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Chatterjee D, Zhang Y, Ngassaki-Yoka CD, Dutilleul A, Khalfi S, Hernalsteens O, Wiche Salinas TR, Dias J, Chen H, Smail Y, Goulet JP, Bell B, Routy JP, Van Lint C, Ancuta P. Identification of aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a barrier to HIV-1 infection and outgrowth in CD4 + T cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112634. [PMID: 37310858 PMCID: PMC10592455 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates Th17-polarized CD4+ T cell functions, but its role in HIV-1 replication/outgrowth remains unknown. Genetic (CRISPR-Cas9) and pharmacological inhibition reveal AhR as a barrier to HIV-1 replication in T cell receptor (TCR)-activated CD4+ T cells in vitro. In single-round vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 infection, AhR blockade increases the efficacy of early/late reverse transcription and subsequently facilitated integration/translation. Moreover, AhR blockade boosts viral outgrowth in CD4+ T cells of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Finally, RNA sequencing reveals genes/pathways downregulated by AhR blockade in CD4+ T cells of ART-treated PLWH, including HIV-1 interactors and gut-homing molecules with AhR-responsive elements in their promoters. Among them, HIC1, a repressor of Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription and a tissue-residency master regulator, is identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation as a direct AhR target. Thus, AhR governs a T cell transcriptional program controlling viral replication/outgrowth and tissue residency/recirculation, supporting the use of AhR inhibitors in "shock and kill" HIV-1 remission/cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Chatterjee
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christ-Dominique Ngassaki-Yoka
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Antoine Dutilleul
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Soumia Khalfi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Olivier Hernalsteens
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Dias
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Huicheng Chen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yasmine Smail
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Brendan Bell
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé and Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada; Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest & The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.
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2
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Li S, Li X, Qiu M, Li J, Xiao Y, Lin H, Zheng W, Zhu J, Chen N. Transcriptomic profiling reveals different innate immune responses in primary alveolar macrophages infected by two highly homologous porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses with distinct virulence. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105102. [PMID: 34298124 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates show high genetic and pathogenic diversity. The mechanisms underlying different virulence of PRRSV isolates are still not fully clarified. Two highly homologous PRRSV isolates (XJ17-5 and JSTZ1712-12) with distinct virulence were identified in our previous study. To evaluate the association between host responses and different virulence, here we investigated the transcriptomic profiles of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with these two isolates. RNA-Seq results showed that there are 1932 differential expression genes (DEGs) between two PRRSV infected groups containing 1067 upregulation and 865 downregulation genes. Compared with the avirulent JSTZ1712-12 infected group, GO analysis identified significant enrichment gene sets not only associated with virus infection but also innate immune response in the virulent XJ17-5 infected group. In addition, KEGG analysis indicated significantly enriched genes associated with NOD-like and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways in XJ17-5 vs JSTZ1712-12 group. Furthermore, XJ17-5 isolate induced significantly higher levels of innate immune response associated genes (IL-1β, CXCL2, S100A8, OAS2, MX1, IFITM3, ISG15 and IFI6) than JSTZ1712-12 isolate, which were further confirmed by real-time PCR. Given that these two isolates share similar replication efficiency in vivo and in vitro, our results indicated that distinct virulence of PRRSV isolates is associated with different host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Xinshuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Ming Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Jixiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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3
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Cattin A, Wacleche VS, Fonseca Do Rosario N, Marchand LR, Dias J, Gosselin A, Cohen EA, Estaquier J, Chomont N, Routy JP, Ancuta P. RALDH Activity Induced by Bacterial/Fungal Pathogens in CD16 + Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Boosts HIV Infection and Outgrowth in CD4 + T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2638-2651. [PMID: 34031148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV reservoirs persist in gut-homing CD4+ T cells of people living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy, but the antigenic specificity of such reservoirs remains poorly documented. The imprinting for gut homing is mediated by retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A-derived metabolite produced by dendritic cells (DCs) exhibiting RA-synthesizing (RALDH) activity. RALDH activity in DCs can be induced by TLR2 ligands, such as bacterial peptidoglycans and fungal zymosan. Thus, we hypothesized that bacterial/fungal pathogens triggering RALDH activity in DCs fuel HIV reservoir establishment/outgrowth in pathogen-reactive CD4+ T cells. Our results demonstrate that DCs derived from intermediate/nonclassical CD16+ compared with classical CD16- monocytes exhibited superior RALDH activity and higher capacity to transmit HIV infection to autologous Staphylococcus aureus-reactive T cells. Exposure of total monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) to S. aureus lysates as well as TLR2 (zymosan and heat-killed preparation of Listeria monocytogenes) and TLR4 (LPS) agonists but not CMV lysates resulted in a robust upregulation of RALDH activity. MDDCs loaded with S. aureus or zymosan induced the proliferation of T cells with a CCR5+integrin β7+CCR6+ phenotype and efficiently transmitted HIV infection to these T cells via RALDH/RA-dependent mechanisms. Finally, S. aureus- and zymosan-reactive CD4+ T cells of antiretroviral therapy-treated people living with HIV carried replication-competent integrated HIV-DNA, as demonstrated by an MDDC-based viral outgrowth assay. Together, these results support a model in which bacterial/fungal pathogens in the gut promote RALDH activity in MDDCs, especially in CD16+ MDDCs, and subsequently imprint CD4+ T cells with gut-homing potential and HIV permissiveness. Thus, nonviral pathogens play key roles in fueling HIV reservoir establishment/outgrowth via RALDH/RA-dependent mechanisms that may be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Cattin
