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Sun D, Chan N, Shao H, Born WK, Kaplan HJ. γδ T Cells Activated in Different Inflammatory Environments Are Functionally Distinct. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1224-1231. [PMID: 35101894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are important immunoregulatory cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), and the activation status of γδ T cells determines their disease-enhancing or inhibitory effects. Because γδ T cells can be activated via various pathways, we questioned whether the nature of their activation might impact their function. In this study, we show that γδ T cells activated under different inflammatory conditions differ greatly in their functions. Whereas anti-CD3 treatment activated both IFN-γ+ and IL-17+ γδ T cells, cytokines preferentially activated IL-17+ γδ T cells. γδ T cells continued to express high levels of surface CD73 after exposure to inflammatory cytokines, but they downregulated surface CD73 after exposure to dendritic cells. Although both CD73high and CD73low cells have a disease-enhancing effect, the CD73low γδ T cells are less inhibitory. We also show that polarized activation not only applies to αβ T cells and myeloid cells, but also to γδ T cells. After activation under Th17-polarizing conditions, γδ T cells predominantly expressed IL-17 (gdT17), but after activation under Th1 polarizing conditions (gdT1) they mainly expressed IFN-γ. The pro-Th17 activity of γδ T cells was associated with gdT17, but not gdT1. Our results demonstrate that the functional activity of γδ T cells is strikingly modulated by their activation level, as well as the pathway through which they were activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA;
| | - Nymph Chan
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Willi K Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health Center, Denver, CO; and
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
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2
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Sun D, Ko M, Shao H, Kaplan HJ. Adenosine receptor ligation tips the uveitogenic Th1 and Th17 balance towards the latter in experimental autoimmune uveitis-induced mouse. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:93-103. [PMID: 34825178 PMCID: PMC8612466 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pathological conditions are accompanied by release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment, where it degrades into adenosine and modulates immune responses. Previous studies concluded that both ATP and its degradation product adenosine are important immune-regulatory molecules; ATP acted as a danger signal that promotes immune responses, but adenosine's effect was inhibitory. We show that adenosine receptor ligation plays an important role in balancing Th1 and Th17 pathogenic T cell responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). While its effect on Th1 responses is inhibitory, its effect on Th17 responses is enhancing, thereby impacting the balance between Th1 and Th17 responses. Mechanistic studies showed that this effect is mediated via several immune cells, among which γδ T cell activation and dendritic cell differentiation are prominent; adenosine- and γδ-mediated immunoregulation synergistically impact each other's effect. Adenosine receptor ligation augments the activation of γδ T cells, which is an important promoter for Th17 responses and has a strong effect on dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, tipping the balance from generation of DCs that stimulate Th1 responses to those that stimulate Th17 responses. The knowledge acquired in this study should improve our understanding of the immune-regulatory effect of extracellular ATP-adenosine metabolism and improve treatment for autoimmune diseases caused by both Th1-and Th17-type pathogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
- Corresponding author. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90033, USA.
| | - Minhee Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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3
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Giri S, Lal G. Differentiation and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells under homeostatic and disease conditions. Mol Immunol 2021; 136:138-149. [PMID: 34146759 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a heterogeneous population of immune cells, which constitute <5% of total T cells in mice lymphoid tissue and human peripheral blood. However, they comprise a higher proportion of T cells in the epithelial and mucosal barrier, where they perform immune functions, help in tissue repair, and maintaining homeostasis. These tissues resident γδ T cells possess properties of innate and adaptive immune cells which enables them to perform a variety of functions during homeostasis and disease. Emerging data suggest the involvement of γδ T cells during transplant rejection and survival. Interestingly, several functions of γδ T cells can be modulated through their interaction with other immune cells. This review provides an overview of development, differentiation plasticity into regulatory and effector phenotypes of γδ T cells during homeostasis and various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Giri
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH-411007, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH-411007, India.
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Sun D, Ko MK, Shao H, Kaplan HJ. Augmented Th17-stimulating activity of BMDCs as a result of reciprocal interaction between γδ and dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:13-24. [PMID: 33689926 PMCID: PMC8629029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that γδ T cells have a strong regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In the current study, we show that reciprocal interactions between mouse γδ T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) played a major role in γδ regulation of Th17 responses. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) acquired an increased ability to enhance Th17 autoimmune responses after exposure to γδ T cells; meanwhile, after exposure, a significant portion of the BMDCs expressed CD73 - a molecule that is fundamental in the conversion of immunostimulatory ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine. Functional studies showed that CD73+ BMDCs were uniquely effective in stimulating the Th17 responses, as compared to CD73- BMDCs; and activated γδ T cells are much more effective than non-activated γδ T cells at inducing CD73+ BMDCs. As a result, activated γδ T cells acquired greater Th17-enhancing activity. Treatment of BMDCs with the CD73-specific antagonist APCP abolished the enhancing effect of the BMDCs. γδ T cells more effectively induced CD73+ BMDCs from the BMDCs that were pre-exposed to TLR ligands, and the response was further augmented by adenosine. Moreover, BMDCs acquired increased ability to stimulate γδ activation after pre-exposure to TLR ligands and adenosine. Our results demonstrated that both extra-cellular adenosine and TLR ligands are critical factors in augmented Th17 responses in this autoimmune disease, and the reciprocal interactions between γδ T cells and DCs play a major role in promoting Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Minhee K Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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5
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Wo J, Zhang F, Li Z, Sun C, Zhang W, Sun G. The Role of Gamma-Delta T Cells in Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580304. [PMID: 33193380 PMCID: PMC7644879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T cells that promote the inflammatory responses of lymphoid and myeloid lineages, and are especially vital to the initial inflammatory and immune responses. Given the capability to connect crux inflammations of adaptive and innate immunity, γδ T cells are responsive to multiple molecular cues and can acquire the capacity to induce various cytokines, such as GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, and IFN-γ. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms responsible for γδ T cell proinflammatory functions remain poorly understood, particularly in the context of the central nervous system (CNS) diseases. CNS disease, usually leading to irreversible cognitive and physical disability, is becoming a worldwide public health problem. Here, we offer a review of the neuro-inflammatory and immune functions of γδ T cells, intending to understand their roles in CNS diseases, which may be crucial for the development of novel clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wo
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenghong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Wencai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Comparison of the beneficial effects of RS504393, maraviroc and cenicriviroc on neuropathic pain-related symptoms in rodents: behavioral and biochemical analyses. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106540. [PMID: 32402949 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The latest research highlights the role of chemokine signaling pathways in the development of nerve injury-induced pain. Recent studies have provided evidence for the involvement of CCR2 and CCR5 in the pathomechanism underlying neuropathy. Thus, the aim of our study was to compare the effects of a selective CCR2 antagonist (RS504393), selective CCR5 antagonist (maraviroc) and dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonist (cenicriviroc) and determine whether the simultaneous blockade of both receptors is better than blocking only one of them selectively. All experiments were performed using Wistar rats/Swiss albino mice subjected to chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. To assess pain-related reactions, the von Frey and cold plate tests were used. The mRNA analysis was performed using RT-qPCR. We demonstrated that repeated intrathecal administration of the examined antagonists attenuated neuropathic pain in rats 7 days post-CCI. mRNA analysis showed that RS504393 did not modulate the spinal expression of the examined chemokines, whereas maraviroc reduced the CCI-induced elevation of CCL4 level. Cenicriviroc significantly lowered the spinal levels of CCL2-4 and CCL7. At the dorsal root ganglia, strong impacts of RS504393 and cenicriviroc on chemokine expression were observed; both reduced the CCI-induced elevation of CCL2-5 and CCL7 levels, whereas maraviroc decreased only the CCL5 level. Importantly, we demonstrated that a single intrathecal/intraperitoneal injection of cenicriviroc had greater analgesic properties than RS504393 or maraviroc in neuropathic mice. Additionally, we demonstrated that cenicriviroc enhanced opioid-induced analgesia. Based on our results, we suggest that targeting CCR2 and CCR5 simultaneously, is an interesting alternative for neuropathic pain pharmacotherapy.
