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Buch MH, Mallat Z, Dweck MR, Tarkin JM, O'Regan DP, Ferreira V, Youngstein T, Plein S. Current understanding and management of cardiovascular involvement in rheumatic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:614-634. [PMID: 39232242 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are a spectrum of disorders of overlapping immunopathogenesis, with a prevalence of up to 10% in Western populations and increasing incidence in developing countries. Although targeted treatments have revolutionized the management of rheumatic IMIDs, cardiovascular involvement confers an increased risk of mortality and remains clinically under-recognized. Cardiovascular pathology is diverse across rheumatic IMIDs, ranging from premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) to inflammatory cardiomyopathy, which comprises myocardial microvascular dysfunction, vasculitis, myocarditis and pericarditis, and heart failure. Epidemiological and clinical data imply that rheumatic IMIDs and associated cardiovascular disease share common inflammatory mechanisms. This concept is strengthened by emergent trials that indicate improved cardiovascular outcomes with immune modulators in the general population with ASCVD. However, not all disease-modifying therapies that reduce inflammation in IMIDs such as rheumatoid arthritis demonstrate equally beneficial cardiovascular effects, and the evidence base for treatment of inflammatory cardiomyopathy in patients with rheumatic IMIDs is lacking. Specific diagnostic protocols for the early detection and monitoring of cardiovascular involvement in patients with IMIDs are emerging but are in need of ongoing development. This Review summarizes current concepts on the potentially targetable inflammatory mechanisms of cardiovascular pathology in rheumatic IMIDs and discusses how these concepts can be considered for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular involvement across rheumatic IMIDs, with an emphasis on the potential of cardiovascular imaging for risk stratification, early detection and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya H Buch
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Section of Cardiorespiratory Medicine, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc R Dweck
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Chancellors Building, Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jason M Tarkin
- Section of Cardiorespiratory Medicine, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Declan P O'Regan
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vanessa Ferreira
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Taryn Youngstein
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sven Plein
- Biomedical Imaging Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
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2
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Zhang Q, Xie Y, Tang J, Meng L, Huang E, Liu D, Tong T, Liu Y, Guo Z. Effects of Dietary Chitosan on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Response of Juvenile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) under Cadmium Stress. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2259. [PMID: 39123784 PMCID: PMC11311066 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of varying levels of dietary chitosan supplementation on mitigating cadmium stress and its influence on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, antioxidant capacity, immune response, inflammatory response, and the expression of related genes in juvenile Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Five groups of juvenile tilapias (initial body weight 21.21 ± 0.24 g) were fed five diets with different levels (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) of chitosan supplementation for 60 days under cadmium stress (0.2 mg/L Cd2+). The findings indicated that, compared with the 0% chitosan group, dietary chitosan could significantly increase (p < 0.05) the final weight (Wf), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), daily growth index (DGI), and condition factor (CF), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) expressed the opposite trend in juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly increase (p < 0.05) the activities (contents) of cholinesterase (CHE), albumin (ALB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lysozyme (LZM), while glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and complement 3 (C3) in the serum of juvenile GIFT expressed the opposite trend. Dietary chitosan could significantly increase (p < 0.05) the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the activities (contents) of glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly increase (p < 0.05) the activities (contents) of CAT, GST, GSH-Px, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the contents of MDA in the liver of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly increase (p < 0.05) the activities (contents) of SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC, Na+-K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase and significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the activities (contents) of CAT, GST, and MDA in the gills of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly up-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of cat, sod, gst, and gsh-px in the liver of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly up-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of interferon-γ (inf-γ) in the gills and spleen and significantly down-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of inf-γ in the liver and head kidney of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly down-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of interleukin-6 (il-6), il-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly up-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of il-10 in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT. Dietary chitosan could significantly up-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) in the liver and significantly down-regulate (p < 0.05) the gene expression of tgf-β in the head kidney and spleen of juvenile GIFT. In conclusion, dietary chitosan could mitigate the impact of cadmium stress on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, antioxidant capacity, immune response, inflammatory response, and related gene expression in juvenile GIFT. According to the analysis of second-order polynomial regression, it was found that the optimal dietary chitosan levels in juvenile GIFT was approximately 1.42% to 1.45%, based on its impact on Wf, WGR, SGR, and DGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (L.M.); (E.H.); (D.L.); (T.T.)
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (L.M.); (E.H.); (D.L.); (T.T.)
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Jiaqiong Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (L.M.); (E.H.); (D.L.); (T.T.)
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Liuqing Meng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (L.M.); (E.H.); (D.L.); (T.T.)
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Enhao Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (L.M.); (E.H.); (D.L.); (T.T.)
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (L.M.); (E.H.); (D.L.); (T.T.)
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Tong Tong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (L.M.); (E.H.); (D.L.); (T.T.)
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (L.M.); (E.H.); (D.L.); (T.T.)
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, 158 University Road, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Zhongbao Guo
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Science, 8 Qingshan Road, Nanning 530021, China
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Musigk N, Suwalski P, Golpour A, Fairweather D, Klingel K, Martin P, Frustaci A, Cooper LT, Lüscher TF, Landmesser U, Heidecker B. The inflammatory spectrum of cardiomyopathies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1251780. [PMID: 38464847 PMCID: PMC10921946 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1251780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of the myocardium with various cell types, cytokines and chemokines plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies including inflammatory cardiomyopathies and myocarditis. A more comprehensive understanding of the precise immune mechanisms involved in acute and chronic myocarditis is essential to develop novel therapeutic approaches. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the immune landscape in cardiomyopathies based on etiology. It identifies gaps in our knowledge about cardiac inflammation and emphasizes the need for new translational approaches to improve our understanding thus enabling development of novel early detection methods and more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Musigk
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phillip Suwalski
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ainoosh Golpour
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology Institute for Pathology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pilar Martin
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Leslie T. Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- GZO-Zurich Regional Health Centre, Wetzikon & Cardioimmunology, Centre for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Heidecker
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Di Florio D, Gorelov D, McCabe E, Beetler D, Shapiro K, Bruno K, Chekuri I, Jain A, Whelan E, Salomon G, Khatib S, Bonvie-Hill N, Giresi P, Balamurugan V, Weigel G, Fliess J, Darakjian A, Edenfield B, Kocsis C, McLeod C, Cooper L, Audet-Walsh E, Coronado M, Sin J, Fairweather D. Sex differences in mitochondrial gene expression during viral myocarditis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3716881. [PMID: 38196574 PMCID: PMC10775395 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3716881/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle most often caused by an immune response to viral infections. Sex differences in the immune response during myocarditis have been well described but upstream mechanisms in the heart that might influence sex differences in disease are not completely understood. Methods Male and female BALB/c wild type mice received an intraperitoneal injection of heart-passaged coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) or vehicle control. Bulk-tissue RNA-sequencing was conducted to better understand sex differences in CVB3 myocarditis. We performed enrichment analysis to understand sex differences in the transcriptional landscape of myocarditis and identify candidate transcription factors that might drive sex differences in myocarditis. Results The hearts of male and female mice with myocarditis were significantly enriched for pathways related to an innate and adaptive immune response compared to uninfected controls. When comparing females to males with myocarditis, males were enriched for inflammatory pathways and gene changes that suggested worse mitochondrial transcriptional support (e.g., mitochondrial electron transport genes). In contrast, females were enriched for pathways related to mitochondrial respiration and bioenergetics, which were confirmed by higher transcript levels of master regulators of mitochondrial function including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα). TRANSFAC analysis identified ERRa as a transcription factor that may mediate sex differences in mitochondrial function during myocarditis. Conclusions Master regulators of mitochondrial function were elevated in females with myocarditis compared to males and may promote sex differences in mitochondrial respiratory transcript expression during viral myocarditis resulting in less severe myocarditis in females following viral infection.