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vanessa Sue Wacleche
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Jonathan Dias
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; .,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Beatson R, Graham R, Grundland Freile F, Cozzetto D, Kannambath S, Pfeifer E, Woodman N, Owen J, Nuamah R, Mandel U, Pinder S, Gillett C, Noll T, Bouybayoune I, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Burchell JM. Cancer-associated hypersialylated MUC1 drives the differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages with a pathogenic phenotype. Commun Biol 2020; 3:644. [PMID: 33149188 PMCID: PMC7642421 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment plays a crucial role in the growth and progression of cancer, and the presence of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) is associated with poor prognosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that TAMs display transcriptomic, phenotypic, functional and geographical diversity. Here we show that a sialylated tumour-associated glycoform of the mucin MUC1, MUC1-ST, through the engagement of Siglec-9 can specifically and independently induce the differentiation of monocytes into TAMs with a unique phenotype that to the best of our knowledge has not previously been described. These TAMs can recruit and prolong the lifespan of neutrophils, inhibit the function of T cells, degrade basement membrane allowing for invasion, are inefficient at phagocytosis, and can induce plasma clotting. This macrophage phenotype is enriched in the stroma at the edge of breast cancer nests and their presence is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Beatson et al. show that a sialylated tumour-associated glycoform of the mucin MUC1 induces the differentiation of monocytes into tumour-associated macrophages. These macrophages are found in breast cancer stroma and their presence is associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Beatson
- Breast Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Rosalind Graham
- Breast Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fabio Grundland Freile
- Breast Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Domenico Cozzetto
- Translational Bioinformatics, Genomics Facility, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Shichina Kannambath
- Genomics Facility, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ester Pfeifer
- Breast Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Natalie Woodman
- KHP Tissue Bank, Breast Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Julie Owen
- KHP Tissue Bank, Breast Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rosamond Nuamah
- Genomics Facility, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ulla Mandel
- Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200N, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Pinder
- Breast Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Cheryl Gillett
- KHP Tissue Bank, Breast Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Thomas Noll
- Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 10 01 31, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ihssane Bouybayoune
- Breast Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou
- Breast Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Joy M Burchell
- Breast Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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5
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Early Antiretroviral Therapy Prevents Viral Infection of Monocytes and Inflammation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01478-20. [PMID: 32907978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01478-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite early antiretroviral therapy (ART), treatment interruption is associated with viral rebound, indicating early viral reservoir (VR) seeding and absence of full eradication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that may persist in tissues. Herein, we address the contributing role of monocytes in maintaining VRs under ART, since these cells may represent a source of viral dissemination due to their ability to replenish mucosal tissues in response to injury. To this aim, monocytes with classical (CD14+), intermediate (CD14+ CD16+), and nonclassical (CD16+) phenotypes and CD4+ T cells were sorted from the blood, spleen, and intestines of untreated and early-ART-treated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) before and after ART interruption. Cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA were quantified. We demonstrated that in the absence of ART, monocytes were productively infected with replication-competent SIV, especially in the spleen. Reciprocally, early ART efficiently (i) prevented the establishment of monocyte VRs in the blood, spleen, and intestines and (ii) reduced systemic inflammation, as indicated by changes in interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plasma levels. ART interruption was associated with a rebound in viremia that led to the rapid productive infection of both CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Altogether, our results reveal the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting the contribution of monocytes to VRs and SIV-associated inflammation.IMPORTANCE Despite the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in treated individuals and ART interruption is associated with viral rebound. Persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation contribute to disease morbidity. Whereas monocytes are infected by HIV/SIV, their role as viral reservoirs (VRs) in visceral tissues has been poorly explored. Our work demonstrates that monocyte cell subsets in the blood, spleen, and intestines do not significantly contribute to the establishment of early VRs in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with ART. By preventing the infection of these cells, early ART reduces systemic inflammation. However, following ART interruption, monocytes are rapidly reinfected. Altogether, our findings shed new light on the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting VR and inflammation.
