1
|
Garcia-Sanchez C, Casillas-Abundis MA, Pinelli DF, Tambur AR, Hod-Dvorai R. Impact of SIRPα polymorphism on transplant outcomes in HLA-identical living donor kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant 2021; 35:e14406. [PMID: 34180101 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα), a polymorphic inhibitory membrane-bound receptor, and its ligand CD47 have recently been implicated in the modulation of innate immune allorecognition in murine models. Here, we investigate the potential impact of SIRPα donor-recipient mismatches on graft outcomes in human kidney transplantation. To eliminate the specific role of HLA-matching in alloresponse, we genotyped the two most common variants of SIRPα in a cohort of 55 HLA-identical, biologically-related, donor-recipient pairs. 69% of pairs were SIRPα identical. No significant differences were found between donor-recipient SIRPα-mismatch status and T cell-mediated rejection/borderline changes (25.8% vs. 25%) or slow graft function (15.8% vs. 17.6%). A trend towards more graft failure (GF) (23.5% vs. 5.3%, P = .06), interstitial inflammation (50% vs. 23%, P = .06) and significant changes in peritubular capillaritis (ptc) (25% vs. 0%, P = .02) were observed in the SIRPα-mismatched group. Unexpectedly, graft-versus-host (GVH) SIRPα-mismatched pairs exhibited higher rates of GF and tubulitis (38% vs. 5%, P = .031 and .61 ± .88 vs. 0, P = .019; respectively). Whether the higher prevalence of ptc in SIRPα-mismatched recipients and the higher rates of GF in GVH SIRPα-mismatched pairs represent a potential role for SIRPα in linking innate immunity and alloimmune rejection requires further investigation in larger cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Garcia-Sanchez
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M Aurora Casillas-Abundis
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David F Pinelli
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anat R Tambur
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Reut Hod-Dvorai
- Pathology Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin J, Wang H, Liu C, Cheng A, Deng Q, Zhu H, Chen J. Dendritic Cells: Versatile Players in Renal Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654540. [PMID: 34093544 PMCID: PMC8170486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) induce and regulate adaptive immunity through migrating and maturing in the kidney. In this procedure, they can adopt different phenotypes—rejection-associated DCs promote acute or chronic injury renal grafts while tolerogenic DCs suppress the overwhelmed inflammation preventing damage to renal functionality. All the subsets interact with effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) stimulated by the ischemia–reperfusion procedure, although the classification corresponding to different effects remains controversial. Thus, in this review, we discuss the origin, maturation, and pathological effects of DCs in the kidney. Then we summarize the roles of divergent DCs in renal transplantation: taking both positive and negative stages in ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), switching phenotypes to induce acute or chronic rejection, and orchestrating surface markers for allograft tolerance via alterations in metabolism. In conclusion, we prospect that multidimensional transcriptomic analysis will revolute researches on renal transplantation by addressing the elusive mononuclear phagocyte classification and providing a holistic view of DC ontogeny and subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Lin
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Disease, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Third Grade Laboratory under the National State, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ao Cheng
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingwei Deng
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Disease, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Third Grade Laboratory under the National State, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao D, Abou-Daya KI, Dai H, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Li XC, Lakkis FG. Innate Allorecognition and Memory in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:918. [PMID: 32547540 PMCID: PMC7270276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, we have witnessed a decline in the rates of acute rejection without significant improvement in chronic rejection. Current treatment strategies principally target the adaptive immune response and not the innate response. Therefore, better understanding of innate immunity in transplantation and how to target it is highly desirable. Here, we review the latest advances in innate immunity in transplantation focusing on the roles and mechanisms of innate allorecognition and memory in myeloid cells. These novel concepts could explain why alloimmune response do not abate over time and shed light on new molecular pathways that can be interrupted to prevent or treat chronic rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang Zhao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Khodor I Abou-Daya
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hehua Dai
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Martin H Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xian C Li
- Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mueller FB, Yang H, Lubetzky M, Verma A, Lee JR, Dadhania DM, Xiang JZ, Salvatore SP, Seshan SV, Sharma VK, Elemento O, Suthanthiran M, Muthukumar T. Landscape of innate immune system transcriptome and acute T cell-mediated rejection of human kidney allografts. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128014. [PMID: 31292297 PMCID: PMC6629252 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute rejection of human allografts has been viewed mostly through the lens of adaptive immunity, and the intragraft landscape of innate immunity genes has not been characterized in an unbiased fashion. We performed RNA sequencing of 34 kidney allograft biopsy specimens from 34 adult recipients; 16 were categorized as Banff acute T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) and 18 as normal. Computational analysis of intragraft mRNA transcriptome identified significantly higher abundance of mRNA for pattern recognition receptors in TCMR compared with normal biopsies, as well as increased expression of mRNAs for cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and caspases. Intragraft levels of calcineurin mRNA were higher in TCMR biopsies, suggesting underimmunosuppression compared with normal biopsies. Cell-type-enrichment analysis revealed higher abundance of dendritic cells and macrophages in TCMR biopsies. Damage-associated molecular patterns, the endogenous ligands for pattern recognition receptors, as well markers of DNA damage were higher in TCMR. mRNA expression patterns supported increased calcium flux and indices of endoplasmic, cellular oxidative, and mitochondrial stress were higher in TCMR. Expression of mRNAs in major metabolic pathways was decreased in TCMR. Our global and unbiased transcriptome profiling identified heightened expression of innate immune system genes during an episode of TCMR in human kidney allografts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
| | - Michelle Lubetzky
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation Medicine
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine
| | - John R. Lee
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation Medicine
| | - Darshana M. Dadhania
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation Medicine
| | - Jenny Z. Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; and
| | - Steven P. Salvatore
- Division of Renal Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Surya V. Seshan
- Division of Renal Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vijay K. Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine
| | - Manikkam Suthanthiran
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation Medicine
| | - Thangamani Muthukumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
- Department of Transplantation Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lakkis FG, Li XC. Innate allorecognition by monocytic cells and its role in graft rejection. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:289-292. [PMID: 28722285 PMCID: PMC5775052 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Innate recognition of microbial products and danger molecules by monocytes and macrophages has been well established; this is mediated primarily by pattern-recognition receptors and is central to the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells required for productive immunity. Whether monocytes and macrophages are equipped with an allorecognition system that allows them to respond directly to allogeneic grafts is a topic of much debate. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that these cells can recognize allogeneic entities and that they mediate graft rejection via direct cytotoxicity and priming of alloreactive T cells. In addition, these studies have uncovered a mechanism of innate allorecognition based on detection of the polymorphic molecule signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) on donor cells. Further understanding of innate allorecognition and its consequences would provide essential insight into allograft rejection and lead to better therapies for transplant patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi G. Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | - Xian C. Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Uehara H, Minami K, Quante M, Nian Y, Heinbokel T, Azuma H, El Khal A, Tullius SG. Recall features and allorecognition in innate immunity. Transpl Int 2018; 31:6-13. [PMID: 28926127 PMCID: PMC7781186 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alloimmunity traditionally distinguishes short-lived, rapid and nonspecific innate immune responses from adaptive immune responses that are characterized by a highly specific response initiated in a delayed fashion. Key players of innate immunity such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages present the first-line defence of immunity. The concept of unspecific responses in innate immunity has recently been challenged. The discovery of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) has demonstrated that innate immune cells respond in a semi-specific fashion through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) representing conserved molecular structures shared by large groups of microorganisms. Although immunological memory has generally been considered as exclusive to adaptive immunity, recent studies have demonstrated that innate immune cells have the potential to acquire memory. Here, we discuss allospecific features of innate immunity and their relevance in transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Uehara
