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Štěpánová S, Andris E, Gutten O, Buděšínský M, Dejmek M, Břehová P, Rulíšek L, Kašička V. Acidity constants and protonation sites of cyclic dinucleotides determined by capillary electrophoresis, quantum chemical calculations, and NMR spectroscopy. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:687-705. [PMID: 38059733 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are important second messengers in bacteria and eukaryotes. Detailed characterization of their physicochemical properties is a prerequisite for understanding their biological functions. Herein, we examine acid-base and electromigration properties of selected CDNs employing capillary electrophoresis (CE), density functional theory (DFT), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to provide benchmark pKa values, as well as to unambiguously determine the protonation sites. Acidity constants (pKa) of the NH+ moieties of adenine and guanine bases and actual and limiting ionic mobilities of CDNs were determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the pH dependence of their effective electrophoretic mobilities measured by CE in aqueous background electrolytes in a wide pH range (0.98-11.48), at constant temperature (25°C), and constant ionic strength (25 mM). The thermodynamic pKa values were found to be in the range 3.31-4.56 for adenine and 2.28-3.61 for guanine bases, whereas the pKa of enol group of guanine base was in the range 10.21-10.40. Except for systematic shifts of ∼2 pKa, the pKa values calculated by the DFT-D3//COSMO-RS composite protocol that included large-scale conformational sampling and "cross-morphing" were in a relatively good agreement with the pKas determined by CE and predict N1 atom of adenine and N7 atom of guanine as the protonation sites. The protonation of the N1 atom of adenine and N7 atom of guanine in acidic background electrolytes (BGEs) and the dissociation of the enol group of guanine in alkaline BGEs was confirmed also by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Andris
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Huang C, Shao N, Huang Y, Chen J, Wang D, Hu G, Zhang H, Luo L, Xiao Z. Overcoming challenges in the delivery of STING agonists for cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive review of strategies and future perspectives. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100839. [PMID: 38024837 PMCID: PMC10630661 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) agonists have emerged as promising agents in the field of cancer immunotherapy, owing to their excellent capacity to activate the innate immune response and combat tumor-induced immunosuppression. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the strategies employed to develop effective formulations for STING agonists, with particular emphasis on versatile nano-delivery systems. The recent advancements in delivery systems based on lipids, natural/synthetic polymers, and proteins for STING agonists are summarized. The preparation methodologies of nanoprecipitation, self-assembly, and hydrogel, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are also discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities in developing next-generation STING agonist delivery systems are elaborated. This review aims to serve as a reference for researchers in designing novel and effective STING agonist delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqing Huang
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Ni Shao
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanyu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jifeng Chen
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Duo Wang
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Genwen Hu
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Vascular Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, 523560, China
| | - Liangping Luo
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Zhou Y, Lu X, Wang X, Ying T, Tan X. Potent Therapeutic Strategies for COVID-19 with Single-Domain Antibody Immunoliposomes Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and Lip/cGAMP Enhancing Protective Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044068. [PMID: 36835479 PMCID: PMC9966208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of COVID-19 continues to impact our lives and has led to unprecedented damage to global health and the economy. This highlights the need for an efficient approach to rapidly develop therapeutics and prophylactics against SARS-CoV-2. We modified a single-domain antibody, SARS-CoV-2 VHH, to the surface of the liposomes. These immunoliposomes demonstrated a good neutralizing ability, but could also carry therapeutic compounds. Furthermore, we used the 2019-nCoV RBD-SD1 protein as an antigen with Lip/cGAMP as the adjuvant to immunize mice. Lip/cGAMP enhanced the immunity well. It was demonstrated that the combination of RBD-SD1 and Lip/cGAMP was an effective preventive vaccine. This work presented potent therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs and an effective vaccine to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence:
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Yang W, Frickenstein AN, Sheth V, Holden A, Mettenbrink EM, Wang L, Woodward AA, Joo BS, Butterfield SK, Donahue ND, Green DE, Thomas AG, Harcourt T, Young H, Tang M, Malik ZA, Harrison RG, Mukherjee P, DeAngelis PL, Wilhelm S. Controlling Nanoparticle Uptake in Innate Immune Cells with Heparosan Polysaccharides. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7119-7128. [PMID: 36048773 PMCID: PMC9486251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We used heparosan (HEP) polysaccharides for controlling nanoparticle delivery to innate immune cells. Our results show that HEP-coated nanoparticles were endocytosed in a time-dependent manner by innate immune cells via both clathrin-mediated and macropinocytosis pathways. Upon endocytosis, we observed HEP-coated nanoparticles in intracellular vesicles and the cytoplasm, demonstrating the potential for nanoparticle escape from intracellular vesicles. Competition with other glycosaminoglycan types inhibited the endocytosis of HEP-coated nanoparticles only partially. We further found that nanoparticle uptake into innate immune cells can be controlled by more than 3 orders of magnitude via systematically varying the HEP surface density. Our results suggest a substantial potential for HEP-coated nanoparticles to target innate immune cells for efficient intracellular delivery, including into the cytoplasm. This HEP nanoparticle surface engineering technology may be broadly used to develop efficient nanoscale devices for drug and gene delivery as well as possibly for gene editing and immuno-engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Alex N. Frickenstein
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Vinit Sheth
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Alyssa Holden
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Evan M. Mettenbrink
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Alexis A. Woodward
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Bryan S. Joo
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Sarah K. Butterfield
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Nathan D. Donahue
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Dixy E. Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Abigail G. Thomas
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Tekena Harcourt
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Hamilton Young
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Mulan Tang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Zain A. Malik
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Roger G. Harrison
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Paul L. DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (IBEST), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
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Ko CN, Zang S, Zhou Y, Zhong Z, Yang C. Nanocarriers for effective delivery: modulation of innate immunity for the management of infections and the associated complications. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:380. [PMID: 35986268 PMCID: PMC9388998 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Innate immune cells can recognize invading pathogens through recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The recognition of PAMPs by PRRs triggers immune defense mechanisms and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. However, sustained and overwhelming activation of immune system may disrupt immune homeostasis and contribute to inflammatory disorders. Immunomodulators targeting PRRs may be beneficial to treat infectious diseases and their associated complications. However, therapeutic performances of immunomodulators can be negatively affected by (1) high immune-mediated toxicity, (2) poor solubility and (3) bioactivity loss after long circulation. Recently, nanocarriers have emerged as a very promising tool to overcome these obstacles owning to their unique properties such as sustained circulation, desired bio-distribution, and preferred pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. In this review, we aim to provide an up-to-date overview on the strategies and applications of nanocarrier-assisted innate immune modulation for the management of infections and their associated complications. We first summarize examples of important innate immune modulators. The types of nanomaterials available for drug delivery, as well as their applications for the delivery of immunomodulatory drugs and vaccine adjuvants are also discussed.