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7
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Zarobkiewicz MK, Kowalska W, Roliński J, Bojarska-Junak AA. γδ T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 330:67-73. [PMID: 30831520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current review is to summarize the results of studies on the role of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and its animal model - the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Despite the fact that numerous studies have been performed, the role of γδ T is still not fully understood. It seems that there are two distinct subpopulations - one exacerbating the disease (IL-17-producing) and the other playing a protective role (IFN-γ-secreting). Nevertheless, future studies are required for an understanding of γδ T cells role in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wioleta Kowalska
- Chair and Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Chair and Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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Liang D, Woo JI, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Ability of γδ T cells to modulate the Foxp3 T cell response is dependent on adenosine. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197189. [PMID: 29771938 PMCID: PMC5957379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether γδ T cells inhibit or enhance the Foxp3 T cell response depends upon their activation status. The critical enhancing effector in the supernatant is adenosine. Activated γδ T cells express adenosine receptors at high levels, which enables them to deprive Foxp3+ T cells of adenosine, and to inhibit their expansion. Meanwhile, cell-free supernatants of γδ T cell cultures enhance Foxp3 T cell expansion. Thus, inhibition and enhancement by γδ T cells of Foxp3 T cell response are a reflection of the balance between adenosine production and absorption by γδ T cells. Non-activated γδ T cells produce adenosine but bind little, and thus enhance the Foxp3 T cell response. Activated γδ T cells express high density of adenosine receptors and have a greatly increased ability to bind adenosine. Extracellular adenosine metabolism and expression of adenosine receptor A2ARs by γδ T cells played a major role in the outcome of γδ and Foxp3 T cell interactions. A better understanding of the functional conversion of γδ T cells could lead to γδ T cell-targeted immunotherapies for related diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Im Woo
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, O’Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Connection between γδ T-cell- and Adenosine- Mediated Immune Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 38:233-243. [PMID: 30004859 PMCID: PMC6361114 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory effects of γδ T-cells on immune responses have been studied for years. We have investigated the regulatory effect of γδ T-cells on Th1 and Th17 autoimmune responses, and have studied molecular and cellular mechanisms by which γδ T-cells enhance or inhibit immune responses, exploiting a well-characterized murine model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Our results show that (1) aberrant γδ T-cell activation is an important pathogenic event in EAU; (2) γδ T-cells have a unique regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses, which is shaped by the activation status of γδ T-cells; and (3) γδ-mediated immunoregulation is closely linked with the extracellular adenosine metabolism. Reciprocal interactions between γδ T-cells and extracellular adenosine partially determine the development of EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rebecca L. O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Xavier-Neto J, Carvalho M, Pascoalino BDS, Cardoso AC, Costa ÂMS, Pereira AHM, Santos LN, Saito Â, Marques RE, Smetana JHC, Consonni SR, Bandeira C, Costa VV, Bajgelman MC, de Oliveira PSL, Cordeiro MT, Gonzales Gil LHV, Pauletti BA, Granato DC, Paes Leme AF, Freitas-Junior L, Holanda de Freitas CBM, Teixeira MM, Bevilacqua E, Franchini K. Hydrocephalus and arthrogryposis in an immunocompetent mouse model of ZIKA teratogeny: A developmental study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005363. [PMID: 28231241 PMCID: PMC5322881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The teratogenic mechanisms triggered by ZIKV are still obscure due to the lack of a suitable animal model. Here we present a mouse model of developmental disruption induced by ZIKV hematogenic infection. The model utilizes immunocompetent animals from wild-type FVB/NJ and C57BL/6J strains, providing a better analogy to the human condition than approaches involving immunodeficient, genetically modified animals, or direct ZIKV injection into the brain. When injected via the jugular vein into the blood of pregnant females harboring conceptuses from early gastrulation to organogenesis stages, akin to the human second and fifth week of pregnancy, ZIKV infects maternal tissues, placentas and embryos/fetuses. Early exposure to ZIKV at developmental day 5 (second week in humans) produced complex manifestations of anterior and posterior dysraphia and hydrocephalus, as well as severe malformations and delayed development in 10.5 days post-coitum (dpc) embryos. Exposure to the virus at 7.5-9.5 dpc induces intra-amniotic hemorrhage, widespread edema, and vascular rarefaction, often prominent in the cephalic region. At these stages, most affected embryos/fetuses displayed gross malformations and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), rather than isolated microcephaly. Disrupted conceptuses failed to achieve normal developmental landmarks and died in utero. Importantly, this is the only model so far to display dysraphia and hydrocephalus, the harbinger of microcephaly in humans, as well as arthrogryposis, a set of abnormal joint postures observed in the human setting. Late exposure to ZIKV at 12.5 dpc failed to produce noticeable malformations. We have thus characterized a developmental window of opportunity for ZIKV-induced teratogenesis encompassing early gastrulation, neurulation and early organogenesis stages. This should not, however, be interpreted as evidence for any safe developmental windows for ZIKV exposure. Late developmental abnormalities correlated with damage to the placenta, particularly to the labyrinthine layer, suggesting that circulatory changes are integral to the altered phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Xavier-Neto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Carvalho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno dos Santos Pascoalino
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alisson Campos Cardoso
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ângela Maria Sousa Costa
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Helena Macedo Pereira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Nunes Santos
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ângela Saito
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Elias Marques
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Helena Costa Smetana
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio Roberto Consonni
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Bandeira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcio Chaim Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Lopes de Oliveira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marli Tenorio Cordeiro
- CPqAM-Fiocruz. Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Laura Helena Vega Gonzales Gil
- CPqAM-Fiocruz. Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bianca Alves Pauletti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Campos Granato
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucio Freitas-Junior
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Estela Bevilacqua
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kleber Franchini
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, LNBio, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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11
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Liang D, Nian H, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Functional Conversion and Dominance of γδ T Subset in Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1429-1438. [PMID: 28069804 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that activated γδ T cells have a much stronger proinflammatory effect in the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis than their nonactivated counterparts. Our present study explored γδ T cell subsets are functionally distinct in autoimmune pathogenesis and determined the pathogenic contribution of biased Vγ4+ γδ T cell activation in this disease. By systematically comparing two major peripheral γδ T cell subsets, the Vγ1+ and the Vγ4+ cells, we found that the Vγ4+ cells were readily activated in B6 mice during experimental autoimmune uveitis development, whereas Vγ1+ cells remained nonactivated. Cytokines that were abundantly found in the serum of immunized mice activated Vγ4+, but did not activate Vγ1+, cells. The Vγ4+ cells had a strong proinflammatory activity, whereas the Vγ1+ cells remained nonactivated when tested immediately after isolation from immunized mice. However, when the Vγ1+ cells were activated in vitro, they promoted inflammation. Our results demonstrated that activation is a major factor in switching the enhancing and inhibiting effects of both Vγ1+ and Vγ4+ γδ T cell subsets, and that γδ T cell subsets differ greatly in their activation requirements. Whether the enhancing or inhibiting function of γδ T cells is dominant is mainly determined by the proportion of the γδ T cells that are activated versus the proportion not activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Hong Nian
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute and School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China; and
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
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12
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Lu H, Li DJ, Jin LP. γδT Cells and Related Diseases. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:609-18. [PMID: 26833725 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered 30 years ago, γδT cells remain an enigmatic T-cell subset. Although they account for a small portion of the total human circulating T-cell pool, their associations with other immune cells and their potential regulatory roles in related diseases have been explored but still require further investigation. γδT cells which are MHC-unrestricted innate-like lymphocytes with more unique antigen receptors than αβT cells and B cells are considered to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. They have APC functions and initiate adaptive immunity. Due to their distribution in specific tissues, secretion of Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type cytokines, and other characteristics, they are involved in a variety of physiology and pathology processes. They are barometers in HIV infection. However, different γδT cell subsets play opposing roles in HBV infections, autoimmune diseases, and several types of tumors. Moreover, decidual γδT cells have protective roles during pregnancies by synthesizing several cytokines. This emerging evidence provides an improved understanding of the immune mechanism of infection, autoimmunity, cancer, and other related disorders and better insights regarding the potential roles of γδT cells in immunological therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Jin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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13
