1
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Malekshahi A, Alamdary A, Safarzadeh A, Khavandegar A, Nikoo HR, Safavi M, Ajorloo M, Bahavar A, Ajorloo M. Potential roles of core and core+1 proteins during the chronic phase of hepatitis C virus infection. Future Virol 2023. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The HCV Core protein is a multifunctional protein that interacts with many viral and cellular proteins. In addition to the encapsidation of the viral genome, it can disturb various cellular pathways and impede antiviral cellular responses such as interferon (IFN) production. The Core protein can also disrupt the functions of immune cells against HCV. The Core protein helps viral infection persistency by interfering with apoptosis. The Core+1 protein plays a significant role in inducing chronic HCV infection through diverse mechanisms. We review some of the mechanisms by which Core and Core+1 proteins facilitate HCV infection to chronic infection. These proteins could be considered for designing more sufficient treatments and effective vaccines against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asra Malekshahi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ashkan Alamdary
- Department of Biology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Safarzadeh
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Armin Khavandegar
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hadi Razavi Nikoo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahshid Safavi
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mobina Ajorloo
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Atefeh Bahavar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ajorloo
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Tang X, Arora G, Matias J, Hart T, Cui Y, Fikrig E. A tick C1q protein alters infectivity of the Lyme disease agent by modulating interferon γ. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111673. [PMID: 36417869 PMCID: PMC9909562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In North America, the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, is commonly transmitted by the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Tick saliva facilitates blood feeding and enhances pathogen survival and transmission. Here, we demonstrate that I. scapularis complement C1q-like protein 3 (IsC1ql3), a tick salivary protein, directly interacts with B. burgdorferi and is important during the initial stage of spirochetal infection of mice. Mice fed upon by B. burgdorferi-infected IsC1ql3-silenced ticks, or IsC1ql3-immunized mice fed upon by B. burgdorferi-infected ticks, have a lower spirochete burden during the early phase of infection compared with control animals. Mechanically, IsC1ql3 interacts with the globular C1q receptor present on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, resulting in decreased production of interferon γ. IsC1ql3 is a C1q-domain-containing protein identified in arthropod vectors and has an important role in B. burgdorferi infectivity as the spirochete transitions from the tick to vertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Tang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Gunjan Arora
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jaqueline Matias
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Hart
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yingjun Cui
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Moretti R, Giuffrè M, Merli N, Caruso P, Di Bella S, Tiribelli C, Crocè LS. Hepatitis C Virus-Related Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1569. [PMID: 34942871 PMCID: PMC8699483 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), despite being a hepatotropic virus, is the causative agent of many systemic disorders, such as vasculitis, autoimmune diseases, lymphoproliferative disorders, and a broad spectrum of neurological and psychiatric manifestations. Although symptoms have been misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, only recently, evidence of direct (inflammatory) or indirect (immune-mediated) HCV-dependent cerebral effects has been established. HCV infection can promote acute inflammatory response, pro-coagulative status and ischemic disorders, and neurodegeneration. These effects rely on cerebral HCV replication, possibly mediated by blood-brain barrier alterations. Further study is needed to better understand the HCV-related mechanisms of brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Department Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.M.); (P.C.); (S.D.B.); (L.S.C.)
| | - Mauro Giuffrè
- Department Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.M.); (P.C.); (S.D.B.); (L.S.C.)
| | - Nicola Merli
- Department Neurological Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Paola Caruso
- Department Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.M.); (P.C.); (S.D.B.); (L.S.C.)
| | - Stefano Di Bella
- Department Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.M.); (P.C.); (S.D.B.); (L.S.C.)
| | | | - Lory Saveria Crocè
- Department Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.M.); (P.C.); (S.D.B.); (L.S.C.)
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4
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Savitt AG, Manimala S, White T, Fandaros M, Yin W, Duan H, Xu X, Geisbrecht BV, Rubenstein DA, Kaplan AP, Peerschke EI, Ghebrehiwet B. SARS-CoV-2 Exacerbates COVID-19 Pathology Through Activation of the Complement and Kinin Systems. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767347. [PMID: 34804054 PMCID: PMC8602850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 triggers the simultaneous activation of innate inflammatory pathways including the complement system and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) generating in the process potent vasoactive peptides that contribute to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and multi-organ failure. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes four major structural proteins - the spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein, and the envelope (E) protein. However, the role of these proteins in either binding to or activation of the complement system and/or the KKS is still incompletely understood. In these studies, we used: solid phase ELISA, hemolytic assay and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques to examine if recombinant proteins corresponding to S1, N, M and E: (a) bind to C1q, gC1qR, FXII and high molecular weight kininogen (HK), and (b) activate complement and/or the KKS. Our data show that the viral proteins: (a) bind C1q and activate the classical pathway of complement, (b) bind FXII and HK, and activate the KKS in normal human plasma to generate bradykinin and (c) bind to gC1qR, the receptor for the globular heads of C1q (gC1q) which in turn could serve as a platform for the activation of both the complement system and KKS. Collectively, our data indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 viral particle can independently activate major innate inflammatory pathways for maximal damage and efficiency. Therefore, if efficient therapeutic modalities for the treatment of COVID-19 are to be designed, a strategy that includes blockade of the four major structural proteins may provide the best option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G Savitt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine of Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine of Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Samantha Manimala
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine of Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Tiara White
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine of Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine of Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Marina Fandaros
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Huiquan Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - David A Rubenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Allen P Kaplan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ellinor I Peerschke
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine of Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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5
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Song X, Gao X, Wang Y, Raja R, Zhang Y, Yang S, Li M, Yao Z, Wei L. HCV Core Protein Induces Chemokine CCL2 and CXCL10 Expression Through NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654998. [PMID: 34531848 PMCID: PMC8438213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HCV core protein is the first structural protein synthesized during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and replication. It is released from virus infected liver cells and mediates multiple functions to affect host cell response. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against viral infection. After HCV infection, Kupffer cells (KCs) which are liver macrophages play an important role in host innate immune response. Kupffer cells act as phagocytes and release different cytokines and chemokines to counter viral infection and regulate inflammation and fibrosis in liver. Earlier, we have demonstrated that HCV core protein interacts with gC1qR and activates MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT pathways in macrophages. In this study, we explored the effect of HCV core protein on CCL2 and CXCL10 expression in macrophages and the signaling pathways involved. Upon silencing of gC1qR, we observed a significant decrease expression of CCL2 and CXCL10 in macrophages in the presence of HCV core protein. Inhibiting NF-κB pathway, but not P38, JNK, ERK and AKT pathways greatly reduced the expression of CCL2 and CXCL10. Therefore, our results indicate that interaction of HCV core protein with gC1qR could induce CCL2 and CXCL10 secretion in macrophages via NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings may shed light on the understanding of how leukocytes migrate into the liver and exaggerate host-derived immune responses and may provide novel therapeutic targets in HCV chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rameez Raja
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yaoyu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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6
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Sinha A, Singh AK, Kadni TS, Mullick J, Sahu A. Virus-Encoded Complement Regulators: Current Status. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020208. [PMID: 33573085 PMCID: PMC7912105 DOI: 10.3390/v13020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses require a host for replication and survival and hence are subjected to host immunological pressures. The complement system, a crucial first response of the host immune system, is effective in targeting viruses and virus-infected cells, and boosting the antiviral innate and acquired immune responses. Thus, the system imposes a strong selection pressure on viruses. Consequently, viruses have evolved multiple countermeasures against host complement. A major mechanism employed by viruses to subvert the complement system is encoding proteins that target complement. Since viruses have limited genome size, most of these proteins are multifunctional in nature. In this review, we provide up to date information on the structure and complement regulatory functions of various viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sinha
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Trupti Satish Kadni
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Polio Virology Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India;
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-20-2570-8083; Fax: +91-20-2569-2259
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7