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Shi X, Wang S, Wu Y, Li Q, Zhang T, Min K, Feng D, Liu M, Wei J, Zhu L, Mo W, Xiao Z, Yang H, Chen Y, Lv X. A Bibliometric Analysis of the Innate Immune DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Pathway from 2013 to 2021. Front Immunol 2022; 13:916383. [PMID: 35720348 PMCID: PMC9204223 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.916383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are key components of the innate immune system. This study aims to evaluate the research of cGAS-STING pathway and predict the hotspots and developing trends in this field using bibliometric analysis. Methods We retrieved publications from Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-expanded) of Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) in 1975-2021 on 16 March 2022. We examined the retrieved data by bibliometrix package in R software, VOSviewer and CiteSpace were used for visualizing the trends and hotspots of research on the cGAS-STING pathway. Results We identified 1047 original articles and reviews on the cGAS-STING pathway published between 1975 and 2021. Before 2016, the publication trend was increasing steadily, but there was a significant increase after 2016. The United States of America (USA) produced the highest number of papers (Np) and took the highest number of citations (Nc), followed by China and Germany. The University of Texas System and Frontiers in Immunology were the most prolific affiliation and journal respectively. In addition, collaboration network analysis showed that there were tight collaborations among the USA, China and some European countries, so the top 10 affiliations were all from these countries and regions. The paper published by Sun LJ in 2013 reached the highest local citation score (LCS). Keywords co-occurrence and co-citation cluster analysis revealed that inflammation, senescence, and tumor were popular terms related to the cGAS-STING pathway recently. Keywords burst detection suggested that STING-dependent innate immunity and NF-κB-dependent broad antiviral response were newly-emerged hotspots in this area. Conclusions This bibliometric analysis shows that publications related to the cGAS-STING pathway tend to increase continuously. The research focus has shifted from the mechanism how cGAS senses dsDNA and cGAMP binds to STING to the roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in different pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanfu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keting Min
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoran Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Zhou J, Ventura CJ, Fang RH, Zhang L. Nanodelivery of STING agonists against cancer and infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 83:101007. [PMID: 34353637 PMCID: PMC8792206 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a modality that has been widely explored for the treatment of various diseases. To increase the potency of vaccine formulations, immunostimulatory adjuvants have been regularly exploited, and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has recently emerged as a remarkable therapeutic target. STING is an endogenous protein on the endoplasmic reticulum that is a downstream sensor to cytosolic DNA. Upon activation, STING initiates a series of intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately generate potent type I interferon-mediated immune responses. Both natural and synthetic agonists have been used to stimulate the STING pathway, but they are usually administered locally due to low bioavailability, instability, and difficulty in bypassing the plasma membrane. With excellent pharmacokinetic profiles and versatility, nanocarriers can address many of these challenges and broaden the application of STING vaccines. Along these lines, STING-inducing nanovaccines are being developed to address a wide range of diseases. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in STING nanovaccines for anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christian J Ventura
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Second Messenger 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP):Synthesis, transmission, and degradation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114934. [PMID: 35104477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) senses foreign DNA to produce 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP). 2'3'-cGAMP is a second messenger that binds and activates the adaptor protein STING, which triggers the innate immune response. As a STING agonist, the small molecule 2'3'-cGAMP plays pivotal roles in antiviral defense and has adjuvant applications, and anti-tumor effects. 2'3'-cGAMP and its analogs are thus putative targets for immunotherapy and are currently being testedin clinical trials to treat solid tumors. However, several barriers to further development have emerged from these studies, such as evidence of immune and inflammatory side-effects, poor pharmacokinetics, and undesirable biodistribution. Here, we review the status of 2'3'-cGAMP research and outline the role of 2'3'-cGAMP in immune signaling, adjuvant applications, and cancer immunotherapy, as well as various 2'3'-cGAMP detection methods.