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He W, Zhou L, Xu K, Li H, Wang JJ, Chen C, Wang D. Immunopathogenesis and immunomodulatory therapy for myocarditis. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2112-2137. [PMID: 37002488 PMCID: PMC10066028 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory cardiac disease characterized by the destruction of myocardial cells, infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells, and fibrosis, and is becoming a major public health concern. The aetiology of myocarditis continues to broaden as new pathogens and drugs emerge. The relationship between immune checkpoint inhibitors, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, vaccines against coronavirus disease-2019, and myocarditis has attracted increased attention. Immunopathological processes play an important role in the different phases of myocarditis, affecting disease occurrence, development, and prognosis. Excessive immune activation can induce severe myocardial injury and lead to fulminant myocarditis, whereas chronic inflammation can lead to cardiac remodelling and inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. The use of immunosuppressive treatments, particularly cytotoxic agents, for myocarditis, remains controversial. While reasonable and effective immunomodulatory therapy is the general trend. This review focuses on the current understanding of the aetiology and immunopathogenesis of myocarditis and offers new perspectives on immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu He
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - James Jiqi Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - DaoWen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Abstract
Viral infections are a leading cause of myocarditis and pericarditis worldwide, conditions that frequently coexist. Myocarditis and pericarditis were some of the early comorbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Many epidemiologic studies have been conducted since that time concluding that SARS-CoV-2 increased the incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis at least 15× over pre-COVID levels although the condition remains rare. The incidence of myocarditis pre-COVID was reported at 1 to 10 cases/100 000 individuals and with COVID ranging from 150 to 4000 cases/100 000 individuals. Before COVID-19, some vaccines were reported to cause myocarditis and pericarditis in rare cases, but the use of novel mRNA platforms led to a higher number of reported cases than with previous platforms providing new insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms. The incidence of COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis/pericarditis covers a large range depending on the vaccine platform, age, and sex examined. Importantly, the findings highlight that myocarditis occurs predominantly in male patients aged 12 to 40 years regardless of whether the cause was due to a virus-like SARS-CoV-2 or associated with a vaccine-a demographic that has been reported before COVID-19. This review discusses findings from COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis and pericarditis considering the known symptoms, diagnosis, management, treatment, and pathogenesis of disease that has been gleaned from clinical research and animal models. Sex differences in the immune response to COVID-19 are discussed, and theories for how mRNA vaccines could lead to myocarditis/pericarditis are proposed. Additionally, gaps in our understanding that need further research are raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D., L.T.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (D.F.,)
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D.)
| | - Danielle J. Beetler
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D., L.T.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (D.J.B., D.N.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D.)
| | - Damian N. Di Florio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D., L.T.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (D.J.B., D.N.D.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D.)
| | - Nicolas Musigk
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Berlin, Germany (N.M., B.H.)
| | | | - Leslie T. Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.F., D.J.B., D.N.D., L.T.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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Fairweather D, Beetler DJ, Musigk N, Heidecker B, Lyle MA, Cooper LT, Bruno KA. Sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: An update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1129348. [PMID: 36937911 PMCID: PMC10017519 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1129348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade there has been a growing interest in understanding sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and the purpose of this review is to provide an update on this topic including epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Recently, many clinical studies have been conducted examining sex differences in myocarditis. Studies consistently report that myocarditis occurs more often in men than women with a sex ratio ranging from 1:2-4 female to male. Studies reveal that DCM also has a sex ratio of around 1:3 women to men and this is also true for familial/genetic forms of DCM. Animal models have demonstrated that DCM develops after myocarditis in susceptible mouse strains and evidence exists for this progress clinically as well. A consistent finding is that myocarditis occurs primarily in men under 50 years of age, but in women after age 50 or post-menopause. In contrast, DCM typically occurs after age 50, although the age that post-myocarditis DCM occurs has not been investigated. In a small study, more men with myocarditis presented with symptoms of chest pain while women presented with dyspnea. Men with myocarditis have been found to have higher levels of heart failure biomarkers soluble ST2, creatine kinase, myoglobin and T helper 17-associated cytokines while women develop a better regulatory immune response. Studies of the pathogenesis of disease have found that Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 signaling pathways play a central role in increasing inflammation during myocarditis and in promoting remodeling and fibrosis that leads to DCM, and all of these pathways are elevated in males. Management of myocarditis follows heart failure guidelines and there are currently no disease-specific therapies. Research on standard heart failure medications reveal important sex differences. Overall, many advances in our understanding of the effect of biologic sex on myocarditis and DCM have occurred over the past decade, but many gaps in our understanding remain. A better understanding of sex and gender effects are needed to develop disease-targeted and individualized medicine approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Danielle J. Beetler
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Nicolas Musigk
- Department of Cardiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Heidecker
- Department of Cardiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melissa A. Lyle
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Leslie T. Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Katelyn A. Bruno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lu J, Xiong S, Yue Y. Exosome-based delivery of VP1 protein conferred enhanced resistance of mice to CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. Virology 2023; 579:46-53. [PMID: 36603532 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is an important cause of viral myocarditis with no vaccine available in clinic. Herein we constructed an exosome-based anti-CVB3 vaccine (Exo-VP1), and compared its immunogenicity and immunoprotection with our previously reported recombinant VP1 protein (rVP1) vaccine. We found that compared with the 25 μg rVP1 vaccine, Exo-VP1 vaccine containing only 2 μg VP1 protein induced much stronger CVB3-specific T cell proliferation and CTL responses (with an increase of more than 70% and 40% respectively), and elicited greater splenic Th1/CTL associated cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12). Furthermore, higher IgG levels with increased neutralizing titers and avidity were also evidenced in Exo-VP1 group. Consistently, Exo-VP1 group exhibited enhanced resistance to viral myocarditis than rVP1 vaccine, reflected by reduced cardiac viral loads, improved myocardial inflammation and an increased survival rate. Collectively, we reported that Exo-VP1 might present a more potent CVB3 vaccine candidate than rVP1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yan Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Won T, Kalinoski HM, Wood MK, Hughes DM, Jaime CM, Delgado P, Talor MV, Lasrado N, Reddy J, Čiháková D. Cardiac myosin-specific autoimmune T cells contribute to immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111611. [PMID: 36351411 PMCID: PMC11108585 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are an effective therapy for various cancers; however, they can induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs) as a side effect. Myocarditis is an uncommon, but fatal, irAE caused after ICI treatments. Currently, the mechanism of ICI-associated myocarditis is unclear. Here, we show the development of myocarditis in A/J mice induced by anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) administration alone without tumor cell inoculation, immunization, or viral infection. Mice with myocarditis have increased cardiac infiltration, elevated cardiac troponin levels, and arrhythmia. Anti-PD-1 mAb treatment also causes irAEs in other organs. Autoimmune T cells recognizing cardiac myosin are activated and increased in mice with myocarditis. Notably, cardiac myosin-specific T cells are present in naive mice, showing a phenotype of antigen-experienced T cells. Collectively, we establish a clinically relevant mouse model for ICI-associated myocarditis and find a contribution of cardiac myosin-specific T cells to ICI-associated myocarditis development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejoon Won
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hannah M Kalinoski
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Megan K Wood
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David M Hughes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Camille M Jaime
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul Delgado
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Monica V Talor
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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10
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Feng J, Wu Y. Interleukin-35 ameliorates cardiovascular disease by suppressing inflammatory responses and regulating immune homeostasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108938. [PMID: 35759811 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune response is of great significance in the initiation and progression of a diversity of cardiovascular diseases involving pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), a cytokine of the interleukin-12 family, is a novel anti-inflammation and immunosuppressive cytokine, maintaining inflammatory suppression and regulating immune homeostasis. The role of IL-35 in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has aroused enthusiastic attention, a diversity of experimental or clinical evidence has indicated that IL-35 potentially has a pivot role in protecting against cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis and myocarditis. In this review, we initiate an overview of the relationship between Interleukin-35 and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, abdominal aortic aneurysm, heart failure, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, aortic dissection and myocarditis. Although the specific molecular mechanisms entailing the protective effects of IL-35 remain an unsolved issue, targeted therapies with IL-35 might provide a promising and effective solution to prevent and cure cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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11
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Lasrado N, Borcherding N, Arumugam R, Starr TK, Reddy J. Dissecting the cellular landscape and transcriptome network in viral myocarditis by single-cell RNA sequencing. iScience 2022; 25:103865. [PMID: 35243228 PMCID: PMC8861636 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis is commonly employed to study viral pathogenesis in mice. Chronically affected mice may develop dilated cardiomyopathy, which may involve the mediation of immune and nonimmune cells. To dissect this complexity, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on heart cells from healthy and myocarditic mice, leading us to note significant proportions of myeloid cells, T cells, and fibroblasts. Although the transcriptomes of myeloid cells were mainly of M2 phenotype, the Th17 cells, CTLs, and Treg cells had signatures critical for cytotoxic functions. Fibroblasts were heterogeneous expressing genes important in fibrosis and regulation of inflammation and immune responses. The intercellular communication networks revealed unique interactions and signaling pathways in the cardiac cellulome, whereas myeloid cells and T cells had upregulated unique transcription factors modulating cardiac remodeling functions. Together, our data suggest that M2 cells, T cells, and fibroblasts may cooperatively or independently participate in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Rajkumar Arumugam
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Timothy K. Starr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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12
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Lanahan MR, Maples RW, Pfeiffer JK. Tradeoffs for a viral mutant with enhanced replication speed. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2105288118. [PMID: 34282021 PMCID: PMC8325337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105288118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses exist as genetically heterogeneous populations due to high mutation rates, and many of these mutations reduce fitness and/or replication speed. However, it is unknown whether mutations can increase replication speed of a virus already well adapted to replication in cultured cells. By sequentially passaging coxsackievirus B3 in cultured cells and collecting the very earliest progeny, we selected for increased replication speed. We found that a single mutation in a viral capsid protein, VP1-F106L, was sufficient for the fast-replication phenotype. Characterization of this mutant revealed quicker genome release during entry compared to wild-type virus, highlighting a previously unappreciated infection barrier. However, this mutation also reduced capsid stability in vitro and reduced replication and pathogenesis in mice. These results reveal a tradeoff between overall replication speed and fitness. Importantly, this approach-selecting for the earliest viral progeny-could be applied to a variety of viral systems and has the potential to reveal unanticipated inefficiencies in viral replication cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lanahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
| | - Robert W Maples
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
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13
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Sex Differences, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112289. [PMID: 34070351 PMCID: PMC8197492 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by dilatation of the left ventricle and impaired systolic function and is the second most common cause of heart failure after coronary heart disease. The etiology of DCM is diverse including genetic pathogenic variants, infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, exposure to chemicals/toxins as well as endocrine and neuromuscular causes. DCM is inherited in 20–50% of cases where more than 30 genes have been implicated in the development of DCM with pathogenic variants in TTN (Titin) most frequently associated with disease. Even though male sex is a risk factor for heart failure, few studies have examined sex differences in the pathogenesis of DCM. We searched the literature for studies examining idiopathic or familial/genetic DCM that reported data by sex in order to determine the sex ratio of disease. We found 31 studies that reported data by sex for non-genetic DCM with an average overall sex ratio of 2.5:1 male to female and 7 studies for familial/genetic DCM with an overall average sex ratio of 1.7:1 male to female. No manuscripts that we found had more females than males in their studies. We describe basic and clinical research findings that may explain the increase in DCM in males over females based on sex differences in basic physiology and the immune and fibrotic response to damage caused by mutations, infections, chemotherapy agents and autoimmune responses.
