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Gold MS, Loeza-Alcocer E. Experimental colitis-induced visceral hypersensitivity is attenuated by GABA treatment in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G252-G263. [PMID: 38193198 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00012.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is linked with inflammation of the large intestine due to an overactive response of the colon-immune system. UC is associated with weight loss, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Given that γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) suppresses immune cell activity and the excitability of colonic afferents, and that there is a decrease in colonic GABA during UC, we hypothesized that UC pain is due to a decrease in the inhibition of colonic afferents. Thus, restoring GABA in the colon will attenuate inflammatory hypersensitivity. We tested this hypothesis in a mouse model of colitis. Colon inflammation was induced with seven days of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, 3%) in the drinking water. GABA (40 mg/kg) was administered orally for the same period as DSS, and body weight, colon length, colon permeability, clinical progression of colitis (disease activity index or DAI), and colon histological score (HS) were assessed to determine the effects of GABA on colitis. A day after the end of GABA treatment, visceral sensitivity was assessed with balloon distention (of the colon)-evoked visceromotor response and colon samples were collected for the measurement of GABA and cytokines. Treatment with GABA reduced the DSS-induced increase in the colon permeability, DAI, HS, and decrease in body weight and colon length. Furthermore, GABA inhibited the DSS-induced increase in the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the colon tissue. Importantly, GABA reduced DSS-induced visceral hypersensitivity. These data suggest that increasing gastrointestinal levels of GABA may be useful for the treatment of colitis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY GABA treatment reduces the severity of colitis and inflammation and produces inhibition of visceral hypersensitivity in colon-inflamed mice. These results raise the promising possibility that GABA treatment may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the management of symptoms associated with colitis. However, clinical studies are required to corroborate whether this mouse-model data translates to human colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gold
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Emanuel Loeza-Alcocer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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2
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Nguyen J, Win PW, Nagano TS, Shin EH, Newcomb C, Arking DE, Castellani CA. Mitochondrial DNA copy number reduction via in vitro TFAM knockout remodels the nuclear epigenome and transcriptome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577835. [PMID: 38352513 PMCID: PMC10862824 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is associated with several age-related chronic diseases and is a predictor of all-cause mortality. Here, we examine site-specific differential nuclear DNA (nDNA) methylation and differential gene expression resulting from in vitro reduction of mtDNA-CN to uncover shared genes and biological pathways mediating the effect of mtDNA-CN on disease. Epigenome and transcriptome profiles were generated for three independent human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cell lines harbouring a mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) heterozygous knockout generated via CRISPR-Cas9, and matched control lines. We identified 4,242 differentially methylated sites, 228 differentially methylated regions, and 179 differentially expressed genes associated with mtDNA-CN. Integrated analysis uncovered 381 Gene-CpG pairs. GABAA receptor genes and related pathways, the neuroactive ligand receptor interaction pathway, ABCD1/2 gene activity, and cell signalling processes were overrepresented, providing insight into the underlying biological mechanisms facilitating these associations. We also report evidence implicating chromatin state regulatory mechanisms as modulators of mtDNA-CN effect on gene expression. We demonstrate that mitochondrial DNA variation signals to the nuclear DNA epigenome and transcriptome and may lead to nuclear remodelling relevant to development, aging, and complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phyo W. Win
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler Shin Nagano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elly H. Shin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Newcomb
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dan E. Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina A. Castellani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Kuo JF, Cheng YH, Tung CW, Wang CC. Fipronil disturbs the antigen-specific immune responses and GABAergic gene expression in the ovalbumin-immunized BALB/c mice. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:30. [PMID: 38254069 PMCID: PMC10801957 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fipronil (FPN) is a broad-spectrum pesticide and commonly known as low toxicity to vertebrates. However, increasing evidence suggests that exposure to FPN might induce unexpected adverse effects in the liver, reproductive, and nervous systems. Until now, the influence of FPN on immune responses, especially T-cell responses has not been well examined. Our study is designed to investigate the immunotoxicity of FPN in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice. The mice were administered with FPN by oral gavage and immunized with OVA. Primary splenocytes were prepared to examine the viability and functionality of antigen-specific T cells ex vivo. The expression of T cell cytokines, upstream transcription factors, and GABAergic signaling genes was detected by qPCR. RESULTS Intragastric administration of FPN (1-10 mg/kg) for 11 doses did not show any significant clinical symptoms. The viability of antigen-stimulated splenocytes, the production of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ by OVA-specific T cells, and the serum levels of OVA-specific IgG1 and IgG2a were significantly increased in FPN-treated groups. The expression of the GABAergic signaling genes was notably altered by FPN. The GAD67 gene was significantly decreased, while the GABAR β2 and GABAR δ were increased. CONCLUSION FPN disturbed antigen-specific immune responses by affecting GABAergic genes in vivo. We propose that the immunotoxic effects of FPN may enhance antigen-specific immunity by dysregulation of the negative regulation of GABAergic signaling on T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Fang Kuo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hua Cheng
- PhD Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Azizi Z, Hirst RJ, O' Dowd A, McCrory C, Kenny RA, Newell FN, Setti A. Evidence for an association between allostatic load and multisensory integration in middle-aged and older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 116:105155. [PMID: 37597376 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Multisensory integration, the ability of the brain to integrate information from different sensory modalities, is critical for responding to environmental stimuli. While older adults show changes in multisensory integration with age, the impact of allostatic load (AL) (i.e., the effect of exposure to chronic stress, which can accelerate ageing) on multisensory perception remains understudied. We explored the relationship between multisensory integration and AL in 1,358 adults aged 50+ from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing by performing a Sound Induced Flash Illusion (SIFI) task at multiple audio-visual temporal asynchronies. The AL score was created using a battery of biomarkers representing the activity of four major physiological systems: immunological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal. The number of biomarkers for which a participant was categorised in the highest risk quartile using sex-specific cutoffs was used to produce an overall AL score. We accounted for medication use when calculating our AL score. We analysed the accuracy of illusion trials on a SIFI task using generalised logistic mixed effects regression models adjusted for a number of covariates. Observation of cross-sectional and longitudinal results revealed that lower accuracy in integration (i.e., higher SIFI susceptibility with larger temporal asynchronies) was associated with higher AL. This confirmed the distinct patterns of multisensory integration in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Azizi
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Rebecca J Hirst
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan O' Dowd
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathal McCrory
- Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Mercer Institute for Successful Ageing, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona N Newell
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annalisa Setti
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Ireland
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5
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Han J, Zhao X, Zhao X, Wang Q, Li P, Gu Q. Microbial-Derived γ-Aminobutyric Acid: Synthesis, Purification, Physiological Function, and Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14931-14946. [PMID: 37792666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important nonprotein amino acid that extensively exists in nature. At present, GABA is mainly obtained through chemical synthesis, plant enrichment, and microbial production, among which microbial production has received widespread attention due to its safety and environmental benefits. After using microbial fermentation to obtain GABA, it is necessary to be isolated and purified to ensure its quality and suitability for various industries such as food, agriculture, livestock, pharmaceutics, and others. This article provides a comprehensive review of the different sources of GABA, including its presence in nature and the synthesis methods. The factors affecting the production of microbial-derived GABA and its isolation and purification methods are further elucidated. Moreover, the main physiological functions of GABA and its application in different fields are also reviewed. By advancing our understanding of GABA, we can unlock its full potential and further utilize it in various fields to improve human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarun Han
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
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6
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Heneberg P. Diabetes in stiff-person syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:640-651. [PMID: 37586963 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies are a hallmark of stiff-person syndrome (SPS) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). However, patients with concurrent IDDM and SPS often manifest insulin resistance, and SPS-associated IDDM probably has heterogeneous causes. Some patients manifest IDDM associated only with high titers of anti-GAD65 caused by SPS. By contrast, other patients develop IDDM only after being treated with high-dose corticosteroids or they progress to insulin dependency following their treatment with high-dose corticosteroids. The profile of autoantibodies differs markedly between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), late-onset diabetes mellitus, and SPS-associated IDDM. Therefore, as with new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), SPS-associated IDDM should be classified as a specific diabetes entity, the pathophysiology of which requires increased attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Heneberg
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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7
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The GABA and GABA-Receptor System in Inflammation, Anti-Tumor Immune Responses, and COVID-19. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020254. [PMID: 36830790 PMCID: PMC9953446 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA and GABAA-receptors (GABAA-Rs) play major roles in neurodevelopment and neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). There has been a growing appreciation that GABAA-Rs are also present on most immune cells. Studies in the fields of autoimmune disease, cancer, parasitology, and virology have observed that GABA-R ligands have anti-inflammatory actions on T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), while also enhancing regulatory T cell (Treg) responses and shifting APCs toward anti-inflammatory phenotypes. These actions have enabled GABAA-R ligands to ameliorate autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated inflammation in preclinical models. Conversely, antagonism of GABAA-R activity promotes the pro-inflammatory responses of T cells and APCs, enhancing anti-tumor responses and reducing tumor burden in models of solid tumors. Lung epithelial cells also express GABA-Rs, whose activation helps maintain fluid homeostasis and promote recovery from injury. The ability of GABAA-R agonists to limit both excessive immune responses and lung epithelial cell injury may underlie recent findings that GABAA-R agonists reduce the severity of disease in mice infected with highly lethal coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 and MHV-1). These observations suggest that GABAA-R agonists may provide off-the-shelf therapies for COVID-19 caused by new SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as novel beta-coronaviruses, which evade vaccine-induced immune responses and antiviral medications. We review these findings and further advance the notions that (1) immune cells possess GABAA-Rs to limit inflammation in the CNS, and (2) this natural "braking system" on inflammatory responses may be pharmacologically engaged to slow the progression of autoimmune diseases, reduce the severity of COVID-19, and perhaps limit neuroinflammation associated with long COVID.