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Minami
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Markus Quante
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yeqi Nian
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Timm Heinbokel
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Haruhito Azuma
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Abdala El Khal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arciero JC, Maturo A, Arun A, Oh BC, Brandacher G, Raimondi G. Combining Theoretical and Experimental Techniques to Study Murine Heart Transplant Rejection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:448. [PMID: 27872621 PMCID: PMC5097940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of life of organ transplant recipients is compromised by complications associated with life-long immunosuppression, such as hypertension, diabetes, opportunistic infections, and cancer. Moreover, the absence of established tolerance to the transplanted tissues causes limited long-term graft survival rates. Thus, there is a great medical need to understand the complex immune system interactions that lead to transplant rejection so that novel and effective strategies of intervention that redirect the system toward transplant acceptance (while preserving overall immune competence) can be identified. This study implements a systems biology approach in which an experimentally based mathematical model is used to predict how alterations in the immune response influence the rejection of mouse heart transplants. Five stages of conventional mouse heart transplantation are modeled using a system of 13 ordinary differential equations that tracks populations of both innate and adaptive immunity as well as proxies for pro- and anti-inflammatory factors within the graft and a representative draining lymph node. The model correctly reproduces known experimental outcomes, such as indefinite survival of the graft in the absence of CD4+ T cells and quick rejection in the absence of CD8+ T cells. The model predicts that decreasing the translocation rate of effector cells from the lymph node to the graft delays transplant rejection. Increasing the starting number of quiescent regulatory T cells in the model yields a significant but somewhat limited protective effect on graft survival. Surprisingly, the model shows that a delayed appearance of alloreactive T cells has an impact on graft survival that does not correlate linearly with the time delay. This computational model represents one of the first comprehensive approaches toward simulating the many interacting components of the immune system. Despite some limitations, the model provides important suggestions of experimental investigations that could improve the understanding of rejection. Overall, the systems biology approach used here is a first step in predicting treatments and interventions that can induce transplant tolerance while preserving the capacity of the immune system to protect against legitimate pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Arciero
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Andrew Maturo
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Anirudh Arun
- Vascularized and Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Vascularized and Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized and Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Giorgio Raimondi
- Vascularized and Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alegre ML, Lakkis FG, Morelli AE. Antigen Presentation in Transplantation. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:831-843. [PMID: 27743777 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of solid organs between genetically distinct individuals leads, in the absence of immunosuppression, to T cell-dependent transplant rejection. Activation of graft-reactive T cells relies on the presentation of transplant-derived antigens (intact donor MHC molecules or processed peptides on host MHC molecules) by mature dendritic cells (DCs). This review focuses on novel insights regarding the steps for maturation and differentiation of DCs that are necessary for productive presentation of transplant antigens to host T cells. These steps include the licensing of DCs by the microbiota, their activation and maturation following recognition of allogeneic non-self, and their capture of donor cell exosomes to amplify the presentation of transplant antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK-R312, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chow KV, Delconte RB, Huntington ND, Tarlinton DM, Sutherland RM, Zhan Y, Lew AM. Innate Allorecognition Results in Rapid Accumulation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2000-8. [PMID: 27474076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms governing the innate recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns have been well defined, how allogeneic cellular stimuli evoke innate responses remains less so. In this article, we report that upon i.v. transfer (to avoid major iatrogenic interference), allogeneic but not syngeneic leukocytes could induce a rapid (after 1 d) accumulation of host monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) without any increase in conventional DCs. This occurred in various donor-host strain combinations, did not require MHC mismatch, and could be induced by various donor cell types including B cells, T cells, or NK cells. Using RAG(-/-)γc(-/-) and scid γc(-/-)mice with different MHC, we found that the presence of either donor or host lymphoid cells was required. Alloinduced moDC accumulation was significantly reduced when splenocytes from mice deficient in NK cells by genetic ablation were used as donors. A major component of this moDC accumulation appears to be recruitment. Our findings provide new insights into how the innate and adaptive immune system may interact during allogeneic encounters and thus transplant rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Chow
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Rebecca B Delconte
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and
| | - Robyn M Sutherland
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhan
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Andrew M Lew
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vásquez-Montoya GA, Danobeitia JS, Fernández LA, Hernández-Ortiz JP. Computational immuno-biology for organ transplantation and regenerative medicine. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 30:235-46. [PMID: 27296889 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation and regenerative medicine are adopted platforms that provide replacement tissues and organs from natural or engineered sources. Acceptance, tolerance and rejection depend greatly on the proper control of the immune response against graft antigens, motivating the development of immunological and genetical therapies that prevent organ failure. They rely on a complete, or partial, understanding of the immune system. Ultimately, they are innovative technologies that ensure permanent graft tolerance and indefinite graft survival through the modulation of the immune system. Computational immunology has arisen as a tool towards a mechanistic understanding of the biological and physicochemical processes surrounding an immune response. It comprehends theoretical and computational frameworks that simulate immuno-biological systems. The challenge is centered on the multi-scale character of the immune system that spans from atomistic scales, during peptide-epitope and protein interactions, to macroscopic scales, for lymph transport and organ-organ reactions. In this paper, we discuss, from an engineering perspective, the biological processes that are involved during the immune response of organ transplantation. Previous computational efforts, including their characteristics and visible limitations, are described. Finally, future perspectives and challenges are listed to motivate further developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Vásquez-Montoya
- Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan S Danobeitia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luis A Fernández
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Juan P Hernández-Ortiz
- Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Laboratory for Molecular and Computational Genomics, UW Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Corcos D. Food-Nonfood Discrimination in Ancestral Vertebrates: Gamete Cannibalism and the Origin of the Adaptive Immune System. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:409-17. [PMID: 26286030 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is a complex system that appeared twice in vertebrates (in gnathostomes and in jawless fish) although it is not required for invertebrate defence. The adaptive immune system is tightly associated with self-non-self discrimination, and it is now clear that this interplay is not limited to the prevention of autoreactivity. Micro-organisms are usually considered for their pathogenicity or symbiotic ability, but, for most small metazoans, they mainly constitute food. Vertebrates are characterized by feeding by predation on larger preys, when compared to their ancestors who were filter feeders and ate micro-organisms. Predation gives a strong selective advantage, not only due to the availability of new food resources but also by the ability to eliminate competitors for environmental resources (intraguild predation (IGP)). Unlike size-structured IGP, intraspecific predation of juveniles, zygotes or gametes can be detrimental for species fitness in some circumstances. The ability of individuals to recognize highly polymorphic molecules on the surface of gametes present in the plankton and so distinguish self versus non-self gametes might have constituted a strong selective advantage in intraspecific competition. Here, I propose the theory that the capacity to rearrange receptors has been selected in ancestral vertebrates as a consequence of this strong need for discriminating between hetero-cannibalism versus filial cannibalism. This evolutionary origin sheds light on presently unexplained features of the immune system, including the existence of regulatory T cells and of non-pathogenic natural autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Corcos
- U1021 INSERM, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347, Institut National de la Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1021, Université Paris-Sud 11, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Vertebrates mount strong adaptive immune responses to transplanted organs (allografts), but the mechanisms by which the innate immune system initiates this response are not completely understood. In anti-microbial immunity, non-self molecules associated with pathogens but not present in the host induce the maturation of innate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by binding to germ-line-encoded receptors. Mature APCs then initiate the adaptive immune response by presenting microbial antigen and providing costimulatory signals to T cells. How allografts activate APCs, however, is less clear, because allografts are presumably sterile. A widely accepted view is that inflammatory or 'danger' molecules released by dying graft cells at the time of transplantation trigger APC maturation and the T-cell response that follows. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the introduction of microbial products during the surgical procedure could also alert the innate immune system to the presence of the transplanted organ. Here, we review why these hypotheses fail to fully explain how the alloimmune response is initiated after transplantation and summarize evidence that recognition of allogeneic non-self by monocytes is a key event in triggering alloimmunity and graft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhuang Q, Lakkis FG. Dendritic cells and innate immunity in kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2015; 87:712-8. [PMID: 25629552 PMCID: PMC4382394 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes emerging concepts related to the roles of dendritic cells and innate immunity in organ transplant rejection. First, it highlights the primary role that recipient, rather than donor, dendritic cells have in rejection and reviews their origin and function in the transplanted kidney. Second, it introduces the novel concept that recognition of allogeneic non-self by host monocytes (referred to here as innate allorecognition) is necessary for initiating rejection by inducing monocyte differentiation into mature, antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Both concepts provide opportunities for preventing rejection by targeting monocytes or dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhuang
- 1] Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and the Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Department of Transplantation, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and the Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the innate immune system that can lyse target cells without prior sensitization and have an important role in host defense to pathogens and transformed cells. A balance between negative and positive signals transmitted via germ line-encoded inhibitory and activating receptors controls the function of NK cells. Although the concept of "missing-self" would suggest that NK cells could target foreign allografts, the prevailing dogma has been that NK cells are not active participants in the mechanisms that culminate in the rejection of solid organ allografts. Recent studies, however, challenge this conclusion and instead implicate NK cells in contributing to both graft rejection and tolerance to an allograft. In this review, we highlight recent studies with the goal of understanding the complex NK cell interactions that impact alloimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uzi Hadad
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery and Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oberbarnscheidt MH, Zeng Q, Li Q, Dai H, Williams AL, Shlomchik WD, Rothstein DM, Lakkis FG. Non-self recognition by monocytes initiates allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3579-89. [PMID: 24983319 DOI: 10.1172/jci74370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation of T cell-activating APCs directly links innate and adaptive immunity and is typically triggered by microbial infection. Transplantation of allografts, which are sterile, generates strong T cell responses; however, it is unclear how grafts induce APC maturation in the absence of microbial-derived signals. A widely accepted hypothesis is that dying cells in the graft release "danger" molecules that induce APC maturation and initiate the adaptive alloimmune response. Here, we demonstrated that danger signals associated with dying cells are not sufficient to initiate alloimmunity, but that recognition of allogeneic non-self by the innate immune system is required. In WT as well as in T cell-, B cell-, and innate lymphoid cell-deficient mice, allogeneic grafts elicited persistent differentiation of monocytes into mature DCs that expressed IL-12 and stimulated T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. In contrast, syngeneic grafts in the same mice elicited transient and less pronounced differentiation of monocytes into DCs, which neither expressed IL-12 nor stimulated IFN-γ production. In a model in which T cell recognition is restricted to a single foreign antigen on the graft, rejection occurred only if the allogeneic non-self signal was also sensed by the host's innate immune system. These findings underscore the importance of innate recognition of allogeneic non-self by monocytes in initiating graft rejection.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A series of recent studies defy conventional wisdom by showing that natural killer (NK) cells exert a powerful and long-lasting influence on the immune response to whole organ allografts. The early activation of NK cells following transplantation is associated with killing of allogeneic target cells and release of immunomodulatory chemokines and cytokines, which can contribute to either rejection or tolerance. Here, we review findings describing NK cell receptors, potential mediators and mechanisms underlying the dual influence of NK cells in solid organ transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS New studies show that NK cells can discriminate between self and foreign tissues and play a key role in the initiation and regulation of adaptive immune responses after solid organ transplantation. Depending upon the types of NK cell receptors engaged and the nature of cytokines released, early NK cell activation can promote either rejection or tolerance. SUMMARY Solid organ transplantation is associated with the early activation of NK cells, which are then licensed to kill allogeneic target cells directly or via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and release various chemokines and immunomodulatory cytokines. Depending upon the nature of NK cell subsets activated and their ability to kill allogeneic target cells and release certain types of cytokines, NK cells can promote the activation/expansion of pro-inflammatory Th1 cells or regulatory Th2/Treg cells thus tilting the balance of alloimmunity towards rejection or tolerance. An in-depth understanding of these mechanisms will be necessary in order to design therapies targeting NK cells in human transplantation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mold JE, Anderson CC. A discussion of immune tolerance and the layered immune system hypothesis. CHIMERISM 2013; 4:62-70. [PMID: 23723085 DOI: 10.4161/chim.24914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff E Mold