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Llorián-Salvador M, González-Rodríguez S, Lastra A, Fernández-García MT, Hidalgo A, Menéndez L, Baamonde A. Involvement of CC Chemokine Receptor 1 and CCL3 in Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Pain in Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:32-40. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Llorián-Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA); University of Oviedo; Asturias Spain
| | - Sara González-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA); University of Oviedo; Asturias Spain
| | - Ana Lastra
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA); University of Oviedo; Asturias Spain
| | | | - Agustín Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA); University of Oviedo; Asturias Spain
| | - Luis Menéndez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA); University of Oviedo; Asturias Spain
| | - Ana Baamonde
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA); University of Oviedo; Asturias Spain
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14
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Tejera-Alhambra M, Casrouge A, de Andrés C, Seyfferth A, Ramos-Medina R, Alonso B, Vega J, Fernández-Paredes L, Albert ML, Sánchez-Ramón S. Plasma biomarkers discriminate clinical forms of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128952. [PMID: 26039252 PMCID: PMC4454618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, the most common cause of neurological disability in young population after trauma, represents a significant public health burden. Current challenges associated with management of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients stem from the lack of biomarkers that might enable stratification of the different clinical forms of MS and thus prompt treatment for those patients with progressive MS, for whom there is currently no therapy available. In the present work we analyzed a set of thirty different plasma cytokines, chemokines and growth factors present in circulation of 129 MS patients with different clinical forms (relapsing remitting, secondary progressive and primary progressive MS) and 53 healthy controls, across two independent cohorts. The set of plasma analytes was quantified with Luminex xMAP technology and their predictive power regarding clinical outcome was evaluated both individually using ROC curves and in combination using logistic regression analysis. Our results from two independent cohorts of MS patients demonstrate that the divergent clinical and histology-based MS forms are associated with distinct profiles of circulating plasma protein biomarkers, with distinct signatures being composed of chemokines and growth/angiogenic factors. With this work, we propose that an evaluation of a set of 4 circulating biomarkers (HGF, Eotaxin/CCL11, EGF and MIP-1β/CCL4) in MS patients might serve as an effective tool in the diagnosis and more personalized therapeutic targeting of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tejera-Alhambra
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Armanda Casrouge
- Department of Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, INSERM U818, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Clara de Andrés
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Ramos-Medina
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Alonso
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Janet Vega
- Center Alicia Koplowitz for Multiple Sclerosis of the Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Matthew L. Albert
- Department of Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, INSERM U818, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Mao Y, Yin S, Zhang J, Hu Y, Huang B, Cui L, Kang N, He W. A new effect of IL-4 on human γδ T cells: promoting regulatory Vδ1 T cells via IL-10 production and inhibiting function of Vδ2 T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:217-28. [PMID: 25942601 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) has a variety of immune functions, including helper T-cell (Th-cell) differentiation and innate immune-response processes. However, the impact of IL-4 on gamma delta (γδ) T cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the effects of IL-4 on the activation and proliferation of γδ T cells and the balance between variable delta 1 (Vδ1) and Vδ2 T cells in humans. The results show that IL-4 inhibits the activation of γδ T cells in the presence of γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in a STAT6-dependent manner. IL-4 promoted the growth of activated γδ T cells and increased the levels of Vδ1 T cells, which in turn inhibited Vδ2 T-cell growth via significant IL-10 secretion. Vδ1 T cells secreted significantly less interferon gamma (IFNγ) and more IL-10 relative to Vδ2. Furthermore, Vδ1 T cells showed relatively low levels of Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D) expression in the presence of IL-4, suggesting that Vδ1 T cells weaken the γδ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response. For the first time, our findings demonstrate a negative regulatory role of IL-4 in γδ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Mao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianxian Cui
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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16
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Abstract
γδ T cells represent a small population of overall T lymphocytes (0.5-5%) and have variable tissue distribution in the body. γδ T cells can perform complex functions, such as immune surveillance, immunoregulation, and effector function, without undergoing clonal expansion. Heterogeneous distribution and anatomic localization of γδ T cells in the normal and inflamed tissues play an important role in alloimmunity, autoimmunity, or immunity. The cross-talk between γδ T cells and other immune cells and phenotypic and functional plasticity of γδ T cells have been given recent attention in the field of immunology. In this review, we discussed the cellular and molecular interaction of γδ T cells with other immune cells and its mechanism in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Shilpi
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, India
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17
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Török N, Molnár K, Füvesi J, Karácsony M, Zsiros V, Fejes-Szabó A, Fiatal S, Ádány R, Somogyvári F, Stojiljković O, Vécsei L, Bencsik K. Chemokine receptor V Δ32 deletion in multiple sclerosis patients in Csongrád County in Hungary and the North-Bácska region in Serbia. Hum Immunol 2014; 76:59-64. [PMID: 25500253 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The roles of chemokine receptor V (CCR5) and its polymorphism, rs333 in multiple sclerosis (MS) are controversial. We investigated the receptor and its deletion in a large MS (428) and a numerous control (831) population in Csongrád County (Hungary) and North-Bácska (Serbia). Taqman probes firstly were used for the allele discrimination. There was no significant difference in genotype (OR=1.092, 95% CI=0.807-1.478, p=0.568 for wt/wt (wt=wild type allele) vs wt/Δ32, Δ32/Δ32 (Δ32=Δ32 base pair deletion allele)) or allele frequency (OR=0.914, 95% CI=0.692-1.207, p=0.525). Neither the deletion nor the wt allele affected the Expanded Disability Status Scale score or the age at onset. Our results indicate no association between the CCR5 Δ32 allele and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Török
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Füvesi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Karácsony
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Zsiros
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Fiatal
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Kassai u 26, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Ádány
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Kassai u 26, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Olivera Stojiljković
- Department of Neurology, Public Hospital of Subotica, 3 Izvorska, Subotica, Serbia
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
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18
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Hussain RZ, Hayardeny L, Cravens PC, Yarovinsky F, Eagar TN, Arellano B, Deason K, Castro-Rojas C, Stüve O. Immune surveillance of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis--relevance for therapy and experimental models. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:9-17. [PMID: 25282087 PMCID: PMC4301841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disorders frequently involves the reduction, or depletion of immune-competent cells. Alternatively, immune cells are being sequestered away from the target organ by interfering with their movement from secondary lymphoid organs, or their migration into tissues. These therapeutic strategies have been successful in multiple sclerosis (MS), the most prevalent autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the CNS. However, many of the agents that are currently approved or in clinical development also have severe potential adverse effects that stem from the very mechanisms that mediate their beneficial effects by interfering with CNS immune surveillance. This review will outline the main cellular components of the innate and adaptive immune system that participate in host defense and maintain immune surveillance of the CNS. Their pathogenic role in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is also discussed. Furthermore, an experimental model is introduced that may assist in evaluating the effect of therapeutic interventions on leukocyte homeostasis and function within the CNS. This model or similar models may become a useful tool in the repertoire of pre-clinical tests of pharmacological agents to better explore their potential for adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Z Hussain
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Petra C Cravens
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Felix Yarovinsky
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Todd N Eagar
- Histocompatibility and Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital Physician Organization, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamine Arellano
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Krystin Deason
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Cyd Castro-Rojas
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA; Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany.