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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Zhang BD, Wu JJ, Li WH, Hu HG, Zhao L, He PY, Zhao YF, Li YM. STING and TLR7/8 agonists-based nanovaccines for synergistic antitumor immune activation. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:6328-6339. [PMID: 35464625 PMCID: PMC9014842 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Immunostimulatory therapies based on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have emerged as an effective approach in the fight against cancer, with the ability to recruit tumor-specific lymphocytes in a low-immunogenicity tumor environment. The agonist cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) of the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) are a group of very promising anticancer molecules that increase tumor immunogenicity by activating innate immunity. However, the tumor immune efficacy of CDNs is limited by several factors, including relatively narrow cytokine production, inefficient delivery to STING, and rapid clearance. In addition, a single adjuvant molecule is unable to elicit a broad cytokine response and thus cannot further amplify the anticancer effect. To address this problem, two or more agonist molecules are often used together to synergistically enhance immune efficacy. In this work, we found that a combination of the STING agonist CDGSF and the Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist 522 produced a broader cytokine response. Subsequently, we developed multicomponent nanovaccines (MCNVs) consisting of a PC7A polymer as a nanocarrier encapsulating the antigen OVA and adjuvant molecules. These MCNVs activate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to produce multiple proinflammatory factors that promote antigen cross-presentation to stimulate specific antitumor T-cell responses. In in vivo experiments, we observed that MCNVs triggered a strong T-cell response in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, resulting in significant tumor regression and, notably, a 100% survival rate in mice through 25 days without other partnering therapies. These data suggest that our nanovaccines have great potential to advance cancer immunotherapy with increased durability and potency. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (synthesis of CDGSF, 522, PC7A and OVA; preparation of MCNVs; representative gating strategies for flow cytometry) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-4282-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Dou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Jun-Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Hong-Guo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Pei-Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315201 China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069 China
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11
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Van Herck S, Feng B, Tang L. Delivery of STING agonists for adjuvanting subunit vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114020. [PMID: 34756942 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant is an essential component in subunit vaccines. Many agonists of pathogen recognition receptors have been developed as potent adjuvants to optimize the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines. Recently discovered cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway has attracted much attention as it is a key mediator for modulating immune responses. Vaccines adjuvanted with STING agonists are found to mediate a robust immune defense against infections and cancer. In this review, we first discuss the mechanisms of STING agonists in the context of vaccination. Next, we present recent progress in novel STING agonist discovery and the delivery strategies. We next highlight recent work in optimizing the efficacy while minimizing toxicity of STING agonist-assisted subunit vaccines for protection against infectious diseases or treatment of cancer. Finally, we share our perspectives of current issues and future directions in further developing STING agonists for adjuvanting subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Van Herck
- Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bing Feng
- Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Li Tang
- Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Shang M, Lu K, Guan W, Cao S, Ren M, Zhou C. 2',3'-Cyclic GMP-AMP Dinucleotides for STING-Mediated Immune Modulation: Principles, Immunotherapeutic Potential, and Synthesis. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100671. [PMID: 34807508 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway discovered ten years ago is an important component of the innate immune system. Activation of cGAS-STING triggers downstream signalling, such as TBK1-IRF3, NF-κB and autophagy, which in turn leads to antipathogen responses, durable antitumour immunity or autoimmune diseases. 2',3'-Cyclic GMP-AMP dinucleotides (2',3'-cGAMP), the key second messengers produced by cGAS, play a pivotal role in cGAS-STING signalling by binding and activating STING. Thus, 2',3'-cGAMP has immunotherapeutic potential, which in turn has stimulated research on the design and synthesis of 2',3'-cGAMP analogues for clinical applications over the past ten years. This review presents the discovery, metabolism, and function of 2',3'-cGAMP in the cGAS-STING innate immune signalling axis. The enzymatic and chemical syntheses of 2',3'-cGAMP analogues as STING-targeting therapeutics are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenli Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shujie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengtian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chuanzheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Pogostin BH, McHugh KJ. Novel Vaccine Adjuvants as Key Tools for Improving Pandemic Preparedness. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:155. [PMID: 34821721 PMCID: PMC8615241 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Future infectious disease outbreaks are inevitable; therefore, it is critical that we maximize our readiness for these events by preparing effective public health policies and healthcare innovations. Although we do not know the nature of future pathogens, antigen-agnostic platforms have the potential to be broadly useful in the rapid response to an emerging infection-particularly in the case of vaccines. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, recent advances in mRNA engineering have proven paramount in the rapid design and production of effective vaccines. Comparatively, however, the development of new adjuvants capable of enhancing vaccine efficacy has been lagging. Despite massive improvements in our understanding of immunology, fewer than ten adjuvants have been approved for human use in the century since the discovery of the first adjuvant. Modern adjuvants can improve vaccines against future pathogens by reducing cost, improving antigen immunogenicity, and increasing antigen stability. In this perspective, we survey the current state of adjuvant use, highlight potentially impactful preclinical adjuvants, and propose new measures to accelerate adjuvant safety testing and technology sharing to enable the use of "off-the-shelf" adjuvant platforms for rapid vaccine testing and deployment in the face of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin J. McHugh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination is so far the most effective way of eradicating infections. Rapidly emerging drug resistance against infectious diseases and chemotherapy-related toxicities in cancer warrant immediate vaccine development to save mankind. Subunit vaccines alone, however, fail to elicit sufficiently strong and long-lasting protective immunity against deadly pathogens. Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery vehicles like microemulsions, liposomes, virosomes, nanogels, micelles and dendrimers offer promising strategies to overcome limitations of traditional vaccine adjuvants. Nanovaccines can improve targeted delivery, antigen presentation, stimulation of body's innate immunity, strong T cell response combined with safety to combat infectious diseases and cancers. Further, nanovaccines can be highly beneficial to generate effective immutherapeutic formulations against cancer. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the emerging nanoparticle strategies highlighting their success and challenges in preclinical and clinical trials in infectious diseases and cancer. It provides a concise overview of current nanoparticle-based vaccines, their adjuvant potential and their cellular delivery mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION The nanovaccines (50-250 nm in size) are most efficient in terms of tissue targeting, prolonged circulation and preferential uptake by the professional APCs chiefly due to their small size. More rational designing, improved antigen loading, extensive functionalization and targeted delivery are some of the future goals of ideal nanovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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15