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8
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Jung SC, Zhou T, Ko EA. Age-dependent expression of ion channel genes in rat. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 27:85-94. [PMID: 36575936 PMCID: PMC9806634 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2023.27.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels regulate a large number of cellular functions and their functional role in many diseases makes them potential therapeutic targets. Given their diverse distribution across multiple organs, the roles of ion channels, particularly in age-associated transcriptomic changes in specific organs, are yet to be fully revealed. Using RNA-seq data, we investigated the rat transcriptomic profiles of ion channel genes across 11 organs/tissues and 4 developmental stages in both sexes of Fischer 344 rats and identify tissue-specific and age-dependent changes in ion channel gene expression. Organ-enriched ion channel genes were identified. In particular, the brain showed higher tissue-specificity of ion channel genes, including Gabrd, Gabra6, Gabrg2, Grin2a, and Grin2b. Notably, age-dependent changes in ion channel gene expression were prominently observed in the thymus, including in Aqp1, Clcn4, Hvcn1, Itpr1, Kcng2, Kcnj11, Kcnn3, and Trpm2. Our comprehensive study of ion channel gene expression will serve as a primary resource for biological studies of aging-related diseases caused by abnormal ion channel functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Cherl Jung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Eun-A Ko
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea,Correspondence Eun-A Ko, E-mail:
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9
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Oshaghi M, Kourosh-Arami M, Roozbehkia M. Role of neurotransmitters in immune-mediated inflammatory disorders: a crosstalk between the nervous and immune systems. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:99-113. [PMID: 36169755 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are a group of common heterogeneous disorders, characterized by an alteration of cellular homeostasis. Primarily, it has been shown that the release and diffusion of neurotransmitters from nervous tissue could result in signaling through lymphocyte cell-surface receptors and the modulation of immune function. This finding led to the idea that the neurotransmitters could serve as immunomodulators. It is now manifested that neurotransmitters can also be released from leukocytes and act as autocrine or paracrine modulators. Increasing data indicate that there is a crosstalk between inflammation and alterations in neurotransmission. The primary goal of this review is to demonstrate how these two pathways may converge at the level of the neuron and glia to involve in IMID. We review the role of neurotransmitters in IMID. The different effects that these compounds exert on a variety of immune cells are also reviewed. Current and future developments in understanding the cross-talk between the immune and nervous systems will undoubtedly identify new ways for treating immune-mediated diseases utilizing agonists or antagonists of neurotransmitter receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Roozbehkia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Jin Z, Korol SV. GABA signalling in human pancreatic islets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1059110. [PMID: 36891061 PMCID: PMC9986413 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1059110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic islets are essential microorgans controlling the glucose level in the blood. The islets consist of different cell types which communicate with each other by means of auto- and paracrine interactions. One of the communication molecules produced by and released within the islets is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a well-known inhibitor of neuronal excitability in the mammalian nervous system. Interestingly, GABA is also present in the blood in the nanomolar concentration range. Thus, GABA can affect not only islet function per se (e.g. hormone secretion) but also interactions between immune cells and the pancreatic islet cells in physiological conditions and in pathological states (particularly in type 1 diabetes). In the last decade the interest in GABA signalling in islets has increased. The broad research scope ranges from fundamental physiological studies at the molecular and cellular level to pathological implications and clinical trials. The aim of this mini-review is to outline the current status of the islet GABA field mostly in relation to human islets, to identify the gaps in the current knowledge and what clinical implications GABA signalling may have in islets.
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11
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Fu J, Han Z, Wu Z, Xia Y, Yang G, Yin Y, Ren W. GABA regulates IL-1β production in macrophages. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111770. [PMID: 36476877 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters have been well documented to determine immune cell fates; however, whether and how γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) shapes the function of innate immune cells is still obscure. Here, we demonstrate that GABA orchestrates macrophage maturation and inflammation. GABA treatment during macrophage maturation inhibits interleukin (IL)-1β production from inflammatory macrophages. Mechanistically, GABA enhances succinate-flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-lysine specific demethylase1 (LSD1) signaling to regulate histone demethylation of Bcl2l11 and Dusp2, reducing formation of the NLRP3-ASC-Caspase-1 complex. The GABA-succinate axis reduces succinylation of mitochondrial proteins to promote oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). We also find that GABA alleviates lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced sepsis as well as high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice. Our study shows that GABA regulates pro-inflammatory macrophage responses associated with metabolic reprogramming and protein succinylation, suggesting a strategy for treating macrophage-related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziyi Han
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zebiao Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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12
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Gao F, Liu R, Chen W, Zhao X, Sun Q, Sun X, Li J, Liu C, Ma X. GABA increases susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis in mice. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Secreted immune metabolites that mediate immune cell communication and function. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:990-1005. [PMID: 36347788 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites are emerging as essential factors for the immune system that are involved in both metabolic circuits and signaling cascades. Accumulated evidence suggests that altered metabolic programs initiated by the activation and maturation of immune cell types are accompanied by the delivery of various metabolites into the local environment. We propose that, in addition to protein/peptide ligands, secreted immune metabolites (SIMets) are essential components of immune communication networks that fine-tune immune responses under homeostatic and pathological conditions. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of SIMets and discuss the potential mechanisms by which some metabolites engage in immunological responses through receptor-, transporter-, and post-translational-mediated regulation. These insights may contribute to understanding physiology and developing effective therapeutics for inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases.
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Tian J, Dillion BJ, Henley J, Comai L, Kaufman DL. A GABA-receptor agonist reduces pneumonitis severity, viral load, and death rate in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007955. [PMID: 36389819 PMCID: PMC9640739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA-receptors (GABA-Rs) form a major neurotransmitter system in the brain. GABA-Rs are also expressed by 1) cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and act to inhibit their inflammatory activities, and 2) lung epithelial cells and GABA-R agonists/potentiators have been observed to limit acute lung injuries. These biological properties suggest that GABA-R agonists may have potential for treating COVID-19. We previously reported that GABA-R agonist treatments protected mice from severe disease induced by infection with a lethal mouse coronavirus (MHV-1). Because MHV-1 targets different cellular receptors and is biologically distinct from SARS-CoV-2, we sought to test GABA therapy in K18-hACE2 mice which develop severe pneumonitis with high lethality following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We observed that GABA treatment initiated immediately after SARS-CoV-2 infection, or 2 days later near the peak of lung viral load, reduced pneumonitis severity and death rates in K18-hACE2 mice. GABA-treated mice had reduced lung viral loads and displayed shifts in their serum cytokine/chemokine levels that are associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Thus, GABA-R activation had multiple effects that are also desirable for the treatment of COVID-19. The protective effects of GABA against two very different beta coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 and MHV-1) suggest that it may provide a generalizable off-the-shelf therapy to help treat diseases induced by new SARS-CoV-2 variants and novel coronaviruses that evade immune responses and antiviral medications. GABA is inexpensive, safe for human use, and stable at room temperature, making it an attractive candidate for testing in clinical trials. We also discuss the potential of GABA-R agonists for limiting COVID-19-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Barbara J. Dillion
- High Containment Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jill Henley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel L. Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Hagan DW, Ferreira SM, Santos GJ, Phelps EA. The role of GABA in islet function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:972115. [PMID: 36246925 PMCID: PMC9558271 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.972115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid and neurotransmitter that is produced in the islet at levels as high as in the brain. GABA is synthesized by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), of which the 65 kDa isoform (GAD65) is a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. Originally described to be released via synaptic-like microvesicles or from insulin secretory vesicles, beta cells are now understood to release substantial quantities of GABA directly from the cytosol via volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC). Once released, GABA influences the activity of multiple islet cell types through ionotropic GABAA receptors and metabotropic GABAB receptors. GABA also interfaces with cellular metabolism and ATP production via the GABA shunt pathway. Beta cells become depleted of GABA in type 1 diabetes (in remaining beta cells) and type 2 diabetes, suggesting that loss or reduction of islet GABA correlates with diabetes pathogenesis and may contribute to dysfunction of alpha, beta, and delta cells in diabetic individuals. While the function of GABA in the nervous system is well-understood, the description of the islet GABA system is clouded by differing reports describing multiple secretion pathways and effector functions. This review will discuss and attempt to unify the major experimental results from over 40 years of literature characterizing the role of GABA in the islet.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Walker Hagan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sandra M. Ferreira
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gustavo J. Santos
- Islet Biology and Metabolism Lab – I.B.M. Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edward A. Phelps
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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16