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19
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Di Prisco S, Merega E, Pittaluga A. Functional adaptation of presynaptic chemokine receptors in EAE mouse central nervous system. Synapse 2014; 68:529-35. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Prisco
- Department of Pharmacy; Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa; Viale Cembrano 4 Genoa 16148 Italy
| | - Elisa Merega
- Department of Pharmacy; Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa; Viale Cembrano 4 Genoa 16148 Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy; Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa; Viale Cembrano 4 Genoa 16148 Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa; Viale Benedetto XV Genoa 16132 Italy
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20
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Pevida M, Lastra A, Meana Á, Hidalgo A, Baamonde A, Menéndez L. The chemokine CCL5 induces CCR1-mediated hyperalgesia in mice inoculated with NCTC 2472 tumoral cells. Neuroscience 2013; 259:113-25. [PMID: 24316469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR1 has been demonstrated in several structures related to nociception, supporting the nociceptive role of chemokines able to activate it, the involvement of CCR1 in neoplastic pain has not been previously assessed. We have assayed the effects of a CCR1 antagonist, J113863, in two murine models of neoplastic hyperalgesia based on the intratibial injection of either NCTC 2472 fibrosarcoma cells, able to induce osteolytic bone injury, or B16-F10 melanoma cells, associated to mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic bone pathological features. The systemic administration of J113863 inhibited thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia but not mechanical allodynia in mice inoculated with NCTC 2472 cells. Moreover, in these mice, thermal hyperalgesia was counteracted following the peritumoral (10-30μg) but not spinal (3-5μg) administration of J113863. In contrast, hyperalgesia and allodynia measured in mice inoculated with B16-F10 cells remained unaffected after the administration of J113863. The inoculation of tumoral cells did not modify the levels of CCL3 at tumor or spinal cord. In contrast, although the concentration of CCL5 remained unmodified in mice inoculated with B16-F10 cells, increased levels of this chemokine were measured in tumor-bearing limbs, but not the spinal cord, of mice inoculated with NCTC 2472 cells. Increased levels of CCL5 were also found following the incubation of NCTC 2472, but not B16-F10, cells in the corresponding culture medium. The intraplantar injection of CCL5 (0.5ng) to naïve mice evoked thermal hyperalgesia prevented by the coadministration of J113863 or the CCR5 antagonist, d-Ala-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), demonstrating that CCL5 can induce thermal hyperalgesia in mice through the activation of CCR1 or CCR5. However, contrasting with the inhibitory effect evoked by J113863, the systemic administration of DAPTA did not prevent tumoral hyperalgesia. Finally, the peritumoral administration of an anti-CCL5 antibody completely inhibited thermal hyperalgesia evoked by the inoculation of NCTC 2472 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pevida
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - A Lastra
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Á Meana
- Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos del Principado de Asturias, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U714, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - A Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - A Baamonde
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Luis Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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21
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Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. IL-23 receptor expression on γδ T cells correlates with their enhancing or suppressive effects on autoreactive T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1118-25. [PMID: 23797670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that, depending on their activation status, mouse γδ T cells can either enhance or inhibit the activity of IL-17(+) autoreactive T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. In this study, we showed that γδ T cells in naive C57BL/6 (B6) mouse do not express the IL-23R, whereas in immunized mice, it is expressed on >50% of γδ T cells. In vitro studies showed that IL-23R expression on γδ T cells is modulated by their state of activation, as weakly activated γδ T cells expressed the IL-23R, but highly activated γδ T cells did not. Functional studies showed that IL-23R(+) γδ T cells had the strongest suppressive effect on IL-17(+) autoreactive T cells, and that this effect was inhibited when the IL-23R was blocked by anti-IL-23R Ab or in the presence of excessive amounts of exogenous IL-23. We conclude that the balance between the enhancing and inhibitory effects of γδ T cells is regulated by their level of IL-23R expression. The expression of variable IL-23R levels allows γδ T cells to have different regulatory effects on adaptive immune responses, conceivably as a result of αβ and γδ T cells competing for IL-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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22
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Mochizuki M, Sugita S, Kamoi K. Immunological homeostasis of the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 33:10-27. [PMID: 23108335 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is a sight-threatening disease caused by autoimmune or infection-related immune responses. Studies in experimental autoimmune uveitis and in human diseases imply that activated CD4(+) T cells, Th1 and Th17 cells, play an effector role in ocular inflammation. The eye has a unique regional immune system to protect vision-related cells and tissues from these effector T cells. The immunological balance between the pathogenic CD4(+) T cells and regional immune system in the eye contributes to the maintenance of ocular homeostasis and good vision. Current studies have demonstrated that ocular parenchymal cells at the inner surface of the blood-ocular barrier, i.e. corneal endothelial (CE) cells, iris pigment epithelial (PE) cells, ciliary body PE cells, and retinal PE cells, contribute to the regional immune system of the eye. Murine ocular resident cells directly suppress activation of bystander T cells and production of inflammatory cytokines. The ocular resident cells possess distinct properties of immunoregulation that are related to disparate anatomical location. CE cells and iris PE cells, which are located at the anterior segment of the eye and face the aqueous humor, suppress activation of T cells via cell-to-cell contact mechanisms, whereas retinal PE cells suppress the activation of T cells via soluble factors. In addition to direct immune suppression, the ocular resident cells have another unique immunosuppressive property, the induction of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells that also suppress the activation of bystander T cells. Iris PE cells convert CD8(+) T cells into Treg cells, while retinal PE cells convert CD4(+) T cells greatly and CD8(+) T cells moderately into Treg cells. CE cells also convert both CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells into Treg cells. The immunomodulation by ocular resident cells is mediated by various soluble or membrane-bound molecules that include TGF-β TSP-1, B7-2 (CD86), CTLA-2α, PD-L1 (B7-H1), galectin 1, pigment epithelial-derived factor PEDF), GIRTL, and retinoic acid. Human retinal PE cells also possess similar immune properties to induce Treg cells. Although there are many issues to be answered, human Treg cells induced by ocular resident cells such as retinal PE cells and related immunosuppressive molecules can be applied as immune therapy for refractive autoimmune uveitis in humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Mochizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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23
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Di Prisco S, Summa M, Chellakudam V, Rossi PIA, Pittaluga A. RANTES-mediated control of excitatory amino acid release in mouse spinal cord. J Neurochem 2012; 121:428-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Korn T, Petermann F. Development and function of interleukin 17-producing γδ T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1247:34-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Bigini P, Veglianese P, Andriolo G, Cova L, Grignaschi G, Caron I, Daleno C, Barbera S, Ottolina A, Calzarossa C, Lazzari L, Mennini T, Bendotti C, Silani V. Intracerebroventricular administration of human umbilical cord blood cells delays disease progression in two murine models of motor neuron degeneration. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:623-39. [PMID: 21978082 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective drug therapies for motor neuron diseases (MND), and in general for all the neurodegenerative disorders, has increased the interest toward the potential use of stem cells. Among the cell therapy approaches so far tested in MND animal models, systemic injection of human cord blood mononuclear cells (HuCB-MNCs) has proven to reproducibly increase, although modestly, the life span of SOD1G93A mice, a model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), even if only few transplanted cells were found in the damaged areas. In attempt to improve the potential efficacy of these cells in the central nervous system, we examined the effect and distribution of Hoechst 33258-labeled HuCB-MNCs after a single bilateral intracerberoventricular injection in two models of motor neuron degeneration, the transgenic SOD1G93A and wobbler mice. HuCB-MNCs significantly ameliorated symptoms progression in both mouse models and prolonged survival in SOD1G93A mice. They were localized in the lateral ventricles, even 4 months after administration. However, HuCB-MNCs were not found in the spinal cord ventral horns. This evidence strengthens the hypothesis that the beneficial role of transplanted cells is not due to cell replacement but is rather associated with the production and release of circulating protective factors that may act both at the central and/or peripheral levels. In particular, we show that HuCB-MNCs release a series of cytokines and chemokines with antiinflammatory properties that could be responsible of the functional improvement of mouse models of motor neuron degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bigini