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Lu ZD, Chen YF, Shen S, Xu CF, Wang J. Co-delivery of Phagocytosis Checkpoint Silencer and Stimulator of Interferon Genes Agonist for Synergetic Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29424-29438. [PMID: 34129318 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient capture and presentation of tumor antigens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), especially dendritic cells (DCs), are crucial for activating the anti-tumor immunity. However, APCs are immunosuppressed in the tumor microenvironment, which hinders the tumor elimination. To reprogram APCs for inducing strong anti-tumor immunity, we report here a co-delivery immunotherapeutic strategy targeting the phagocytosis checkpoint (signal regulatory protein α, SIRPα) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) of APCs to jointly enhance their ability of capturing and presenting tumor antigens. In brief, a small interfering RNA targeting SIRPα (siSIRPα) and a STING agonist (cGAMP) were co-delivered into APCs by the encapsulation into poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-based polymeric nanoparticles (NPsiSIRPα/cGAMP). siSIRPα-mediated SIRPα silence promoted APCs to actively capture tumor antigens by engulfing tumor cells. The cGAMP-stimulated STING signaling pathway further enhanced the functions of APCs, thereby increased the activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells. Using ovalbumin (OVA)-expressing melanoma as a model, we demonstrated that NPsiSIRPα/cGAMP stimulated the activation of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells and induced holistic anti-tumor immune responses by reversing the immunosuppressive phenotype of APCs. Collectively, this co-delivery strategy synergistically enhanced the functions of APCs and can be extended to the treatment of tumors with poor immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Dong Lu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fang Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, P.R. China
| | - Song Shen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Fei Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, and Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
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16
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Sadiq IZ, Abubakar FS, Dan-Iya BI. Role of nanoparticles in tackling COVID-19 pandemic: a bio-nanomedical approach. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.1944488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Idris Zubairu Sadiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- African Center of Excellence in Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Fatima Sadiq Abubakar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- African Center of Excellence in Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- National Agricultural Extension and Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Bilal Ibrahim Dan-Iya
- Pharmacy Technician Departments, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Kano, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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17
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Johnson BM, Uchimura T, Gallovic MD, Thamilarasan M, Chou WC, Gibson SA, Deng M, Tam JW, Batty CJ, Williams J, Matsushima GK, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM, Markovic-Plese S, Ting JPY. STING Agonist Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Stimulating Type I IFN-Dependent and -Independent Immune-Regulatory Pathways. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:2015-2028. [PMID: 33820855 PMCID: PMC8406342 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cGAS-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP)-stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway induces a powerful type I IFN (IFN-I) response and is a prime candidate for augmenting immunity in cancer immunotherapy and vaccines. IFN-I also has immune-regulatory functions manifested in several autoimmune diseases and is a first-line therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. However, it is only moderately effective and can induce adverse effects and neutralizing Abs in recipients. Targeting cGAMP in autoimmunity is unexplored and represents a challenge because of the intracellular location of its receptor, STING. We used microparticle (MP)-encapsulated cGAMP to increase cellular delivery, achieve dose sparing, and reduce potential toxicity. In the C57BL/6 experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, cGAMP encapsulated in MPs (cGAMP MPs) administered therapeutically protected mice from EAE in a STING-dependent fashion, whereas soluble cGAMP was ineffective. Protection was also observed in a relapsing-remitting model. Importantly, cGAMP MPs protected against EAE at the peak of disease and were more effective than rIFN-β. Mechanistically, cGAMP MPs showed both IFN-I-dependent and -independent immunosuppressive effects. Furthermore, it induced the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-27 without requiring IFN-I. This augmented IL-10 expression through activated ERK and CREB. IL-27 and subsequent IL-10 were the most important cytokines to mitigate autoreactivity. Critically, cGAMP MPs promoted IFN-I as well as the immunoregulatory cytokines IL-27 and IL-10 in PBMCs from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Collectively, this study reveals a previously unappreciated immune-regulatory effect of cGAMP that can be harnessed to restrain T cell autoreactivity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell-Derived Microparticles/immunology
- Cell-Derived Microparticles/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/immunology
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/agonists
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Nucleotides, Cyclic/administration & dosage
- Nucleotides, Cyclic/immunology
- Nucleotides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Johnson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Toru Uchimura
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Matthew D Gallovic
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Madhan Thamilarasan
- Department of Neurology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Meng Deng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jason W Tam
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Cole J Batty
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Glenn K Matsushima
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Silva Markovic-Plese
- Department of Neurology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC;
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Center for Translational Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and
- Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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18
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Yang KC, Lin JC, Tsai HH, Hsu CY, Shih V, Hu CMJ. Nanotechnology advances in pathogen- and host-targeted antiviral delivery: multipronged therapeutic intervention for pandemic control. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:1420-1437. [PMID: 33748879 PMCID: PMC7982277 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic's high mortality rate and severe socioeconomic impact serve as a reminder of the urgent need for effective countermeasures against viral pandemic threats. In particular, effective antiviral therapeutics capable of stopping infections in its tracks is critical to reducing infection fatality rate and healthcare burden. With the field of drug delivery witnessing tremendous advancement in the last two decades owing to a panoply of nanotechnology advances, the present review summarizes and expounds on the research and development of therapeutic nanoformulations against various infectious viral pathogens, including HIV, influenza, and coronaviruses. Specifically, nanotechnology advances towards improving pathogen- and host-targeted antiviral drug delivery are reviewed, and the prospect of achieving effective viral eradication, broad-spectrum antiviral effect, and resisting viral mutations are discussed. As several COVID-19 antiviral clinical trials are met with lackluster treatment efficacy, nanocarrier strategies aimed at improving drug pharmacokinetics, biodistributions, and synergism are expected to not only contribute to the current disease treatment efforts but also expand the antiviral arsenal against other emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chieh Yang
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Han Tsai
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yao Hsu
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Vicky Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan. .,Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704017, Taiwan.