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14
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Liu X, Zhang J, Zeigler AC, Nelson AR, Lindsey ML, Saucerman JJ. Network Analysis Reveals a Distinct Axis of Macrophage Activation in Response to Conflicting Inflammatory Cues. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:883-891. [PMID: 33408259 PMCID: PMC7854506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are subject to a wide range of cytokine and pathogen signals in vivo, which contribute to differential activation and modulation of inflammation. Understanding the response to multiple, often-conflicting cues that macrophages experience requires a network perspective. In this study, we integrate data from literature curation and mRNA expression profiles obtained from wild type C57/BL6J mice macrophages to develop a large-scale computational model of the macrophage signaling network. In response to stimulation across all pairs of nine cytokine inputs, the model predicted activation along the classic M1-M2 polarization axis but also a second axis of macrophage activation that distinguishes unstimulated macrophages from a mixed phenotype induced by conflicting cues. Along this second axis, combinations of conflicting stimuli, IL-4 with LPS, IFN-γ, IFN-β, or TNF-α, produced mutual inhibition of several signaling pathways, e.g., NF-κB and STAT6, but also mutual activation of the PI3K signaling module. In response to combined IFN-γ and IL-4, the model predicted genes whose expression was mutually inhibited, e.g., iNOS or Nos2 and Arg1, or mutually enhanced, e.g., Il4rα and Socs1, validated by independent experimental data. Knockdown simulations further predicted network mechanisms underlying functional cross-talk, such as mutual STAT3/STAT6-mediated enhancement of Il4rα expression. In summary, the computational model predicts that network cross-talk mediates a broadened spectrum of macrophage activation in response to mixed pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine cues, making it useful for modeling in vivo scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaji Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Angela C Zeigler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Anders R Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
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15
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Daba TM, Zhao Y, Pan Z. Advancement of Mechanisms of Coxsackie Virus B3-Induced Myocarditis Pathogenesis and the Potential Therapeutic Targets. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1461-1473. [PMID: 31215390 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190618124722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is a cardiac disease caused by Group B Coxsackie virus of Enterovirus genus in the Picorna viridae family. It causes heart failure in children, young and adults. Ten Percent (10%) of acute heart failure and 12% of sudden deaths in young and adults who are less than 40 years is due to this viral myocarditis. If treatment action is not taken earlier, the viral disease can develop into chronic myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy which lead to congestive heart failure. And these eventually result in a reduced cardiac function which finally brings the victim to death. The only treatment option of the disease is heart transplantation once the acute stage of disease develops to chronic and Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Currently, there is a limitation in daily clinical treatments and even some available treatment options are ineffective. Therefore, focusing on search for treatment options through investigation is imperative. Recent studies have reported that biological molecules show a promising role. But their mechanism of pathogenesis is still unclear. A detailed study on identifying the role of biological molecules involved in Coxsackie B3 virus induced myocarditis and their mechanisms of pathogenesis; compiling and disseminating the findings of the investigation to the scientific communities contribute one step forward to the solution. Therefore, this review is aimed at compiling information from findings of current studies on the potential therapeutic role of micro RNA, cytokines and chemokines on the mechanism of pathogenesis of Coxsackie virus B3- induced myocarditis to give brief information for scholars to conduct a detailed study in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolessa Muleta Daba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenwei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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16
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Sun C, Zhang X, Yu Y, Li Z, Xie Y. CARD9 mediates T cell inflammatory response in Coxsackievirus B3-induced acute myocarditis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2020; 49:107261. [PMID: 32771878 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac inflammation in Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis is a consequence of viral-related cardiac injury and immune response. Caspase-associated recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) is a critical adaptor protein involved in transduction of signals from various innate pattern recognition receptors. In this study, the role of CARD9 in acute viral myocarditis was evaluated. CARD9-/- and C57BL/6 mice were infected with CVB3. On day 7 postinfection, myocardial tissue and blood samples were collected and examined. After CARD9 knockout, mRNA and protein levels of transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β), interleukin-17A(IL-17A), and CARD domain of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10(BCL-10) in the myocardium were markedly lower in CARD9-/- mice than in C57BL/6 mice with CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. This trend was similar for the pathological scores for inflammation and serum levels of cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-10(IL-10), interferon -γ(IFN-γ), TGF-β, and IL-17A. These results suggest that the CARD9-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines plays an important role in the immune response to acute viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Kunshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhengdong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuquan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Lasrado N, Yalaka B, Reddy J. Triggers of Inflammatory Heart Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:192. [PMID: 32266270 PMCID: PMC7105865 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory heart disease (IHD) is a group of diseases that includes pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis. Although males appear to be more commonly affected than females, IHD can be seen in any age group. While the disease can be self-limiting leading to full recovery, affected individuals can develop chronic disease, suggesting that identification of primary triggers is critical for successful therapies. Adding to this complexity, however, is the fact that IHD can be triggered by a variety of infectious and non-infectious causes that can also occur as secondary events to primary insults. In this review, we discuss the immunological insights into the development of IHD as well as a mechanistic understanding of the disease process in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Bharathi Yalaka
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Bristol-Myers Squibb – Hopewell, Pennington, NJ, United States
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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18
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Ye J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu L, Yang Z, Wang M, Xu Y, Ye D, Zhang J, Lin Y, Ji Q, Wan J. Roles and Mechanisms of Interleukin-12 Family Members in Cardiovascular Diseases: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:129. [PMID: 32194399 PMCID: PMC7064549 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent a complex group of clinical syndromes caused by a variety of interacting pathological factors. They include the most extensive disease population and rank first in all-cause mortality worldwide. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that cytokines play critical roles in the presence and development of cardiovascular diseases. Interleukin-12 family members, including IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35, are a class of cytokines that regulate a variety of biological effects; they are closely related to the progression of various cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, aortic dissection, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, and acute cardiac injury. This paper mainly discusses the role of IL-12 family members in cardiovascular diseases, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms potentially involved in their action in order to identify possible intervention targets for the prevention and clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Zicong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jishou Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingzhong Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Sharma N, Dev R, Belenchia AM, Aroor AR, Whaley-Connell A, Pulakat L, Hans CP. Deficiency of IL12p40 (Interleukin 12 p40) Promotes Ang II (Angiotensin II)-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:212-223. [PMID: 30580570 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Abdominal aortic aneurysm is caused by the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the aortic wall. Our recent studies demonstrated that inhibition of Notch signaling attenuates abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by shifting the macrophage balance towards anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Using IL12p40-/- (interleukin 12 p40) mice, we investigated the effects of M2-predominant macrophages on the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Approach and Results- Male (8-10 week-old) wild-type and IL12p40-/- mice (n=15) on C57BL/6 background were infused with Ang II (angiotensin II, 1000 ng/kg per minute) by implanting osmotic pumps subcutaneously for 28 days. In the IL12p40-/- mice, Ang II significantly increased the maximal intraluminal diameter (9/15) as determined by transabdominal ultrasound imaging. In addition, IL12p40-deletion significantly increased aortic stiffness in response to Ang II as measured by pulse wave velocity and atomic force microscopy. Histologically, IL12p40-/- mice exhibited increased maximal external diameter of aorta and aortic lesions associated with collagen deposition and increased elastin fragmentation compared with wild-type mice infused with Ang II. Mechanistically, IL12p40 deficiency by siRNA (small interfering RNA) augmented the Tgfβ2-mediated Mmp2 expression in wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophages without affecting the expression of Mmp9. No such effects of IL12p40 deficiency on MMP2/MMP9 was observed in human aortic smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts. Depletion of macrophages in IL12p40-/- mice by clodronate liposomes significantly decreased the maximal external diameter of aorta and aortic stiffness in response to Ang II as determined by imaging and atomic force microscopy. Conclusions- IL12p40 depletion promotes the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm, in part, by facilitating recruitment of M2-like macrophages and potentiating aortic stiffness and fibrosis mediated by Tgfβ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neekun Sharma