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fiorenza S, Kenna TJ, Comerford I, McColl S, Steptoe RJ, Leggatt GR, Frazer IH. A combination of local inflammation and central memory T cells potentiates immunotherapy in the skin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5622-31. [PMID: 23144496 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy uses the specificity of the adaptive immune system to target cancer and virally infected cells. Yet the mechanism and means by which to enhance T cell function are incompletely described, especially in the skin. In this study, we use a murine model of immunotherapy to optimize cell-mediated immunity in the skin. We show that in vitro-derived central but not effector memory-like T cells bring about rapid regression of skin-expressing cognate Ag as a transgene in keratinocytes. Local inflammation induced by the TLR7 receptor agonist imiquimod subtly yet reproducibly decreases time to skin graft rejection elicited by central but not effector memory T cells in an immunodeficient mouse model. Local CCL4, a chemokine liberated by TLR7 agonism, similarly enhances central memory T cell function. In this model, IL-2 facilitates the development in vivo of effector function from central memory but not effector memory T cells. In a model of T cell tolerogenesis, we further show that adoptively transferred central but not effector memory T cells can give rise to successful cutaneous immunity, which is dependent on a local inflammatory cue in the target tissue at the time of adoptive T cell transfer. Thus, adoptive T cell therapy efficacy can be enhanced if CD8(+) T cells with a central memory T cell phenotype are transferred, and IL-2 is present with contemporaneous local inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fiorenza
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The self-non-self theory has dominated immunology since the 1950s. In the 1990s, Matzinger and her colleagues suggested a new, competing theory, called the "danger theory." This theory has provoked mixed acclaim: enthusiasm and criticism. Here we assess the danger theory vis-à-vis recent experimental data on innate immunity, transplantation, cancers and tolerance to foreign entities, and try to elucidate more clearly whether danger is well defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- Department of Philosophy, Paris-Sorbonne University and Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
| | - Edwin L. Cooper
- Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zecher D, Li Q, Williams AL, Walters JT, Baddoura FK, Chalasani G, Rothstein DM, Shlomchik WD, Demetris AJ, Lakkis FG. Innate immunity alone is not sufficient for chronic rejection but predisposes healed allografts to T cell-mediated pathology. Transpl Immunol 2011; 26:113-8. [PMID: 22226941 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute allograft rejection is dependent on adaptive immunity, but it is unclear whether the same is true for chronic rejection. Here we asked whether innate immunity alone is sufficient for causing chronic rejection of mouse cardiac allografts. METHODS We transplanted primarily vascularized cardiac grafts to recombinase activating gene-knockout (RAG(-/-)) mice that lack T and B cells but have an intact innate immune system. Recipients were left unmanipulated, received adjuvants that stimulate innate immunity, or were reconstituted with B-1 lymphocytes to generate natural IgM antibodies. In a second model, we transplanted cardiac allografts to mice that lack secondary lymphoid tissues (splenectomized aly/aly recipients) and studied the effect of NK cell inactivation on T cell-mediated chronic rejection. RESULTS Acute cardiac allograft rejection was not observed in any of the recipients. Histological analysis of allografts harvested 50 to 90 days after transplantation to RAG(-/-) mice failed to identify chronic vascular or parenchymal changes beyond those observed in control syngeneic grafts. Chronic rejection of cardiac allografts parked in splenectomized aly/aly mice was observed only after the transfer of exogenously activated T cells. NK inactivation throughout the experiment, or during the parking period alone, reduced the severity of T cell-dependent chronic rejection. CONCLUSIONS The innate immune system alone is not sufficient for causing chronic rejection. NK cells predispose healed allografts to T cell-dependent chronic rejection and may contribute to chronic allograft pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zecher
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Spivey TL, Uccellini L, Ascierto ML, Zoppoli G, De Giorgi V, Delogu LG, Engle AM, Thomas JM, Wang E, Marincola FM, Bedognetti D. Gene expression profiling in acute allograft rejection: challenging the immunologic constant of rejection hypothesis. J Transl Med 2011; 9:174. [PMID: 21992116 PMCID: PMC3213224 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the role and relationship between molecular pathways that lead to tissue destruction during acute allograft rejection are not fully understood. Based on studies conducted in humans, we recently hypothesized that different immune-mediated tissue destruction processes (i.e. cancer, infection, autoimmunity) share common convergent final mechanisms. We called this phenomenon the "Immunologic Constant of Rejection (ICR)." The elements of the ICR include molecular pathways that are consistently described through different immune-mediated tissue destruction processes and demonstrate the activation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), the recruitment of cytotoxic immune cells (primarily through CXCR3/CCR5 ligand pathways), and the activation of immune effector function genes (IEF genes; granzymes A/B, perforin, etc.). Here, we challenge the ICR hypothesis by using a meta-analytical approach and systematically reviewing microarray studies evaluating gene expression on tissue biopsies during acute allograft rejection. We found the pillars of the ICR consistently present among the studies reviewed, despite implicit heterogeneity. Additionally, we provide a descriptive mechanistic overview of acute allograft rejection by describing those molecular pathways most frequently encountered and thereby thought to be most significant. The biological role of the following molecular pathways is described: IFN-γ, CXCR3/CCR5 ligand, IEF genes, TNF-α, IL-10, IRF-1/STAT-1, and complement pathways. The role of NK cell, B cell and T-regulatory cell signatures are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Spivey
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Oberbarnscheidt MH, Zecher D, Lakkis FG. The innate immune system in transplantation. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:264-72. [PMID: 21723740 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate innate immune system consists of inflammatory cells and soluble mediators that comprise the first line of defense against microbial infection and, importantly, trigger antigen-specific T and B cell responses that lead to lasting immunity. The molecular mechanisms responsible for microbial non-self recognition by the innate immune system have been elucidated for a large number of pathogens. How the innate immune system recognizes non-microbial non-self, such as organ transplants, is less clear. In this review, we approach this question by describing the principal mechanisms of non-self, or 'damaged' self, recognition by the innate immune system (pattern recognition receptors, the missing self theory, and the danger hypothesis) and discussing whether and how these mechanisms apply to allograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Anderson CC. Placing regulatory T cells into global theories of immunity: an analysis of Cohn's challenge to integrity (Dembic). Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:306-9. [PMID: 19284494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In broadening the integrity model, Zlatko Dembic provided one of the few plausible explanations for the existence of regulatory T cells that has been postulated to date and at the same time highlighted deficiencies of the associative antigen recognition model. In defending the virtues of associative antigen recognition, Melvin Cohn has challenged the integrity model and the concept that regulatory T cells have a role in defining the specificity of immune responses. The critique of Cohn's analysis I present here suggests that a greater consideration of quantitative evolutionary constraints removes most of the challenges to integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tan PH, Lota AS. Interaction of current cancer treatments and the immune system: implications for breast cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 9:2639-60. [PMID: 18803451 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.9.15.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer may account for the current improvement in the mortality of breast cancer. However, achieving a complete 'cure' is the holy grail of cancer medicine and, in many cases, cancer patients still succumb to their ultimate fate. There is therefore a need to devise innovative therapies to overcome this problem. To this end, many emerging therapies utilizing the immune system to eradicate the residues of disease have been described in the preclinical and clinical arenas. However, there is very little work examining the impact of immunotherapy on the existing natural immunity. The relationship between antitumor immunity, in the form of immunotherapy (either passive or active), and current strategies of treatment also needs to be explored. If we are to improve the success of cancer treatment, we must understand how current therapies interact with the immune system and with the emerging immunotherapies. For breast-cancer treatment to be successful, therapeutics should be tailored towards antitumor immunity; they should also avoid tumor-specific tolerance. The sources of information used to prepare this paper were obtained through published work on Pubmed/Medline and materials published on the US/UK governmental agencies' websites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng H Tan