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19
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Chattopadhyay S, Hu CMJ. Nanomedicinal delivery of stimulator of interferon genes agonists: recent advances in virus vaccination. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2883-2894. [PMID: 33252301 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and their agonists as primary components that link antiviral innate and adaptive immunity has motivated growing research on STING agonist-mediated immunotherapy and vaccine development. To overcome the delivery challenge in shuttling highly polar STING agonists, typically in the form of cyclic dinucleotides, to target cells and to STING proteins in cellular cytosol, numerous nanoformulation strategies have been implemented for effective STING activation. While many STING-activating nanoparticles are developed to enhance anticancer immunotherapy, their adoption as vaccine adjuvant has vastly propelled antiviral vaccination efforts against challenging public health threats, including HIV, influenza and coronaviruses. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic that has thrusted vaccine development into the public spotlight, this review highlights advances in nanomedicinal STING agonist delivery with an emphasis on their applications in antiviral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saborni Chattopadhyay
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University & Academic Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University & Academic Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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20
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O'Hagan DT, Lodaya RN, Lofano G. The continued advance of vaccine adjuvants - 'we can work it out'. Semin Immunol 2020; 50:101426. [PMID: 33257234 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade there have been some significant advances in vaccine adjuvants, particularly in relation to their inclusion in licensed products. This was proceeded by several decades in which such advances were very scarce, or entirely absent, but several novel adjuvants have now been included in licensed products, including in the US. These advances have relied upon several key technological insights that have emerged in this time period, which have finally allowed an in depth understanding of how adjuvants work. These advances include developments in systems biology approaches which allow the hypotheses first advanced in pre-clinical studies to be critically evaluated in human studies. This review highlights these recent advances, both in relation to the adjuvants themselves, but also the technologies that have enabled their successes. Moreover, we critically appraise what will come next, both in terms of new adjuvant molecules, and the technologies needed to allow them to succeed. We confidently predict that additional adjuvants will emerge in the coming years that will reach approval in licensed products, but that the components might differ significantly from those which are currently used. Gradually, the natural products that were originally used to build adjuvants, since they were readily available at the time of initial development, will come to be replaced by synthetic or biosynthetic materials, with more appealing attributes, including more reliable and robust supply, along with reduced heterogeneity. The recent advance in vaccine adjuvants is timely, given the need to create novel vaccines to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Although, we must ensure that the rigorous safety evaluations that allowed the current adjuvants to advance are not 'short-changed' in the push for new vaccines to meet the global challenge as quickly as possible, we must not jeopardize what we have achieved, by pushing less established technologies too quickly, if the data does not fully support it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T O'Hagan
- GSK, Slaoui Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Rushit N Lodaya
- GSK, Slaoui Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lofano
- GSK, Slaoui Center for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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21
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Li S, Bennett ZT, Sumer BD, Gao J. Nano-Immune-Engineering Approaches to Advance Cancer Immunotherapy: Lessons from Ultra-pH-Sensitive Nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2546-2557. [PMID: 33063517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has transformed the field of oncology and patient care. By leveraging the immune system of the host, immunostimulatory compounds exert a durable, personalized response against the patient's own tumor. Despite the clinical success, the overall response rate from current therapies (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors) remains low (∼20%) because tumors develop multiple resistance pathways at molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental levels. Unlike other oncologic therapies, harnessing antitumor immunity requires precise activation of a complex immunological system with multiple levels of regulation over its function. This requires the ability to exert control over immune cells in both intracellular compartments and various extracellular sites, such as the tumor microenvironment, in a spatiotemporally coordinated fashion.The immune system has evolved to sense and respond to nano- and microparticulates (e.g., viruses, bacteria) as foreign pathogens. Through the versatile control of composition, size, shape, and surface properties of nanoparticles, nano-immune-engineering approaches are uniquely positioned to mount appropriate immune responses against cancer. This Account highlights the development and implementation of ultra-pH-sensitive (UPS) nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy with an emphasis on nanoscale cooperativity. Nanocooperativity has been manifested in many biological systems and processes (e.g., protein allostery, biomolecular condensation), where the system can acquire emergent properties distinct from the sum of individual parts acting in isolation.Using UPS nanoparticles as an example, we illustrate how all-or-nothing protonation cooperativity during micelle assembly/disassembly can be leveraged to augment the cancer-immunity cycle toward antitumor immunity. The cooperativity behavior enables instant and pH-triggered payload release and dose accumulation in acidic sites (e.g., endocytic organelles of antigen presenting cells, tumor microenvironment), intercepting specific immunological and tumor pathophysiological processes for therapy. These efforts include T cell activation in lymph nodes by coordinating cytosolic delivery of tumor antigens to dendritic cells with simultaneous activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), or tumor-targeted delivery of acidotic inhibitors to reprogram the tumor microenvironment and overcome T cell retardation. Each treatment strategy represents a nodal intervention in the cancer-immunity cycle, featuring the versatility of UPS nanoparticles. Overall, this Account aims to highlight nanoimmunology, an emerging cross field that exploits nanotechnology's unique synergy with immunology through nano-immune-engineering, for advancing cancer immunotherapy.
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22
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Gogoi H, Mansouri S, Jin L. The Age of Cyclic Dinucleotide Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E453. [PMID: 32823563 PMCID: PMC7563944 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As prophylactic vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) induce safe, potent, long-lasting humoral and cellular memory responses in the systemic and mucosal compartments. As therapeutic cancer vaccine adjuvants, CDNs induce potent anti-tumor immunity, including cytotoxic T cells and NK cells activation that achieve durable regression in multiple mouse models of tumors. Clinical trials are ongoing to fulfill the promise of CDNs (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02675439, NCT03010176, NCT03172936, and NCT03937141). However, in October 2018, the first clinical data with Merck's CDN MK-1454 showed zero activity as a monotherapy in patients with solid tumors or lymphomas (NCT03010176). Lately, the clinical trial from Aduro's CDN ADU-S100 monotherapy was also disappointing (NCT03172936). The emerging hurdle in CDN vaccine development calls for a timely re-evaluation of our understanding on CDN vaccine adjuvants. Here, we review the status of CDN vaccine adjuvant research, including their superior adjuvant activities, in vivo mode of action, and confounding factors that affect their efficacy in humans. Lastly, we discuss the strategies to overcome the hurdle and advance promising CDN adjuvants in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (H.G.); (S.M.)
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23
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Vaccines based on virus-like nano-particles for use against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus. Vaccine 2020; 38:5742-5746. [PMID: 32684497 PMCID: PMC7837099 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in virus-like nanoparticles against Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can initiate vaccine production faster for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while ensuring the safety, easy administration, and long-term effects. Patients with this viral pathogen suffer from excess mortality. MERS-CoV can spread through bioaerosol transmission from animal or human sources. The appearance of an outbreak in South Korea sparked off a strong urge to design strategies for developing an effective vaccine since the emergence of MERS-CoV in 2012. Well unfortunately, this is an important fact in virus risk management. The studies showed that virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) could be effective in its goal of stopping the symptoms of MERS-CoV infection. Besides, due to the genetic similarities in the DNA sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and the first identified severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) in China since 2002/2003, strategic approaches could be used to manage SARS-CoV 2. Gathering the vital piece of information obtained so far could lead to a breakthrough in the development of an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, which is prioritized and focussed by the World Health Organization (WHO). This review focuses on the virus-like nanoparticle that got successful results in animal models of MERS-CoV.