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.S., R.D., A.M.B., L.P., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (N.S., R.D., A.M.B., L.P., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Rishabh Dev
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.S., R.D., A.M.B., L.P., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (N.S., R.D., A.M.B., L.P., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Anthony M Belenchia
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.S., R.D., A.M.B., L.P., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (N.S., R.D., A.M.B., L.P., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (A.R.A., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Adam Whaley-Connell
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital (A.W.-C.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.S., R.D., A.M.B., L.P., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (N.S., R.D., A.M.B., L.P., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Chetan P Hans
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.S., R.D., A.M.B., L.P., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (A.R.A., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (N.S., R.D., A.M.B., L.P., C.P.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia
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20
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Françozo MCS, Costa FRC, Guerra-Gomes IC, Silva JS, Sesti-Costa R. Dendritic cells and regulatory T cells expressing CCR4 provide resistance to coxsackievirus B5-induced pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14766. [PMID: 31611578 PMCID: PMC6791842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are enteroviruses responsible for a common infectious myocarditis and pancreatitis. DCs and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key players in controlling virus replication and regulating the immune response and tissue damage, respectively. However, the mechanisms underlying cellular migration to target tissues remain unclear. In the present study, we found that CVB5 infection induced CCL17 production and controlled the migration of CCR4+ DCs and CCR4+ Tregs to the pancreatic lymph nodes (pLN). CVB5 infection of CCR4-/- mice reduced the migration of the CD8α+ DC subset and reduced DC activation and production of IFN-β and IL-12. Consequently, CCR4-/- mice presented decreased IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, an increased viral load and more severe pancreatitis. In addition, CCR4-/- mice had impaired Treg accumulation in pLN as well as increased T lymphocyte activation. Adoptive transfer of CCR4+ Tregs but not CCR4- Tregs was able to regulate T lymphocyte activation upon CVB5 infection. The present data reveal a previously unknown role for CCR4 in coordinating immune cell migration to CVB-infected tissues and in controlling subsequent pancreatitis. These new insights may contribute to the design of future therapies for acute and chronic infection of non-polio enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederico R C Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel C Guerra-Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Fiocruz- Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Project, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renata Sesti-Costa
- Hematology Center, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M. Cardioimmunology: the immune system in cardiac homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:733-744. [PMID: 30228378 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have generated growing recognition that the immune system makes an important contribution to cardiac development, composition and function. Immune cells infiltrate the heart at gestation and remain in the myocardium, where they participate in essential housekeeping functions throughout life. After myocardial infarction or in response to infection, large numbers of immune cells are recruited to the heart to remove dying tissue, scavenge pathogens and promote healing. Under some circumstances, immune cells can cause irreversible damage, contributing to heart failure. This Review focuses on the role of the immune system in the heart under both homeostatic and perturbed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Błyszczuk P. Myocarditis in Humans and in Experimental Animal Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:64. [PMID: 31157241 PMCID: PMC6532015 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is defined as an inflammation of the cardiac muscle. In humans, various infectious and non-infectious triggers induce myocarditis with a broad spectrum of histological presentations and clinical symptoms of the disease. Myocarditis often resolves spontaneously, but some patients develop heart failure and require organ transplantation. The need to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammatory heart diseases led to the development of mouse models for experimental myocarditis. It has been shown that pathogenic agents inducing myocarditis in humans can often trigger the disease in mice. Due to multiple etiologies of inflammatory heart diseases in humans, a number of different experimental approaches have been developed to induce myocarditis in mice. Accordingly, experimental myocarditis in mice can be induced by infection with cardiotropic agents, such as coxsackievirus B3 and protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi or by activating autoimmune responses against heart-specific antigens. In certain models, myocarditis is followed by the phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy and the end stage of heart failure. This review describes the most commonly used mouse models of experimental myocarditis with a focus on the role of the innate and adaptive immune systems in induction and progression of the disease. The review discusses also advantages and limitations of individual mouse models in the context of the clinical manifestation and the course of the disease in humans. Finally, animal-free alternatives in myocarditis research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.,Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Blanton RM, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Alcaide P. T-cell recruitment to the heart: friendly guests or unwelcome visitors? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H124-H140. [PMID: 31074651 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00028.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial inflammation can lead to lethal acute or chronic heart failure (HF). T lymphocytes (T cells), have been reported in the inflamed heart in different etiologies of HF, and more recent studies support that different T-cell subsets play distinct roles in the heart depending on the inflammation-triggering event. T cells follow sequential steps to extravasate into tissues, but their specific recruitment to the heart is determined by several factors. These include differences in T-cell responsiveness to specific chemokines in the heart environment, as well as differences in the expression of adhesion molecules in response to distinct stimuli, which regulate T-cell recruitment to the heart and have consequences in cardiac remodeling and function. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the role T cells play in the heart, including its critical role for host defense to virus and myocardial healing postischemia, and its pathogenic role in chronic ischemic and nonischemic HF. We discuss a variety of mechanisms that contribute to the inflammatory damage to the heart, as well as regulatory mechanisms that limit the magnitude of T-cell-mediated inflammation. We also highlight areas in which further research is needed to understand the role T cells play in the heart and distinguish the findings reported in experimental animal models and how they may translate to clinical observations in the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Blanton
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Pilar Alcaide
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Huang Y, Hu H, Liu L, Ye J, Wang Z, Que B, Liu W, Shi Y, Zeng T, Shi L, Ji Q, Chang C, Lin Y. Interleukin-12p35 Deficiency Reverses the Th1/Th2 Imbalance, Aggravates the Th17/Treg Imbalance, and Ameliorates Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3152040. [PMID: 31093011 PMCID: PMC6481022 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3152040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin- (IL-) 35, a novel functional cytokine of regulatory T cells (Treg) comprised of the IL-12p35 subunit and the other subunit Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3), regulates the activity of CD4+ T cells and macrophages, thereby playing a critical role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that both recombinant mice and human IL-35 attenuated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Additionally, EBI3 deficiency enhanced the activation of macrophages and increased atherosclerotic lesions in LDLR-/- mice. This study generated double-deficient mice for ApoE and IL-12p35 (ApoE-/- IL-12p35-/- mice) and investigated the effect of IL-12p35 deficiency on atherosclerosis. IL-12p35 deficiency alleviated Th1/Th2 imbalance, aggravated Th17/Treg imbalance, and attenuated atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice. Additionally, exogenous rIL-35 treatment reversed the imbalance of Th17/Treg and attenuated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. These findings suggest that IL-12p35 deficiency ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice, partially, via attenuating the Th1/Th2 imbalance, although IL-12p35 deficiency aggravates the Th17/Treg imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Haiying Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Handan First Hospital, Handan 056002, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Bin Que
- Emergency & Critical Care Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Handan First Hospital, Handan 056002, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Emergency & Critical Care Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Handan First Hospital, Handan 056002, China
| | - Yingzhong Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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25