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Rohbeck E, Hasse B, Koopmans G, Romero A, Belgardt BF, Roden M, Eckel J, Romacho T. Positive allosteric γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation prevents lipotoxicity-induced injury in hepatocytes in vitro. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1498-1508. [PMID: 35434888 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine if a novel positive allosteric modulator of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA ) receptor, the thioacrylamide-derivative HK4, which does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, protects human hepatocytes against lipotoxicity-induced injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allosteric modulation of the GABAA receptor by HK4 was determined by patch clamp in HEK-293 cells, calcium influx in INS-1E cells and by using the specific GABAA channel blockers picrotoxin and tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) in HepG2 cells. Apoptosis was analysed using caspase 3/7, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and array assays in HepG2 cells and/or human primary hepatocytes. Phosphorylation of STAT3 and the NF-κB subunit p65, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Patch clamping, calcium influx measurements and apoptosis assays with the non-competitive GABAA channel blockers picrotoxin and TBPS proved HK4 as a selective positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor. In HepG2 cells, which expressed the main GABAA receptor subunits, HK4 prevented palmitate-induced apoptosis. This protective effect was mediated by downregulation of caspase 3/7 activity and was additionally verified by TUNEL assay. HK4 effectively prevented palmitate-induced apoptosis in human primary hepatocytes. HK4 reduced STAT3 and NF-κB phosphorylation, reduced cleaved PARP-1 expression and upregulated the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone PDI. CONCLUSIONS HK4 reduced lipotoxic-induced apoptosis by preventing inflammation, DNA damage and ER stress. We propose that the effect of HK4 is mediated by STAT3 and NF-κB. It is suggested that thioacrylamide compounds represent an innovative pharmacological tool to treat or prevent non-alcoholic steatohepatitis as first-in-class drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rohbeck
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Alejandra Romero
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bengt-Frederik Belgardt
- Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eckel
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tania Romacho
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Prud’homme GJ, Kurt M, Wang Q. Pathobiology of the Klotho Antiaging Protein and Therapeutic Considerations. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:931331. [PMID: 35903083 PMCID: PMC9314780 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.931331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The α-Klotho protein (henceforth denoted Klotho) has antiaging properties, as first observed in mice homozygous for a hypomorphic Klotho gene (kl/kl). These mice have a shortened lifespan, stunted growth, renal disease, hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia, vascular calcification, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, pulmonary disease, cognitive impairment, multi-organ atrophy and fibrosis. Overexpression of Klotho has opposite effects, extending lifespan. In humans, Klotho levels decline with age, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions. Low Klotho levels correlate with an increase in the death rate from all causes. Klotho acts either as an obligate coreceptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), or as a soluble pleiotropic endocrine hormone (s-Klotho). It is mainly produced in the kidneys, but also in the brain, pancreas and other tissues. On renal tubular-cell membranes, it associates with FGF receptors to bind FGF23. Produced in bones, FGF23 regulates renal excretion of phosphate (phosphaturic effect) and vitamin D metabolism. Lack of Klotho or FGF23 results in hyperphosphatemia and hypervitaminosis D. With age, human renal function often deteriorates, lowering Klotho levels. This appears to promote age-related pathology. Remarkably, Klotho inhibits four pathways that have been linked to aging in various ways: Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Wnt and NF-κB. These can induce cellular senescence, apoptosis, inflammation, immune dysfunction, fibrosis and neoplasia. Furthermore, Klotho increases cell-protective antioxidant enzymes through Nrf2 and FoxO. In accord, preclinical Klotho therapy ameliorated renal, cardiovascular, diabetes-related and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. s-Klotho protein injection was effective, but requires further investigation. Several drugs enhance circulating Klotho levels, and some cross the blood-brain barrier to potentially act in the brain. In clinical trials, increased Klotho was noted with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (losartan, valsartan), a statin (fluvastatin), mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin, everolimus), vitamin D and pentoxifylline. In preclinical work, antidiabetic drugs (metformin, GLP-1-based, GABA, PPAR-γ agonists) also enhanced Klotho. Several traditional medicines and/or nutraceuticals increased Klotho in rodents, including astaxanthin, curcumin, ginseng, ligustilide and resveratrol. Notably, exercise and sport activity increased Klotho. This review addresses molecular, physiological and therapeutic aspects of Klotho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald J. Prud’homme
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Gérald J. Prud’homme,
| | - Mervé Kurt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Yinuo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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18
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Abdelazez A, Alshehry G, Algarni E, Al Jumayi H, Abdel-Motaal H, Meng XC. Postbiotic Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Camel Milk Intervention as Innovative Trends Against Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in Streptozotocin-Induced C57BL/6J Diabetic Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:943930. [PMID: 35898909 PMCID: PMC9313471 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.943930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a serious disease that threatens human health worldwide. The study hypothesis is to investigate the novel trends that may aid in the prevention of diabetic complications. Camel milk was presented as traditional functional food, and Lactobacillus brevis KLDS1.0727 and KLDS1.0373 strains were shown to synthesize postbiotic Gamma-aminobutyric acid as a potential food additive, which can therapeutically intervene against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in streptozotocin-induced C57BL/6J mice. During a four-week timeframe, body weight and postprandial blood glucose levels were monitored. Post-euthanasia, blood plasma was obtained to investigate hyperlipidemia, insulin concentrations, liver, and renal functions. The liver, pancreas, kidney, and spleen underwent histopathological examinations. The results demonstrated that KLDS1.0727 and KLDS1.0373 (LACS1, LACS2) and camel milk treatments all had a significant influence on hypoglycemic activity, as evidenced by reduced postprandial blood glucose levels. LACS1, LACS2, and camel milk therapy significantly reduced blood hypolipidemic, and some liver enzymes such as (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase) levels. Therefore, we recommend consuming camel milk regularly and expanding its use with fermented foods containing L. brevis, one of the probiotics capable of producing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as future food additives that can improve human health and reduce the prevalence of several diseases disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Abdelazez
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Microbe and Host Health, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, Agriculture Research Centre, Animal Production Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Amro Abdelazez,
| | - Garsa Alshehry
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Algarni
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Al Jumayi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Abdel-Motaal
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Microbe and Host Health, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- Department of Microbiology, Agriculture Research Center, Soils, Water, Environment and Microbiology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Xiang-Chen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Xiang-Chen Meng,
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19
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Sabaie H, Gharesouran J, Asadi MR, Farhang S, Ahangar NK, Brand S, Arsang-Jang S, Dastar S, Taheri M, Rezazadeh M. Downregulation of miR-185 is a common pathogenic event in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome-related and idiopathic schizophrenia. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1175-1184. [PMID: 35075501 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is known as a complicated mental disease with an unknown etiology. The microdeletion of 22q11.2 is the most potent genetic risk factor. Researchers are still trying to find which genes in the deletion region are linked to SCZ. MIR185, encoding microRNA (miR)-185, is present in the minimal 1.5 megabase deletion. Nonetheless, the miR-185 expression profile and its corresponding target genes in animal models and patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) imply that more study is required about miR-185 and its corresponding downstream pathways within idiopathic SCZ. The expression of hsa-miR-185-5p and its corresponding target gene, shisa family member 7 (SHISA7), sometimes called CKAMP59, were evaluated in the peripheral blood (PB) samples of Iranian Azeri patients with idiopathic SCZ and healthy subjects, matched by gender and age as control groups by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fifty SCZ patients (male/female: 22/28, age (mean ± standard deviation (SD)): 35.9 ± 5.6) and 50 matched healthy controls (male/female: 23/27, age (mean ± SD): 34.7 ± 5.4) were enrolled. The expression of hsa-miR-185-5p in the PB samples from subjects with idiopathic SCZ was substantially lower than in that of control groups (posterior beta = -0.985, adjusted P-value < 0.0001). There was also a difference within the expression profile between female and male subgroups (posterior beta = -0.86, adjusted P-value = 0.046 and posterior beta = -1.015, adjusted P-value = 0.004, in turn). Nevertheless, no significant difference was present in the expression level of CKAMP59 between PB samples from patients and control groups (adjusted P-value > 0.999). The analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve suggested that hsa-miR-185-5p may correctly distinguish subjects with idiopathic SCZ from healthy people (the area under curve (AUC) value: 0.722). Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between the expression pattern of the abovementioned genes in patients with SCZ and healthy subjects (r = 0.870, P < 0.001 and r = 0.812, P < 0.001, respectively), indicating that this miR works as an enhancer. More research is needed to determine if the hsa-miR-185-5p has an enhancer activity. In summary, this is the first research to highlight the expression of the miR-185 and CKAMP59 genes in the PB from subjects with idiopathic SCZ. Our findings suggest that gene expression alterations mediated by miR-185 may play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic and 22q11.2DS SCZ. It is worth noting that, despite a substantial and clear relationship between CKAMP59 and hsa-miR-185-5p, indicating an interactive network, their involvement in the development of SCZ should be reconsidered based on the whole blood sample since the changed expression level of CKAMP59 was not significant. Further research with greater sample sizes and particular leukocyte subsets can greatly make these results stronger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Sabaie
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Gharesouran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Asadi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Farhang
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Noora Karim Ahangar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Serge Brand
- Psychiatric Clinics, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shahram Arsang-Jang