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
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26
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Nian H, Shao H, O'Brien RL, Born WK, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Activated gammadelta T cells promote the activation of uveitogenic T cells and exacerbate EAU development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5920-7. [PMID: 21296823 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine how the activation of γδ T cells affects the generation of uveitogenic αβ T cells and the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). METHODS γδ T cells were isolated from B6 mice immunized with the uveitogenic peptide IRBP(1-20) and αβ T cells from immunized TCR-δ(-/-) mice. Resting γδ T cells were prepared by culture of separated γδ T cells in cytokine-free medium for 3 to 5 days, when they showed downregulation of CD69 expression. Activated γδ T cells were prepared by incubating resting γδ T cells with anti-γδ TCR (GL3) for 2 days. Responder αβ T cells were cocultured with immunizing antigen and antigen-presenting cells. The numbers of antigen-specific T cells expressing IL-17 or IFN-γ were determined by intracellular staining followed by FACS analysis after stimulation, with or without the addition of purified γδ T cells. The cytokines in the culture medium were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Highly enriched γδ T cells exert widely different effects on autoreactive αβ T cells in EAU, depending on the activation status of the γδ T cells. Whereas nonactivated γδ T cells had little effect on the activation of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-specific αβ T cells in vitro and in vivo, activated γδ T cells promoted the generation of uveitogenic T cells and exacerbated the development of EAU. CONCLUSIONS The functional ability of γδ T cells is greatly influenced by their activation status. Activated γδ T cells exacerbate EAU through increased activation of uveitogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nian
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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27
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Safavi F, Feliberti JP, Raine CS, Mokhtarian F. Role of γδ T cells in antibody production and recovery from SFV demyelinating disease. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 235:18-26. [PMID: 21612829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) encephalomyelitis has been used to study the pathogenesis of virus-induced demyelination and serves as a model for multiple sclerosis. SFV-infection of mice invariably leads to clinical weakness accompanied by CNS inflammation, viral clearance and primary demyelination by day 21 postinfection (pi), followed by recovery and remyelination by day 35 pi. We have applied this model to the examination of the effects of γδ T cells in antibody production and the pathogenesis of demyelinating lesions. SFV-infection of γδ T cell KO mice resulted in more severe clinical signs than in wild type (WT) B6 mice. SFV-infected WT and γδ KO mice both cleared virus by day 10 pi and inflammation was comparable. Demyelination also appeared to be similar in both groups except that KO mice did not exhibit extensive remyelination which was seen in WT mice by day 21. SFV-infected WT mice showed widespread remyelination by day 35 pi, whereas KO mice still displayed some demyelination through day 42 pi. Both WT and KO mice developed serum antibodies to SFV. However, the reactivity of WT sera with the SFV epitope, E2 T(h) peptide₂, was significantly higher than in KO sera. Immunization with E2 T(h) peptide₂ resulted in elevated antibody production to this peptide (p<0.05) and earlier remyelination (day 28 pi) in KO mice. Thus, our study has shown for the first time that immunization of SFV-infected γδ T cell KO mice with a viral peptide, E2 T(h) peptide₂ led to enhanced recovery and repair of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farinaz Safavi
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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28
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Sorce S, Myburgh R, Krause KH. The chemokine receptor CCR5 in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 93:297-311. [PMID: 21163326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression and the role of the chemokine receptor CCR5 have been mainly studied in the context of HIV infection. However, this protein is also expressed in the brain, where it can be crucial in determining the outcome in response to different insults. CCR5 expression can be deleterious or protective in controlling the progression of certain infections in the CNS, but it is also emerging that it could play a role in non-infectious diseases. In particular, it appears that, in addition to modulating immune responses, CCR5 can influence neuronal survival. Here, we summarize the present knowledge about the expression of CCR5 in the brain and highlight recent findings suggesting its possible involvement in neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sorce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
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29
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Phytosterols ameliorate clinical manifestations and inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:457-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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30
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Batoulis H, Addicks K, Kuerten S. Emerging concepts in autoimmune encephalomyelitis beyond the CD4/TH1 paradigm. Ann Anat 2010; 192:179-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Wohler JE, Smith SS, Barnum SR. gammadelta T cells: the overlooked T-cell subset in demyelinating disease. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1-6. [PMID: 19610090 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells represent a small subpopulation of T cells expressing a restricted repertoire of T-cell receptors and, unlike alphabeta T cells, function more as cells of the innate immune system. These cells are found in skin and mucosal sites as well as secondary lymphoid tissues and frequently act as first line of defense sentinels. gammadelta T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease, although little was known regarding their trafficking and effector functions. In this Mini-Review, we highlight recent studies demonstrating that gammadelta T cells migrate rapidly to the CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for multiple sclerosis. gammadelta T-cell trafficking to the CNS is independent of beta(2)-integrins and occurs well before onset of clinical signs of disease, peaking early during the acute phase of disease. gammadelta T-cell-mediated production of inflammatory cytokines, including interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, appears critical for EAE development, suggesting that these cells may set the stage for activation of other subsets of infiltrating effector cells. These data suggest that gammadelta T cells or subsets of gammadelta T cells may represent a new therapeutic target in demeylinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E Wohler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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32
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Update on inflammation, neurodegeneration, and immunoregulation in multiple sclerosis: therapeutic implications. Clin Neuropharmacol 2009; 32:121-32. [PMID: 19483479 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0b013e3181880359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system of uncertain etiology. There is consensus that a dysregulated immune system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of MS; therefore, we aim to summarize current hypotheses concerning the complex cellular and molecular interactions involved in the immunopathology of MS. Although CD4+ T lymphocytes have long been implicated in the immunopathology of MS, the role of other T-cell subtypes has been recognized. CD4+ and CD8+ cells have been isolated from different locations within MS lesions and gamma/delta T cells have been isolated from early MS lesions. The prevalent dogma has been that CD4+ TH1 cells release cytokines and mediators of inflammation that may cause tissue damage, although CD4+ TH2 cells may be involved in modulation of these effects. Recent evidence, however, suggests that additional T-cell subsets play a prominent role in MS immunopathology: TH17 cells, CD8+ effector T cells, and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. In addition, laboratory and clinical data are accumulating on the prominent role of B lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in MS pathogenesis. On the basis of these observations, new therapeutic approaches for MS will need to focus on resetting multiple components of the immune system.