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Zhang J, Schmidt CJ, Lamont SJ. Distinct genes and pathways associated with transcriptome differences in early cardiac development between fast- and slow-growing broilers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207715. [PMID: 30517173 PMCID: PMC6281182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern fast-growing broilers are susceptible to cardiac dysfunctions because their relatively small hearts cannot adequately meet the increased need of pumping blood through a large body mass. To improve cardiac health in broilers through breeding, we need to identify the genes and pathways that contribute to imbalanced cardiac development and occurrence of heart dysfunction. Two broiler lines–Ross 708 and Illinois–were included in this study as models of modern fast-growing and heritage slow-growing broilers, respectively. The left ventricular transcriptome were compared between the two broiler lines at day 6 and 21 post hatch through RNA-seq analysis to identify genes and pathways regulating compromised cardiac development in modern broilers. Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs, p<0.05) between the two broiler lines increased from 321 at day 6 to 819 at day 21. As the birds grew, Ross broilers showed more DEGs (n = 1879) than Illinois broilers (n = 1117). Both broilers showed significant change of muscle related genes and immune genes, but Ross broilers showed remarkable change of expression of several lipid transporter genes including APOA4, APOB, APOH, FABP4 and RBP7. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) suggested that increased cell apoptosis and inhibited cell cycle due to increased lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress may be related to the increased cardiac dysfunctions in fast-growing broilers. Cell cycle regulatory pathways like “Mitotic Roles of Polo-like Kinases” are ranked as the top changed pathways related to the cell apoptosis. These findings provide further insight into the cardiac dysfunction in modern broilers and also potential targets for improvement of their cardiac health through breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Carl J. Schmidt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Susan J. Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Rivadeneyra L, Charó N, Kviatcovsky D, de la Barrera S, Gómez RM, Schattner M. Role of neutrophils in CVB3 infection and viral myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 125:149-161. [PMID: 30393107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a globally prevalent enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family that is frequently associated with viral myocarditis (VM). Neutrophils, as first responders, may be key cells in determining viral disease outcomes; however, neutrophils have been poorly studied with respect to viral infection. Although neutrophils have been ascribed a relevant role in early cardiac inflammation, their precise role in CVB3 infection has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we aimed to determine if the interaction between human neutrophils and CVB3 could lead to viral replication and/or modulation of neutrophil survival and biological functions, and whether neutrophil depletion in a murine model has a beneficial or harmful effect on CVB3 infection. Our results show that CVB3 interacted with but did not replicate in human neutrophils. Neutrophils recognized CVB3 mainly through endosomal TLR-8, and infection triggered NFκB activation. Virus internalization resulted in increased cell survival, up-regulation of CD11b, enhanced adhesion to fibrinogen and fibronectin, and the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8. Supernatants from infected neutrophils exerted chemotactic activity partly mediated by IL-8. The infected neutrophils released myeloperoxidase and triggered neutrophil extracellular trap formation in the presence of TNF-α. In mice infected with CVB3, viral RNA was detected in neutrophils as well as in mononuclear cells. After neutrophil depletion, mice showed reduced VM reflected by a reduction in viral titers, cell exudates, and CCL-2 mRNA levels, as well as the abrogation of reactive cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Our results indicate that neutrophils have relevant direct and indirect roles in the pathogenesis of CVB3-induced VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Rivadeneyra
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Nancy Charó
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Denise Kviatcovsky
- Laboratory of Immunology of Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia de la Barrera
- Laboratory of Immunology of Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo Martín Gómez
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Institute, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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27
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Xu D, Wang P, Yang J, Qian Q, Li M, Wei L, Xu W. Gr-1+ Cells Other Than Ly6G+ Neutrophils Limit Virus Replication and Promote Myocardial Inflammation and Fibrosis Following Coxsackievirus B3 Infection of Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:157. [PMID: 29868513 PMCID: PMC5962688 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the primary cause of viral myocarditis. An early and abundant neutrophil accumulation in the myocardium is a hallmark of early CVB3 infection. Yet the relative contribution of neutrophils to host susceptibility to CVB3 myocarditis remains largely unknown. Herein, peripheral neutrophil depletion was implemented in a BALB/c mouse model of acute CVB3 myocarditis using the specific 1A-8 (anti-Ly6G) or a RB6-8C5 (anti-Gr-1) mAb covering a wide range. Anti-Ly6G treatment led to systemic neutropenia throughout the disease, but did not alter virus replication, disease susceptibility and histopathological changes in the heart and pancreas of mice. In contrast, depletion of both neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages by anti-Gr-1 mAb prior to and after infection significantly promoted susceptibility of mice to CVB3 infection which was associated with exacerbated cardiac and pancreatic viral load. However, depletion of Gr1+ cells significantly suppressed acute myocarditis and pancreatic acini destruction at day 7 post infection via reducing Ly6Chigh monocyte population in the circulation. Additionally, cardiac interstitial fibrosis was not affected by neutrophil depletion, whereas Gr-1+ cells other than neutrophils increased cardiac fibrosis at day 21 p.i. by increasing cardiac expression of profibrotic cytokine TNF-α and TGF-β. Thus, Neutrophil function is most likely not essential for CVB3 control and peripheral neutrophils play dispensable role in the pathogenesis of acute myocarditis and pancreatitis during CVB3 infection. Whereas Gr-1+ cells other than neutrophils play a major role in limiting viral replication while promoting myocardial and pancreatic inflammatory injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Peijie Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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28
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Sesti-Costa R, Françozo MCS, Silva GK, Proenca-Modena JL, Silva JS. TLR3 is required for survival following Coxsackievirus B3 infection by driving T lymphocyte activation and polarization: The role of dendritic cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185819. [PMID: 28973047 PMCID: PMC5626506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type B coxsackievirus (CVB) is a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, meningitis and pancreatitis, often leading to heart failure and pancreatic deficiency. The polarization of CD4+ T lymphocytes and their cytokine milieu are key factors in the outcome of CVB-induced diseases. Thus, sensing the virus and driving the adaptive immune response are essential for the establishment of a protective immune response. TLR3 is a crucial virus recognition receptor that confers the host with resistance to CVB infection. In the current study, we found that TLR3 expression in dendritic cells plays a role in their activation upon CVB3 infection in vitro, as TLR3-deficient dendritic cells up-regulate CD80 and CD86 to a less degree than WT cells. Instead, they up-regulated the inhibitory molecule PD-L1 and secreted considerably lower levels of TNF-α and IL-10 and a higher level of IL-23. T lymphocyte proliferation in co-culture with CVB3-infected dendritic cells was increased by TLR3-expressing DCs and other cells. Furthermore, in the absence of TLR3, the T lymphocyte response was shifted toward a Th17 profile, which was previously reported to be deleterious for the host. TLR3-deficient mice were very susceptible to CVB3 infection, with increased pancreatic injury and extensive inflammatory infiltrate in the heart that was associated with uncontrolled viral replication. Adoptive transfer of TLR3+ dendritic cells slightly improved the survival of TLR-deficient mice following CVB3 infection. Therefore, our findings highlight the importance of TLR3 signaling in DCs and in other cells to induce activation and polarization of the CD4+ T lymphocyte response toward a Th1 profile and consequently for a better outcome of CVB3 infection. These data provide new insight into the immune-mediated mechanisms by which CVBs are recognized and cleared in order to prevent the development of myocarditis and pancreatitis and may contribute to the design of therapies for enteroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sesti-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristina Santiago Françozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Grace Kelly Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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29
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Steinhoff G, Nesteruk J, Wolfien M, Große J, Ruch U, Vasudevan P, Müller P. Stem cells and heart disease - Brake or accelerator? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:2-24. [PMID: 29054357 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After two decades of intensive research and attempts of clinical translation, stem cell based therapies for cardiac diseases are not getting closer to clinical success. This review tries to unravel the obstacles and focuses on underlying mechanisms as the target for regenerative therapies. At present, the principal outcome in clinical therapy does not reflect experimental evidence. It seems that the scientific obstacle is a lack of integration of knowledge from tissue repair and disease mechanisms. Recent insights from clinical trials delineate mechanisms of stem cell dysfunction and gene defects in repair mechanisms as cause of atherosclerosis and heart disease. These findings require a redirection of current practice of stem cell therapy and a reset using more detailed analysis of stem cell function interfering with disease mechanisms. To accelerate scientific development the authors suggest intensifying unified computational data analysis and shared data knowledge by using open-access data platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Steinhoff
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Julia Nesteruk
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Markus Wolfien
- University Rostock, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Ulmenstraße 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Jana Große
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Ruch
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Praveen Vasudevan
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Paula Müller
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
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30