- University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Department of Surgery, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
It is widely accepted that immune tolerance toward "self" is established by central and peripheral adaptations of the immune system. Mechanisms that have been demonstrated to play a role in the induction and maintenance of tolerance include thymic deletion of self-reactive T cells, peripheral T cell anergy and apoptosis, as well as thymic and peripheral induction of regulatory T cells. However, a large body of experimental findings cannot be rationalized solely based on adaptations of the immune system to its environment. Here we propose a new model termed Ecoimmunity, where the immune system and the tissue are viewed as two sides of a continuously active and co-evolving predator-prey system. Ecoimmunity views self-tolerance, not as an equilibrium in which autoimmunity is chronically suppressed, but as a symmetrical balanced conflict between the ability of immune cells to destroy tissue cells by numerous mechanisms, and the capacity of adapted tissue cells to avoid predation. This balance evolves during ontogeny, in parallel to immune adaptations, embryonic tissue cells adapt their phenotype to the corresponding immune activity by developing the ability to escape or modulate damaging local immune responses. This phenotypic plasticity of tissue cells is directed by epigenetic selection of gene expression pattern and cellular phenotype amidst an ongoing immune pressure. Thus, whereas some immune cells prey predominantly on pathogens and infected cells, self-reactive cells continuously prey on incompetent tissue cells that fail to express the adapted phenotype and resist predation. This model uses ecological generalization to reconcile current contradictory observations as well as classical enigmas related to both autoimmunity and to tolerance toward foreign tissues. Finally, it provides empirical predictions and alternative strategies toward clinical challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uri Nevo
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, National Institute of Human Health and Child Development, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Agrawal S, Tripathi P, Naik S. Roles and mechanism of natural killer cells in clinical and experimental transplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2008; 4:79-91. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
|
28
|
Kirk AD, Elster EA. Immunology of Transplantation. Surgery 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
29
|
Kim J, Chang CK, Hayden T, Liu FC, Benjamin J, Hamerman JA, Lanier LL, Kang SM. The activating immunoreceptor NKG2D and its ligands are involved in allograft transplant rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6416-20. [PMID: 17982029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the linkage between innate and adaptive immunity in transplantation has been recognized, the mechanisms underlying this cooperation remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we show that early "danger" signals associated with transplantation lead to rapid up-regulation of NKG2D ligands. A second wave of NKG2D ligand up-regulation is mediated by the adaptive immune response to allografts. Treatment with an Ab to NKG2D was highly effective in preventing CD28-independent rejection of cardiac allografts. Notably, NKG2D blockade did not deplete CD8(+) T cells or NK1.1(+) cells nor affect their migration to the allografts. These results establish a functional role of NKG2D and its ligands in the rejection of solid organ transplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Kim
- Transplantation Research Laboratory, Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
LaRosa DF, Rahman AH, Turka LA. The innate immune system in allograft rejection and tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7503-9. [PMID: 17548582 PMCID: PMC2840045 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As T cells alone are both necessary and sufficient for the rejection of virtually all allogeneic tissues, much of transplantation immunology has focused on cells of the adaptive immune system. During the past decade, advances in our understanding of innate responses to pathogen-associated molecules have spurred a "rediscovery" of innate immunity. Fueled by this, an increasing body of literature has emerged in which the role of the innate immune system in allograft rejection and tolerance has been examined more closely. This review will give an overview of recent studies and emerging concepts of how the cellular components of the innate immune system participate in the immune response to solid organ transplantation. These important studies highlight the complex interplay between diverse cells of the immune response and provide the basis for optimal strategies of tolerance induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F LaRosa
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Goldstein DR. The identity of innate immune activators in organ transplantation: origins from within or exterior to the host? Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1692-4. [PMID: 17524077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D R Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chan WFN, Perez-Diez A, Razavy H, Anderson CC. The ability of natural tolerance to be applied to allogeneic tissue: determinants and limits. Biol Direct 2007; 2:10. [PMID: 17437644 PMCID: PMC1854886 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transplant rejection has been considered to occur primarily because donor antigens are not present during the development of the recipient's immune system to induce tolerance. Thus, transplantation prior to recipient immune system development (pre-immunocompetence transplants) should induce natural tolerance to the donor. Surprisingly, tolerance was often not the outcome in such 'natural tolerance models'. We explored the ability of natural tolerance to prevent immune responses to alloantigens, and the reasons for the disparate outcomes of pre-immunocompetence transplants. Results We found that internal transplants mismatched for a single minor-H antigen and 'healed-in' before immune system development were not ignored but instead induced natural tolerance. In contrast, multiple minor-H or MHC mismatched transplants did not consistently induce natural tolerance unless they carried chimerism generating passenger lymphocytes. To determine whether the systemic nature of passenger lymphocytes was required for their tolerizing capacity, we generated a model of localized vs. systemic donor lymphocytes. We identified the peritoneal cavity as a site that protects allogeneic lymphocytes from killing by NK cells, and found that systemic chimerism, but not chimerism restricted to the peritoneum, was capable of generating natural tolerance. Conclusion These data provide an explanation for the variable results with pre-immunocompetence transplants and suggest that natural tolerance to transplants is governed by the systemic vs. localized nature of donor antigen, the site of transplantation, and the antigenic disparity. Furthermore, in the absence of systemic lymphocyte chimerism the capacity to establish natural tolerance to allogeneic tissue appears strikingly limited. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Matthias von Herrath, Irun Cohen, and Wei-Ping Min (nominated by David Scott).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William FN Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ainhoa Perez-Diez
- Ghost Lab, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Haide Razavy
- Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Natural killer cell subsets in allograft rejection and tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2007; 12:10-16. [PMID: 27792083 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3280129f2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the role of natural killer cells in regulating the survival of transplanted organs. RECENT FINDINGS Natural killer cells have been found to have the dual capacity to promote rejection of transplanted organs and be required for the induction of transplantation tolerance. In murine recipients of bone marrow transplants, or in CD28 recipients of cardiac allografts, different natural killer cell subsets have been shown to promote or delay rejection, depending on their major histocompatibility complex class I specificity. In mouse models of skin and islet allograft acceptance mediated by costimulation-targeting therapies, the presence of natural killer cells was found to be essential for long-term graft acceptance, perhaps due to their ability to eliminate donor or recipient immune cells. SUMMARY Natural killer cells can either accelerate or avert rejection in a manner that is influenced by both donor-recipient major histocompatibility complex disparity as well as the milieu created by costimulation-targeting therapies. In clinical settings, alloreactivity by defined natural killer cell subsets may be important in achieving tolerance, and the outcome of natural killer cell activity may be influenced by specific immunosuppressive regimens.