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Bowen A, Sweeney EE, Fernandes R. Nanoparticle-Based Immunoengineered Approaches for Combating HIV. Front Immunol 2020; 11:789. [PMID: 32425949 PMCID: PMC7212361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) serves as an effective strategy to combat HIV infections by suppressing viral replication in patients with HIV/AIDS. However, HAART does not provide HIV/AIDS patients with a sterilizing or functional cure, and introduces several deleterious comorbidities. Moreover, the virus is able to persist within latent reservoirs, both undetected by the immune system and unaffected by HAART, increasing the risk of a viral rebound. The field of immunoengineering, which utilizes varied bioengineering approaches to interact with the immune system and potentiate its therapeutic effects against HIV, is being increasingly investigated in HIV cure research. In particular, nanoparticle-based immunoengineered approaches are especially attractive because they offer advantages including the improved delivery and functionality of classical HIV drugs such as antiretrovirals and experimental drugs such as latency-reversing agents (LRAs), among others. Here, we present and discuss the current state of the field in nanoparticle-based immunoengineering approaches for an HIV cure. Specifically, we discuss nanoparticle-based methods for improving HAART as well as latency reversal, developing vaccines, targeting viral fusion, enhancing gene editing approaches, improving adoptively transferred immune-cell mediated reservoir clearance, and other therapeutic and prevention approaches. Although nanoparticle-based immunoengineered approaches are currently at the stage of preclinical testing, the promising findings obtained in these studies demonstrate the potential of this emerging field for developing an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Bowen
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Elizabeth E. Sweeney
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Rohan Fernandes
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Sun F, Liu Z, Yang Z, Liu S, Guan W. The emerging role of STING-dependent signaling on cell death. Immunol Res 2020; 67:290-296. [PMID: 30864078 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
STING is a newly identified adaptor protein for sensing cytosolic nucleic acid. It is well established that STING plays a crucial role in innate immune response via inducing production of type I IFN. Emerging evidence suggests that the activation of STING-dependent signaling is also implicated in the process of cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy. Of note, the pro-death outcome is even predominant in certain cell types, like lymphocytes, myeloid cells, and hepatocytes. Given that STING agonists are being tested for enhancing antitumor immune responses, it is necessary to fully understand the outcome of STING activation. The anti-microorganism response mediated by STING has been well described; therefore, we focus on the role of STING-dependent signaling on cell death in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan RD, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan RD, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhengyang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan RD, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan RD, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan RD, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Yin X, Langer S, Zhang Z, Herbert KM, Yoh S, König R, Chanda SK. Sensor Sensibility-HIV-1 and the Innate Immune Response. Cells 2020; 9:E254. [PMID: 31968566 PMCID: PMC7016969 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the human immune system's first line of defense against a pathogenic intruder and is initiated by the recognition of conserved molecular structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by specialized cellular sensors, called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a unique human RNA virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in infected individuals. During the replication cycle, HIV-1 undergoes reverse transcription of its RNA genome and integrates the resulting DNA into the human genome. Subsequently, transcription of the integrated provirus results in production of new virions and spreading infection of the virus. Throughout the viral replication cycle, numerous nucleic acid derived PAMPs can be recognized by a diverse set of innate immune sensors in infected cells. However, HIV-1 has evolved efficient strategies to evade or counteract this immune surveillance and the downstream responses. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of the concerted actions of the innate immune system, as well as the corresponding viral evasion mechanisms during infection, is critical to understanding HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis, and may provide important guidance for the design of appropriate adjuvant and vaccine strategies. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the molecular basis for sensing HIV-1 in human cells, including CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which innate sensing is regulated, and describe the strategies developed by HIV-1 to evade sensing and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Simon Langer
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Cir, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristina M. Herbert
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Sunnie Yoh
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Renate König
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
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Wu J, Zhao L, Hu H, Li W, Li Y. Agonists and inhibitors of the STING pathway: Potential agents for immunotherapy. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:1117-1141. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Jun Wu
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Lang Zhao
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Hong‐Guo Hu
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Wen‐Hao Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Yan‐Mei Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua University Beijing China
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HIV-2/SIV Vpx targets a novel functional domain of STING to selectively inhibit cGAS-STING-mediated NF-κB signalling. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2552-2564. [PMID: 31659299 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of host defence against pathogens. Suppression of innate immune responses is essential for the survival of all viruses. However, the interplay between innate immunity and HIV/SIV is only poorly characterized. We have discovered Vpx as a novel inhibitor of innate immune activation that associates with STING signalosomes and interferes with the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the induction of innate immune genes. This new function of Vpx could be separated from its role in mediating degradation of the antiviral factor SAMHD1, and is conserved among diverse HIV-2/SIV Vpx. Vpx selectively suppressed cGAS-STING-mediated nuclear factor-κB signalling. Furthermore, Vpx and Vpr had complementary activities against cGAS-STING activity. Since SIVMAC lacking both Vpx and Vpr was less pathogenic than SIV deficient for Vpr or Vpx alone, suppression of innate immunity by HIV/SIV is probably a key pathogenic determinant, making it a promising target for intervention.