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Basavalingappa RH, Massilamany C, Krishnan B, Gangaplara A, Kang G, Khalilzad-Sharghi V, Han Z, Othman S, Li Q, Riethoven JJ, Sobel RA, Steffen D, Reddy J. Identification of an Epitope from Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1 That Induces Inflammation in Heart in A/J Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 186:3160-3175. [PMID: 27876151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure, a leading cause of death in humans, can emanate from myocarditis. Although most individuals with myocarditis recover spontaneously, some develop chronic dilated cardiomyopathy. Myocarditis may result from both infectious and noninfectious causes, including autoimmune responses to cardiac antigens. In support of this notion, intracellular cardiac antigens, like cardiac myosin heavy chain-α, cardiac troponin-I, and adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1), have been identified as autoantigens in cardiac autoimmunity. Herein, we demonstrate that ANT1 can induce autoimmune myocarditis in A/J mice by generating autoreactive T cells. We show that ANT1 encompasses multiple immunodominant epitopes (namely, ANT1 21-40, ANT1 31-50, ANT1 171-190, and ANT1 181-200). Although all four peptides induce comparable T-cell responses, only ANT1 21-40 was found to be a major myocarditogenic epitope in immunized animals. The myocarditis-inducing ability of ANT1 21-40 was associated with the generation of T cells producing predominantly IL-17A, and the antigen-sensitized T cells could transfer the disease to naïve recipients. These data indicate that cardiac mitochondrial proteins can be target autoantigens in myocarditis, supporting the notion that the antigens released as a result of primary damage may contribute to the persistence of chronic inflammation through autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh H Basavalingappa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | - Bharathi Krishnan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Guobin Kang
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Vahid Khalilzad-Sharghi
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Zhongji Han
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Shadi Othman
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | - Raymond A Sobel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - David Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
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31
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Zhang M, Dong C, Xiong S. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Vectored Multi-Antigen Tuberculosis Vaccine Limits Bacterial Proliferation in Mice following a Single Intranasal Dose. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:34. [PMID: 28224119 PMCID: PMC5293745 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious health problem worldwide, and an urgent need exists to improve or replace the available vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Most vaccination protocols adapt two or three doses to induce long-term lasting immunity. Our previous study showed that the naked DNA encoding the triple-antigen fusion TFP846 (Rv3615c-Mtb10.4-Rv2660c) induced robust T cellular immune responses accompanying four inoculations against mycobacteria infection. However, a number of compliance issues exist in some areas lacking the appropriate medical infrastructure with multiple administrations. In this study, a novel vesicular stomatitis virus expressing TFP846 (VSV-846) was developed and the immune responses elicited by VSV-846 were evaluated. We observed that intranasal delivery of VSV-846 induced a potent antigen-specific T cell response following a single dose and VSV-846 efficiently controlled bacterial growth to levels ~10-fold lower than that observed in the mock group 6 weeks post-infection in BCG-infected mice. Importantly, mice immunized with VSV-846 provided long-term protection against mycobacteria infection compared with those receiving p846 or BCG immunization. Increased memory T cells were also observed in the spleens of VSV-846-vaccinated mice, which could be a potential mechanism associated with long-term protective immune response. These findings supported the use of VSV as an antigen delivery vector with the potential for TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Suzhou, China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Suzhou, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Suzhou, China
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Li-Sha G, Xing-Xing C, Lian-Pin W, De-Pu Z, Xiao-Wei L, Jia-Feng L, Yue-Chun L. Right Cervical Vagotomy Aggravates Viral Myocarditis in Mice Via the Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:25. [PMID: 28197102 PMCID: PMC5281590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system dysfunction with increased sympathetic activity and withdrawal of vagal activity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. The vagus nerve can modulate the immune response and control inflammation through a ‘cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway’ dependent on the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Although the role of β-adrenergic stimulation on viral myocarditis has been investigated in our pervious studies, the direct effect of vagal tone in this setting has not been yet studied. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of cervical vagotomy in a murine model of viral myocarditis. In a coxsackievirus B3 murine myocarditis model (Balb/c), effects of right cervical vagotomy and nAChR agonist nicotine on echocardiography, myocardial histopathology, viral RNA, and proinflammatory cytokine levels were studied. We found that right cervical vagotomy inhibited the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, aggravated myocardial lesions, up-regulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and worsened the impaired left ventricular function in murine viral myocarditis, and these changes were reversed by co-treatment with nicotine by activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. These results indicate that vagal nerve plays an important role in mediating the anti-inflammatory effect in viral myocarditis, and that cholinergic stimulation with nicotine also plays its peripheral anti-inflammatory role relying on α7nAChR, without requirement for the integrity of vagal nerve in the model. The findings suggest that vagus nerve stimulation mediated inhibition of the inflammatory processes likely provide important benefits in myocarditis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li-Sha
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Chen Xing-Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Wu Lian-Pin
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhou De-Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Xiao-Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin Jia-Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Yue-Chun
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
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Hallowell RW, Collins SL, Craig JM, Zhang Y, Oh M, Illei PB, Chan-Li Y, Vigeland CL, Mitzner W, Scott AL, Powell JD, Horton MR. mTORC2 signalling regulates M2 macrophage differentiation in response to helminth infection and adaptive thermogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14208. [PMID: 28128208 PMCID: PMC5290163 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) have an important function in innate immune responses to parasitic helminths, and emerging evidence also indicates these cells are regulators of systemic metabolism. Here we show a critical role for mTORC2 signalling in the generation of M2 macrophages. Abrogation of mTORC2 signalling in macrophages by selective conditional deletion of the adaptor molecule Rictor inhibits the generation of M2 macrophages while leaving the generation of classically activated macrophages (M1) intact. Selective deletion of Rictor in macrophages prevents M2 differentiation and clearance of a parasitic helminth infection in mice, and also abrogates the ability of mice to regulate brown fat and maintain core body temperature. Our findings define a role for mTORC2 in macrophages in integrating signals from the immune microenvironment to promote innate type 2 immunity, and also to integrate systemic metabolic and thermogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. W. Hallowell
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brooklyn Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - S. L. Collins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - J. M. Craig
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 650 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - M. Oh
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - P. B. Illei
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Y. Chan-Li
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - C. L. Vigeland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - W. Mitzner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 650 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - A. L. Scott
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 650 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - J. D. Powell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - M. R. Horton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Bracamonte-Baran W, Čiháková D. Cardiac Autoimmunity: Myocarditis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1003:187-221. [PMID: 28667560 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis is the inflammation of the muscle tissues of the heart (myocardium). After a pathologic cardiac-specific inflammatory process, it may progress to chronic damage and dilated cardiomyopathy. The latter is characterized by systolic dysfunction, whose clinical correlate is heart failure. Nevertheless, other acute complications may arise as consequence of tissue damage and electrophysiologic disturbances. Different etiologies are involved in triggering myocarditis. In some cases, such as giant cell myocarditis or eosinophilic necrotizing myocarditis, it is an autoimmune process. Several factors predispose the development of autoimmune myocarditis such as systemic/local primary autoimmunity, viral infection, HLA and gender bias, exposure of cryptic antigens, mimicry, and deficient thymic training/Treg induction. Once the anti-myocardium autoimmune process is triggered, several components of the immune response orchestrate a sustained attack toward myocardial tissues with particular timing and immunopathogenic features. Innate response mediated by monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils parallels the adaptive response, playing a final effector role and not only a priming function. Stromal cells like fibroblast are also involved in the process through specific cytokines. Furthermore, adaptive T cell responses have anti-paradigmatic features, as Th17 response is dispensable for acute myocarditis but is the main driver of the process leading to dilated cardiomyopathy. Humoral response, thought to be a bystander, is important in the appearance of late-stage hemodynamic complications. The complexity of that process, as well as the unspecific and variable clinical presentation, had generated difficulties for diagnosis and treatment, which remain suboptimal. In this chapter, we will discuss the most relevant immunopathogenic findings from a basic science and clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bracamonte-Baran