Collapse
|
34
|
Tesar BM, Jiang D, Liang J, Palmer SM, Noble PW, Goldstein DR. The role of hyaluronan degradation products as innate alloimmune agonists. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2622-35. [PMID: 17049055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in initiating alloimmunity yet the substances that activate them during the host response to transplantation remain elusive. In this study we examined the potential roles of endogenous innate immune agonists in activating dendritic cell-dependent alloimmunity. Using a murine in vitro culture system, we show that 135 KDa fragments of the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan induce dendritic cell maturation and initiate alloimmunity. Priming of alloimmunity by hyaluronan-activated DCs was dependent on signaling via TIR-associated protein, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor downstream of TLRs 2 and 4. However, this effect was independent of alternate TLR adaptors, MyD88 or Trif. Using an in vivo murine transplant model, we show that hyaluronan accumulated during skin transplant rejection. Examination of human lung transplant recipients demonstrated that increased levels of intragraft hyaluronan were associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. In conclusion, our study suggests that fragments of hyaluronan can act as innate immune agonists that activate alloimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Tesar
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Walker WE, Nasr IW, Camirand G, Tesar BM, Booth CJ, Goldstein DR. Absence of Innate MyD88 Signaling Promotes Inducible Allograft Acceptance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:5307-16. [PMID: 17015716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prior experimental strategies to induce transplantation tolerance have focused largely on modifying adaptive immunity. However, less is known concerning the role of innate immune signaling in the induction of transplantation tolerance. Using a highly immunogenic murine skin transplant model that resists transplantation tolerance induction when innate immunity is preserved, we show that absence of MyD88, a key innate Toll like receptor signal adaptor, abrogates this resistance and facilitates inducible allograft acceptance. In our model, absence of MyD88 impairs inflammatory dendritic cell responses that reduce T cell activation. This effect increases T cell susceptibility to suppression mediated by CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. Therefore, this study provides evidence that absence of MyD88 promotes inducible allograft acceptance and implies that inhibiting innate immunity may be a potential, clinically relevant strategy to facilitate transplantation tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Walker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tang AL, Bingaman AW, Kadavil EA, Leeser DB, Farber DL. Generation and functional capacity of polyclonal alloantigen-specific memory CD4 T cells. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:1275-84. [PMID: 16686752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alloreactive memory T cells can significantly impact graft survival due to their enhanced functional capacities, diverse tissue distribution and resistance to tolerance induction and depletional strategies. However, their role in allograft rejection is not well understood primarily due to the lack of suitable in vivo models. In this study, we use a novel approach to generate long-lived polyclonal alloreactive memory CD4 T cells from adoptive transfer of alloantigen-activated precursors into mouse hosts. We demonstrate that CD25 upregulation is a marker for precursors to alloantigen-specific memory and have created a new mouse model that features an expanded population of polyclonal alloreactive memory T cells that is distinguishable from the naive T-cell population. Furthermore, we show that alloreactive memory T cells exhibit rapid recall effector responses with predominant IFN-gamma and IL-2 production, and mediate vigorous allograft rejection. Interestingly, while we found a heterogeneous distribution of allomemory T cells in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues, they were all predominantly of the effector-memory (CD62Llo) phenotype. Our results present a unique model for the generation and tracking of polyclonal allospecific memory CD4 T cells in vivo and reveal insights into the distinct and robust nature of alloreactive T-cell memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Tang
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kitchens WH, Uehara S, Chase CM, Colvin RB, Russell PS, Madsen JC. The changing role of natural killer cells in solid organ rejection and tolerance. Transplantation 2006; 81:811-7. [PMID: 16570001 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000202844.33794.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have emerged as a particular focus of interest in transplantation due to their ability to distinguish allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and their potent cytolytic effector mechanisms. Once relegated to the field of bone marrow transplantation, NK cells have recently been shown to participate in the immune response against solid organ allo- and xenografts. These new findings suggest that the role of NK cells in solid organ rejection and tolerance needs to be reexamined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H Kitchens
- Division of Transplantation, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xu H, Zhang X, Mannon RB, Kirk AD. Platelet-derived or soluble CD154 induces vascularized allograft rejection independent of cell-bound CD154. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:769-74. [PMID: 16498500 PMCID: PMC1378189 DOI: 10.1172/jci27155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD154 is a cell surface molecule expressed on activated T cells that binds to CD40, an activating molecule on APCs. Its blockade has been shown to prevent allograft rejection, presumably by interrupting interactions between T cells and APCs. It is known that activated human platelets express and shed CD154 and can induce APC activation and other immune processes in vitro. Here we show that platelet-derived CD154 is sufficient to initiate cardiac allograft rejection independent of any cellular source of this molecule. CD154-KO mice reject cardiac allografts after receiving CD154-expressing human platelets or recombinant CD154 (rCD154) trimers. Treatment with the human CD154-specific mAb 5c8 specifically prevents this induced rejection. Soluble trimers, but not platelets, induce rejection when infused temporally remote from the surgical procedure, suggesting that surgically induced platelet activation is required for CD154 release. Allograft rejection can thus be instigated by activated platelets through CD154. These data implicate platelets as a proximal component of acquired alloimmunity, providing insight into the mechanisms of allograft rejection and the physiological response to trauma in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- Transplantation Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Monk NJ, Hargreaves REG, Simpson E, Dyson JP, Jurcevic S. Transplant tolerance: models, concepts and facts. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:295-304. [PMID: 16501935 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research, our understanding of immunological tolerance to self-antigens is incomplete, and the goal of achieving tolerance to allogeneic transplanted tissue remains elusive. Currently, it is generally believed that the blockade of T cell co-stimulation offers considerable potential for achieving tolerance in the clinical setting. However, the recent finding that CD154-specific antibody may act through the depletion of activated T cells rather than co-stimulation blockade alone highlights the need for a re-evaluation of published data and the role of co-stimulation blockade in transplant tolerance. Activated T cells are programmed to die unless they receive sufficient survival signals in the form of inflammatory and lymphotropic cytokines produced by activated antigen-presenting cells or the T cells themselves. In conditions where the threshold for surviving activation is not reached, for example when a small number of responder T cells are activated in the absence of substantial injury or inflammation, the ensuing death of all activated T cells can result in deletional tolerance. Therefore, we propose that tolerance represents a failure of T cells to survive activation and develop into memory cells. This concept is likely to apply in the transplant setting, where the strength of the alloresponse depends on both the number/phenotype of the recipients' alloreactive T cells and immunogenicity of the transplanted tissue. Hence, in some rodent donor-recipient strain combinations that instigate a weak alloresponse, many treatments that only modestly decrease the alloresponse can achieve tolerance. In contrast, clinical transplantation is characterised by a strong alloresponse and highly immunogenic allografts, and thus, most treatments fail to control allograft rejection, and tolerance is difficult to achieve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Monk
- Department of Nephrology & Transplantation, King's College, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Medical School, 5th Floor TGH, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