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Vakili S, Fischer T, Rappaport J. M2 differentiation of MonoMac‐1 cell line induced by M‐CSF and glucocorticoid pathways. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7383-7391. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vakili
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of NeuroscienceTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Tracy Fischer
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of NeuroscienceTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of NeuroscienceTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia Pennsylvania
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7
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Segal-Salto M, Barashi N, Katav A, Edelshtein V, Aharon A, Hashmueli S, George J, Maor Y, Pinzani M, Haberman D, Hall A, Friedman S, Mor A. A blocking monoclonal antibody to CCL24 alleviates liver fibrosis and inflammation in experimental models of liver damage. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100064. [PMID: 32039405 PMCID: PMC7005554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims C-C motif chemokine ligand 24 (CCL24) is a chemokine that regulates inflammatory and fibrotic activities through its receptor, C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR3). The aim of the study was to evaluate the involvement of the CCL24-CCR3 axis in liver fibrosis and inflammation and to assess the potential of its blockade, by a monoclonal anti-CCL24 antibody, as a therapeutic strategy for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis. Methods Expression of CCL24 and CCR3 was evaluated in liver biopsies and blood samples. CCL24 involvement in NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis was assessed in Ccl24 knockout mouse using the methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet experimental model. Antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of CM-101 were tested in the MCD and STAM mouse models and in the thioacetamide (TAA) model in rats. Liver enzymes, liver morphology, histology and collagen deposition, as well as fibrosis- and inflammation-related protein expression were assessed. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was evaluated in the human LX2 cell line. Results Patients with NASH and advanced NAFLD exhibited significant expression of both CCL24 and CCR3 in liver and blood samples. In the experimental MCD-diet model, Ccl24 knockout mice showed an attenuated liver damage response compared to wild-type mice, exhibiting reduced histological NAFLD activity scores and fibrosis, as well as lower levels of liver enzymes. Blocking CCL24 using CM-101 robustly reduced liver damage in 3 experimental animal models (MCD, STAM and TAA), as demonstrated by attenuation of liver fibrosis and NAFLD activity score. Furthermore, blocking CCL24 by CM-101 significantly inhibited CCL24-induced HSC motility, α-SMA expression and pro-collagen I secretion. Conclusion Our results reveal that blocking CCL24 significantly attenuates liver fibrosis and inflammation and may have a potential therapeutic effect in patients with NASH and/or liver fibrosis. Lay summary CCL24 is a chemokine that regulates inflammation and fibrosis. It was found to be significantly expressed in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, in whom it regulates profibrotic processes in the liver. Herein, we show that blockade of CCL24 using a monoclonal antibody robustly attenuated liver fibrosis and inflammation in animal models, thus suggesting a potential therapeutic role for an anti-CCL24 agent. CCL24 is a chemokine that regulates inflammatory and fibrotic activities through its receptor, CCR3. Significant expression of CCL24 and CCR3 were found in liver biopsies and blood samples from patients with NAFLD/NASH. CM-101, a monoclonal antibody that selectively targets CCL24, significantly attenuates fibrotic and inflammatory processes. Blocking CCL24 may have a potential therapeutic effect in NASH and liver fibrosis.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Antibody
- C-C motif chemokine ligand 24
- CCL24
- CCL24, C-C motif chemokine ligand 24
- CCR3, C-C motif chemokine receptor 3
- CM-101
- Fibrosis
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- MCD, methionine-choline deficient
- MFI, median fluorescence intensity
- MMP, matrix metallopeptidase
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- TAA, thioacetamide
- WT, wild-type
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacob George
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaakov Maor
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College of London, London, UK.,Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dan Haberman
- Heart Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrew Hall
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College of London, London, UK.,Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Scott Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
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8
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CD16 + monocytes give rise to CD103 +RALDH2 +TCF4 + dendritic cells with unique transcriptional and immunological features. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2862-2878. [PMID: 30381402 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical CD16- vs intermediate/nonclassical CD16+ monocytes differ in their homing potential and biological functions, but whether they differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs) with distinct contributions to immunity against bacterial/viral pathogens remains poorly investigated. Here, we employed a systems biology approach to identify clinically relevant differences between CD16+ and CD16- monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs). Although both CD16+ and CD16- MDDCs acquire classical immature/mature DC markers in vitro, genome-wide transcriptional profiling revealed unique molecular signatures for CD16+ MDDCs, including adhesion molecules (ITGAE/CD103), transcription factors (TCF7L2/TCF4), and enzymes (ALDH1A2/RALDH2), whereas CD16- MDDCs exhibit a CDH1/E-cadherin+ phenotype. Of note, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) upregulated distinct transcripts in CD16+ (eg, CCL8, SIGLEC1, MIR4439, SCIN, interleukin [IL]-7R, PLTP, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) and CD16- MDDCs (eg, MMP10, MMP1, TGM2, IL-1A, TNFRSF11A, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, MMP8). Also, unique sets of HIV-modulated genes were identified in the 2 subsets. Further gene set enrichment analysis identified canonical pathways that pointed to "inflammation" as the major feature of CD16+ MDDCs at immature stage and on LPS/HIV exposure. Finally, functional validations and meta-analysis comparing the transcriptome of monocyte and MDDC subsets revealed that CD16+ vs CD16- monocytes preserved their superior ability to produce TNF-α and CCL22, as well as other sets of transcripts (eg, TCF4), during differentiation into DC. These results provide evidence that monocyte subsets are transcriptionally imprinted/programmed with specific differentiation fates, with intermediate/nonclassical CD16+ monocytes being precursors for pro-inflammatory CD103+RALDH2+TCF4+ DCs that may play key roles in mucosal immunity homeostasis/pathogenesis. Thus, alterations in the CD16+ /CD16- monocyte ratios during pathological conditions may dramatically influence the quality of MDDC-mediated immunity.
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Cattin A, Wiche Salinas TR, Gosselin A, Planas D, Shacklett B, Cohen EA, Ghali MP, Routy JP, Ancuta P. HIV-1 is rarely detected in blood and colon myeloid cells during viral-suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:1293-1306. [PMID: 30870200 PMCID: PMC6686847 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the contribution of blood and colon myeloid cells to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN Leukapheresis was collected from HIV-infected individuals with undetectable plasma viral load during ART (HIV + ART; n = 15) and viremics untreated (HIV+; n = 6). Rectal sigmoid biopsies were collected from n = 8 HIV+ART. METHODS Myeloid cells (total monocytes (Mo), CD16/CD16 Mo, CD1c dendritic cells) and CD4 T cells were isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and/or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from peripheral blood. Matched myeloid and CCR6CD4 T cells were isolated from blood and rectal biopsies by FACS. Levels of early (RU5 primers), late (Gag primers) and/or integrated HIV-DNA (Alu/HIV primers) were quantified by nested real-time PCR. Replication-competent HIV was amplified by co-culturing cells from HIV-positive individuals with CD3/CD28-activated CD4 T cells from uninfected donors. RESULTS Early/late but not integrated HIV reverse transcripts were detected in blood myeloid subsets of four out of 10 HIV+ART; in contrast, integrated HIV-DNA was exclusively detected in CD4 T cells. In rectal biopsies, late HIV reverse transcripts were detected in myeloid cells and CCR6CD4 T cells from one out of eight and seven out of eight HIV+ART individuals, respectively. Replication-competent HIV was outgrown from CD4 T cells but not from myeloid of untreated/ART-treated HIV-positive individuals. CONCLUSION In contrast to CD4 T cells, blood and colon myeloid cells carry detectable HIV only in a small fraction of HIV+ART individuals. This is consistent with the documented resistance of Mo to HIV infection and the rapid turnover of Mo-derived macrophages in the colon. Future assessment of multiple lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues is required to include/exclude myeloid cells as relevant HIV reservoirs during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Cattin
- CHUM-Research Centre, Montréal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- CHUM-Research Centre, Montréal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | | | - Delphine Planas
- CHUM-Research Centre, Montréal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | | | - Eric A. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
- Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Maged P. Ghali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- CHUM-Research Centre, Montréal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada
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10
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The Biology of Monocytes and Dendritic Cells: Contribution to HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020065. [PMID: 29415518 PMCID: PMC5850372 DOI: 10.3390/v10020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells such as monocytes, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MΦ) are key components of the innate immune system contributing to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and the development/resolution of immune responses to pathogens. Monocytes and DC, circulating in the blood or infiltrating various lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, are derived from distinct bone marrow precursors and are typically short lived. Conversely, recent studies revealed that subsets of tissue resident MΦ are long-lived as they originate from embryonic/fetal precursors that have the ability to self-renew during the life of an individual. Pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) highjack the functions of myeloid cells for viral replication (e.g., MΦ) or distal dissemination and cell-to-cell transmission (e.g., DC). Although the long-term persistence of HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T-cells during viral suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) is well documented, the ability of myeloid cells to harbor replication competent viral reservoirs is still a matter of debate. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biology of monocytes and DC during homeostasis and in the context of HIV-1 infection and highlights the importance of future studies on long-lived resident MΦ to HIV persistence in ART-treated patients.