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Zhang X, Liu B, Tang L, Su Q, Hwang N, Sehgal M, Cheng J, Ma J, Zhang X, Tan Y, Zhou Y, Duan Z, DeFilippis VR, Viswanathan U, Kulp J, Du Y, Guo JT, Chang J. Discovery and Mechanistic Study of a Novel Human-Stimulator-of-Interferon-Genes Agonist. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1139-1149. [PMID: 31060350 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an integral ER-membrane protein that can be activated by 2'3'-cGAMP synthesized by cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) upon binding of double-stranded DNA. It activates interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokine responses to defend against infection by microorganisms. Pharmacologic activation of STING has been demonstrated to induce an antiviral state and boost antitumor immunity. We previously reported a cell-based high-throughput-screening assay that allowed for identification of small-molecule cGAS-STING-pathway agonists. We report herein a compound, 6-bromo-N-(naphthalen-1-yl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamide (BNBC), that induces a proinflammatory cytokine response in a human-STING-dependent manner. Specifically, we showed that BNBC induced type I and III IFN dominant cytokine responses in primary human fibroblasts and peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). BNBC also induced cytokine response in PBMC-derived myeloid dendritic cells and promoted their maturation, suggesting that STING-agonist treatment could potentially regulate the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. As anticipated, treatment of primary human fibroblast cells with BNBC induced an antiviral state that inhibited the infection of several kinds of flaviviruses. Taken together, our results indicate that BNBC is a human-STING agonist that not only induces innate antiviral immunity against a broad spectrum of viruses but may also stimulate the activation of adaptive immune responses, which is important for the treatment of chronic viral infections and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Xitoutiao, Fengtai, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bowei Liu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui, Zhengzhou, Henan 450016, China
| | - Liudi Tang
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Nicky Hwang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Mohit Sehgal
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Junjun Cheng
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Julia Ma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Xuexiang Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Yinfei Tan
- Genomics Facilities, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Yan Zhou
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Xitoutiao, Fengtai, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Victor R. DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 Northwest 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Usha Viswanathan
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - John Kulp
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Yanming Du
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
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30
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Lin LC, Huang C, Yao B, Lin J, Agrawal A, Algaissi A, Peng B, Liu Y, Huang P, Juang R, Chang Y, Tseng C, Chen H, Hu CJ. Viromimetic STING Agonist-Loaded Hollow Polymeric Nanoparticles for Safe and Effective Vaccination against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2019; 29:1807616. [PMID: 32313544 PMCID: PMC7161765 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201807616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The continued threat of emerging, highly lethal infectious pathogens such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) calls for the development of novel vaccine technology that offers safe and effective prophylactic measures. Here, a novel nanoparticle vaccine is developed to deliver subunit viral antigens and STING agonists in a virus-like fashion. STING agonists are first encapsulated into capsid-like hollow polymeric nanoparticles, which show multiple favorable attributes, including a pH-responsive release profile, prominent local immune activation, and reduced systemic reactogenicity. Upon subsequent antigen conjugation, the nanoparticles carry morphological semblance to native virions and facilitate codelivery of antigens and STING agonists to draining lymph nodes and immune cells for immune potentiation. Nanoparticle vaccine effectiveness is supported by the elicitation of potent neutralization antibody and antigen-specific T cell responses in mice immunized with a MERS-CoV nanoparticle vaccine candidate. Using a MERS-CoV-permissive transgenic mouse model, it is shown that mice immunized with this nanoparticle-based MERS-CoV vaccine are protected against a lethal challenge of MERS-CoV without triggering undesirable eosinophilic immunopathology. Together, the biocompatible hollow nanoparticle described herein provides an excellent strategy for delivering both subunit vaccine candidates and novel adjuvants, enabling accelerated development of effective and safe vaccines against emerging viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen‐Yu Huang
- Department of Veterinary MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Bing‐Yu Yao
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Jung‐Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Anurodh Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX77555USA
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX77555USA
- Department of Medical Laboratories TechnologyJazan UniversityJazan45142Saudi Arabia
| | - Bi‐Hung Peng
- Department of Neurosciences, Cell Biology & AnatomyThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX77555USA
| | - Yu‐Han Liu
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Ping‐Han Huang
- Department of Veterinary MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Rong‐Huay Juang
- Department of Biochemical Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Yuan‐Chih Chang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chien‐Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX77555USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging DiseaseThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX77555USA
| | - Hui‐Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Che‐Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
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Lin LCW, Huang CY, Yao BY, Lin JC, Agrawal A, Algaissi A, Peng BH, Liu YH, Huang PH, Juang RH, Chang YC, Tseng CT, Chen HW, Hu CMJ. Viromimetic STING Agonist-Loaded Hollow Polymeric Nanoparticles for Safe and Effective Vaccination against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2019; 29:1807616. [PMID: 32313544 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201807676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The continued threat of emerging, highly lethal infectious pathogens such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) calls for the development of novel vaccine technology that offers safe and effective prophylactic measures. Here, a novel nanoparticle vaccine is developed to deliver subunit viral antigens and STING agonists in a virus-like fashion. STING agonists are first encapsulated into capsid-like hollow polymeric nanoparticles, which show multiple favorable attributes, including a pH-responsive release profile, prominent local immune activation, and reduced systemic reactogenicity. Upon subsequent antigen conjugation, the nanoparticles carry morphological semblance to native virions and facilitate codelivery of antigens and STING agonists to draining lymph nodes and immune cells for immune potentiation. Nanoparticle vaccine effectiveness is supported by the elicitation of potent neutralization antibody and antigen-specific T cell responses in mice immunized with a MERS-CoV nanoparticle vaccine candidate. Using a MERS-CoV-permissive transgenic mouse model, it is shown that mice immunized with this nanoparticle-based MERS-CoV vaccine are protected against a lethal challenge of MERS-CoV without triggering undesirable eosinophilic immunopathology. Together, the biocompatible hollow nanoparticle described herein provides an excellent strategy for delivering both subunit vaccine candidates and novel adjuvants, enabling accelerated development of effective and safe vaccines against emerging viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen-Yu Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yu Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Anurodh Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX 77555 USA
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX 77555 USA
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology Jazan University Jazan 45142 Saudi Arabia
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy The University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX 77555 USA
| | - Yu-Han Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Ping-Han Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Rong-Huay Juang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chih Chang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX 77555 USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Disease The University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX 77555 USA