El-Sawy T, Belperio JA, Strieter RM, Remick DG, Fairchild RL. Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated graft damage synergizes with short-term costimulatory blockade to prevent cardiac allograft rejection. Circulation 2005; 112:320-31. [PMID: 15998678 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.516708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early inflammatory response during reperfusion of cardiac allografts is initiated by the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the graft. The impact of early PMN infiltration on allograft rejection compared with long-term graft survival remains poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested the role of CXCR2, the receptor for 2 PMN attractant chemokines, KC/CXCL1 and MIP-2/CXCL2, on intragraft inflammation and vascularized cardiac allograft rejection in a murine model. Compared with allografts retrieved from control recipients, both PMN infiltration and intragraft proinflammatory cytokine expression were significantly attenuated in allografts from CXCR2-antisera-treated wild-type or from CXCR2(-/-) recipients. Adoptive transfer of alloantigen-primed T cells rapidly infiltrated and rejected allografts in control recipients, but T-cell infiltration was significantly decreased in recipients depleted of PMNs at transplantation. The influence of early PMN-mediated inflammation on the therapeutic efficacy of costimulatory blockade to prevent allograft rejection was tested. Short-term treatment of recipients with anti-CD154 mAb or CTLA-4 Ig induced modest prolongation of cardiac allograft survival. However, CD154 mAb or CTLA-4 Ig treatment, combined with either peritransplantation PMN depletion or antibodies specific for KC/CXCL1 plus MIP-2/CXCL2, prolonged cardiac allograft survival beyond 100 days. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that strategies attenuating PMN-mediated tissue damage during reperfusion significantly improve the efficacy of short-term costimulatory blockade to prevent T-cell-mediated rejection of cardiac allografts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek El-Sawy
- Department of Immunology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Habiro K, Shimmura H, Kobayashi S, Kotani M, Ishida Y, Tanabe K, Toma H, Abe R. Effect of inflammation on costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:702-11. [PMID: 15760393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that allogeneic skin grafts were rapidly rejected by CD28 and CD40 ligand double deficient mice mediated by CD8+ T cells. These results indicated that some elements in addition to CD28- and CD40-mediated costimulation provide stimulatory signals for the activation of donor-specific CD8+ T cells. In this report, we investigated the role of inflammation associated with transplantation on costimulation-independent priming of CD8+ T cell during graft rejection. B6 RAG1 KO mice were transplanted with BALB/c-skin and adoptively transferred with syngeneic CD8+ T cells the same day or 50 days after transplantation. When blockade of CD28- and CD40-mediated costimulation failed to prevent acute rejection of freshly transplanted skin grafts, it efficiently delayed rejection of well-healed skin grafts. These results showed that factors associated with transplantation have essential roles in inducing costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection. Costimulation blockade failed to prevent acute graft-infiltration of NK cells and increasing expression of intragraft IL-12 and IL-15. These factors may trigger the graft-infiltration and priming of CD8+ T cells to induce costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyoshi Habiro
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda City, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Land WG. The role of postischemic reperfusion injury and other nonantigen-dependent inflammatory pathways in transplantation. Transplantation 2005; 79:505-14. [PMID: 15753838 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000153160.82975.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Injury Hypothesis, first published in 1994 and modified several times between 1996 and 2002, holds that the reactive oxygen species-mediated reperfusion injury to allografts initiates and induces the alloimmune response and contributes to alloatherogenesis. Recent experimental and clinical evidence in support of the concept is presented suggesting that (1) reactive oxygen species-mediated allograft injury activates the innate immune system of the donor and recipient; (2) injury-induced putative endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of host origin such as heat shock proteins interact with and activate TLR4-bearing dendritic cells that mature and induce the adaptive alloimmune response (acute rejection), and interact with and activate TLR4-bearing vascular cells contributing to the development of alloatherosclerosis (chronic rejection); and (3) TLR4-triggered signaling, involved in the establishment of a reperfusion injury, seems to use myeloid differentiation marker 88-independent, Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta-dependent pathways that are associated with the maturation of dendritic cells and induction of interferon-inducible genes.
Collapse
|
43
|
Askenasy N, Yolcu ES, Yaniv I, Shirwan H. Induction of tolerance using Fas ligand: a double-edged immunomodulator. Blood 2005; 105:1396-404. [PMID: 15486063 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractApoptosis mediated by Fas ligand (FasL) interaction with Fas receptor plays a pivotal regulatory role in immune homeostasis, immune privilege, and self-tolerance. FasL, therefore, has been extensively exploited as an immunomodulatory agent to induce tolerance to both autoimmune and foreign antigens with conflicting results. Difficulties associated with the use of FasL as a tolerogenic factor may arise from (1) its complex posttranslational regulation, (2) the opposing functions of different forms of FasL, (3) different modes of expression, systemic versus localized and transient versus continuous, (4) the level and duration of expression, (5) the sensitivity of target tissues to Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis and the efficiency of antigen presentation in these tissues, and (6) the types and levels of cytokines, chemokines, and metalloproteinases in the extracellular milieu of the target tissues. Thus, the effective use of FasL as an immunomodulator to achieve durable antigen-specific immune tolerance requires careful consideration of all of these parameters and the design of treatment regimens that maximize tolerogenic efficacy, while minimizing the non-tolerogenic and toxic functions of this molecule. This review summarizes the current status of FasL as a tolerogenic agent, problems associated with its use as an immunomodulator, and new strategies to improve its therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel 49202.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Xu J, von Aulock S, Lucas R, Wendel A. Potential of colony-stimulating factors to improve host defense in organ transplant recipients. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/01.mot.0000146562.43151.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
45
|
Binello E, Mitchell RN, Harling OK. T cell uptake for the use of boron neutron capture as an immunologic research tool. Appl Radiat Isot 2004; 61:959-62. [PMID: 15308175 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An immunologic tool based on manipulation of the boron neutron capture reaction was previously proposed in the context of heart transplantation research to examine the temporal relationship between parenchymal rejection (representing immune cell infiltration) and transplantation-associated arteriosclerosis (characterized by progressive vascular occlusion). Critical to the development of this method is the uptake of boron by specific cells of the immune system, namely T cells, without adverse effects on cell function, which may be assessed by the ability of boron-loaded cells to produce IFNgamma, a protein with substantial impact on rejection. This work presents the evaluation of two carboranyl thymidine analogs. Advantages of this type of boron compound are reduced risk of leakage and effective dose delivery based on their incorporation into cellular nuclear material. Results indicate that uptake of these boronated nucleosides is high with no adverse effects on cell function, thereby warranting the continued development of this technique that has potentially wide applicability in immunological models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Binello
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge/Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chalasani G, Li Q, Konieczny BT, Smith-Diggs L, Wrobel B, Dai Z, Perkins DL, Baddoura FK, Lakkis FG. The allograft defines the type of rejection (acute versus chronic) in the face of an established effector immune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7813-20. [PMID: 15187165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplanted organs fail due to either acute or chronic rejection. The prevailing view is that the nature or magnitude of the recipient's immune response to donor Ags determines the type of rejection. In variance with this view, we show in this study that the status of the graft itself plays a dominant role in defining the type of rejection even in the face of an established alloimmune response. Using adoptive transfer mouse models in which the graft is exposed to a constant number of effector lymphocytes, we found that newly transplanted heart allografts are rejected acutely, while healed-in allografts undergo chronic rejection. Acute rejection of healed-in allografts was largely recapitulated by subjecting the grafts to ischemia-reperfusion injury similar to that present in newly transplanted organs. Ischemia-Reperfusion injury altered the outcome of rejection by enhancing the accumulation of effector T cells within the graft. The accumulation of effector T cells in the graft was dependent on the presence of both ischemia-reperfusion injury (inflammation) and alloantigens. These findings demonstrate that the graft plays a dominant role in shaping the outcome of rejection by controlling the trafficking of effector T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Chalasani