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Wan F, Yan K, Xu D, Qian Q, Liu H, Li M, Xu W. Vγ1 +γδT, early cardiac infiltrated innate population dominantly producing IL-4, protect mice against CVB3 myocarditis by modulating IFNγ + T response. Mol Immunol 2016; 81:16-25. [PMID: 27886550 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VMC) is an inflammation of the myocardium closely associated with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. Vγ1+γδT cells, one of early cardiac infiltrated innate population, were reported to protect CVB3 myocarditis while the precise mechanism not fully addressed. To explore cytokine profiles and kinetics of Vγ1+γδT and mechanism of protection against VMC, flow cytometry was conducted on cardiac Vγ1 cells in C57BL/6 mice following CVB3 infection. The level of cardiac inflammation, transthoracic echocardiography and viral replication were evaluated after monoclonal antibody depletion of Vγ1γδT. We found that Vγ1+γδT cells infiltration peaked in the heart at day3 post CVB3 infection and constituted a minor source of IFN-γ but major producers for early IL-4. Vγ1γδT cells were activated earlier holding a higher IL-4-producing efficiency than CD4+Th cells in the heart. Depletion of Vγ1+γδT resulted in a significantly exacerbated cardiac infiltration, increased T, macrophage and neutrophil population in heart homogenates and worse cardiomyopathy; which was accompanied by a significant expansion of peripheral IFNγ+CD4+ and CD8+T cells. Neutralization of IL-4 in mice resulted in an exacerbated acute myocarditis confirming the IL-4-mediated protective mechanism of Vγ1. Our findings identify a unique property of Vγ1+γδT cells as one dominant early producers of IL-4 upon CVB3 acute infection which is a key mediator to protect mice against acute myocarditis by modulating IFNγ-secreting T response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kepeng Yan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Qian
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Janus effects of ADAR1 on CVB3-induced viral myocarditis at different infection stages. Int J Cardiol 2016; 223:898-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
As a greater proportion of patients survive their initial cardiac insult, medical systems worldwide are being faced with an ever-growing need to understand the mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (HF). There is a wealth of information about the role of inflammatory cells and pathways during acute injury and the reparative processes that are subsequently activated. We discuss the different causes that lead to chronic HF development and how the sum of initial inflammatory and reparative responses only sets the trajectory for disease progression. Unfortunately, comparatively little is known about the contribution of the immune system once the trajectory has been set, and chronic HF has been established—which clinically represents the majority of patients. It is known that chronic HF is associated with circulating inflammatory cytokines that can predict clinical outcomes, yet the causative role inflammation plays in disease progression is not well defined, and the majority of clinical trials that target aspects of inflammation in patients with chronic HF have largely been negative. This review will present what is currently known about inflammation in chronic HF in both humans and animal models as a means to highlight the gap in our knowledge base that requires further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Dick
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.A.D, S.E.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E); Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.A.D, S.E.); and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.A.D, S.E.)
| | - Slava Epelman
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.A.D, S.E.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E); Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.A.D, S.E.); and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.A.D, S.E.)
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Abstract
Myocarditis is a heterogeneous group of disorders defined by inflammation of the heart muscle. The primary clinical manifestations of myocarditis are heart failure and sudden death in children and young adults. Numerous interventions have been investigated for the treatment of myocarditis, including broad spectrum alteration of the immune response and antiviral treatments; however, success has been limited. Since the myocarditis treatment trials in the 1990s there has been an improved understanding of disease progression and new facets of the immune response have been discovered. This new information provides fresh opportunities to develop therapeutics to treat myocarditis. This review analyzes previous pharmacologic approaches including immunosuppression, high dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, immunoadsorption and antiviral treatments, and looks forward toward recently identified immune factors that can be exploited as targets for new treatments. Such strategies include bolstering beneficial regulatory T cells or mitigating the detrimental Th17 T cells which can drive autoimmunity in the heart. The surging interest of the application of humanized monoclonal antibodies makes targeting deleterious arms of the immune response like Th17 cells a tangible goal in the near future. Promising constituents of herbal remedies have also been identified that may hold potential as new pharmacological treatments for myocarditis, however, significant work remains to elucidate the pharmacokinetics and side-effects of these compounds. Finally, advances in our understanding of the function of Matrix Metalloproteinases yield another target for altering disease progression given their role in the development of fibrosis during Dilated Cardiomyopathy. In bringing to light the various new targets and treatments available since the last myocarditis treatment trials, the aim of this review is to explore the new treatments that are possible in new myocarditis treatment trials.
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Amoah BP, Yang H, Zhang P, Su Z, Xu H. Immunopathogenesis of Myocarditis: The Interplay Between Cardiac Fibroblast Cells, Dendritic Cells, Macrophages and CD4+T Cells. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Prince Amoah
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Coast; Cape Coast Ghana
| | - H. Yang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - P. Zhang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Z. Su
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - H. Xu
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
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Wang SG, Kong LY, Li YH, Cheng XY, Su F, Tang S, Bi CW, Jiang JD, Li YH, Song DQ. Structure-activity relationship of N-benzenesulfonyl matrinic acid derivatives as a novel class of coxsackievirus B3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3690-3. [PMID: 26112440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of N-benzenesulfonyl matrinic amine/amide and matrinic methyl ether analogues were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anti-coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) activities. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that introduction of a suitable amide substituent on position 4' could greatly enhance the antivirus potency. Compared to the lead compounds, the newly synthesized matrinic amide derivatives 21c-d and 21j exhibited stronger anti-CVB3 activities with lower micromolar IC50 from 2.5 μM to 2.7 μM, and better therapeutic properties with improved selectivity index (SI) from 63 to 67. The SAR results provided powerful information for further strategic optimization, and these top compounds were selected for the next evaluation as novel enterovirus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Gang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan-Ying Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yue Cheng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chong-Wen Bi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Dan-Qing Song
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Penta KL, Fairweather D, Shirley DL, Rose NR, Silbergeld EK, Nyland JF. Low-dose mercury heightens early innate response to coxsackievirus infection in female mice. Inflamm Res 2014; 64:31-40. [PMID: 25376339 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant with toxic outcomes over a range of exposures. In this study, we investigated the effects of mercury exposure on early immune responses to coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection in a murine model of autoimmune heart disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female BALB/c mice, susceptible to CVB3-induced autoimmune myocarditis, were treated with mercuric chloride (200 μg/kg body weight every other day for 2 weeks) prior to infection with CVB3. Six hours post-infection, immune cells were isolated from the spleen and peritoneum for flow cytometry, gene expression, and cytokine profiling. Thirty-five days post-infection, hearts were collected for histological examination of immune cell infiltration. RESULTS As for male mice, mercury exposure significantly increased autoimmune myocarditis and immune infiltration into the heart. During the innate response 6 h post-infection, mercury increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules and innate immune receptors on peritoneal macrophages. At the same time point, the alternatively activated macrophage gene, arginase, was increased while the classically activated macrophage gene, inducible nitric oxide synthase, was unaffected. Expression of activation markers were decreased on peritoneal B cells with mercury exposure while T cells were unaffected. Mercury increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators in the spleen. Macrophage-recruiting chemokines and activating cytokines, such as CCL2, CCL4, and IL-6, were increased with mercury following CVB3 infection. CONCLUSIONS Thus, mercury treatment exacerbates autoimmune myocarditis in female mice and alters early innate signaling on peritoneal macrophages. Mercury also modulates the cytokine profile in the spleen toward a macrophage-activating milieu, and upregulates alternatively activated macrophage genes, providing evidence that mercury exposure promotes inflammation in the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla L Penta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, 6439 Garner's Ferry Rd, VA#1 B10, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a living network of proteins that maintains the structural integrity of the myocardium and allows the transmission of electrical and mechanical forces between the myocytes for systole and diastole. During ventricular remodeling, as a result of iterations in the hemodynamic workload, collagen, the main component of the ECM, increases and occupies the areas between the myocytes and the vessels. The resultant fibrosis (reparative fibrosis) is initially a compensatory mechanism and may progress adversely influencing tissue stiffness and ventricular function. Replacement fibrosis appears at sites of previous cardiomyocyte necrosis to preserve the structural integrity of the myocardium, but with the subsequent formation of scar tissue and widespread distribution, it has adverse functional consequences. Continued accumulation of collagen impairs diastolic function and compromises systolic mechanics. Nevertheless, the development of fibrosis is a dynamic process wherein myofibroblasts, the principal cellular elements of fibrosis, are not only metabolically active and capable of the production and upregulation of cytokines but also have contractile properties. During the process of reverse remodeling with left ventricular assist device unloading, cellular, structural, and functional improvements are observed in terminal heart failure patients. With the advent of anti-fibrotic pharmacologic therapies, cellular therapy, and ventricular support devices, fibrosis has become an important therapeutic target in heart failure patients. Herein, we review the current concepts of fibrosis as a main component of ventricular remodeling in heart failure patients. Our aim is to integrate the histopathologic process of fibrosis with the neurohormonal, cytochemical, and molecular changes that lead to ventricular remodeling and its physiologic consequences in patients. The concept of fibrosis as living scar allows us to envision targeting this scar as a means of improving ventricular function in heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Segura