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saba Dastar
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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20
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Michalettos G, Ruscher K. Crosstalk Between GABAergic Neurotransmission and Inflammatory Cascades in the Post-ischemic Brain: Relevance for Stroke Recovery. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:807911. [PMID: 35401118 PMCID: PMC8983863 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.807911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive plasticity processes are required involving neurons as well as non-neuronal cells to recover lost brain functions after an ischemic stroke. Recent studies show that gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has profound effects on glial and immune cell functions in addition to its inhibitory actions on neuronal circuits in the post-ischemic brain. Here, we provide an overview of how GABAergic neurotransmission changes during the first weeks after stroke and how GABA affects functions of astroglial and microglial cells as well as peripheral immune cell populations accumulating in the ischemic territory and brain regions remote to the lesion. Moreover, we will summarize recent studies providing data on the immunomodulatory actions of GABA of relevance for stroke recovery. Interestingly, the activation of GABA receptors on immune cells exerts a downregulation of detrimental anti-inflammatory cascades. Conversely, we will discuss studies addressing how specific inflammatory cascades affect GABAergic neurotransmission on the level of GABA receptor composition, GABA synthesis, and release. In particular, the chemokines CXCR4 and CX3CR1 pathways have been demonstrated to modulate receptor composition and synthesis. Together, the actual view on the interactions between GABAergic neurotransmission and inflammatory cascades points towards a specific crosstalk in the post-ischemic brain. Similar to what has been shown in experimental models, specific therapeutic modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission and inflammatory pathways may synergistically promote neuronal plasticity to enhance stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Michalettos
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- LUBIN Lab—Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Karsten Ruscher
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21
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Designing Personalized Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies for Autoimmune Diseases-The Case for Using Ignored Target Cell Antigen Determinants. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071081. [PMID: 35406645 PMCID: PMC8997884 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have proposed that antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASIs) for autoimmune diseases could be enhanced by administering target cell antigen epitopes (determinants) that are immunogenic but ignored by autoreactive T cells because these determinants may have large pools of naïve cognate T cells available for priming towards regulatory responses. Here, we identified an immunogenic preproinsulin determinant (PPIL4-20) that was ignored by autoimmune responses in type 1 diabetes (T1D)-prone NOD mice. The size of the PPIL4-20-specific splenic naive T cell pool gradually increased from 2–12 weeks in age and remained stable thereafter, while that of the major target determinant insulin B-chain9-23 decreased greatly after 12 weeks in age, presumably due to recruitment into the autoimmune response. In 15–16 week old mice, insulin B-chain9-23/alum immunization induced modest-low level of splenic T cell IL-10 and IL-4 responses, little or no spreading of these responses, and boosted IFNγ responses to itself and other autoantigens. In contrast, PPIL4-20/alum treatment induced robust IL-10 and IL-4 responses, which spread to other autoantigens and increased the frequency of splenic IL-10-secreting Treg and Tr-1-like cells, without boosting IFNγ responses to ß-cell autoantigens. In newly diabetic NOD mice, PPIL4-20, but not insulin B-chain9-23 administered intraperitoneally (with alum) or intradermally (as soluble antigen) supplemented with oral GABA induced long-term disease remission. We discuss the potential of personalized ASIs that are based on an individual’s naïve autoantigen-reactive T cell pools and the use of HLA-appropriate ignored autoantigen determinants to safely enhance the efficacy of ASIs.
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22
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The Case for Clinical Trials with Novel GABAergic Drugs in Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020322. [PMID: 35207609 PMCID: PMC8876029 DOI: 10.3390/life12020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus have become the surprising menaces of relative economic well-being worldwide. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) has a prominent role in the control of blood glucose, energy homeostasis as well as food intake at several levels of regulation. The effects of GABA in the body are exerted through ionotropic GABAA and metabotropic GABAB receptors. This treatise will focus on the pharmacologic targeting of GABAA receptors to reap beneficial therapeutic effects in diabetes mellitus and obesity. A new crop of drugs selectively targeting GABAA receptors has been under investigation for efficacy in stroke recovery and cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Although these trials have produced mixed outcomes the compounds are safe to use in humans. Preclinical evidence is summarized here to support the rationale of testing some of these compounds in diabetic patients receiving insulin in order to achieve better control of blood glucose levels and to combat the decline of cognitive performance. Potential therapeutic benefits could be achieved (i) By resetting the hypoglycemic counter-regulatory response; (ii) Through trophic actions on pancreatic islets, (iii) By the mobilization of antioxidant defence mechanisms in the brain. Furthermore, preclinical proof-of-concept work, as well as clinical trials that apply the novel GABAA compounds in eating disorders, e.g., olanzapine-induced weight-gain, also appear warranted.
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23
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Huang D, Wang Y, Thompson JW, Yin T, Alexander PB, Qin D, Mudgal P, Wu H, Liang Y, Tan L, Pan C, Yuan L, Wan Y, Li QJ, Wang XF. Cancer-cell-derived GABA promotes β-catenin-mediated tumour growth and immunosuppression. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:230-241. [PMID: 35145222 PMCID: PMC8852304 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many cancers have an unusual dependence on glutamine. However, most previous studies have focused on the contribution of glutamine to metabolic building blocks and the energy supply. Here, we report that cancer cells with aberrant expression of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) rewire glutamine metabolism for the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-a prominent neurotransmitter-in non-nervous tissues. An analysis of clinical samples reveals that increased GABA levels predict poor prognosis. Mechanistically, we identify a cancer-intrinsic pathway through which GABA activates the GABAB receptor to inhibit GSK-3β activity, leading to enhanced β-catenin signalling. This GABA-mediated β-catenin activation both stimulates tumour cell proliferation and suppresses CD8+ T cell intratumoural infiltration, such that targeting GAD1 or GABABR in mouse models overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Our findings uncover a signalling role for tumour-derived GABA beyond its classic function as a neurotransmitter that can be targeted pharmacologically to reverse immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Chongqing, China
- Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - J Will Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tao Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter B Alexander
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Diyuan Qin
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Yaosi Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lianmei Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lifeng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ying Wan
- Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Levite M, Goldberg H. Autoimmune Epilepsy - Novel Multidisciplinary Analysis, Discoveries and Insights. Front Immunol 2022; 12:762743. [PMID: 35095841 PMCID: PMC8790247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.762743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy affects ~50 million people. In ~30% of patients the etiology is unknown, and ~30% are unresponsive to anti-epileptic drugs. Intractable epilepsy often leads to multiple seizures daily or weekly, lasting for years, and accompanied by cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric problems. This multidisciplinary scientific (not clinical) 'Perspective' article discusses Autoimmune Epilepsy from immunological, neurological and basic-science angles. The article includes summaries and novel discoveries, ideas, insights and recommendations. We summarize the characteristic features of the respective antigens, and the pathological activity in vitro and in animal models of autoimmune antibodies to: Glutamate/AMPA-GluR3, Glutamate/NMDA-NR1, Glutamate/NMDA-NR2, GAD-65, GABA-R, GLY-R, VGKC, LGI1, CASPR2, and β2 GP1, found in subpopulations of epilepsy patients. Glutamate receptor antibodies: AMPA-GluR3B peptide antibodies, seem so far as the most exclusive and pathogenic autoimmune antibodies in Autoimmune Epilepsy. They kill neural cells by three mechanisms: excitotoxicity, Reactive-Oxygen-Species, and complement-fixation, and induce and/or facilitate brain damage, seizures, and behavioral impairments. In this article we raise and discuss many more topics and new insights related to Autoimmune Epilepsy. 1. Few autoimmune antibodies tilt the balance between excitatory Glutamate and inhibitory GABA, thereby promoting neuropathology and epilepsy; 2. Many autoantigens are synaptic, and have extracellular domains. These features increase the likelihood of autoimmunity against them, and the ease with which autoimmune antibodies can reach and harm these self-proteins. 3. Several autoantigens have 'frenetic character'- undergoing dynamic changes that can increase their antigenicity; 4. The mRNAs of the autoantigens are widely expressed in multiple organs outside the brain. If translated by default to proteins, broad spectrum detrimental autoimmunity is expected; 5. The autoimmunity can precede seizures, cause them, and be detrimental whether primary or epiphenomenon; 6. Some autoimmune antibodies induce, and associate with, cognitive, behavioral and psychiatric impairments; 7. There are evidences for epitope spreading in Autoimmune Epilepsy; 8. T cells have different 'faces' in the brain, and in Autoimmune Epilepsy: Normal T cells are needed for the healthy brain. Normal T cells are damaged by autoimmune antibodies to Glutamate/AMPA GluR3, which they express, and maybe by additional autoantibodies to: Dopamine-R, GABA-R, Ach-R, Serotonin-R, and Adrenergic-R, present in various neurological diseases (summarized herein), since T cells express all these Neurotransmitter receptors. However, autoimmune and/or cytotoxic T cells damage the brain; 9. The HLA molecules are important for normal brain function. The HLA haplotype can confer susceptibility or protection from Autoimmune Epilepsy; 10. There are several therapeutic strategies for Autoimmune Epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Levite
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadassa Goldberg
