remained activated after subsequent exposure to AgNPs, thereby suggesting that the acquired tolerance of C. elegans to AgNP exposure may be due to boosted immunity resulting from PA01 preinfection. Further, a functional genetic analysis revealed that the immune response pathway (i.e., PMK-1/p38 MAPK) was involved in defense against AgNP exposure in PA01-preinfected C. elegans, thus suggesting immune and stress response crosstalk to xenobiotic exposure. This study will aid in the elucidation of how pathogen infection impacts the way the defense system responds to subsequent xenobiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Kim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Qaisra Naheed Choudhry
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Nivedita Chatterjee
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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Rael LT, Bar-Or R, Banton KL, Mains CW, Roshon M, Tanner AH, Lieser MJ, Acuna DL, Bar-Or D. The anti-inflammatory effect of LMWF5A and N-acetyl kynurenine on macrophages: Involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mechanism of action. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 15:61-67. [PMID: 30073204 PMCID: PMC6068081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
After a traumatic insult, macrophages can become activated leading to general inflammation at the site of injury. Activated macrophages are partially regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) which when activated suppresses inflammation by limiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the over expression of immuno-modulatory mediators. This study aims to determine whether the low molecular weight fraction of 5% human serum albumin (LMWF5A) and N-acetyl kynurenine (NAK), an N-acetyl tryptophan (NAT) breakdown product in LMWF5A, can regulate inflammation by inhibiting macrophage activation through the AhR since kynurenine is a known AhR agonist. Using LCMS, we demonstrate that NAT is non-enzymatically degraded during accelerated aging of LMWF5A with high heat accelerating degradation. More importantly, NAK is a major degradation product found in LMWF5A. THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and pre-treated with 2-fold dilutions of LMWF5A or synthetic NAK with or without an AhR antagonist (CH223191) prior to overnight stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment with LMWF5A caused a 50–70% decrease in IL-6 release throughout the dilution series. A dose-response inhibition of IL-6 release was observed for NAK with maximal inhibition (50%) seen at the highest NAK concentration. Finally, an AhR antagonist partially blocked the anti-inflammatory effect of LMWF5A while completely blocking the effect of NAK. A similar inhibitory effect was observed for CXCL-10, but the AhR antagonist was not effective suggesting additional mechanisms for CXCL-10 release. These preliminary findings suggest that LMWF5A and NAK partially promote the suppression of activated macrophages via the AhR receptor. Therefore, LMWF5A, which contains NAK, is potentially a useful therapeutic in medical conditions where inflammation is prevalent such as trauma, sepsis, and wound healing. LMWF5A contains degradation products of N-acetyl tryptophan (NAT). A major degradation product of NAT in LMWF5A is N-acetyl kynurenine (NAK). LMWF5A and NAK decrease IL-6 and CXCL-10 release from activated macrophages. AhR is partially involved in the mechanism of action for LMWF5A and NAK. The anti-inflammatory properties of LMWF5A are also AhR-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T Rael
- Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, CO 80113, USA.,St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA.,Medical City Plano, Plano, TX 75075, USA.,Penrose Hospital, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA.,Research Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64132, USA.,Wesley Medical Center, Wichita, KS 67214, USA
| | - Raphael Bar-Or
- Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, CO 80113, USA.,St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA.,Medical City Plano, Plano, TX 75075, USA.,Penrose Hospital, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA.,Research Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64132, USA.,Wesley Medical Center, Wichita, KS 67214, USA.,Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Englewood, CO 80112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Bar-Or
- Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, CO 80113, USA.,St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA.,Medical City Plano, Plano, TX 75075, USA.,Penrose Hospital, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA.,Research Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64132, USA.,Wesley Medical Center, Wichita, KS 67214, USA.,Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Englewood, CO 80112, USA.,Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80134, USA
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Oliveira M, Lert-itthiporn W, Cavadas B, Fernandes V, Chuansumrit A, Anunciação O, Casademont I, Koeth F, Penova M, Tangnararatchakit K, Khor CC, Paul R, Malasit P, Matsuda F, Simon-Lorière E, Suriyaphol P, Pereira L, Sakuntabhai A. Joint ancestry and association test indicate two distinct pathogenic pathways involved in classical dengue fever and dengue shock syndrome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006202. [PMID: 29447178 PMCID: PMC5813895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnic diversity has been long considered as one of the factors explaining why the severe forms of dengue are more prevalent in Southeast Asia than anywhere else. Here we take advantage of the admixed profile of Southeast Asians to perform coupled association-admixture analyses in Thai cohorts. For dengue shock syndrome (DSS), the significant haplotypes are located in genes coding for phospholipase C members (PLCB4 added to previously reported PLCE1), related to inflammation of blood vessels. For dengue fever (DF), we found evidence of significant association with CHST10, AHRR, PPP2R5E and GRIP1 genes, which participate in the xenobiotic metabolism signaling pathway. We conducted functional analyses for PPP2R5E, revealing by immunofluorescence imaging that the coded protein co-localizes with both DENV1 and DENV2 NS5 proteins. Interestingly, only DENV2-NS5 migrated to the nucleus, and a deletion of the predicted top-linking motif in NS5 abolished the nuclear transfer. These observations support the existence of differences between serotypes in their cellular dynamics, which may contribute to differential infection outcome risk. The contribution of the identified genes to the genetic risk render Southeast and Northeast Asian populations more susceptible to both phenotypes, while African populations are best protected against DSS and intermediately protected against DF, and Europeans the best protected against DF but the most susceptible against DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Worachart Lert-itthiporn
- Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruno Cavadas
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Verónica Fernandes
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ampaiwan Chuansumrit
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orlando Anunciação
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabelle Casademont
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Pasteur Kyoto International Joint Research Unit for Integrative Vaccinomics, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fanny Koeth
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Pasteur Kyoto International Joint Research Unit for Integrative Vaccinomics, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marina Penova
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Pasteur Kyoto International Joint Research Unit for Integrative Vaccinomics, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanchana Tangnararatchakit