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology Research, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, MC 1-283, PO Box 20345, Houston, TX, 77225-0345, USA,
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Massilamany C, Gangaplara A, Reddy J. Intricacies of cardiac damage in coxsackievirus B3 infection: implications for therapy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 177:330-339. [PMID: 25449464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in humans, and myocarditis is one predominant cause of heart failure in young adults. Patients affected with myocarditis can develop dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a common reason for heart transplantation, which to date is the only viable option for combatting DCM. Myocarditis/DCM patients show antibodies to coxsackievirus B (CVB)3 and cardiac antigens, suggesting a role for CVB-mediated autoimmunity in the disease pathogenesis; however, a direct causal link remains to be determined clinically. Experimentally, myocarditis can be induced in susceptible strains of mice using the human isolates of CVB3, and the disease pathogenesis of postinfectious myocarditis resembles that of human disease, making the observations made in animals relevant to humans. In this review, we discuss the complex nature of CVB3-induced myocarditis as it relates to the damage caused by both the virus and the host's response to infection. Based on recent data we obtained in the mouse model of CVB3 infection, we provide evidence to suggest that CVB3 infection accompanies the generation of cardiac myosin-specific CD4 T cells that can transfer the disease to naïve recipients. The therapeutic implications of these observations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
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Liu L, Yue Y, Xiong S. NK-derived IFN-γ/IL-4 triggers the sexually disparate polarization of macrophages in CVB3-induced myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 76:15-25. [PMID: 25123338 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a common etiology of myocarditis with an increased morbidity and mortality in males. We previously reported that differential polarization of macrophages contributed to sexually dimorphic susceptibility of mice to CVB3-induced myocarditis. However, the underlying kinetics, impetus as well as the molecular mechanism remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that myocardial macrophages started to polarize at as early as day 5 post CVB3 infection in both genders of BALB/c mice, with M1 phenotype detected in males and M2a phenotype in females, and this trend was further amplified at day 7 when myocarditis reached peak. In addition, we identified that prevailed IFN-γ in males and dominant IL-4 in females were critical myocardial cytokines for the disparate macrophage polarization, which respectively activated JAK1-STAT1 and JAK3-STAT6 pathways. Strikingly, we found that the main source of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines in both genders were myocardial infiltrating NK cells, which differentially secreted cytokines in various microenvironments manifested synergistically by sex hormones and CVB3 infection. Consistently, depletion of NK cells significantly impeded the myocardial macrophage polarization in both genders of CVB3-infected mice. Collectively, these data indicated that myocardial NK-derived IFN-γ/IL-4 was critical for the differential polarization of macrophages in CVB3-induced myocarditis via activating JAK1-STAT1 and JAK3-STAT6 pathways respectively. Our study may help understand the mechanism of sexually differential polarization of macrophages and provide clues for the gender bias in CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yue
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Jenke A, Holzhauser L, Löbel M, Savvatis K, Wilk S, Weithäuser A, Pinkert S, Tschöpe C, Klingel K, Poller W, Scheibenbogen C, Schultheiss HP, Skurk C. Adiponectin promotes coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis by suppression of acute anti-viral immune responses. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:408. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Haghikia A, Ricke-Hoch M, Stapel B, Gorst I, Hilfiker-Kleiner D. STAT3, a key regulator of cell-to-cell communication in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:281-9. [PMID: 24518140 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is fundamental for physiological homeostasis and stress-induced remodelling of the heart as deregulated STAT3 circuits are sufficient to induce dilated and peripartum cardiomyopathy and adverse remodelling after myocardial infarction. STAT3 activity depends on multiple post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, acetylation, and dimerization). It is regulated by multiple receptor systems, which are coupled to positive and negative feedback loops to ensure physiological and beneficial action. Its intracellular functions are diverse as it acts as a signalling protein, a transcription factor but also participates in mitochondria energy production and protection. STAT3 modulates proliferation, differentiation, survival, oxidative stress, and/or metabolism in cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, progenitor cells, and various inflammatory cells. By regulating the secretome of these cardiac cells, STAT3 influences a broad range of intercellular communication systems. It thereby impacts on the communication between cardiomyocytes, the plasticity of the cardiac microenvironment, the vasculature, the extracellular matrix, and the inflammation in response to physiological and pathophysiological stress. Here, we sum up current knowledge on STAT3-mediated intra- and intercellular communication within the heterogeneous cellular network of the myocardium to co-ordinate complex biological processes and discuss STAT3-dependent targets as novel therapeutic concepts to treat various forms of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Haghikia
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Henke A, Jarasch N, Wutzler P. Coxsackievirus B3 vaccines: use as an expression vector for prevention of myocarditis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1557-67. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.10.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Antoniak S, Mackman N. Coagulation, protease-activated receptors, and viral myocarditis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 7:203-11. [PMID: 24203054 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The coagulation protease cascade plays an essential role in hemostasis. In addition, a clot contributes to host defense by limiting the spread of pathogens. Coagulation proteases induce intracellular signaling by cleavage of cell surface receptors called protease-activated receptors (PARs). These receptors allow cells to sense changes in the extracellular environment, such as infection. Viruses activate the coagulation cascade by inducing tissue factor expression and by disrupting the endothelium. Virus infection of the heart can cause myocarditis, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure. A recent study using a mouse model have shown that tissue factor, thrombin, and PAR-1 signaling all positively regulate the innate immune during viral myocarditis. In contrast, PAR-2 signaling was found to inhibit interferon-β expression and the innate immune response. These observations suggest that anticoagulants may impair the innate immune response to viral infection and that inhibition of PAR-2 may be a new strategy to reduce viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 98 Manning Drive, Campus Box 7035, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,
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Barin JG, Baldeviano GC, Talor MV, Wu L, Ong S, Fairweather D, Bedja D, Stickel NR, LeGault JA, Cardamone AB, Zheng D, Gabrielson KL, Rose NR, Cihakova D. Fatal eosinophilic myocarditis develops in the absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:4038-47. [PMID: 24048893 PMCID: PMC3927983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells play a central role in inflammatory heart disease, implicating a cytokine product associated with Th cell effector function as a necessary mediator of this pathophysiology. IFN-γ-deficient mice developed severe experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), in which mice are immunized with cardiac myosin peptide, whereas IL-17A-deficient mice were protected from progression to dilated cardiomyopathy. We generated IFN-γ(-/-)IL-17A(-/-) mice to assess whether IL-17 signaling was responsible for the severe EAM of IFN-γ(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, IFN-γ(-/-)IL-17A(-/-) mice developed a rapidly fatal EAM. Eosinophils constituted a third of infiltrating leukocytes, qualifying this disease as eosinophilic myocarditis. We found increased cardiac production of CCL11/eotaxin, as well as Th2 deviation, among heart-infiltrating CD4(+) cells. Ablation of eosinophil development improved survival of IFN-γ(-/-)IL-17A(-/-) mice, demonstrating the necessity of eosinophils in fatal heart failure. The severe and rapidly fatal autoimmune inflammation that developed in the combined absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A constitutes a novel model of eosinophilic heart disease in humans. This is also, to our knowledge, the first demonstration that eosinophils have the capacity to act as necessary mediators of morbidity in an autoimmune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobert G. Barin
- Immunology Training Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Dept. of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - G. Christian Baldeviano
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Dept. of Parasitology, US Naval Medical Research Unit Six (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Monica V. Talor
- Dept. of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Lei Wu
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - SuFey Ong
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - DeLisa Fairweather
- Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Djahida Bedja
- Dept. of Comparative Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Natalie R. Stickel
- Dept. of Hematology & Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jillian A. LeGault
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | - Dongfeng Zheng
- Dept. of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | - Noel R. Rose
- Immunology Training Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Dept. of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Daniela Cihakova
- Dept. of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Valaperti A, Nishii M, Germano D, Liu PP, Eriksson U. Vaccination with Flt3L-induced CD8α+ dendritic cells prevents CD4+ T helper cell-mediated experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Vaccine 2013; 31:4802-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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