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Hosszu KK, Valentino A, Peerschke EI, Ghebrehiwet B. SLE: Novel Postulates for Therapeutic Options. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583853. [PMID: 33117397 PMCID: PMC7575694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic deficiency in C1q is a strong susceptibility factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There are two major hypotheses that potentially explain the role of C1q in SLE. The first postulates that C1q deficiency abrogates apoptotic cell clearance, leading to persistently high loads of potentially immunogenic self-antigens that trigger autoimmune responses. While C1q undoubtedly plays an important role in apoptotic clearance, an essential biological process such as removal of self- waste is so critical for host survival that multiple ligand-receptor combinations do fortunately exist to ensure that proper disposal of apoptotic debris is accomplished even in the absence of C1q. The second hypothesis is based on the observation that locally synthesized C1q plays a critical role in regulating the earliest stages of monocyte to dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and function. Indeed, circulating C1q has been shown to keep monocytes in a pre-dendritic state by silencing key molecular players and ensuring that unwarranted DC-driven immune responses do not occur. Monocytes are also able to display macromolecular C1 on their surface, representing a novel mechanism for the recognition of circulating "danger." Translation of this danger signal in turn, provides the requisite "license" to trigger a differentiation pathway that leads to adaptive immune response. Based on this evidence, the second hypothesis proposes that deficiency in C1q dysregulates monocyte-to-DC differentiation and causes inefficient or defective maintenance of self-tolerance. The fact that C1q receptors (cC1qR and gC1qR) are also expressed on the surface of both monocytes and DCs, suggests that C1q/C1qR may regulate DC differentiation and function through specific cell-signaling pathways. While their primary ligand is C1q, C1qRs can also independently recognize a vast array of plasma proteins as well as pathogen-associated molecular ligands, indicating that these molecules may collaborate in antigen recognition and processing, and thus regulate DC-differentiation. This review will therefore focus on the role of C1q and C1qRs in SLE and explore the gC1qR/C1q axis as a potential target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Hosszu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alisa Valentino
- Department of Lab Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ellinor I Peerschke
- Department of Lab Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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8
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El-Shamy A, Branch AD, Schiano TD, Gorevic PD. The Complement System and C1q in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Mixed Cryoglobulinemia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1001. [PMID: 29910796 PMCID: PMC5992393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system bridges innate and adaptive immunity against microbial infections, with viral infection being a major trigger. Activation of the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways have been reported in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and/or cryoglobulinemia. HCV infection leads to dysregulation of complement-mediated immune responses. Clinical and experimental evidence support involvement of complement in intra- and extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection, such as liver fibrosis and type II cryoglobulinemia. In this review, we summarize studies that have investigated the interplay between HCV and the complement system to establish chronic infection and autoimmunity, as well as the association between HCV pathogenesis and abnormal complement profiles. Several unanswered questions are highlighted which suggest additional informative lines of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Shamy
- Division of Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
| | - Andrea D Branch
- Division of Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas D Schiano
- Division of Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter D Gorevic
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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9
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Khan ST, Karges W, Cooper CL, Crawley AM. Hepatitis C virus core protein reduces CD8 + T-cell proliferation, perforin production and degranulation but increases STAT5 activation. Immunology 2018; 154:156-165. [PMID: 29266204 PMCID: PMC5904700 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is dependent on an effective virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response, which is dysfunctional in chronic HCV infection. Dysfunction in bulk or non-HCV-specific CD8+ T-cells in HCV infection has also been observed. This may contribute to observed reductions in immunity to other diseases (e.g. cancer, viral co-infections) in HCV-infected individuals. Evidence suggests that the HCV core protein (found in blood as free protein) may contribute to this impairment. To determine if HCV core contributes to the impairment of effector functions and survival potential of CD8+ T-cells, isolated human CD8+ T-cells from healthy donors were pre-incubated with recombinant HCV core protein for 72 hr and then stimulated in vitro to evaluate proliferation, survival potential and effector functions. Pre-incubation of stimulated CD8+ T-cells with HCV core significantly reduced their proliferation. Perforin production and degranulation were also decreased, but interferon-γ production was unchanged. Additionally, when CD8+ T-cells were treated with serum from HCV+ individuals, they produced less perforin than cells treated with healthy serum. Up-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was slightly lower in cells treated with HCV core, but signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) activation was increased, suggesting dysregulation downstream of STAT activation. Our study reveals that HCV core reduces the activity and target lysis-associated functions of CD8+ T-cells. This may contribute to the generalized impairment of CD8+ T-cells observed in HCV infection. These findings provide insight for the design of novel counteractive immune-mediated strategies including the design of effective therapeutic vaccines for use in HCV+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Tahsin Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Chronic Diseases ProgrammeOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
| | - Winston Karges
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Chronic Diseases ProgrammeOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
| | - Curtis L. Cooper
- School of EpidemiologyPublic Health and Preventative MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Division of Infectious DiseasesThe Ottawa HospitalOttawaONCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgrammeOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
| | - Angela M. Crawley
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
- Chronic Diseases ProgrammeOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
- Department of BiologyCarleton UniversityOttawaONCanada
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10
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Ghebrehiwet B, Kaplan AP, Joseph K, Peerschke EIB. The complement and contact activation systems: partnership in pathogenesis beyond angioedema. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:281-289. [PMID: 27782339 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The blood plasma contains four biologically important proteolytic cascades, which probably evolved from the same ancestral gene. This in part may explain why each cascade has very similar "initiating trigger" followed by sequential and cascade-like downstream enzymatic activation pattern. The four cascades are: the complement system, the blood clotting cascade, the fibrinolytic system, and the kallikrein-kinin system. Although much has been written about the interplay between all these enzymatic cascades, the cross-talk between the complement and the kinin generating systems has become particularly relevant as this interaction results in the generation of nascent molecules that have significant impact in various inflammatory diseases including angioedema and cancer. In this review, we will focus on the consequences of the interplay between the two systems by highlighting the role of a novel molecular link called gC1qR. Although this protein was first identified as a receptor for C1q, it is now recognized as a multiligand binding cellular protein, which serves not only as C1q receptor, but also as high affinity (KD ≤ 0.8 nM) binding site for both high molecular weight kininogen (HK) and factor XII (FXII). At inflammatory sites, where atherogenic factors such as immune complexes and/or pathogens can activate the endothelial cell into a procoagulant and proinflammatory surface, the two pathways are activated to generate vasoactive peptides that contribute in various ways to the inflammatory processes associated with numerous diseases. More importantly, since recent observations strongly suggest an important role for both pathways in cancer, we will focus on how a growing tumor cluster can employ the byproducts derived from the two activation systems to ensure not only its survival and growth, but also its escape into distal sites of colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- The Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Allen P Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kusumam Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ellinor I B Peerschke
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA.,The Department of Pathology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Agrawal P, Nawadkar R, Ojha H, Kumar J, Sahu A. Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An Overview. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1117. [PMID: 28670306 PMCID: PMC5472698 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a major first line of immune defense, the complement system keeps a constant vigil against viruses. Its ability to recognize large panoply of viruses and virus-infected cells, and trigger the effector pathways, results in neutralization of viruses and killing of the infected cells. This selection pressure exerted by complement on viruses has made them evolve a multitude of countermeasures. These include targeting the recognition molecules for the avoidance of detection, targeting key enzymes and complexes of the complement pathways like C3 convertases and C5b-9 formation - either by encoding complement regulators or by recruiting membrane-bound and soluble host complement regulators, cleaving complement proteins by encoding protease, and inhibiting the synthesis of complement proteins. Additionally, viruses also exploit the complement system for their own benefit. For example, they use complement receptors as well as membrane regulators for cellular entry as well as their spread. Here, we provide an overview on the complement subversion mechanisms adopted by the members of various viral families including Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Togaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Agrawal
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Renuka Nawadkar
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Hina Ojha
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityPune, India
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12
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Intracellular complement - the complosome - in immune cell regulation. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:2-9. [PMID: 28601357 PMCID: PMC7112704 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complement system was defined over a century ago based on its ability to "complement" the antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses against pathogens. Today our understanding of this ancient part of innate immunity has changed substantially and we know now that complement plays an undisputed pivotal role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. The complement system consists of over 50 blood-circulating, cell-surface expressed and intracellular proteins. It is key in the recognition and elimination of invading pathogens, also in the removal of self-derived danger such as apoptotic cells, and it supports innate immune responses and the initiation of the general inflammatory reactions. The long prevailing classic view of complement was that of a serum-operative danger sensor and first line of defence system, however, recent experimental and clinical evidences have demonstrated that "local" tissue and surprisingly intracellular complement (the complosome) activation impacts on normal cell physiology. This review will focus on novel aspects of intracellular complement activation and its unexpected roles in basic cell processes such as metabolism. We also discuss what the existence of the complosome potentially means for how the host handles intracellular pathogens such as viruses.