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Paul
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Pasteur Kyoto International Joint Research Unit for Integrative Vaccinomics, Kyoto, Japan
- CNRS, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| | - Prida Malasit
- Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Siriraj Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Pasteur Kyoto International Joint Research Unit for Integrative Vaccinomics, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Pasteur Kyoto International Joint Research Unit for Integrative Vaccinomics, Kyoto, Japan
- CNRS, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| | - Prapat Suriyaphol
- Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Luisa Pereira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (LP); (AS)
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Pasteur Kyoto International Joint Research Unit for Integrative Vaccinomics, Kyoto, Japan
- CNRS, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (LP); (AS)
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Liu Y, Hardie J, Zhang X, Rotello VM. Effects of engineered nanoparticles on the innate immune system. Semin Immunol 2017; 34:25-32. [PMID: 28985993 PMCID: PMC5705289 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have broad applications in industry and nanomedicine. When NPs enter the body, interactions with the immune system are unavoidable. The innate immune system, a non-specific first line of defense against potential threats to the host, immediately interacts with introduced NPs and generates complicated immune responses. Depending on their physicochemical properties, NPs can interact with cells and proteins to stimulate or suppress the innate immune response, and similarly activate or avoid the complement system. NPs size, shape, hydrophobicity and surface modification are the main factors that influence the interactions between NPs and the innate immune system. In this review, we will focus on recent reports about the relationship between the physicochemical properties of NPs and their innate immune response, and their applications in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Joseph Hardie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Xianzhi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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de Souza HSP, Fiocchi C, Iliopoulos D. The IBD interactome: an integrated view of aetiology, pathogenesis and therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:739-749. [PMID: 28831186 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are prototypical complex diseases characterized by chronic and heterogeneous manifestations, induced by interacting environmental, genomic, microbial and immunological factors. These interactions result in an overwhelming complexity that cannot be tackled by studying the totality of each pathological component (an '-ome') in isolation without consideration of the interaction among all relevant -omes that yield an overall 'network effect'. The outcome of this effect is the 'IBD interactome', defined as a disease network in which dysregulation of individual -omes causes intestinal inflammation mediated by dysfunctional molecular modules. To define the IBD interactome, new concepts and tools are needed to implement a systems approach; an unbiased data-driven integration strategy that reveals key players of the system, pinpoints the central drivers of inflammation and enables development of targeted therapies. Powerful bioinformatics tools able to query and integrate multiple -omes are available, enabling the integration of genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and microbiome information to build a comprehensive molecular map of IBD. This approach will enable identification of IBD molecular subtypes, correlations with clinical phenotypes and elucidation of the central hubs of the IBD interactome that will aid discovery of compounds that can specifically target the hubs that control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor S P de Souza
- Department of Gastroenterology & Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Pollard KM, Christy JM, Cauvi DM, Kono DH. Environmental Xenobiotic Exposure and Autoimmunity. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017; 10:15-22. [PMID: 29503968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases is dependent on multigenic inheritance, environmental factors, and stochastic events. Although there has been substantial progress in identifying predisposing genetic variants, a significant challenge facing autoimmune disease research is the identification of the specific events that trigger loss of tolerance, autoreactivity and ultimately autoimmune disease. Accordingly, studies have indicated that a wide range of extrinsic factors including drugs, chemicals, microbes, and other environmental factors can induce autoimmunity, particularly systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus. This review describes a class of environmental factors, namely xenobiotics, epidemiologically linked to human autoimmunity. Mechanisms of xenobiotic autoimmune disease induction are discussed in terms of human and animal model studies with a focus on the role of inflammation and the innate immune response. We argue that localized tissue damage and chronic inflammation elicited by xenobiotic exposure leads to the release of self-antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns as well as the appearance of ectopic lymphoid structures and secondary lymphoid hypertrophy, which provide a milieu for the production of autoreactive B and T cells that contribute to the development and persistence of autoimmunity in predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MEM125, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| | - Joseph M Christy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MEM125, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
| | - David M Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0739, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093
| | - Dwight H Kono
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IMM310, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA 92037
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Food contact materials and gut health: Implications for toxicity assessment and relevance of high molecular weight migrants. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:1-18. [PMID: 28830834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut health is determined by an intact epithelial barrier and balanced gut microbiota, both involved in the regulation of immune responses in the gut. Disruption of this system contributes to the etiology of various non-communicable diseases, including intestinal, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders. Studies suggest that some direct food additives, but also some food contaminants, such as pesticide residues and substances migrating from food contact materials (FCMs), may adversely affect the gut barrier or gut microbiota. Here, we focus on gut-related effects of FCM-relevant substances (e.g. surfactants, N-ring containing substances, nanoparticles, and antimicrobials) and show that gut health is an underappreciated target in the toxicity assessment of FCMs. Understanding FCMs' impact on gut health requires more attention to ensure safety and prevent gut-related chronic diseases. Our review further points to the existence of large population subgroups with an increased intestinal permeability; this may lead to higher uptake of compounds of not only low (<1000 Da) but also high (>1000 Da) molecular weight. We discuss the potential toxicological relevance of high molecular weight compounds in the gut and suggest that the scientific justification for the application of a molecular weight-based cut-off in risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated.