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Wohler JE, Smith SS, Zinn KR, Bullard DC, Barnum SR. Gammadelta T cells in EAE: early trafficking events and cytokine requirements. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1516-26. [PMID: 19384874 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that gammadelta T cells traffic to the CNS during EAE with concurrently increased expression of beta(2)-integrins and production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. To extend these studies, we transferred bioluminescent gammadelta T cells to WT mice and followed their movement through the acute stages of disease. We found that gammadelta T cells rapidly migrated to the site of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide injection and underwent massive expansion. Within 6 days after EAE induction, bioluminescent gammadelta T cells were found in the spinal cord and brain, peaking in number between days 10 and 12 and then rapidly declining by day 15. Reconstitution of gammadelta T cell(-/-) mice with gammadelta T cells derived from beta(2)-integrin-deficient mice (CD11a, -b or -c) demonstrated that gammadelta T-cell trafficking to the CNS during EAE is independent of this family of adhesion molecules. We also examined the role of gammadelta T-cell-produced IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in EAE and found that production of both cytokines by gammadelta T cells was required for full development of EAE. These results indicate that gammadelta T cells are critical for the development of EAE and suggest a therapeutic target in demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E Wohler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Blink SE, Miller SD. The contribution of gammadelta T cells to the pathogenesis of EAE and MS. Curr Mol Med 2009; 9:15-22. [PMID: 19199938 DOI: 10.2174/156652409787314516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells are a multifaceted group of cells which have both innate and adaptive characteristics and functions. Although they are most commonly known for their response to mycobacterium and their locations at mucosal sites, their roles in autoimmunity are still unclear. gammadelta T cells have been seen in the CSF and lesions of Multiple Sclerosis patients and although their function is not entirely understood, it is clear these cells may have roles in regulating autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. Recent studies have focused on the role of gammadelta T cells in MS and EAE as both pathogenic and protective, their functions within the CNS, the types of subsets and a possible role in Th17 inflammation. In this review we will examine the data acquired from both human patients and the murine models of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in order to gain a clear picture of how gammadelta T cells influence pathogenesis of EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Blink
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Fienberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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35
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Cheng L, Cui Y, Shao H, Han G, Zhu L, Huang Y, O'Brien RL, Born WK, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Mouse gammadelta T cells are capable of expressing MHC class II molecules, and of functioning as antigen-presenting cells. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 203:3-11. [PMID: 18774183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although human and bovine gammadelta T cells were shown to express MHC class II antigen and function as APCs, attempts to determine if mouse gammabeta T cells have similar functions remained unsuccessful. We now show that gammadelta T cells derived from immunized mice also can be induced to express MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules after activation in vitro, and are capable of antigen presentation. Using highly purified gammadelta T cells, we found that, unlike human gammadelta T cells, the expression of MHC class II molecules by mouse gammadelta T cells is limited to newly activated cells. Highest levels of MHC class II expression were seen on activated gammadelta T cells that had lost most surface-expressed gammadelta TCR while exhibiting increased levels of intracellular gammadelta TCR. In the absence of further stimulation, MHC class II expression gradually declined with the gammadelta T cells regaining their surface TCR. We also show that cytokine-activated gammadelta T cells can also express MHC class II antigen and exercise antigen-presenting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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36
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Jalosinski M, Karolczak K, Mazurek A, Glabinski A. The effects of methylprednisolone and mitoxantrone on CCL5-induced migration of lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 118:120-5. [PMID: 18336625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.00998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chemokines are involved in migration of inflammatory cells to the central nervous system (CNS) in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was the analysis of the impact of MS treatment on CCL5-induced migration of leukocyte subpopulations. MATERIAL AND METHODS Migration of lymphocytes and monocytes from blood of MS patients treated with methylprednisolone (MP) or mitoxantrone (MTX) was analysed in a chemotaxis chamber. RESULTS CCL5-induced migration of lymphocytes from untreated MS patients was significantly increased over controls. The treatment of MS with MP and MTX reduced this chemotaxis. The plasma level of CCL5 was increased in MS patients before treatment and was also significantly decreased in the treatment of MS with MP and MTX. CONCLUSIONS This observation supports the hypothesis that in MS, chemokine CCL5 may induce migration of leukocytes to the CNS and suggests that treatment of the disease with MP and MTX may reduce this migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jalosinski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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37
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Smith SS, Barnum SR. Differential expression of beta 2-integrins and cytokine production between gammadelta and alphabeta T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:71-9. [PMID: 17928460 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0407263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of beta 2-integrins on gammadelta T cells in naïve mice or those with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) remains poorly characterized. We compared beta 2-integrin expression and cytokine production between gammadelta and alphabeta T cells over the acute course of EAE. We observed that unlike in alphabeta T cells, beta 2-integrin expression on gammadelta T cells increased significantly from baseline, peaked at Day 10, and remained unchanged in the draining lymph nodes or declined in the spleen and CNS by Day 15. In addition, IFN-gamma- and TNF-alpha-producing gammadelta T cells infiltrated the CNS rapidly and produced significantly more of these cytokines than alphabeta T cells throughout the course of EAE. These results suggest unique roles for beta 2-integrins in the trafficking of gammadelta versus alphabeta T cells during EAE and that gammadelta T cells infiltrate the CNS rapidly, producing cytokines, which modulate acute disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry S Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th St. S., BBRB/842, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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38
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Singh NP, Hegde VL, Hofseth LJ, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P. Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) ameliorates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, primarily via induction of apoptosis in T cells involving activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:1508-21. [PMID: 17872969 PMCID: PMC4796949 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.038984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenolic compound found in plant products, including red grapes, exhibits anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Using an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), we investigated the use of resveratrol for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. We observed that resveratrol treatment decreased the clinical symptoms and inflammatory responses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)-induced mice. Furthermore, we observed significant apoptosis in inflammatory cells in spinal cord of EAE-induced mice treated with resveratrol compared with the control mice. Resveratrol administration also led to significant down-regulation of certain cytokines and chemokines in EAE-induced mice including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-9, IL-12, IL-17, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and Eotaxin. In vitro studies on the mechanism of action revealed that resveratrol triggered high levels of apoptosis in activated T cells and to a lesser extent in unactivated T cells. Moreover, resveratrol-induced apoptosis was mediated through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) and correlated with up-regulation of AhR, Fas, and FasL expression. In addition, resveratrol-induced apoptosis in primary T cells correlated with cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and release of cytochrome c. Data from the present study demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of resveratrol to trigger apoptosis in activated T cells and its potential use in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including, MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/agonists
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/agonists
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Resveratrol
- Stilbenes/pharmacology
- Stilbenes/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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39