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13
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Bennett KM, Rooijakkers SHM, Gorham RD. Let's Tie the Knot: Marriage of Complement and Adaptive Immunity in Pathogen Evasion, for Better or Worse. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:89. [PMID: 28197139 PMCID: PMC5281603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is typically regarded as an effector arm of innate immunity, leading to recognition and killing of microbial invaders in body fluids. Consequently, pathogens have engaged in an arms race, evolving molecules that can interfere with proper complement responses. However, complement is no longer viewed as an isolated system, and links with other immune mechanisms are continually being discovered. Complement forms an important bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. While its roles in innate immunity are well-documented, its function in adaptive immunity is less characterized. Therefore, it is no surprise that the field of pathogenic complement evasion has focused on blockade of innate effector functions, while potential inhibition of adaptive immune responses (via complement) has been overlooked to a certain extent. In this review, we highlight past and recent developments on the involvement of complement in the adaptive immune response. We discuss the mechanisms by which complement aids in lymphocyte stimulation and regulation, as well as in antigen presentation. In addition, we discuss microbial complement evasion strategies, and highlight specific examples in the context of adaptive immune responses. These emerging ties between complement and adaptive immunity provide a catalyst for future discovery in not only the field of adaptive immune evasion but in elucidating new roles of complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila M Bennett
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ronald D Gorham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
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14
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Zhou Y, Li GY, Ren JP, Wang L, Zhao J, Ning SB, Zhang Y, Lian JQ, Huang CX, Jia ZS, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Protection of CD4+ T cells from hepatitis C virus infection-associated senescence via ΔNp63-miR-181a-Sirt1 pathway. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1201-1211. [PMID: 27354409 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a0316-119rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell dysfunction has a crucial role in establishing and maintaining viral persistence. We have previously shown a decline in miR-181a, which regulates CD4+ T cell responses via DUSP6 overexpression, in individuals with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Here, we describe accelerated T cell senescence in HCV-infected individuals compared with age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Mechanistic studies revealed that up-regulation of transcription factor ΔNp63 led to the decline of miR-181a expression, resulting in an overexpression of the antiaging protein Sirt1, in CD4+ T cells from HCV-infected individuals. Either reconstituting miR-181a or silencing ΔNp63 or Sirt1 expression in CD4+ T cells led to accelerated T cell senescence, as evidenced by an increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) expression, shortened telomere length, and decreased EdU incorporation; this suggests that HCV-induced T cell senescence is counterregulated by the ΔNp63-miR-181a-Sirt1 pathway. An increase of IL-2 production was observed in these senescent CD4+ T cells and was driven by a markedly reduced frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and increased number of Foxp3- effector T (Teff) cells upon manipulating the ΔNp63-miR-181a-Sirt1 pathway. In conclusion, these findings provide novel mechanistic insights into how HCV uses cellular senescent pathways to regulate T cell functions, revealing new targets for rejuvenating impaired T cell responses during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Guang Y Li
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Jun P Ren
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Ling Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Shun B Ning
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Ying Zhang
- Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Jian Q Lian
- Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Chang X Huang
- Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Zhan S Jia
- Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China;
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA; and.,Hepatitis/AIDS (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA; .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA; and.,Hepatitis/AIDS (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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15
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Ren JP, Zhao J, Dai J, Griffin JWD, Wang L, Wu XY, Morrison ZD, Li GY, El Gazzar M, Ning SB, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Hepatitis C virus-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate T-cell differentiation and function via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway. Immunology 2016; 148:377-86. [PMID: 27149428 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in controlling viral infection; however, the precise mechanisms responsible for regulating T-cell differentiation and function during infections are incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrated an expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), in particular the monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs; CD14(+) CD33(+) CD11b(+) HLA-DR(-/low) ), in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Notably, HCV-induced M-MDSCs express high levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) compared with healthy subjects. Blocking STAT3 signalling reduced HCV-mediated M-MDSC expansion and decreased IL-10 expression. Importantly, we observed a significant increase in the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells following incubation of healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with MDSCs derived from HCV-infected patients or treated with HCV core protein. In addition, depletion of MDSCs from PBMCs led to a significant reduction of Foxp3(+) Treg cells developed during chronic HCV infection. Moreover, depletion of MDSCs from PBMCs significantly increased interferon-γ production by CD4(+) T effector (Teff) cells derived from HCV patients. These results suggest that HCV-induced MDSCs promote Treg cell development and inhibit Teff cell function, suggesting a novel mechanism for T-cell regulation and a new strategy for immunotherapy against human viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun P Ren
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jun Dai
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jeddidiah W D Griffin
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Xiao Y Wu
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zheng D Morrison
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Guang Y Li
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Shun B Ning
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, USA
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16
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Song X, Yao Z, Yang J, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Li M, Ma C, Yang L, Gao X, Li W, Liu J, Wei L. HCV core protein binds to gC1qR to induce A20 expression and inhibit cytokine production through MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 7:33796-808. [PMID: 27183919 PMCID: PMC5085119 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by a strong propensity toward chronicity. During chronic HCV infection, HCV core protein is implicated in deregulating cytokine expression that associates with chronic inflammation. A20 is known as a powerful suppressor in cytokine signaling, in this study, we explored the A20 expression in macrophages induced by HCV core protein and the involved signaling pathways. Results demonstrated that HCV core protein induced A20 expression in macrophages. Silencing A20 significantly enhanced the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β and TGF-β1, but not IL-8 and TNF. Additionally, HCV core protein interacted with gC1qR, but not TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 in pull-down assay. Silencing gC1qR abrogated core-induced A20 expression. Furthermore, HCV core protein activated MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT pathways in macrophages. Inhibition of P38, JNK and NF-κB but not ERK and AKT activities greatly reduced the A20 expression. In conclusion, the study suggests that HCV core protein ligates gC1qR to induce A20 expression in macrophages via P38, JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways, which leads to a low-grade chronic inflammation during HCV infection. It represents a novel mechanism by which HCV usurps the host for persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianling Yang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuqing Deng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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17
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Hetta HF, Mekky MA, Khalil NK, Mohamed WA, El-Feky MA, Ahmed SH, Daef EA, Medhat A, Nassar MI, Sherman KE, Shata MTM. Extra-hepatic infection of hepatitis C virus in the colon tissue and its relationship with hepatitis C virus pathogenesis. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:703-712. [PMID: 27166142 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-hepatic compartments might contribute to hepatitis C virus (HCV) persistence and extra-hepatic manifestations. Therefore, we investigated HCV infection in colonic tissue in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and its relationship with HCV pathogenesis. Colonic biopsies were collected from three groups with CHC infection: treatment naïve (TN; n=12), non-responders (NR; n=10) to anti-HCV therapy (pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin) and sustained virologic response (SVR; n=10) and from a fourth healthy control group (n=10). Liver biopsies were examined to assess inflammation and fibrosis. HCV infection and colonic T regulatory (Treg) frequency were detected by immunohistochemistry. HCV core and NS3 proteins were detected in B cells and macrophage/monocytes of 42 % and 25 % of TN and 50 % and 30 % of NR, respectively, but not in SVR or control group. The numbers of cells expressing HCV proteins were positively correlated with both HCV viral load and colonic Treg frequency. A significant negative correlation between HCV-expressing cells with both liver inflammation and fibrosis was identified. Our study provides evidence that HCV can infect B cells and macrophages of the colon. The correlations between HCV infection in colonic tissue and HCV viral load and liver pathology underline the significance of this extra-hepatic infection in HCV pathogenesis and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal F Hetta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Mekky
- Department of Gastroenterology & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nasr K Khalil
- Assiut Liver Institute for Treatment of Hepatitis C, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Wegdan A Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Feky
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shabaan H Ahmed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Enas A Daef
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Medhat
- Department of Gastroenterology & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud I Nassar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Kenneth E Sherman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mohamed Tarek M Shata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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18
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Abstract
Despite advances in therapy, hepatitis C virus infection remains a major global health issue with 3 to 4 million incident cases and 170 million prevalent chronic infections. Complex, partially understood, host-virus interactions determine whether an acute infection with hepatitis C resolves, as occurs in approximately 30% of cases, or generates a persistent hepatic infection, as occurs in the remainder. Once chronic infection is established, the velocity of hepatocyte injury and resultant fibrosis is significantly modulated by immunologic as well as environmental factors. Immunomodulation has been the backbone of antiviral therapy despite poor understanding of its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Kaplan
- Medicine and Research Services, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia PA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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19