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40
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Frazzoli C, Mazzanti F, Achu MB, Pouokam GB, Fokou E. Elements of kitchen toxicology to exploit the value of traditional (African) recipes: The case of Egusi Okra meal in the diet of HIV+/AIDS subjects. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:474-483. [PMID: 28959677 PMCID: PMC5615167 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Egusi Okra soup is a traditional African meal that is considered of high nutritional value and protective against weight loss. We introduce the concept of "kitchen toxicology" to analyse the recipe of the Egusi Okra soup and highlight possible mitigation measures for toxic and/or antinutritional effects in the wide spectrum of health and nutritional needs of HIV+/AIDS subjects. In particular, we focus on toxicants (environmental contaminants, process contaminants, substances leaching from food contact materials) dysregulating the immune status, as well as on interactions between nutrients, contaminants, and/or antinutrients which may lead to secondary/conditioned nutritional deficiencies or imbalances; in their turn, these can modulate the ability to cope with toxicants, and increase nutritional requirements. Recommendations are given for practices preserving the Egusi Okra soup from such risk factors, identifying points of particular attention during meal preparation, from purchase of raw ingredients through to food handling, cooking, storage, and consumption. The Egusi Okra soup is discussed in the context of a diet that is asked to mitigate complications (weight loss, opportunistic infections) and support antiretroviral therapy in African countries with high HIV/AIDS prevalence. The paper discusses how nutritional interventions benefit of the integration of kitchen toxicology practices in everyday life. Toxicological risk assessment is crucial to understand the history and status of the person exposed to or affected by infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Frazzoli
- Dept. of Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Aging-Associated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Nutrition, Food Safety and Wholesomeness. Prevention, Education and Research Network1
| | - Francesca Mazzanti
- Nutrition, Food Safety and Wholesomeness. Prevention, Education and Research Network1
| | - Mercy Bih Achu
- Nutrition, Food Safety and Wholesomeness. Prevention, Education and Research Network1
- Laboratoire des Sciences Alimentaires et Métabolisme, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Guy Bertrand Pouokam
- Nutrition, Food Safety and Wholesomeness. Prevention, Education and Research Network1
- Laboratory of Food Safety, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elie Fokou
- Nutrition, Food Safety and Wholesomeness. Prevention, Education and Research Network1
- Laboratoire des Sciences Alimentaires et Métabolisme, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR): "pioneer member" of the basic-helix/loop/helix per-Arnt-sim (bHLH/PAS) family of "sensors" of foreign and endogenous signals. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 67:38-57. [PMID: 28606467 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The basic-helix/loop/helix per-Arnt-sim (bHLH/PAS) family comprises many transcription factors, found throughout all three kingdoms of life; bHLH/PAS members "sense" innumerable intracellular and extracellular "signals" - including endogenous compounds, foreign chemicals, gas molecules, redox potential, photons (light), gravity, heat, and osmotic pressure. These signals then initiate downstream signaling pathways involved in responding to that signal. The term "PAS", abbreviation for "per-Arnt-sim" was first coined in 1991. Although the mouse Arnt gene was not identified until 1991, evidence of its co-transcriptional binding partner, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), was first reported in 1974 as a "sensor" of foreign chemicals, up-regulating cytochrome P450 family 1 (CYP1) and other enzyme activities that usually metabolize the signaling chemical. Within a few years, AHR was proposed also to participate in inflammation. The mouse [Ah] locus was shown (1973-1989) to be relevant to chemical carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, toxicity and teratogenesis, the mouse Ahr gene was cloned in 1992, and the first Ahr(-/-) knockout mouse line was reported in 1995. After thousands of studies from the early 1970s to present day, we now realize that AHR participates in dozens of signaling pathways involved in critical-life processes, affecting virtually every organ and cell-type in the animal, including many invertebrates.
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