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
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32
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Rowe RK, Gill MA. Targeting Antiviral Pathways for Treatment of Allergic Diseases. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018; 7:S54-S56. [PMID: 30590620 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina K Rowe
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Immunology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michelle A Gill
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dallas, Texas.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Immunology, Dallas, Texas.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dallas, Texas
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Singha S, Shao K, Ellestad KK, Yang Y, Santamaria P. Nanoparticles for Immune Stimulation Against Infection, Cancer, and Autoimmunity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10621-10635. [PMID: 30481968 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination using nanocarrier-based delivery systems has recently emerged as a promising approach for meeting the continued challenge posed by infectious diseases and cancer. A diverse portfolio of nanocarriers of various sizes, compositions, and physical parameters have now been developed, and this diversity provides an opportunity for the rational design of vaccines that can mediate targeted delivery of various antigens and adjuvants or immune regulatory agents in ways unachievable with classical vaccination approaches. This flexibility allows control over the characteristics of vaccine-elicited immune responses such that they can be tailored to be effective in circumstances where classical vaccines have failed. Furthermore, the utility of nanocarrier-based immune modulation extends to the treatment of autoimmune disease where precisely targeted inhibition of immune responses is desirable. Clearly, the selection of appropriate nanocarriers, antigens, adjuvants, and other components underpins the efficacy of these nanoimmune interventions. Herein, we provide an overview of currently available nanocarriers of various types and their physical and pharmacological properties with the goal of providing a resource for researchers exploring nanomaterial-based approaches for immune modulation and identify some information gaps and unexplored questions to help guide future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiswarup Singha
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Kun Shao
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Kristofor K Ellestad
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer , Barcelona 08036 , Spain
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Chen N, Gallovic MD, Tiet P, Ting JPY, Ainslie KM, Bachelder EM. Investigation of tunable acetalated dextran microparticle platform to optimize M2e-based influenza vaccine efficacy. J Control Release 2018; 289:114-124. [PMID: 30261204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Influenza places a significant health and economic burden on society. Efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccines can be suboptimal due to poor matching between vaccine and circulating viral strains. An influenza vaccine that is broadly protective against multiple virus strains would significantly improve vaccine efficacy. The highly conserved ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) and 3'3' cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) were selected as the antigen and adjuvant, respectively, to develop the basis for a potential universal influenza vaccine. The magnitude and kinetics of adaptive immune responses can have great impact on vaccine efficacy. M2e and cGAMP were therefore formulated within acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticles (MPs) of varying degradation profiles to examine the effect of differential vaccine delivery on humoral, cellular, and protective immunity. All Ace-DEX MP vaccines containing M2e and cGAMP elicited potent humoral and cellular responses in vivo and offered substantial protection against a lethal influenza challenge, suggesting significant vaccine efficacy. Serum antibodies from Ace-DEX MP vaccinated mice also demonstrated cross reactivity against M2e sequences of various viral strains, which indicates the potential for broadly protective immunity. Of all the formulations tested, the slowest-degrading M2e or cGAMP MPs elicited the greatest antibody production, cellular response, and protection against a viral challenge. This indicated the importance of flexible control over antigen and adjuvant delivery. Overall, robust immune responses, cross reactivity against multiple viral strains, and tunable delivery profiles make the Ace-DEX MP platform a powerful subunit vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihan Chen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew D Gallovic
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pamela Tiet
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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35
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Chen K, Fu Q, Liang S, Liu Y, Qu W, Wu Y, Wu X, Wei L, Wang Y, Xiong Y, Wang W, Wu M. Stimulator of Interferon Genes Promotes Host Resistance Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1225. [PMID: 29922287 PMCID: PMC5996077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is the leading cause of bacterial keratitis, especially in those who wear contact lens and who are immunocompromised. Once the invading pathogens are recognized by pattern recognition receptors expressed on the innate immune cells, the innate immune response is stimulated to exert host defense function, which is the first line to fight against PA infection. As a converging point of cytosolic DNA sense signaling, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) was reported to participate in host–pathogen interaction. However, the role of STING in regulating PA-induced corneal inflammation and bacterial clearance remains unknown. Our data demonstrated that STING was activated in murine model of PA keratitis and in in vitro-cultured macrophages, indicated by Western blot, immunostaining, and flow cytometry. To explore the role of STING in PA keratitis, we used siRNA to silence STING and 2′,3′-cGAMP to activate STING in vivo and in vitro, and the in vivo data found out that STING promoted host resistance against PA infection. To investigate the reason why STING played a protective role in PA keratitis, the inflammatory cytokine secretion and bacterial load were measured by using real-time PCR and bacterial plate count, respectively. Our data demonstrated that STING suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines and enhanced bacterial elimination in murine model of PA keratitis and in PA-infected macrophages. To further investigate the mechanism beneath, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the bactericidal mechanism were measured by western-blot, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR, respectively. Our data indicated that STING suppressed inflammatory cytokine expressing via restraining NF-κB activity and enhanced inducible NO synthase expression, an oxygen-dependent bactericidal mechanism. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that STING promoted host resistance against PA keratitis and played a protective role in PA-infected corneal disease, via inhibiting corneal inflammation and enhancing bacterial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Siping Liang
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiting Liu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Qu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinger Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijia Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Krapp C, Jønsson K, Jakobsen MR. STING dependent sensing - Does HIV actually care? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:68-76. [PMID: 29548644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of DNA is essential for the innate immune system to detect threats, like viruses, intracellular bacteria or cellular DNA damage. At the centre of this conserved mammalian mechanism stands the adaptor protein STING. STING is highly regulated and is part of a complex signalling network. This network depends on the sensors cGAS and IFI16 to detect misplaced DNA in the cytoplasm as well as on the kinase TBK1 and the transcription factor IRF3. The DNA sensing machinery has been implicated in many diseases, among others HIV. Here we present a comprehensive review of current status on the STING pathway with all its components and regulations related to HIV pathogenesis. By this, we try to answer the question if STING-mediated DNA sensing plays a role in HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Krapp
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kasper Jønsson
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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Wang X, Liu C. WITHDRAWN: Research progress of cGAS-STING pathway in infectious diseases. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018:S1567-1348(18)30059-5. [PMID: 29447986 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan University, China
| | - Chuntao Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan University, China.
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