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Li GY, Zhou Y, Ying RS, Shi L, Cheng YQ, Ren JP, Griffin JW, Jia ZS, Li CF, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Hepatitis C virus-induced reduction in miR-181a impairs CD4(+) T-cell responses through overexpression of DUSP6. Hepatology 2015; 61:1163-73. [PMID: 25477247 PMCID: PMC4376593 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED T cells play a crucial role in viral clearance or persistence; however, the precise mechanisms that control their responses during viral infection remain incompletely understood. MicroRNA (miR) has been implicated as a key regulator controlling diverse biological processes through posttranscriptional repression. Here, we demonstrate that hepatitis C virus (HCV)-mediated decline of miR-181a expression impairs CD4(+) T-cell responses through overexpression of dual specific phosphatase 6 (DUSP6). Specifically, a significant decline of miR-181a expression along with overexpression of DUSP6 was observed in CD4(+) T cells from chronically HCV-infected individuals compared to healthy subjects, and the levels of miR-181a loss were found to be negatively associated with the levels of DUSP6 overexpression in these cells. Importantly, reconstitution of miR-181a or blockade of DUSP6 expression in CD4(+) T cells led to improved T-cell responses including enhanced CD25 and CD69 expression, increased interleukin-2 expression, and improved proliferation of CD4(+) T cells derived from chronically HCV-infected individuals. CONCLUSION Since a decline of miR-181a concomitant with DUSP6 overexpression is the signature marker for age-associated T-cell senescence, these findings provide novel mechanistic insights into HCV-mediated premature T-cell aging through miR-181a-regulated DUSP6 signaling and reveal new targets for therapeutic rejuvenation of impaired T-cell responses during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Y. Li
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America,Corresponding author: Guang Y. Li, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunological Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614, Tel: 423-439-8063; Fax: 423-439-7010;
| | - Yun Zhou
- Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Ruo S. Ying
- Department of Hepatology, Guangzhou Number 8 People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xian, China
| | - Yong Q. Cheng
- International Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases, 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun P. Ren
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeddidiah W.D. Griffin
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhan S. Jia
- Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Chuan F. Li
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America,Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America,Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
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20
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Horiuchi Y, Takagi A, Kobayashi N, Moriya O, Nagai T, Moriya K, Tsutsumi T, Koike K, Akatsuka T. Effect of the infectious dose and the presence of hepatitis C virus core gene on mouse intrahepatic CD8 T cells. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E240-E252. [PMID: 24224477 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM Chronic hepatitis C viral (HCV) infections often result in ineffective CD8 T-cell responses due to functional exhaustion of HCV-specific T cells. However, how persisting HCV impacts CD8 T-cell effector functions remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the infectious dose and the presence of HCV core gene. METHODS We compared responses of intrahepatic CD8 T cells during infection of wild-type or HCV core transgenic (Tg) mice with various infectious doses of HCV-NS3-expressing recombinant adenovirus (Ad-HCV-NS3). RESULTS Using major histocompatibility complex class I tetramer and intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ staining method to track HCV-NS3-specific CD8 T cells, we found that a significant expansion of HCV-NS3-specific CD8 T cells was restricted to a very narrow dosage range. IFN-γ production by intrahepatic CD8 T cells in HCV core Tg mice was suppressed as compared with wild-type mice. Higher levels of expression of regulatory molecules, Tim-3 and PD-1, by intrahepatic CD8 T cells and PD-L1 by intrahepatic antigen-presenting cells were observed in HCV core Tg mice following Ad-HCV-NS3 infection, and the expression increased dependent on infectious dose. Furthermore, we found a significant inverse correlation between the percentages of IFN-γ-producing cells and expression of regulatory molecules in antigen-specific intrahepatic CD8 T cells. CONCLUSION High infectious dose and the presence of HCV core gene were strongly involved in ineffective CD8 T-cell responses. We consider that HCV core Tg mouse infected with high infectious dose of Ad-HCV-NS3 is useful as a chronic infection model in the development of immunotherapy for chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Horiuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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21
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Ni B, Chen S, Xie H, Ma H. Functional polymorphisms in interleukin-23 receptor and susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Chinese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89111. [PMID: 24586528 PMCID: PMC3938431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a key element in the T-helper 17 (Th17) cell-mediated inflammatory process, interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-23R have been frequently studied in several previous case-control cancer studies, but its association with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Chinese population has not been investigated. This study examined whether genetic polymorphisms in IL-23R were associated with ESCC susceptibility. METHODS A hospital-based case-control study of 684 ESCC patients and 1064 healthy controls was performed to assess the association between four previous reported IL-23R genotypes (rs6682925, rs6683039, rs1884444 and rs10889677) and ESCC risk. The results revealed that the C allele of the rs10889677A>C polymorphism in the 3'UTR of IL-23R gene was inversely associated with the risk of ESCC. RESULTS The rs10889677AC genotype had significantly decreased cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69-1.01) compared to subjects homozygous carriers of rs10889677AA, the risk decreased even further in those carrying rs10889677CC genotype (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.44-0.93). No significant association was found between the other three polymorphisms and the risk of ESCC. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that rs10889677A>C polymorphism in IL-23R may play a protective role in mediating the risk of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Shaomu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Hongya Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, SuZhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Vasel M, Rutz R, Bersch C, Feick P, Singer MV, Kirschfink M, Nakchbandi IA. Complement activation correlates with liver necrosis and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Clin Immunol 2013; 150:149-56. [PMID: 24412908 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C viral infection modulates complement. The aim of this study was to determine whether complement analysis predicts liver inflammation and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. 50 chronic hepatitis C patients who underwent a liver biopsy were compared to 50 healthy controls and 35 patients with various liver diseases. Total plasma complement activity (CH50) in plasma was diminished in hepatitis C patients suggesting complement activation. This decrease correlated with increased necrosis (r = -0.24, p < 0.05), and patients with levels below the normal range had a higher METAVIR activity score reflecting enhanced inflammation. SC5b-9, a marker of complement activation, correlated with inflammation (r = 0.40, p < 0.05), activity (r = 0.42, p < 0.05), and fibrosis scores (r = 0.49, p < 0.05). Finally, the prevalence of C1q auto-antibodies was higher in hepatitis C patients, and their presence was associated with increased inflammation and seemed to affect fibrosis. We conclude that complement-induced liver inflammation contributes to fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthäus Vasel
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renate Rutz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus Bersch
- Institute for Pathology, University of Heidelberg at Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Feick
- Department of Medicine II, University of Heidelberg at Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manfred V Singer
- Department of Medicine II, University of Heidelberg at Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Inaam A Nakchbandi
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lu G, Matsuura SE, Barrientos A, Scott WA. HIV-1 infection is blocked at an early stage in cells devoid of mitochondrial DNA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78035. [PMID: 24205077 PMCID: PMC3804459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) exploits various host cellular pathways for efficient infection. Here we report that the absence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in ρ(0) cells markedly attenuates HIV-1 infection. Importantly, reduced infection efficiency in ρ(0) cells is not simply the result of impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) because pharmacological OXPHOS inhibition did not inhibit HIV-1 infection. Analysis of the early steps of virus infection by real-time PCR quantification of stage-specific HIV-1 DNA products in the infected ρ(0) and parental cell line have allowed us to conclude that HIV-1 infection in ρ(0) cells is blocked at the steps that occur after reverse transcription and prior to nuclear import. Additionally, confocal fluorescence microscope analysis showed that the majority of viral complexes containing HIV-1 p24 co-localize with mitochondria in target cells, suggesting an interaction between the two. Collectively, our data strongly indicate that mitochondria play an important role during early stages of HIV-1 infection, probably through direct association with HIV-1 intracellular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Suzanne E. Matsuura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Walter A. Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Li D, Dong H, Li S, Munir M, Chen J, Luo Y, Sun Y, Liu L, Qiu HJ. Hemoglobin subunit beta interacts with the capsid protein and antagonizes the growth of classical swine fever virus. J Virol 2013; 87:5707-17. [PMID: 23487454 PMCID: PMC3648164 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03130-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid (C) protein of the Flaviviridae family members is involved in nucleocapsid formation and virion assembly. However, the influence of C protein-interacting partners on the outcome of pestivirus infections is poorly defined. In this study, hemoglobin subunit beta (HB) was identified as a C protein-binding protein by glutathione S-transferase pulldown and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis of PK-15 cells, which are permissive cells for classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy confirmed that HB interacts and colocalizes with the C protein in the cytoplasm. Silencing of HB with small interfering RNAs promoted CSFV growth and replication, whereas overexpression of HB suppressed CSFV replication and growth. Interestingly, HB was found to interact with retinoic acid-inducible gene I and increase its expression, resulting in increased production of type I interferon (IFN). However, HB was unable to suppress CSFV growth when the RIG-I pathway was blocked. Overall, our results suggest that cellular HB antagonizes CSFV growth and replication by triggering IFN signaling, and might represent a novel antiviral restriction factor. This study reports for the first time the novel role of HB in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jianing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Abstract
The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the induction of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia (MCII) and the possible establishment of related lymphoproliferative disorders, such as B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), is well ascertained. However, the molecular pathways involved and the factors predisposing to the development of these HCV-related extrahepatic complications deserve further consideration and clarification. To date, several host- and virus-related factors have been implicated in the progression to MCII, such as the virus-induced expansion of selected subsets of B-cell clones expressing discrete immunoglobulin variable (IgV) gene subfamilies, the involvement of complement factors and the specific role of some HCV proteins. In this review, we will analyze the host and viral factors taking part in the development of MCII in order to give a general outlook of the molecular mechanisms implicated.