- Epilepsy Center, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Song M, Tian J, Middleton B, Nguyen CQ, Kaufman DL. GABA Administration Ameliorates Sjogren’s Syndrome in Two Different Mouse Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010129. [PMID: 35052808 PMCID: PMC8773584 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates in the salivary and lachrymal glands resulting in oral and ocular dryness. There are no clinically approved therapies to slow the progression of SS. Immune cells possess receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA (GABA-Rs) and their activation has immunoregulatory actions. We tested whether GABA administration has potential for amelioration of SS in NOD.B10-H2b and C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice, two spontaneous SS models. Oral GABA treatment was initiated (1) after the development of sialadenitis but before the onset of overt symptoms, or (2) after the appearance of overt symptoms. When assessed weeks later, GABA-treated mice had greater saliva and tear production, as well as quicker times to salvia flow, in both SS mouse models. This was especially evident when GABA treatment was initiated after the onset of overt disease. This preservation of exocrine function was not accompanied by significant changes in the number or area of lymphocytic foci in the salivary or lachrymal glands of GABA-treated mice and we discuss the possible reasons for these observations. Given that GABA-treatment preserved saliva and tear production which are the most salient symptoms of SS and is safe for consumption, it may provide a new approach to help ameliorate SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.S.); (J.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.S.); (J.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Blake Middleton
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.S.); (J.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Cuong Q. Nguyen
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Daniel L. Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.S.); (J.T.); (B.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-794-9664
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26
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Verification of Lactobacillus brevis tolerance to simulated gastric juice and the potential effects of postbiotic gamma-aminobutyric acid in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Huang C, Dong C, Zhu Y, Yu Y, Jin H, Zhang Y. Duhaldea pterocaula (Franch.) Anderb. Attenuates Nociception and Inflammation via GABA A Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:753128. [PMID: 34795587 PMCID: PMC8592923 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.753128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Duhaldea pterocaula (Franch.) Anderb, also known as Inula pterocaula Franch (I. pterocaula), is a folk medicine of the Yi nationality in China. The Inula plants display various biological activities, including anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. I. pterocaula has been traditionally used for the treatment of bronchitis, vasculitis, and dizziness. However, very few studies have been reported on the pharmacology of I. pterocaula. The present study aims to characterize the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of I. pterocaula and explore the underlying mechanism. I. pterocaula was extracted by 95% ethanol and further portioned with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate (EA) and n-butanol, sequentially, to obtain corresponding factions with different polarities. The EA fraction (IPEA) was found to be one of the most effective fractions. It demonstrated potent analgesic effects in both acute and inflammatory pain mouse models, and caused no anti-nociceptive tolerance. Furthermore, IPEA improved the tolerance of mice to morphine. IPEA also showed potent anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced septic mice. BIC, a GABAAR antagonist, reversed the effects of IPEA in pain and inflammation models. Collectively, GABAARs play a key role in the pharmacological effects of IPEA. I. pterocaula may be useful as a complementary or alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changsheng Dong
- Cancer Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Ding X, Yan D, Zhang X, Liu B, Zhu G. Metabolomics Analysis of the Effect of GAT-2 Deficiency on Th1 Cells in Mice. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:5054-5063. [PMID: 34647753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The classic neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been shown to shape the activation and function of immune cells. There are four high-affinity GABA transporters (GATs, including GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and GAT-4) responsible for the transmembrane transport of GABA in mice. To explore the effect of GAT-2 on type 1 helper T (Th1) cells, naïve CD4+ T cells were isolated from splenocytes of GAT-2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice and cultured for Th1 cell differentiation, and then, metabolomics analysis of Th1 cells was performed via gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry added with multivariate analyses. Based on the variable importance projection value > 1 and P < 0.05, a total of nine differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified between WT and KO. Then, DEMs were mapped to the KEGG database, and five metabolic pathways were significantly enriched, including the cysteine and methionine metabolism, the riboflavin metabolism, the purine metabolism, the glycerolipid metabolism, and the glycerophospholipid metabolism. Collectively, our metabolomics analysis revealed that deficiency of GAT-2 influenced the metabolomics profile of Th1 cells, which will provide insights into T cell response to GAT-2 deficiency in mice. Data are available via MetaboLights with identifier MTBLS3358.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dong Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Baobao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Fu J, Zhang Q, Wu Z, Hong C, Zhu C. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals a Sex-Dimorphic Influence of GAT-2 on Murine Liver Function. Front Nutr 2021; 8:751388. [PMID: 34604287 PMCID: PMC8481587 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.751388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic system affects the functions of different organs, and liver is one of the most sex-dimorphic organs in animals. However, whether and how the GABAergic system influences liver function in a sex-specific manner at the intrinsic molecular level remains elusive. In this study, firstly, we find that the levels of GABA are significantly increased in the livers of female mice with GABA transporter (GAT)-2 deficiency (KO) whereas it only slightly increased in male GAT-2 KO mice. Apart from the amino acid profiles, the expressions of toll-like receptors (TLRs) also differ in the livers of female and male KO mice. Moreover, RNA-seq results show 2,227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in which 1,030 are upregulated whereas 1,197 that are downregulated in the livers of female KO mice. Notably, oxidative phosphorylation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Huntington's disease, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathways are highly enriched by GAT-2 deficiency, indicating that these pathways probably meditate the effects of GAT-2 on female liver functions, on the other hand, only 1,233 DEGs, including 474 are upregulated and 759 are downregulated in the livers of male KO mice. Interestingly, retinol metabolism, PPAR signaling pathway, and tuberculosis pathways are substantially enriched by GAT-2 deficiency, suggesting that these pathways may be responsible for the effects of GAT-2 on male liver functions. Collectively, our results reveal the sex-dimorphic effects of GAT-2 in guiding liver functions, and we propose that targeting the GABAergic system (e.g., GATs) in a sex-specific manner could provide previously unidentified therapeutic opportunities for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changming Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congrui Zhu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Rezazadeh H, Sharifi MR, Soltani N. Insulin resistance and the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 26:39. [PMID: 34484371 PMCID: PMC8384006 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_374_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is mentioned to be a disorder in insulin ability in insulin-target tissues. Skeletal muscle (SkM) and liver function are more affected by IR than other insulin target cells. SkM is the main site for the consumption of ingested glucose. An effective treatment for IR has two properties: An inhibition of β-cell death and a promotion of β-cell replication. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can improve beta-cell mass and function. Multiple studies have shown that GABA decreases IR probably via increase in glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) gene expression and prevention of gluconeogenesis pathway in the liver. This review focused on the general aspects of IR in skeletal muscle (SkM), liver; the cellular mechanism(s) lead to the development of IR in these organs, and the role of GABA to reduce insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rezazadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sharifi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan Iran
| | - Nepton Soltani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan Iran
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Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Inhibits α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Induced Melanogenesis through GABA A and GABA B Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158257. [PMID: 34361022 PMCID: PMC8347673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is considered the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human cortex. However, whether GABA regulates melanogenesis has not been comprehensively elucidated. In this study, we reveal that GABA (20 mM) significantly inhibited α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced extracellular (from 354.9% ± 28.4% to 126.5% ± 16.0%) and intracellular melanin contents (from 236.7% ± 11.1% to 102.7% ± 23.1%) in B16F10 melanoma cells, without inducing cytotoxicity. In addition, α-MSH-induced hyperpigmentation in zebrafish larvae was inhibited from 246.3% ± 5.4% to 116.3% ± 3.1% at 40 mM GABA, displaying no apparent cardiotoxicity. We also clarify that the GABA-mediated antimelanogenic properties were related to the direct inhibition of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase expression by inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Furthermore, under α-MSH stimulation, GABA-related antimelanogenic effects were mediated through the GABAA and GABAB receptors, with subsequent inhibition of Ca2+ accumulation. In B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae, pretreatment with bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist, and CGP 46381, a GABAB receptor antagonist, reversed the antimelanogenic effect of GABA following α-MSH treatment by upregulating Ca2+ accumulation. In conclusion, our results indicate that GABA inhibits α-MSH-induced melanogenesis. Hence, in addition to the health benefits of GABA in the central nervous system, it could ameliorate hyperpigmentation disorders.
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32
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GABAergic signaling by cells of the immune system: more the rule than the exception. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5667-5679. [PMID: 34152447 PMCID: PMC8316187 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is best known as an essential neurotransmitter in the evolved central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates. However, GABA antedates the development of the CNS as a bioactive molecule in metabolism and stress-coupled responses of prokaryotes, invertebrates and plants. Here, we focus on the emerging findings of GABA signaling in the mammalian immune system. Recent reports show that mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes, for instance dendritic cells, microglia, T cells and NK cells, express a GABAergic signaling machinery. Mounting evidence shows that GABA receptor signaling impacts central immune functions, such as cell migration, cytokine secretion, immune cell activation and cytotoxic responses. Furthermore, the GABAergic signaling machinery of leukocytes is implicated in responses to microbial infection and is co-opted by protozoan parasites for colonization of the host. Peripheral GABA signaling is also implicated in inflammatory conditions and diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer cell metastasis. Adding to its role in neurotransmission, growing evidence shows that the non-proteinogenic amino acid GABA acts as an intercellular signaling molecule in the immune system and, as an interspecies signaling molecule in host–microbe interactions. Altogether, the data raise the assumption of conserved GABA signaling in a broad range of mammalian cells and diversification of function in the immune system.