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Szalai AJ, Hu X, Raman C, Barnum SR. Requirement of the Fc receptor common gamma-chain for gamma delta T cell-mediated promotion of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 2006; 35:3487-92. [PMID: 16278814 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaR) are comprised of a ligand-binding alpha-chain that sometimes associates with a cell signaling common gamma-chain. These receptors comprise an important family of effector molecules that link humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunity and regulate innate immunity. Recent animal studies suggest that FcgammaR in general, and FcR alpha-chains in particular, are required for full development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show here that deletion of the gamma-chain renders mice resistant to EAE, whereas deletion of the alpha-chains of FcgammaRI, FcgammaRIIB and FcgammaRIII has no protective effect. Susceptibility to EAE is fully restored in common gamma-chain-/- mice into which wild-type splenocytes are adoptively transferred, but EAE is not restored in common gamma-chain-/- mice given wild-type splenocytes depleted of gammadelta T cells. These data indicate that although the common gamma-chain is required for full development of EAE in mice, this requirement is likely FcgammaR alpha-chain-independent. Expression of the common gamma-chain by gammadelta T cells, probably in conjunction with the T cell receptor/CD3 complex, is likely the key requirement for full development of EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Receptors, Fc/deficiency
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Szalai
- Department of Medicine at The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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40
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Chung CS, Watkins L, Funches A, Lomas-Neira J, Cioffi WG, Ayala. A. Deficiency of gammadelta T lymphocytes contributes to mortality and immunosuppression in sepsis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R1338-43. [PMID: 16793935 PMCID: PMC1592544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00283.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that gammadelta T lymphocytes play an important role in the regulation of immune function and the clearance of intracellular pathogens. We have recently reported that intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), which are rich in gammadelta T cells, within the small intestine illustrated a significant increase in apoptosis and immune dysfunction in mice subjected to sepsis. However, the contribution of gammadelta T cells to the host response to polymicrobial sepsis remains unclear. In this study, we initially observed that after sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), there was an increase in small intestinal IEL CD8+gammadelta+ T cells in control gammadelta+/+ mice. Importantly, we subsequently found an increased early mortality in mice lacking gammadelta T cells (gammadelta-/- mice) after sepsis. This was associated with decreases in plasma TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12 levels in gammadelta-/- mice compared with gammadelta+/+ mice after sepsis. In addition, even though in vitro LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages showed a reduction in IL-6 and IL-12 release after CLP, these cytokines were less suppressed in macrophages isolated from gammadelta-/- mice. Alternatively, IL-10 release was not different between septic gammadelta+/+ and gammadelta-/- mice. Whereas T helper (Th)1 cytokine release by anti-CD3-stimulated splenocytes was significantly depressed in septic gammadelta+/+ mice, there was no such depression in gammadelta-/- mice. However, gammadelta T cell deficiency had no effect on Th2 cytokine release. These findings suggest that gammadelta T cells may play a critical role in regulating the host immune response and survival to sepsis, in part by alteration of the level of IEL CD8+gammadelta+ T cells and through the development of the Th1 response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Count
- Cell Death/physiology
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Interleukin-10/blood
- Interleukin-12/blood
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Sepsis/blood
- Sepsis/immunology
- Sepsis/mortality
- Sepsis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alfred Ayala.
- *Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Alfred Ayala, Surgical Research, 211 Aldrich, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, Telephone: 401-444-5158, Facsmile: 401-444-3278, e-mail:
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Pedemonte E, Mancardi G, Giunti D, Corcione A, Benvenuto F, Pistoia V, Uccelli A. Mechanisms of the adaptive immune response inside the central nervous system during inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:555-66. [PMID: 16442633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review we will discuss the unique features that make the central nervous system (CNS) a specialized microenvironment where immune responses are tightly regulated in order to properly face pathogens without damaging the neural cells. We will show how every paradigm of this theoretical model has been addressed by the scientific literature over the past decades providing new insights on the immune response within the CNS. In particular, new light has been shed on the trafficking of the immune cells inside and outside the CNS. Dendritic cells (DCs) have been described in the context of structures in direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and their migration, upon antigen encounter, outside the CNS into deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs) has been further clarified. T-cells, B-cells, and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) have been found in the CSF and CNS parenchymal lesions of inflammatory disorders and their phenotype depicted. Moreover, in chronically inflamed CNS, ectopic lymphoid structures have been observed and a germinal center reaction similar to the one found in peripheral lymph nodes has been described. These structures may play a role in the maintenance and expansion of the local autoimmune response. Although the complex interactions between immune and neural cells still remain far to be elucidated, the data discussed here suggest that the physiopathology of the adaptive immune response inside the CNS mimics, although in a mitigated fashion, what occurs in other organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pedemonte
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Italy
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42
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Engwerda C, Belnoue E, Grüner AC, Rénia L. ExperimentalModels of Cerebral Malaria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29967-x_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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43
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Dandekar AA, O'Malley K, Perlman S. Important roles for gamma interferon and NKG2D in gammadelta T-cell-induced demyelination in T-cell receptor beta-deficient mice infected with a coronavirus. J Virol 2005; 79:9388-96. [PMID: 16014902 PMCID: PMC1181615 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.15.9388-9396.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
gammadelta T cells mediate demyelination in athymic (nude) mice infected with the neurotropic coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM. Now, we show that these cells also mediate the same process in mice lacking alphabeta T cells (T-cell receptor beta-deficient [TCRbeta(-/-)] mice) and demyelination is gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) dependent. Most strikingly, our results also show a major role for NKG2D, expressed on gammadelta T cells, in the demyelinating process with in vivo blockade of NKG2D interactions resulting in a 60% reduction in demyelination. NKG2D may serve as a primary recognition receptor or as a costimulatory molecule. We show that NKG2D(+) gammadelta T cells in the JHM-infected central nervous system express the adaptor molecule DAP12 and an NKG2D isoform (NKG2D short), both required for NKG2D to serve as a primary receptor. These results are consistent with models in which gammadelta T cells mediate demyelination using the same effector cytokine, IFN-gamma, as CD8 T cells and do so without a requirement for signaling through the TCR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Coronavirus
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Demyelinating Diseases/immunology
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajai A Dandekar
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Unversity of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA
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44
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Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of low-molecular-weight proteins that direct the cellular migration of leukocytes by binding to and activating the G protein-coupled receptors displayed on the leukocyte cell surface. The inadvertent or excessive generation of chemokines has been associated with the inflammatory component of several disease processes, and consequently, considerable efforts have been made to characterise chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions with the ultimate aim of therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on the biology of CC chemokine receptor 1, which together with its ligands is thought to recruit leukocytes during the progression of rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and organ transplant rejection. The developments made in antagonising this receptor and efficacies of these compounds in the clinical setting are also highlighted.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Humans
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Pease
- Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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45