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Zheng J, Jiang L, Zhang L, Yang L, Deng J, You Y, Li N, Wu H, Li W, Lu J, Zhou Y. Functional genetic variations in the IL-23 receptor gene are associated with risk of breast, lung and nasopharyngeal cancer in Chinese populations. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2409-16. [PMID: 23042301 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) is a key element in the T-helper 17 cell-mediated inflammatory process, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. In this study, we examined whether genetic polymorphisms in IL-23R are associated with cancer risk in 4936 cancer patients and 5664 control subjects from eastern and southern Chinese populations. We found that the C allele of the rs10889677A>C polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region of IL-23R was inversely associated with risk of multiple types of cancer, including breast cancer, lung cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Healthy controls who harbored the rs10889677C allele had significantly decreased cancer risk (odds ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval = 0.71-0.78) compared with those who harbored the rs10889677A allele. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the rs10889677A allele disrupted the binding site for the microRNA miR-let-7f, thereby increasing the transcription of the IL-23R in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, cancer-free individuals carrying the rs10889677CC homozygous genotype had a lower proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and a higher T-cell proliferation rate upon stimulation with concanavalin A than individuals carrying the rs10889677AA homozygous genotype. Our findings indicate that the IL-23R rs10889677A>C polymorphism may influence T-cell proliferation, resulting in changes in the levels of Tregs in vivo and modifying cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Brenndörfer ED, Sällberg M. Hepatitis C virus-mediated modulation of cellular immunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:315-29. [PMID: 22911132 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease globally. A chronic infection can result in liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure in a significant ratio of the patients. About 170 million people are currently infected with HCV. Since 80 % of the infected patients develop a chronic infection, HCV has evolved sophisticated escape strategies to evade both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Thus, chronic hepatitis C is characterized by perturbations in the number, subset composition and/or functionality of natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells. The balance between HCV-induced immune evasion and the antiviral immune response results in chronic liver inflammation and consequent immune-mediated liver injury. This review summarizes our current understanding of the HCV-mediated interference with cellular immunity and of the factors resulting in HCV persistence. A profound knowledge about the intrinsic properties of HCV and its effects on intrahepatic immunity is essential to be able to design effective immunotherapies against HCV such as therapeutic HCV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Daniel Brenndörfer
- Division of Clinical Microbiology F68, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Moorman JP, Wang JM, Zhang Y, Ji XJ, Ma CJ, Wu XY, Jia ZS, Wang KS, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 pathway controls regulatory and effector T cell balance during hepatitis C virus infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:755-66. [PMID: 22706088 PMCID: PMC3392408 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is remarkable at disrupting human immunity to establish chronic infection. Upregulation of inhibitory signaling pathways (such as T cell Ig and mucin domain protein-3 [Tim-3]) and accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles in suppressing antiviral effector T cell (Teff) responses that are essential for viral clearance. Although the Tim-3 pathway has been shown to negatively regulate Teffs, its role in regulating Foxp3(+) Tregs is poorly explored. In this study, we investigated whether and how the Tim-3 pathway alters Foxp3(+) Treg development and function in patients with chronic HCV infection. We found that Tim-3 was upregulated, not only on IL-2-producing CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(-) Teffs, but also on CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs, which accumulate in the peripheral blood of chronically HCV-infected individuals when compared with healthy subjects. Tim-3 expression on Foxp3(+) Tregs positively correlated with expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 on Tregs, but it was inversely associated with proliferation of IL-2-producing Teffs. Moreover, Foxp3(+) Tregs were found to be more resistant to, and Foxp3(-) Teffs more sensitive to, TCR activation-induced cell apoptosis, which was reversible by blocking Tim-3 signaling. Consistent with its role in T cell proliferation and apoptosis, blockade of Tim-3 on CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells promoted expansion of Teffs more substantially than Tregs through improving STAT-5 signaling, thus correcting the imbalance of Foxp3(+) Tregs/Foxp3(-) Teffs that was induced by HCV infection. Taken together, the Tim-3 pathway appears to control Treg and Teff balance through altering cell proliferation and apoptosis during HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Moorman
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Jia M. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao J. Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Critical Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Zhan S. Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ke S. Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
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29
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HCV proteins and immunoglobulin variable gene (IgV) subfamilies in HCV-induced type II mixed cryoglobulinemia: a concurrent pathogenetic role. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:705013. [PMID: 22690241 PMCID: PMC3368339 DOI: 10.1155/2012/705013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and type II mixed cryoglobulinemia (MCII) is well established, but the role played by distinct HCV proteins and by specific components of the anti-HCV humoral immune response remains to be clearly defined. It is widely accepted that HCV drives the expansion of few B-cell clones expressing a restricted pool of selected immunoglobulin variable (IgV) gene subfamilies frequently endowed with rheumatoid factor (RF) activity. Moreover, the same IgV subfamilies are frequently observed in HCV-transformed malignant B-cell clones occasionally complicating MCII. In this paper, we analyze both the humoral and viral counterparts at the basis of cryoglobulins production in HCV-induced MCII, with particular attention reserved to the single IgV subfamilies most frequently involved.
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30
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Chang Q, Wang YK, Zhao Q, Wang CZ, Hu YZ, Wu BY. Th17 cells are increased with severity of liver inflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:273-8. [PMID: 21592230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM As a newly identified subset of T helper cells, T-helper 17 cells (Th17) are major mediators of inflammation-associated disease. Some reports have revealed significantly increased Th17 cells in hepatitis B virus-infected patients, and a recent study has demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific Th17 cells can be induced in vitro and regulated by transforming growth factor-β. This study attempted to characterize the role of Th17 cells in the disease progression of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). METHODS The current study enrolled 53 patients with CHC and 23 healthy controls, in which the circulating and liver-infiltrating Th17 cells were monitored. RESULTS We found that CHC patients had increased proportions of both circulating and liver-infiltrating Th17 cells compared to healthy individuals, and both measures of Th17 cells were correlated with severity of liver inflammation. We further demonstrated that the HCV-specific Th17 cells were correlated with liver damage but not HCV viral replication. CONCLUSIONS Such a correlation between the severity of liver damage of CHC and Th17 cells illustrated in this study sheds some light on the understanding of the pathogenesis of CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southern Building, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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31
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Abstract
The third component of human complement (C3) plays a central role in innate immune function as its activation is required to trigger classical as well as alternative complement pathways. In this study, we have observed that sera from patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) displayed significantly lower C3 levels than sera from healthy individuals. Liver biopsy specimens from the same patients also exhibited lower C3 mRNA expression than liver tissues from healthy donors. C3 mRNA level was reduced in hepatocytes upon infection with cell culture-grown HCV genotype 1a or 2a in vitro. Further analysis suggested that HCV core protein displayed a weak repression of C3 promoter activity by downregulating the transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). On the other hand, HCV NS5A protein strongly downregulated C3 promoter activity at the basal level or in the presence of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as an inducer. In addition, the expression of the transcription factor CAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBP-β), which binds to the IL-1/IL-6 response element in the C3 promoter, was inhibited in liver biopsy specimens. Furthermore, expression of C/EBP-β was reduced in hepatocytes infected with cell culture-grown HCV, as well as in hepatocytes transfected with the NS5A genomic region of HCV. Together, these results underscore the role of HCV NS5A protein in impairing innate immune function.