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Moldovan N, Blaga II, Billa S, Hossain I, Gong C, Jones CE, Murray TA, Divan R, Siddiqui S, Arumugam PU. Brain-Implantable Multifunctional Probe for Simultaneous Detection of Glutamate and GABA Neurotransmitters. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 337:129795. [PMID: 35603327 PMCID: PMC9122026 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are neurotransmitters (NTs) with an essential role in signal transmission in the brain. Brain disorders, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and traumatic brain injury can be linked to imbalances in the GLU-GABA homeostasis that occurs in sub-second to seconds time frames. Current measurement techniques can detect these two NT concentrations simultaneously only in vitro. The present work reports on the fabrication of a silicon multifunctional biosensor microarray probe for sub-second simultaneous GLU-GABA detection in real-time, with excellent analyte sensitivity and selectivity and in vivo capabilities. The novel Si probes feature four surface-functionalized platinum ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) for simultaneous amperometric detection of GLU and GABA with a sentinel, and a built-in microfluidic channel for the introduction of neurochemicals in the proximity of the UMEs. The microchannel also allows functioning of an On-Demand In-situ Calibrator that runs in-situ biosensor calibration. The probe exhibited excellent robustness at insertion in agarose-gel brain-tissue-mimicking test, and remarkably high hydrogen peroxide sensitivity (a by-product of GLU-GABA enzyme biosensor) with values on the order of 5000 nA μM -1 cm -2 and maximum sensitivities of 204±15 nA μM -1 cm -2 and 37±7 nA μM -1 cm -2 for GLU and GABA, respectively. Furthermore, the limit of detection of the biosensors reached as low as 7 nM, 165 nM and 750 nM for H 2 O 2, GLU and GABA, respectively and a temporal resolution of hundreds of milliseconds during in vivo studies using freely moving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjeev Billa
- Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Imran Hossain
- Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Chenggong Gong
- Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Claire E. Jones
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science (CBERS), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Teresa A. Murray
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science (CBERS), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Ralu Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Shabnam Siddiqui
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science (CBERS), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
- Louisiana State University Shreveport, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Shreveport, LA 71115
| | - Prabhu U. Arumugam
- Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science (CBERS), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
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Ding X, Chang Y, Wang S, Yan D, Yao J, Zhu G. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effect of GAT-2 Deficiency on Differentiation of Mice Naïve T Cells Into Th1 Cells In Vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667136. [PMID: 34149704 PMCID: PMC8208808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to affect the activation and function of immune cells. This study investigated the role of GABA transporter (GAT)-2 in the differentiation of type 1 helper T (Th1) cells. Naïve CD4+ T cells isolated from splenocytes of GAT-2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were cultured; Th1 cell differentiation was induced and transcriptome and bioinformatics analyses were carried out. We found that GAT-2 deficiency promoted the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 cells. RNA sequencing revealed 2984 differentially expressed genes including 1616 that were up-regulated and 1368 that were down-regulated in GAT-2 KO cells compared to WT cells, which were associated with 950 enriched Gene Ontology terms and 33 enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Notably, 4 signal transduction pathways (hypoxia-inducible factor [HIF]-1, Hippo, phospholipase D, and Janus kinase [JAK]/signal transducer and activator of transcription [STAT]) and one metabolic pathway (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis) were significantly enriched by GAT-2 deficiency, suggesting that these pathways mediate the effect of GABA on T cell differentiation. Our results provide evidence for the immunomodulatory function of GABA signaling in T cell-mediated immunity and can guide future studies on the etiology and management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Siquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiakui Yao
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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35
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Liu J, Nile SH, Xu G, Wang Y, Kai G. Systematic exploration of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax ginseng as immune regulators: Insights from the comparative biological and computational analysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:153077. [PMID: 31477352 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune system plays a decisive role for defending various pathogenic microorganisms. Astragalus membranaceus (AM) and Panax ginseng (PG) are two tonic herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as immune booster and help to control diseases with their healthy synergistic effect on immune system. PURPOSE This study was aimed to investigate the promote effect and molecular mechanisms of AM and PG on immune system as booster and to control the target diseases using animal and computational systematic study. METHODS Computational models including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) with weighted ensemble similarity (WES) algorithm-based models and ClueGo network analysis were used to find the potential bioactive compounds targets and pathways, which were responsible for immune regulation. Viscera index analysis, proliferation activity of splenic lymphocytes and cytotoxic activity of NK cells assays were performed to validate the effect of AM and PG on immune system of long-term administrated mice. Metabonomic study of mice plasma was conducted to investigate effect of AM and PG on the endogenous metabolic perturbations, together with correlation analysis. RESULTS AM and PG simultaneously showed the ability to strengthen the immune system function including enhancement of spleen and thymus index, proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Besides, the different molecular mechanisms of AM and PG on immune regulation were also investigated by analyzing the potential bioactive compounds, enzymes actions and pathways. Quercetin, formononetin and kaempferol were the main immune-related compounds in AM, while ginsenoside Ra1, ginsenoside Rh1 and kaempferol in PG. About 10 target proteins were found close to immune regulation, including acetylcholinesterase (ACHE, common target in AM and PG), sphingosine kinase 1(SPHK1), cytidine deaminase (CDA), and Choline O-acetyltransferase (CHAT). Glycerophospholipid metabolism was regulated in both AM and PG groups. Pyrimidine metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism were considered as the special pathway in AM groups. Energy metabolism and glycerolipid metabolism were the special pathways in PG groups. CONCLUSION A novel comprehensive molecular mechanism analysis method was established and applied to clarify the scientific connotation of AM and PG as immune regulation, with similar herbal tonic effect provided in clinical practice of TCM, which can provide a new line of research for drug development (immune booster) using AM and PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiu Liu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Guoliang Xu
- Research Center for Differentiation and Development of Basic Theory of TCM, University of Jiangxi TCM, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Yuesheng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
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Santiago-López L, Hernández-Mendoza A, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Wall-Medrano A, González-Córdova AF. Th17 immune response in inflammatory bowel disease: Future roles and opportunities for lactic acid bacteria and bioactive compounds released in fermented milk. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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GABA A-Receptor Agonists Limit Pneumonitis and Death in Murine Coronavirus-Infected Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060966. [PMID: 34071034 PMCID: PMC8224554 DOI: 10.3390/v13060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new approaches to limit the severity of coronavirus infections. Many cells of the immune system express receptors for the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and GABA-receptor (GABA-R) agonists have anti-inflammatory effects. Lung epithelial cells also express GABA-Rs, and GABA-R modulators have been shown to limit acute lung injuries. There is currently, however, no information on whether GABA-R agonists might impact the course of a viral infection. Here, we assessed whether clinically applicable GABA-R agonists could be repurposed for the treatment of a lethal coronavirus (murine hepatitis virus 1, MHV-1) infection in mice. We found that oral GABA administration before, or after the appearance of symptoms, very effectively limited MHV-1-induced pneumonitis, severe illness, and death. GABA treatment also reduced viral load in the lungs, suggesting that GABA-Rs may provide a new druggable target to limit coronavirus replication. Treatment with the GABAA-R-specific agonist homotaurine, but not the GABAB-R-specific agonist baclofen, significantly reduced the severity of pneumonitis and death rates in MHV-1-infected mice, indicating that the therapeutic effects were mediated primarily through GABAA-Rs. Since GABA and homotaurine are safe for human consumption, they are promising candidates to help treat coronavirus infections.