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Ponomarev ED, Dittel BN. Gamma delta T cells regulate the extent and duration of inflammation in the central nervous system by a Fas ligand-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4678-87. [PMID: 15814692 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gamma delta T cells have been shown to regulate immune responses associated with inflammation, but the mechanism of this regulation is largely unknown. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of the human CNS autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis, we demonstrate that gamma delta T cells are important regulators of CNS inflammation. This was shown using gamma delta T cell-deficient mice that were unable to recover from EAE. The chronic disease was accompanied by a prolonged presence of both macrophages and lymphocytes in the CNS. This extended inflammatory response was due to alterations in both cell proliferation and death. In mice lacking gamma delta T cells, proliferation of encephalitogenic T cells was 3-fold higher, and caspase activity, indicating apoptosis, was 2-fold lower compared with those in control mice recovering from EAE. gamma delta T cell-deficient mice reconstituted with wild-type gamma delta T cells recovered from EAE and resolved inflammation in the CNS, whereas mice reconstituted with Fas ligand-dysfunctional gamma delta T cells did not. Thus, gamma delta T cells regulate both inflammation in the CNS and disease recovery via Fas/Fas ligand-induced apoptosis of encephalitogenic T cells, and a quick resolution of inflammation in the CNS is essential to prevent permanent damage to the CNS resulting in chronic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Chimera/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Humans
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Ligands
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Ponomarev
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of S.E. Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201-2178, USA
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Odyniec A, Szczepanik M, Mycko MP, Stasiolek M, Raine CS, Selmaj KW. Gammadelta T cells enhance the expression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by promoting antigen presentation and IL-12 production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:682-94. [PMID: 15210832 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Using an adoptive transfer model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive lymph node cells (LNC), we have shown that depletion of gammadelta T cells from LNC resulted in diminished severity of EAE in recipient mice, both clinically and histopathologically. The reduced potency of gammadelta T cell-depleted LNC to induce EAE correlated with decreased cell proliferation in response to MBP. The gammadelta T cell effect upon the threshold of MBP-induced LNC proliferation and EAE transfer was restored by reconstitution of gammadelta T cells derived from either MBP-immunized or naive mice, indicating that this effect was not Ag specific. The enhancing effect of gammadelta T cells on MBP-induced proliferation and EAE transfer required direct cell-to-cell contact with LNC. The gammadelta T cell effect upon the LNC response to MBP did not involve a change in expression of the costimulatory molecules CD28, CD40L, and CTLA-4 on TCRalphabeta(+) cells, and CD40, CD80, and CD86 on CD19(+) and CD11b(+) cells. However, depletion of gammadelta T cells resulted in significant reduction in IL-12 production by LNC. That gammadelta T cells enhanced the MBP response and severity of adoptive EAE by stimulating IL-12 production was supported by experiments showing that reconstitution of the gammadelta T cell population restored IL-12 production, and that gammadelta T cell depletion-induced effects were reversed by the addition of IL-12. These results suggest a role for gammadelta T cells in the early effector phase of the immune response in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Odyniec
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego Street, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
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Kalyvas A, David S. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis-like disease. Neuron 2004; 41:323-35. [PMID: 14766173 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2003] [Revised: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that results in motor and sensory deficits. Although MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are thought to be T cell-mediated diseases, the mechanisms underlying the lesions in the CNS are not fully understood. We propose that a strong candidate as a central mediator in evoking the complex pathological changes seen in MS and EAE is the enzyme cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). One of the metabolic products of this enzyme is pro-inflammatory, while the other induces myelin breakdown, demyelination, and chemokine/cytokine expression. We provide evidence that cPLA2 is highly expressed in EAE lesions and show that blocking this enzyme leads to a remarkable reduction in the onset and progression of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Kalyvas
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
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48
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Paglinawan R, Malipiero U, Schlapbach R, Frei K, Reith W, Fontana A. TGFbeta directs gene expression of activated microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype strongly focusing on chemokine genes and cell migratory genes. Glia 2004; 44:219-31. [PMID: 14603463 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the acute phase of the disease is produced by T-helper lymphocyte type 1 (TH1), which produces mainly TNFalpha and IFNgamma. Recovery from the disease is mediated by T-helper lymphocyte types 2 and 3 (TH2/TH3), which, among other cytokines, produce transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). To address the influence of TGFbeta on TH1-induced gene expression, microarray technology was used on murine primary microglial cells stimulated with IFNgamma and TNFalpha in the absence or presence of TGFbeta. The resulting data from an investigation of up to 5,500 genes provided the notion that TGFbeta prevents the induction of a proinflammatory gene program within microglia exposed to a TH1 milieu. TH1 cytokines upregulated 175 genes comprising cytokine, chemokine, and genes involved in host response to infection and the TNFalpha/IFNgamma intracellular signaling pathway. It is observed that TGFbeta inhibits expression of 25% of the TNFalpha/IFNgamma-induced genes and a further 66 TNFalpha/IFNgamma-independent genes. The focus of TGFbeta inhibition is observed to be directed in genes involved in chemotaxis (IL-15, CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL9), chemokine receptors (CCR5, CCR9), LIF receptor, and FPR2, and on genes mediating cell migration (MMP9, MMP13, MacMARCKS, endothelin receptor B, Ena/VASP, Gas7), apoptosis (FAS, TNF, TNF receptor, caspase-1 and -11), and host response to infection (toll-like receptor 6, Mx-1, and MARCO). Taken collectively, the data strongly suggest that one of the main effects of TGFbeta is to impair cell entry into the CNS and to hinder migration of microglia in the CNS parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rey Paglinawan
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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49
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Eltayeb S, Sunnemark D, Berg AL, Nordvall G, Malmberg A, Lassmann H, Wallström E, Olsson T, Ericsson-Dahlstrand A. Effector stage CC chemokine receptor-1 selective antagonism reduces multiple sclerosis-like rat disease. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 142:75-85. [PMID: 14512166 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the role of the chemokine receptor CCR1 during the effector stage of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed local production of the CCR1 ligands CCL3 (MIP-1 alpha) and CCL5 (RANTES), as well as large numbers of CCR1 and CCR5 expressing cells within inflammatory brain lesions. A low-molecular weight CCR1 selective antagonist potently abrogated both clinical and histopathological disease signs during a 5-day treatment period, without signs of peripheral immune compromise. Thus, we demonstrate therapeutic targeting of CCR1-dependent leukocyte recruitment to the central nervous system in a multiple sclerosis (MS)-like rat model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Migration Inhibition
- Chemokines, CC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/chemically induced
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Nitriles/administration & dosage
- Nitriles/adverse effects
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/adverse effects
- Rats
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Eltayeb
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Fanti P, Nazareth M, Bucelli R, Mineo M, Gibbs K, Kumin M, Grzybek K, Hoeltke J, Raiber L, Poppenberg K, Janis K, Schwach C, Aronica SM. Estrogen decreases chemokine levels in murine mammary tissue: implications for the regulatory role of MIP-1 alpha and MCP-1/JE in mammary tumor formation. Endocrine 2003; 22:161-8. [PMID: 14665721 DOI: 10.1385/endo:22:2:161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Revised: 08/11/2003] [Accepted: 08/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen contributes to the development of breast cancer through mechanisms that are not completely understood. Estrogen influences the function of immune effector cells, primarily through alterations in cytokine expression. Chemokines are proinflammatory cytokines that attract various immune cells to the site of tissue injury or inflammation, and activate many cell types, including T lymphocytes and monocytes. As an initial step toward ultimately determining whether regulation of chemokine expression and/or biological activity by estrogen could potentially be a contributing factor to the development and progression of mammary tumors, we evaluated the effect of estrogen on the expression of specific chemokines in murine mammary tissue. We also evaluated whether exposure of female mice to various chemokines could alter the growth of mammary tumors in the presence of estrogen. We report here that estrogen significantly decreases levels of the chemokines MIP-1alpha and MCP-1/JE in murine mammary tissue. Co-treatment with 4-hydroxytamoxifen partially reverses the suppressive effect of estrogen on MIP-1alpha levels. Estrogen increases the growth of CCL- 51 cell-based tumors in the mammary glands of female mice. Co-treatment with the chemokine MIP-1alpha or MCP- 1/JE substantially decreases the ability of estrogen to stimulate the formation of CCL-51 cell-based tumors. Our results show that estrogen might influence the bioactivity of specific chemokines through alteration of chemokine expression in mammary tissue, and further suggest that decreases in murine chemokines evoked by estrogen exposure could contribute to the promotion of mammary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fanti
- Department of Biology, Canisius College, 304 Health Science Center, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14208, USA
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