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Zhang Y, Ma CJ, Wang JM, Ji XJ, Wu XY, Jia ZS, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 negatively regulates IL-12 expression by monocytes in HCV infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19664. [PMID: 21637332 PMCID: PMC3102652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) is a newly identified negative immunomodulator that is up-regulated on dysfunctional T cells during viral infections. The expression and function of Tim-3 on human innate immune responses during HCV infection, however, remains poorly characterized. In this study, we report that Tim-3 is constitutively expressed on human resting CD14+ monocyte/macrophages (M/MØ) and functions as a cap to block IL-12, a key pro-inflammatory cytokine linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Tim-3 expression is significantly reduced and IL-12 expression increased upon stimulation with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand - lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TLR7/8 ligand - R848. Notably, Tim-3 is over-expressed on un-stimulated as well as TLR-stimulated M/MØ, which is inversely associated with the diminished IL-12 expression in chronically HCV-infected individuals when compared to healthy subjects. Up-regulation of Tim-3 and inhibition of IL-12 are also observed in M/MØ incubated with HCV-expressing hepatocytes, as well as in primary M/MØ or monocytic THP-1 cells incubated with HCV core protein, an effect that mimics the function of complement C1q and is reversible by blocking the HCV core/gC1qR interaction. Importantly, blockade of Tim-3 signaling significantly rescues HCV-mediated inhibition of IL-12, which is primarily expressed by Tim-3 negative M/MØ. Tim-3 blockade reduces HCV core-mediated expression of the negative immunoregulators PD-1 and SOCS-1 and increases STAT-1 phosphorylation. Conversely, blocking PD-1 or silencing SOCS-1 gene expression also decreases Tim-3 expression and enhances IL-12 secretion and STAT-1 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that Tim-3 plays a crucial role in negative regulation of innate immune responses, through crosstalk with PD-1 and SOCS-1 and limiting STAT-1 phosphorylation, and may be a novel target for immunotherapy to HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jia M. Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiao J. Ji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhan S. Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
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33
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Yao ZQ, Ni L, Zhang Y, Ma CJ, Zhang CL, Dong ZP, Frazier AD, Wu XY, Thayer P, Borthwick T, Chen XY, Moorman JP. Differential Regulation of T and B lymphocytes by PD-1 and SOCS-1 signaling in Hepatitis C Virus-associated non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:243-64. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.534218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
The complement system functions as an immune surveillance system that rapidly responds to infection. Activation of the complement system by specific recognition pathways triggers a protease cascade, generating cleavage products that function to eliminate pathogens, regulate inflammatory responses, and shape adaptive immune responses. However, when dysregulated, these powerful functions can become destructive and the complement system has been implicated as a pathogenic effector in numerous diseases, including infectious diseases. This review highlights recent discoveries that have identified critical roles for the complement system in the pathogenesis of viral infection.
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35
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Serti E, Doumba PP, Thyphronitis G, Tsitoura P, Katsarou K, Foka P, Konstandoulakis MM, Koskinas J, Mavromara P, Georgopoulou U. Modulation of IL-2 expression after uptake of hepatitis C virus non-enveloped capsid-like particles: the role of p38 kinase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:505-22. [PMID: 20680391 PMCID: PMC11114540 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been shown to actively replicate in cells of the immune system, altering both their function and cytokine expression. Naked nucleocapsids have been reported in the serum of infected patients. We investigated interference of recombinant non-enveloped capsid-like particles with signaling pathways in T cells. HCV non-enveloped particles (HCVne) internalization was verified in Jurkat and Hut 78 T cells, as well as primary human peripheral blood and intrahepatic mononuclear cells. HCVne uptake leads to activation of the MAPKs-p38 signaling pathway. Using specific phosphoantibodies, signaling pathways inhibitors, and chemical agents, it was demonstrated that p38 activation in T cells correlated with IL-2 transcriptional activation and was accompanied by a parallel increase of IL-2 cytokine secretion. c-fos and egr-1, two transcription factors, essential for IL-2 promoter activity, were also found to be elevated. We propose that HCVne uptake by T lymphocytes results in increased MAPKs-p38 activity and IL-2 expression, thus altering the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Serti
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni P. Doumba
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Medical School of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Thyphronitis
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panagiota Tsitoura
- Present Address: Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biology, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Pelagia Foka
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Manousos M. Konstandoulakis
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Medical School of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - John Koskinas
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Zhang Y, Ma CJ, Ni L, Zhang CL, Wu XY, Kumaraguru U, Li CF, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Cross-talk between programmed death-1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 in inhibition of IL-12 production by monocytes/macrophages in hepatitis C virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3093-103. [PMID: 21263070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) dysregulates innate immune responses and induces persistent viral infection. We previously demonstrated that HCV core protein impairs IL-12 expression by monocytes/macrophages (M/M(Φ)s) through interaction with a complement receptor gC1qR. Because HCV core-mediated lymphocyte dysregulation occurs through the negative immunomodulators programmed death-1 (PD-1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1), the aim of this study was to examine their role in HCV core-mediated IL-12 suppression in M/M(Φ)s. We analyzed TLR-stimulated, primary CD14(+) M/M(Φ)s from chronically HCV-infected and healthy subjects or the THP-1 cell line for PD-1, SOCS-1, and IL-12 expression following HCV core treatment. M/M(Φ)s from HCV-infected subjects at baseline exhibited comparatively increased PD-1 expression that significantly correlated with the degree of IL-12 inhibition. M/M(Φ)s isolated from healthy and HCV-infected individuals and treated with HCV core protein displayed increased PD-1 and SOCS-1 expression and decreased IL-12 expression, an effect that was also observed in cells treated with gC1qR's ligand, C1q. Blocking gC1qR rescued HCV core-induced PD-1 upregulation and IL-12 suppression, whereas blocking PD-1 signaling enhanced IL-12 production and decreased the expression of SOCS-1 induced by HCV core. Conversely, silencing SOCS-1 expression using small interfering RNAs increased IL-12 expression and inhibited PD-1 upregulation. PD-1 and SOCS-1 were found to associate by coimmunoprecipitation studies, and blocking PD-1 or silencing SOCS-1 in M/M(Φ) led to activation of STAT-1 during TLR-stimulated IL-12 production. These data suggested that HCV core/gC1qR engagement on M/M(Φ)s triggers the expression of PD-1 and SOCS-1, which can associate to deliver negative signaling to TLR-mediated pathways controlling expression of IL-12, a key cytokine linking innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Gladue DP, Holinka LG, Fernandez-Sainz IJ, Prarat MV, O'Donnell V, Vepkhvadze NG, Lu Z, Risatti GR, Borca MV. Interaction between Core protein of classical swine fever virus with cellular IQGAP1 protein appears essential for virulence in swine. Virology 2011; 412:68-74. [PMID: 21262517 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that IQGAP1, a cellular protein that plays a pivotal role as a regulator of the cytoskeleton interacts with Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) Core protein. Sequence analyses identified residues within CSFV Core protein (designated as areas I, II, III and IV) that maintain homology to regions within the matrix protein of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV) that mediate binding to IQGAP1 [EMBO J, 2006 25:2155]. Alanine-substitution within Core regions I, II, III and IV identified residues that specifically mediate the Core-IQGAP1 interaction. Recombinant CSFV viruses harboring alanine substitutions at residues (207)ATI(209) (I), (210)VVE(212) (II), (213)GVK(215) (III), or (232)GLYHN(236) (IV) have defective growth in primary swine macrophage cultures. In vivo, substitutions of residues in areas I and III yielded viruses that were completely attenuated in swine. These data shows that the interaction of Core with an integral component of cytoskeletal regulation plays a role in the CSFV cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
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38
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Frazier AD, Zhang CL, Ni L, Ma CJ, Zhang Y, Wu XY, Atia AN, Yao ZQ, Moorman JP. Programmed death-1 affects suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 expression in T cells during hepatitis C infection. Viral Immunol 2011; 23:487-95. [PMID: 20883163 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with T-cell exhaustion that is mediated through upregulation of the PD-1 negative regulatory pathway. PD-1 expression is induced by HCV core protein, which also induces upregulation of SOCS-1, a key modulator that controls the Jak/STAT pathway regulating cytokine expression. To determine whether these two negative regulatory pathways are linked during T-cell signaling, SOCS-1 expression was examined by blocking the PD-1 pathway in T cells stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence of HCV core protein. T cells isolated from healthy subjects or HCV-infected individuals were treated with anti-PD-1 or anti-PDL-1 antibodies in the presence or absence of HCV core protein, and SOCS-1 gene expression was detected by RT-PCR or immunoblotting, while T-cell functions were assayed by flow cytometric analyses. Both PD-1 and SOCS-1 gene expression were upregulated in healthy T cells exposed to HCV core protein, and blocking the PD-1 pathway downregulated SOCS-1 gene expression in these cells. Additionally, T cells isolated from chronically HCV-infected subjects exhibited increased PD-1 and SOCS-1 expression compared to healthy subjects, and SOCS-1 expression in T cells isolated from HCV-infected subjects was also inhibited by blocking PD-1 signaling; this in turn enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT-1, and improved the impaired T-cell proliferation observed in the setting of HCV infection. These data demonstrate that PD-1 and SOCS-1 are linked in dysregulating T-cell signaling during HCV infection, and their cross-talk may coordinately inhibit T-cell signaling pathways that lead to T-cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Frazier