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Sparrow EL, James S, Hussain K, Beers SA, Cragg MS, Bogdanov YD. Activation of GABA(A) receptors inhibits T cell proliferation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251632. [PMID: 34014994 PMCID: PMC8136847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major sites for fast synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS) are ion channels activated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These receptors are referred as GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)R). Recent evidence indicates a role of GABA(A)R in modulating the immune response. This work aimed to discern the role of GABA and GABA(A)Rs in human and mouse T cell activity. METHODS Mouse splenocytes or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were activated with anti-CD3 antibodies and the proliferation of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells assessed through flow cytometry. Subsequently, the effects on T cell proliferation of either GABA(A)R modulation by diazepam that is also capable of activating mitochondrial based translocator protein (TSPO), alprazolam and allopregnanolone or inhibition by bicucculine methiodide (BMI) and (1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA) were assessed. RESULTS Positive modulation of GABA(A)Rs either by benzodiazepines or the neurosteroid allopregnanolone inhibits both mouse and human T cell proliferation. GABAergic inhibition of T cell proliferation by benzodiazepines could be rescued by GABA(A)R blocking. Our data suggest that benzodiazepines influence T cell proliferation through both TSPO and GABA(A)Rs activation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that activation of GABA(A)Rs provides immunosuppression by inhibiting T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Sparrow
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Yury D. Bogdanov
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
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Kalantari S, Chashmniam S, Nafar M, Samavat S, Rezaie D, Dalili N. A Noninvasive Urine Metabolome Panel as Potential Biomarkers for Diagnosis of T Cell-Mediated Renal Transplant Rejection. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 24:140-147. [PMID: 32176594 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) is a major complication after renal transplantation. TCMR diagnosis is very challenging and currently depends on invasive renal biopsy and nonspecific markers such as serum creatinine. A noninvasive metabolomics panel could allow early diagnosis and improved accuracy and specificity. We report, in this study, on urine metabolome changes in renal transplant recipients diagnosed with TCMR, with a view to future metabolomics-based diagnostics in transplant medicine. We performed urine metabolomic analyses in three study groups: (1) 7 kidney transplant recipients with acute TCMR, (2) 15 kidney transplant recipients without rejection but with impaired kidney function, and (3) 6 kidney transplant recipients with stable renal function, using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance. Multivariate modeling of metabolites suggested a diagnostic panel where the diagnostic accuracy of each metabolite was calculated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The impaired metabolic pathways associated with TCMR were identified by pathway analysis. In all, a panel of nine differential metabolites encompassing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, 1-methylnicotinamide, cholesterol sulfate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nicotinic acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, proline, spermidine, and alpha-hydroxyhippuric acid were identified as novel potential metabolite biomarkers of TCMR. Proline, spermidine, and GABA had the highest area under the curve (>0.7) and were overrepresented in the TCMR group. Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism was the most important pathway in TCMR. These findings call for clinical validation in larger study samples and suggest that urinary metabolomics warrants future consideration as a noninvasive research tool for TCMR diagnostic innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Kalantari
- Department of Nephrology, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Chashmniam
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nafar
- Department of Nephrology, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Samavat
- Department of Nephrology, Urology-Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danial Rezaie
- Department of Nephrology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Dalili
- Department of Nephrology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tian J, Song M, Kaufman DL. Homotaurine limits the spreading of T cell autoreactivity within the CNS and ameliorates disease in a model of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5402. [PMID: 33686135 PMCID: PMC7940650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most multiple sclerosis (MS) patients given currently available disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) experience progressive disability. Accordingly, there is a need for new treatments that can limit the generation of new waves T cell autoreactivity that drive disease progression. Notably, immune cells express GABAA-receptors (GABAA-Rs) whose activation has anti-inflammatory effects such that GABA administration can ameliorate disease in models of type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and COVID-19. Here, we show that oral GABA, which cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), does not affect the course of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast, oral administration of the BBB-permeable GABAA-R-specific agonist homotaurine ameliorates monophasic EAE, as well as advanced-stage relapsing-remitting EAE (RR-EAE). Homotaurine treatment beginning after the first peak of paralysis reduced the spreading of Th17 and Th1 responses from the priming immunogen to a new myelin T cell epitope within the CNS. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) isolated from homotaurine-treated mice displayed an attenuated ability to promote autoantigen-specific T cell proliferation. The ability of homotaurine treatment to limit epitope spreading within the CNS, along with its safety record, makes it an excellent candidate to help treat MS and other inflammatory disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA.
| | - Min Song
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA
| | - Daniel L Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA.
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41
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Gipson CD, Rawls S, Scofield MD, Siemsen BM, Bondy EO, Maher EE. Interactions of neuroimmune signaling and glutamate plasticity in addiction. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:56. [PMID: 33612110 PMCID: PMC7897396 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, chronic use of drugs of abuse can induce glutamatergic changes in the brain, but the relationship between the glutamate system and neuroimmune signaling in addiction is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to bring into focus the role of neuroimmune signaling and its interactions with the glutamate system following chronic drug use, and how this may guide pharmacotherapeutic treatment strategies for SUDs. In this review, we first describe neuroimmune mechanisms that may be linked to aberrant glutamate signaling in addiction. We focus specifically on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a potentially important neuroimmune mechanism that may be a key player in driving drug-seeking behavior. We highlight the importance of astroglial-microglial crosstalk, and how this interacts with known glutamatergic dysregulations in addiction. Then, we describe the importance of studying non-neuronal cells with unprecedented precision because understanding structure-function relationships in these cells is critical in understanding their role in addiction neurobiology. Here we propose a working model of neuroimmune-glutamate interactions that underlie drug use motivation, which we argue may aid strategies for small molecule drug development to treat substance use disorders. Together, the synthesis of this review shows that interactions between glutamate and neuroimmune signaling may play an important and understudied role in addiction processes and may be critical in developing more efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Scott Rawls
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Benjamin M Siemsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Emma O Bondy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Erin E Maher
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
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Nguyen NTL, Nguyen BDT, Dai TTX, Co SH, Do TT, Tong Thi AN, Oladapo IJ, Nguyen Cong H. Influence of germinated brown rice-based flour modified by MAse on type 2 diabetic mice and HepG2 cell cytotoxic capacity. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:781-793. [PMID: 33598163 PMCID: PMC7866618 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to discover whether using maltogenic amylase (MAse) to modify starch in germinated brown rice flour may enhance slow digestion starch and release more bioactive compounds (BCs) content. To achieve this aim, the starch was modified with four levels of MAse (0 U, 133 U, 266 U and 399 U MAse/g flour) for 1 hr at pH 5 and then spray-dried to make modified flour. The biochemical impacts of the products were then accessed in normal and type 2 diabetic mice for 4 weeks. The result showed that when the starch was modified by MAse 266 U/g, a significant reduction of rapidly digested starch to 22.35% from 61.56%, an increase in slowly digested starch to 33.09% while resistant starch as 2.92% corresponding to the increase of γ-amino butyric acid to 528.1 ± 44.1 mg/L and 120.6 ± 10.9 mg/L of ferulic acid. The extract from modified flour showed very strong cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell (>80% inhibition). The result in vivo showed that the type-2 diabetic mice fed with this modified product could better improve the stability of the glycemic index. Also, atherosclerotic plaque assessment further supports these findings. The results indicated that BCs released considerably couple with the changes in starch properties caused by MAse enhanced the effectiveness of this product to diabetes as well as positive effect on cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Son Hong Co
- National Agro – Forestry – Fishery Quality Assurance DepartmentCan Tho CityVietnam
| | - Thao Thi Do
- Institute of BiotechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)HanoiVietnam
| | | | | | - Ha Nguyen Cong
- Food Technology DepartmentCollege of AgricultureCan Tho CityVietnam
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GABA B-Receptor Agonist-Based Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010043. [PMID: 33418884 PMCID: PMC7825043 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some immune system cells express type A and/or type B γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAA-Rs and/or GABAB-Rs). Treatment with GABA, which activates both GABAA-Rs and GABAB-Rs), and/or a GABAA-R-specific agonist inhibits disease progression in mouse models of type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and COVID-19. Little is known about the clinical potential of specifically modulating GABAB-Rs. Here, we tested lesogaberan, a peripherally restricted GABAB-R agonist, as an interventive therapy in diabetic NOD mice. Lesogaberan treatment temporarily restored normoglycemia in most newly diabetic NOD mice. Combined treatment with a suboptimal dose of lesogaberan and proinsulin/alum immunization in newly diabetic NOD mice or a low-dose anti-CD3 in severely hyperglycemic NOD mice greatly increased T1D remission rates relative to each monotherapy. Mice receiving combined lesogaberan and anti-CD3 displayed improved glucose tolerance and, unlike mice that received anti-CD3 alone, had some islets with many insulin+ cells, suggesting that lesogaberan helped to rapidly inhibit β-cell destruction. Hence, GABAB-R-specific agonists may provide adjunct therapies for T1D. Finally, the analysis of microarray and RNA-Seq databases suggested that the expression of GABAB-Rs and GABAA-Rs, as well as GABA production/secretion-related genes, may be a more common feature of immune cells than currently recognized.