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jones TR, Shirasugi N, Adams AB, Pearson TC, Larsen CP. Intravital microscopy identifies selectins that regulate T cell traffic into allografts. J Clin Invest 2004; 112:1714-23. [PMID: 14660747 PMCID: PMC281648 DOI: 10.1172/jci19391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell homing to sites of injury and inflammation is a critical step for adaptive immune responses. While much has been learned regarding T cell homing to lymphoid tissues, few studies have directly observed trafficking events during an effector response. In this study, we developed a model that uses intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy to determine the molecules critical to T cell rolling within skin allograft microvasculature during the effector phase of the rejection response. Additional studies were performed to quantify T cell infiltrates as rejection progressed. We found that P-selectin and E-selectin expressed on postcapillary venules play overlapping roles in the recruitment of activated T cells in a SCID reconstitution model of skin graft rejection and are important in T cell accumulation at the graft site. Surprisingly, we also found that naive T cells are recruited and accumulate via constitutive T cell L-selectin and upregulated L-selectin ligands on rejecting allograft vasculature. These data indicated that a specific retinue of molecules is upregulated during the rejection response, and they suggest potential future therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Jones
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory Universuty School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jones TR, Adams AB, Shirasugi NJ, Bingaman AW, Durham MM, Pearson TC, Larsen CP. Allogeneic parenchymal and hematopoietic tissues differ in their ability to induce deletion of donor-reactive T cells. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:1520-30. [PMID: 14629282 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-6135.2003.00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of immune tolerance to self antigen expressed exclusively in the periphery is a crucial yet incompletely understood feature of the immune system. A dominant concept of peripheral tolerance has been that exposure of T cells to signal one, the TCR-MHC interaction, in the absence of signal two, or costimulation, is a major mechanism of peripheral tolerance. This model suggests that any cell type that expresses MHC-peptide complexes, be they of self or foreign origin, should have the capacity to tolerize antigen-specific T cells when critical costimulatory interactions are interrupted. However, a spectrum of responses, from permanent engraftment to rapid rejection, has been observed in various transplantation models utilizing costimulatory blockade. Therefore we undertook a series experiments to directly assess the tolerogenic potential of donor hematopoietic and parenchymal cells. We find that allogeneic tissues differ profoundly in their ability to promote peripheral tolerance concurrent with combined blockade of B7-CD28 and CD40-CD40L pathways. Non-vascularized and vascularized parenchymal grafts as well as donor-specific transfusions promote varying degrees of donor-specific hyporesponsiveness, but fail to induce donor-reactive T-cell deletion; whereas establishment of stable hematopoietic chimerism promotes specific tolerance mediated by deletion of donor-reactive cells in the periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Jones
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xu J, Lucas R, Schuchmann M, Kühnle S, Meergans T, Barreiros AP, Lohse AW, Otto G, Wendel A. GM-CSF restores innate, but not adaptive, immune responses in glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed human blood in vitro. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:938-47. [PMID: 12847265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection remains the major complication of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation. Therefore, reconstitution of the innate immunity against infections, without activation of the adaptive immune responses, to prevent graft rejection is a clinically desirable status in transplant recipients. We found that GM-CSF restored TNF mRNA and protein expression without inducing IL-2 production and T cell proliferation in glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed blood from either healthy donors or liver transplant patients. Gene array experiments indicated that GM-CSF selectively restored a variety of dexamethasone-suppressed, LPS-inducible genes relevant for innate immunity. A possible explanation for the lack of GM-CSF to restore T cell proliferation is its enhancement of the release of IL-1betaR antagonist, rather than of IL-1beta itself, since exogenously added IL-1beta induced an IL-2-independent Con A-stimulated proliferation of glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed lymphocytes. Finally, to test the in vivo relevance of our findings, we showed that GM-CSF restored the survival of dexamethasone- or cyclosporine A-immunosuppressed mice from an otherwise lethal infection with Salmonella typhimurium. In addition to this increased resistance to infection, GM-CSF did not induce graft rejection of a skin allotransplant in cyclosporine A-immunosuppressed mice. The selective restoration potential of GM-CSF suggests its therapeutic use in improving the resistance against infections upon organ transplantation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/blood
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- CDC2-CDC28 Kinases
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Concanavalin A/pharmacology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/biosynthesis
- Dexamethasone/blood
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/mortality
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/blood
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Active/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunosuppressive Agents/blood
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Middle Aged
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/mortality
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/prevention & control
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/mortality
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kobayashi H, Novick AC, Toma H, Fairchild RL. Chronic antagonism of Mig inhibits cellular infiltration and promotes survival of class II MHC disparate skin allografts. Transplantation 2002; 74:387-95. [PMID: 12177619 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200208150-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of the current study was to test the ability of monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig)-specific antibodies to inhibit long-term T cell infiltration into class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disparate skin allografts and to test cellular and molecular changes in the graft during the rejection observed following cessation of treatment. METHODS C57BL/6 recipients of B6.H-2bm12 skin grafts were treated with normal rabbit serum (NRS) or rabbit Mig antiserum (Mig AS) every other day from day 7 until day 21 posttransplant and then weekly thereafter. Allografts were retrieved during the course of treatment and following cessation. Tissue sections were prepared and stained to compare infiltration by macrophages and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and to assess collagen deposition in the grafts. RNA was prepared and tested by ribonuclease protection assay for intragraft levels of Mig, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). RESULTS T cell and macrophage infiltration into allografts was inhibited and graft survival maintained as long as Mig-specific antibodies were given. Following cessation of treatment, T cells and macrophages infiltrated the allografts. In contrast to the histology of acute rejection observed in allografts from NRS-treated recipients, the resulting rejection of the allografts from Mig AS-treated recipients was accompanied by dense collagen deposition and high level expression of Mig and RANTES. CONCLUSIONS Mig directs T cell infiltration into B6.H-2bm12 skin allografts on C57BL/6 recipients. Delayed T cell and macrophage infiltration and rejection of the grafts following cessation of Mig AS treatment results in rejection that is histologically and molecularly distinct from acute rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Kobayashi
- The Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-0001, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|