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen Veterans Administration Medical Center, Mountain Home, Tennessee, USA
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Ni L, Ma CJ, Zhang Y, Nandakumar S, Zhang CL, Wu XY, Borthwick T, Hamati A, Chen XY, Kumaraguru U, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. PD-1 modulates regulatory T cells and suppresses T-cell responses in HCV-associated lymphoma. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:535-9. [PMID: 20975732 PMCID: PMC3030699 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T regulatory (TR) cells suppress T cell responses that are critical in the development of chronic viral infection and associated malignancies. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) also plays a pivotal role in regulation of T cell functions during chronic viral infection. To examine the role of PD-1 pathway in regulating TR cell functions that inhibit T cell responses during virus-associated malignancy, TR cells were investigated in the setting of hepatitis C virus-associated lymphoma (HCV-L), non-HCV-associated lymphoma (non-HCV-L), HCV infection alone, and healthy subjects (HS). Relatively high numbers of CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD25+ TR cells as well as high levels of PD-1 expressions on these TR cells were found in the peripheral blood of subjects with HCV-L compared to those from non-HCV-L or HCV alone or HS. TR cells from the HCV-L subjects were capable of suppressing the autogeneic lymphocyte response, and depletion of TR cells in PBMC from HCV-L improved T cell proliferation. Additionally, the suppressed T cell activation and proliferation in HCV-L was partially restored by blocking the PD-1 pathway ex vivo, resulting in both a reduction in TR cell number and the ability of TR to suppress the activity of effector T cells. This study suggests that the PD-1 pathway is involved in regulating TR cells that suppress T cell functions in the setting of HCV-associated B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine, Box 70622, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Gladue DP, Holinka LG, Fernandez-Sainz IJ, Prarat MV, O'Donell V, Vepkhvadze N, Lu Z, Rogers K, Risatti GR, Borca MV. Effects of the interactions of classical swine fever virus Core protein with proteins of the SUMOylation pathway on virulence in swine. Virology 2010; 407:129-36. [PMID: 20800867 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we have identified host cell proteins involved with the cellular SUMOylation pathway, SUMO-1 (small ubiquitin-like modifier) and UBC9, a SUMO-1 conjugating enzyme that interact with classical swine fever virus (CSFV) Core protein. Five highly conserved lysine residues (K179, K180, K220, K221, and K246) within the CSFV Core were identified as putative SUMOylation sites. Analysis of these interactions showed that K179A, K180A, and K221A substitutions disrupt Core-SUMO-1 binding, while K220A substitution precludes Core-UBC9 binding. In vivo, Core mutant viruses (K179A, K180A, K220A, K221A) and (K220A, K221A) harboring those substitutions were attenuated in swine. These data shows a clear correlation between the disruption of Core protein binding to SUMO-1 and UBC9 and CSFV attenuation. Overall, these data suggest that the interaction of Core with the cellular SUMOylation pathway plays a significant role in the CSFV growth cycle in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
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Vivithanaporn P, Maingat F, Lin LT, Na H, Richardson CD, Agrawal B, Cohen ÉA, Jhamandas JH, Power C. Hepatitis C virus core protein induces neuroimmune activation and potentiates Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 neurotoxicity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12856. [PMID: 20877724 PMCID: PMC2943470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomes and proteins are present in human brain tissues although the impact of HIV/HCV co-infection on neuropathogenesis remains unclear. Herein, we investigate HCV infectivity and effects on neuronal survival and neuroinflammation in conjunction with HIV infection. Methodology Human microglia, astrocyte and neuron cultures were infected with cell culture-derived HCV or exposed to HCV core protein with or without HIV-1 infection or HIV-1 Viral Protein R (Vpr) exposure. Host immune gene expression and cell viability were measured. Patch-clamp studies of human neurons were performed in the presence or absence of HCV core protein. Neurobehavioral performance and neuropathology were examined in HIV-1 Vpr-transgenic mice in which stereotaxic intrastriatal implants of HCV core protein were performed. Principal Findings HCV-encoded RNA as well as HCV core and non-structural 3 (NS3) proteins were detectable in human microglia and astrocytes infected with HCV. HCV core protein exposure induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in microglia (p<0.05) but not in astrocytes while increased chemokine (e.g. CXCL10 and interleukin-8) expression was observed in both microglia and astrocytes (p<0.05). HCV core protein modulated neuronal membrane currents and reduced both β-III-tubulin and lipidated LC3-II expression (p<0.05). Neurons exposed to supernatants from HCV core-activated microglia exhibited reduced β-III-tubulin expression (p<0.05). HCV core protein neurotoxicity and interleukin-6 induction were potentiated by HIV-1 Vpr protein (p<0.05). HIV-1 Vpr transgenic mice implanted with HCV core protein showed gliosis, reduced neuronal counts together with diminished LC3 immunoreactivity. HCV core-implanted animals displayed neurobehavioral deficits at days 7 and 14 post-implantation (p<0.05). Conclusions HCV core protein exposure caused neuronal injury through suppression of neuronal autophagy in addition to neuroimmune activation. The additive neurotoxic effects of HCV- and HIV-encoded proteins highlight extrahepatic mechanisms by which HCV infection worsens the disease course of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpun Vivithanaporn
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ferdinand Maingat
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hong Na
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Babita Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack H. Jhamandas
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Naas T, Ghorbani M, Soare C, Scherling N, Muller R, Ghorbani P, Diaz-Mitoma F. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes to study cell-mediated immune responses in hepatitis C infection using HCV transgenic mice. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2010; 9:7. [PMID: 20727132 PMCID: PMC2936292 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and a health problem affecting over 170 million people around the world. We previously studied transgenic mice that express HCV Core, Envelope 1 and Envelope 2 proteins predominantly in the liver, resulting in steatosis, liver and lymphoid tumors, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Herein, the immune-mediated cell response to hepatitis C antigens was evaluated by adoptive transfers of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labelled splenocytes from HCV immunized mice into HCV transgenic mice. Results In comparison to non-transgenic mice, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of CFSE-labeled CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in transgenic mouse peripheral blood receiving adoptive transfers from immunized donors. Moreover, the percentage of CFSE-labeled CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the spleen of transgenic and non-transgenic mice when they received splenocytes from non-immunized than from immunized mice. On the other hand, the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the non-transgenic recipient mouse lymph nodes were significantly higher than the transgenic mice when they received the adoptive transfer from immunized donors. Interestingly, livers of transgenic mice that received transfers from immunized mice had a significantly higher percentage of CFSE labeled T cells than livers of non-transgenic mice receiving non-immunized transfers. Conclusions These results suggest that the T cells from HCV immunized mice recognize the HCV proteins in the liver of the transgenic mouse model and homed to the HCV antigen expression sites. We propose using this model system to study active T cell responses in HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turaya Naas
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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King E, Trabue C, Yin D, Yao ZQ, Moorman JP. Hepatitis C: the complications of immune dysfunction. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 3:145-57. [PMID: 20477104 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been linked to numerous diseases of immune dysfunction, including, but not limited to, essential mixed cryoglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clinical studies support these associations and treatment of the underlying HCV infection has been variably successful. Recent studies, focusing on the role of HCV gene products, have discovered evidence of dysregulated responses in multiple aspects of host immunity that may be contributing to the genesis of these diseases. Novel treatments that target these areas of dysregulation offer hope for improved therapy for the diseases associated with immunodysregulation by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis King
- East Tennessee State University, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Box 70622, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Immune response of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and possibility of vaccine development for hepatitis C virus infection. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:263810. [PMID: 20508848 PMCID: PMC2874944 DOI: 10.1155/2010/263810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are implicated in viral eradication and the pathogenesis of hepatitis C. Weak CTL response against hepatitis C virus (HCV) may lead to a persistent infection. HCV infection impairs the function of HCV-specific CTLs; HCV proteins are thought to actively suppress host immune responses, including CTLs. Induction of a strong HCV-specific CTL response in HCV-infected patients can facilitate complete HCV clearance. Thus, the development of a vaccine that can induce potent CTL response against HCV is strongly expected. We investigated HCV-specific CTL responses by enzyme-linked immuno-spot assay and/or synthetic peptides and identified over 40 novel CTL epitopes in the HCV protein. Our findings may contribute to the development of the HCV vaccine. In this paper, we describe the CTL responses in HCV infection and the attempts at vaccine development based on recent scientific articles.