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Zhang B, Vogelzang A, Miyajima M, Sugiura Y, Wu Y, Chamoto K, Nakano R, Hatae R, Menzies RJ, Sonomura K, Hojo N, Ogawa T, Kobayashi W, Tsutsui Y, Yamamoto S, Maruya M, Narushima S, Suzuki K, Sugiya H, Murakami K, Hashimoto M, Ueno H, Kobayashi T, Ito K, Hirano T, Shiroguchi K, Matsuda F, Suematsu M, Honjo T, Fagarasan S. B cell-derived GABA elicits IL-10 + macrophages to limit anti-tumour immunity. Nature 2021; 599:471-476. [PMID: 34732892 PMCID: PMC8599023 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Small, soluble metabolites not only are essential intermediates in intracellular biochemical processes, but can also influence neighbouring cells when released into the extracellular milieu1-3. Here we identify the metabolite and neurotransmitter GABA as a candidate signalling molecule synthesized and secreted by activated B cells and plasma cells. We show that B cell-derived GABA promotes monocyte differentiation into anti-inflammatory macrophages that secrete interleukin-10 and inhibit CD8+ T cell killer function. In mice, B cell deficiency or B cell-specific inactivation of the GABA-generating enzyme GAD67 enhances anti-tumour responses. Our study reveals that, in addition to cytokines and membrane proteins, small metabolites derived from B-lineage cells have immunoregulatory functions, which may be pharmaceutical targets allowing fine-tuning of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihao Zhang
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alexis Vogelzang
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michio Miyajima
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Biology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yibo Wu
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255YCI Laboratory for Next-Generation Proteomics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Chamoto
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rei Nakano
- grid.260969.20000 0001 2149 8846Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Hatae
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rosemary J. Menzies
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sonomura
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hojo
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Osaka, Japan
| | - Taisaku Ogawa
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Osaka, Japan
| | - Wakana Kobayashi
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumi Tsutsui
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamamoto
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mikako Maruya
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Seiko Narushima
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- grid.260969.20000 0001 2149 8846Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kosaku Murakami
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motomu Hashimoto
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Ueno
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Ito
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hirano
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Shiroguchi
- grid.508743.dLaboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Biology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sidonia Fagarasan
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan. .,Division of Integrated High-Order Regulatory Systems, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Rathwa N, Patel R, Palit SP, Parmar N, Rana S, Ansari MI, Ramachandran AV, Begum R. β-cell replenishment: Possible curative approaches for diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1870-1881. [PMID: 32994121 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder of heterogeneous etiology marked by persistent hyperglycemia. Exogenous insulin is the only treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Islet transplantation is a potential long cure for T1D but is disapproved due to the possibility of immune rejection in the later stage. The approaches used for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D) include diet restrictions, weight management and pharmacological interventions. These procedures have not been able to boost the quality of life for diabetic patients owing to the complexity of the disorder. DATA SYNTHESIS Hence, research has embarked on permanent ways of managing, or even curing the disease. One of the possible approaches to restore the pancreas with new glucose-responsive β-cells is by their regeneration. Regeneration of β-cells include islet neogenesis, dedifferentiation, and trans-differentiation of the already differentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS This review briefly describes the islet development, functions of β-cells, mechanism and factors involved in β-cell death. It further elaborates on the potential of the existing and possible therapeutic modalities involved in the in-vivo replenishment of β-cells with a focus on exercise, diet, hormones, small molecules, and phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Rathwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Roma Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sayantani Pramanik Palit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Nishant Parmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sneha Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohammad Ismail Ansari
- Department of Zoology, J.A.T. Arts, Science and Commerce College, Savitribai Phule- Pune University, 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - A V Ramachandran
- Division of Life Science, School of Sciences, Navrachana University, Vadodara, 391 410, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India.
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46
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Tian J, Middleton B, Kaufman DL. GABA administration prevents severe illness and death following coronavirus infection in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.10.04.325423. [PMID: 33024975 PMCID: PMC7536896 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.04.325423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new treatments to prevent and ameliorate severe illness and death induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 patients. The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-1 causes pneumonitis in mice which shares many pathological characteristics with human SARS-CoV infection. Previous studies have shown that the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has anti-inflammatory effects. We tested whether oral treatment with GABA could modulate the MHV-1 induced pneumonitis in susceptible A/J mice. As expected, MHV-1-inoculated control mice became severely ill (as measured by weight loss, clinical score, and the ratio of lung weight to body weight) and >60% of them succumbed to the infection. In contrast, mice that received GABA immediately after MHV-1 inoculation became only mildly ill and all of them recovered. When GABA treatment was initiated after the appearance of illness (3 days post-MHV-1 infection), we again observed that GABA treatment significantly reduced the severity of illness and greatly increased the frequency of recovery. Therefore, the engagement of GABA receptors (GABA-Rs) prevented the MHV-1 infection-induced severe pneumonitis and death in mice. Given that GABA-R agonists, like GABA and homotaurine, are safe for human consumption, stable, inexpensive, and available worldwide, they are promising candidates to help prevent severe illness stemming from SARS-CoV-2 infection and other coronavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Blake Middleton
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel L Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Valledor SJD, Bucheli JEV, Holzapfel WH, Todorov SD. Exploring Beneficial Properties of the Bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium ST10Bz Strain Isolated from Boza, a Bulgarian Cereal-Based Beverage. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101474. [PMID: 32992853 PMCID: PMC7600690 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteriocin-producing strain Enterococcus faecium ST10Bz, isolated from boza, a Bulgarian cereal-based beverage, exhibited strong activity against Listeria strains, vancomycin-resistant and other Enterococcus strains, but not against most of the other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains included in the test panel. Bacteriocin ST10Bz was proven as a stable antimicrobial, even after exposure to various environmental conditions, including varying pH values, temperatures, and commonly used chemicals in industry and laboratory practice. Bacteriocin activity against L. monocytogenes ATCC®15313™ was recorded at 25,600 AU/mL when the producer strain was cultured in MRS broth at 25 °C and 30 °C, and 19,200 AU/mL, when cultured at 37 °C. Additionally, bacteriocin ST10Bz exhibited bactericidal mode of action when added to actively growing cultures of L. monocytogenes ATCC®15313™ and Enterococcus faecalis 200A. E. faecium ST10Bz was susceptible to the antibiotics kanamycin, gentamycin, ampicillin, streptomycin, tylosin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin; with no evidence for vanA, B, C, D, E, or G genes. PCR analysis of DNA from strain ST10Bz generated positive results for presence of some bacterial adhesion genes, including map, mub and ef-tu, as well as the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) production-related gene, gad. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions in single and co-culture with L. monocytogenes ATCC®15313™ and E. faecalis 200A, E. faecium ST10Bz showed a high survival rate and the ability to reduce the viable numbers of the two test strains.
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48
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Johanson DM, Goertz JE, Marin IA, Costello J, Overall CC, Gaultier A. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is associated with changes of the microbiota composition in the gastrointestinal tract. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15183. [PMID: 32938979 PMCID: PMC7494894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is known to be sensitive to changes in the immune system, especially during autoimmune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Our study examines the changes to the gut microbiome that occur during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. We collected fecal samples at key stages of EAE progression and quantified microbial abundances with 16S V3–V4 amplicon sequencing. Our analysis of the data suggests that the abundance of commensal Lactobacillaceae decreases during EAE while other commensal populations belonging to the Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae families expand. Community analysis with microbial co-occurrence networks points to these three expanding taxa as potential mediators of gut microbiome dysbiosis. We also employed PICRUSt2 to impute MetaCyc Enzyme Consortium (EC) pathway abundances from the original microbial abundance data. From this analysis, we found that a number of imputed EC pathways responsible for the production of immunomodulatory compounds appear to be enriched in mice undergoing EAE. Our analysis and interpretation of results provides a detailed picture of the changes to the gut microbiome that are occurring throughout the course of EAE disease progression and helps to evaluate EAE as a viable model for gut dysbiosis in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Johanson
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Jennifer E Goertz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Dept. of Neuroscience, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Ioana A Marin
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Dept. of Neuroscience, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John Costello
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Christopher C Overall
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Myriad Genetics, Inc., San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Yan L, Gong YZ, Shao MN, Ruan GT, Xie HL, Liao XW, Wang XK, Han QF, Zhou X, Zhu LC, Gao F, Gan JL. Distinct diagnostic and prognostic values of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor family genes in patients with colon adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:275-291. [PMID: 32565954 PMCID: PMC7286117 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the significance of GABAA genes in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) were investigated from the view of diagnosis and prognosis. All data were achieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Overall survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression model and the hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval were calculated for computation. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, and the Biological Networks Gene Ontology (BiNGO) softwares were applied to assess the biological processes and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was used for pathway analysis to predict the biological function of GABAA genes. The associated Gene Ontology and KEGG pathways were conducted by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). From receiver operating characteristics curves analysis, it was found that the expression of GABR, γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRB2, GABRB3, GABRG2, GABRG3, GABRD, GABRE were correlated with COAD occurrence [P<0.0001, area under the curve (AUC)>0.7]. The low expression of the GABRB1, GABRD, GABRP and GABRQ in genes after tumor staging adjustment were positively correlated with the overall survival rate [P=0.049, hazard ratio (HR)=1.517, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.001–2.297; P=0.006, HR=1.807, 95% CI=1.180–2.765; P=0.005, HR=1.833, 95% CI=1.196–2.810; P=0.034, HR=1.578, 95% CI=1.036–2.405). GSEA showed enrichment of cell matrix adhesion, integrin binding, angiogenesis, endothelial growth factor and endothelial migration regulation in patients with COAD with GABRD overexpression. GABRB1, GABRD, GABRP and GABRQ were associated with the prognostic factors of COAD. The expression levels of GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRB2, GABRB3, GABRG2, GABRD and GABRE may allow differentiation between tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Zhen Gong
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Nan Shao
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Tian Ruan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Lun Xie
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Wen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Kun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Fa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Li-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Liang Gan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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50
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Stathopoulou C, Nikoleri D, Bertsias G. Immunometabolism: an overview and therapeutic prospects in autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy 2020; 11:813-829. [PMID: 31120393 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a critical immune regulator under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Culminating evidence has disentangled the contribution of distinct metabolic pathways, namely glucolysis, pentose phosphate, fatty acid oxidation, glutaminolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, in modulating innate and adaptive immune cells based on their activation/differentiation state. Metabolic aberrations and changes in the intracellular levels of specific metabolites are linked to the inflammatory phenotype of immune cells implicated in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Notably, targeting metabolism such as the mTOR by rapamycin, hexokinase by 2-deoxy-D-glucose, AMP-activated protein kinase by metformin, may be used to ameliorate autoimmune inflammation. Accordingly, research in immunometabolism is expected to offer novel opportunities for monitoring and treating immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Stathopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital of Heraklion, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity & Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitra Nikoleri
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital of Heraklion, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity & Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Bertsias
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital of Heraklion, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity & Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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