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Tripathi LP, Kataoka C, Taguwa S, Moriishi K, Mori Y, Matsuura Y, Mizuguchi K. Network based analysis of hepatitis C virus Core and NS4B protein interactions. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:2539-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Moorman J, Dong ZP, Ni L, Zhang C, Borthwick T, Yao ZQ. Abnormal B-cell activation associated with TALL-1 over-expression and SOCS-1 suppression during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Immunology 2009; 128:227-35. [PMID: 19740379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with cirrhosis, autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disorders. We have previously reported a differential regulation of T and B lymphocytes by HCV core protein in vitro. In this report, we employed a translational approach to characterize the activation status of peripheral B cells from individuals with chronic HCV infection and to explore potential mechanisms for B-cell dysregulation in the setting of HCV infection. In contrast to the T-cell suppression observed in HCV-infected individuals, B cells exhibit a non-specific polyclonal activation phenotype, characterized by significantly higher levels of (1) the early activation marker, CD69, (2) the costimulatory molecule, CD86, and (3) the CCR5 chemokine receptor, CD195, when compared with B cells from healthy donors in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. Importantly, tumour necrosis factor- and Apo-L-related leucocyte-expressed ligand-1 (TALL-1), also known as B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLYS), was found to be up-regulated on the surface of B cells from HCV patients in response to PHA as well as HCV core antigen stimulation. This up-regulation of TALL-1 was associated with vigorous memory B-cell responses to viral antigenic stimulation. Additionally, suppressor of cytokine signalling-1 (SOCS-1), a negative feedback immunoregulator that is inhibited in B lymphocytes by HCV core in vitro, was also inhibited in B cells from HCV patients when compared with healthy donors. These findings suggest that TALL-1 over-expression and SOCS-1 suppression are associated with aberrant B-cell activation, providing a plausible basis for the B-cell clonal expansion underlying the lymphoproliferative disorders and autoimmune phenomena observed during chronic HCV infection.
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Sansonno D, Tucci FA, Ghebrehiwet B, Lauletta G, Peerschke EIB, Conteduca V, Russi S, Gatti P, Sansonno L, Dammacco F. Role of the receptor for the globular domain of C1q protein in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulin vascular damage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6013-20. [PMID: 19828637 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a lymphoproliferative disorder observed in approximately 10 to 15% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. Circulating, nonenveloped HCV core protein, which has been detected in cryoprecipitable immune complexes, interacts with immunocytes through the receptor for the globular domain of C1q protein (gC1q-R). In this study, we have evaluated circulating gC1q-R levels in chronically HCV-infected patients, with and without MC. These levels were significantly higher in MC patients than in those without MC and in healthy controls and paralleled specific mRNA expression in PBL. Soluble gC1q-R circulates as a complexed form containing both C1q and HCV core proteins. Higher serum gC1q-R levels negatively correlated with circulating concentrations of the C4d fragment. The presence of sequestered C4d in the vascular bed of skin biopsies from MC patients was indicative of in situ complement activation. In vitro studies showed that release of soluble gC1q-R is regulated by HCV core-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation. Our results indicate that up-regulation of gC1q-R expression is a distinctive feature of MC, and that dysregulated shedding of C1q-R molecules contributes to vascular cryoglobulin-induced damage via the classic complement-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sansonno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Hosszu KK, Santiago-Schwarz F, Peerschke EIB, Ghebrehiwet B. Evidence that a C1q/C1qR system regulates monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation at the interface of innate and acquired immunity. Innate Immun 2009; 16:115-27. [PMID: 19710097 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909339815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that C1q modulates the growth and function of cells committed to the monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC) lineage. Because C1q regulates both innate and acquired immune responses, we postulated that C1q modulates the transition from monocytes to DCs, i.e. the interface between innate and acquired immunity. Human peripheral blood monocytes cultured with soluble C1q and DC growth factors (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor + Interleukin-4) failed to down-regulate monocyte-associated (CD14, CD16) and up-regulate DC-associated (CD83, CD86) markers. Impaired DC differentiation was not due to apoptosis; further analysis revealed the development of CD14(hi)CD11c(hi)CD16 (+/-) cells that have previously been associated with both innate and acquired immunity. Monocyte-DC precursors expressed gC1qR, the receptor for globular heads of C1q, from the outset, while cC1qR, the receptor for the collagen tails of C1q, was expressed at low levels. Notably, the binding pattern of monoclonal antibodies specific to the globular heads of C1q indicated that C1q is bound to monocytes via globular heads, presumably through gC1qR. Moreover, gC1qR levels decreased, while cC1qR levels were dramatically amplified as monocytes differentiated into immature DC. Thus, specific C1q/C1q receptor (R) interactions may control the transition from the monocyte state (innate immunity) toward the professional antigen-presenting cell state (adaptive immunity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Hosszu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Chang ML, Yeh CT, Lin DY, Ho YP, Hsu CM, Bissell DM. Hepatic inflammation mediated by hepatitis C virus core protein is ameliorated by blocking complement activation. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:51. [PMID: 19664232 PMCID: PMC2734540 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear. Transgenic mice with constitutive HCV core over-expression display steatosis only. While the reasons for this are unclear, it may be important that core protein production in these models begins during gestation, in contrast to human hepatitis C virus infection, which occurs post-natally and typically in adults. AIMS To more realistically model the effect of core protein production in the adult liver, we developed a mouse with conditional expression of HCV core and examined the effect of core protein production in the adult liver. METHODS Liver biopsy samples from transgenic mice with tetracycline(tet)-regulated conditional core protein expression were evaluated immunohistologically. Microarray analysis of HCV core transgenic mice with steatohepatitis pointed to a role of the complement pathway. This was further explored by blocking complement activation by in vivo administration of CD55 (decay accelerating factor for complement), which inhibits activation of C3. RESULTS Transgenic mice exhibited low, intermediate, or high HCV core protein expression when fed a permissive diet of standard chow. Aside from hepatic steatosis, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis were seen in mice with intermediate levels of core protein. Microarray analyses of inflamed liver demonstrated activation of both the complement (C3 up-regulation) and coagulation pathways (fibrinogen B up-regulation). Administration of CD55 reduced hepatic inflammation. CONCLUSION Transgenic mice that conditionally express intermediate HCV core protein develop inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. These effects mediated by HCV core are reduced by administration of CD55, a regulator of the complement pathway. The model may be valuable in investigating the pathogenesis of liver inflammation in chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Chang
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Cummings KL, Rosen HR, Hahn YS. Frequency of gC1qR+CD4+ T cells increases during acute hepatitis C virus infection and remains elevated in patients with chronic infection. Clin Immunol 2009; 132:401-11. [PMID: 19473882 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell responses are impaired in chronic HCV infection. To determine factor(s) involved in CD4+ T cell dysregulation, we examined the effect of extracellular core on the alteration of CD4+ T cell responses and the cell surface level of core-binding protein, gC1qR on CD4+ T cells from acute HCV patients with resolved and chronic infection. During the acute phase of infection, the frequency of gC1qR+CD4+ T cells increased in both resolved and chronic HCV infection compared to healthy controls. Notably, 6 months later, the frequency of gC1qR+CD4+ T cells maintained elevated in chronic patients compared to that in resolved patients. In addition, TCR stimulation increased the frequency of gC1qR+CD4+ T cells, resulting in core-induced inhibition of T cell responses in both resolved and chronic patients. These results suggest that HCV infection expands gC1qR+CD4+ T cells, which increase the susceptibility to core-mediated immune dysregulation and facilitate the establishment of HCV persistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Cummings
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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