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11
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Ivanova M, Limgala RP, Changsila E, Kamath R, Ioanou C, Goker-Alpan O. Gaucheromas: When macrophages promote tumor formation and dissemination. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2018; 68:100-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Valverde-Villegas JM, de Medeiros RM, Ellwanger JH, Santos BR, Melo MGD, Almeida SEDM, Chies JAB. High CXCL10/IP-10 levels are a hallmark in the clinical evolution of the HIV infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 57:51-58. [PMID: 29122683 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of plasma CXCL10, CCL20, CCL22, CCL2, CCL17 and CCL24 levels in HIV-positive patients grouped according to extreme phenotypes of progression to AIDS, and at different stages of HIV infection. HIV-positive individuals with extreme phenotypes of AIDS progression (n=58) at different clinical stages (chronic individuals, both pre-HAART and under-HAART) and HIV-negative controls (n=20) were evaluated. Additionally, HIV-positive individuals that initiated HAART with >350CD4+T-cells/mm3 were compared with those who initiated treatment with <350CD4+T-cells/mm3. Plasma levels of six chemokines were quantified by a Luminex assay. Higher CXCL10 levels were observed in individuals immediately before their CD4+T-cell levels were indicative for HAART (pre-HAART), independently of their progressor status, i.e. slow (SPs) or rapid progressors (RPs). SPs pre-HAART showed higher CXCL10 levels compared to elite controllers and RPs under HAART (pc=0.009 and pc=0.007, respectively). CXCL10 levels were higher in SPs HAART CD4<350 (initiated HAART with <350 CD4+T-cells) when compared with SPs HAART CD4>350 (initiated HAART with >350 CD4+T-cells) (1096 vs. 360.33pg/mL, p=0.0101). Normalisation of CXCL10 levels seems to depend on the CD4+T-cell nadir at HAART initiation. CCL20 levels were higher in chronic SPs, SPs pre-HAART, SPs HAART and RPs HAART compared with the HIV-negative controls, indicating persistent CCL20 expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that CXCL10 levels are a hallmark in the clinical evolution of HIV infection. However, our results must be verified in a study evaluating a larger number of AIDS progressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline María Valverde-Villegas
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Brazil; Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde - FEPPS, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Marília de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Brazil; Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde - FEPPS, Brazil
| | - Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Breno Riegel Santos
- Serviço de Infectologia, Grupo Hospitalar Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Brazil
| | | | - Sabrina Esteves de Matos Almeida
- Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde - FEPPS, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale - FEEVALE, Brazil; Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Brazil.
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13
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Novel genetic associations and gene-gene interactions of chemokine receptor and chemokine genetic polymorphisms in HIV/AIDS. AIDS 2017; 31:1235-1243. [PMID: 28358741 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of candidate polymorphisms on chemokine receptor/ligand genes on HIV infection and AIDS progression (HIV/AIDS). DESIGN Fifteen polymorphisms of the CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR8, CXCR3, CXCR6, CCL20, CCL22 and CXCL10 genes were analysed in 206 HIV-positive patients classified as rapid progressors (n = 40), or nonrapid progressors (n = 166), and in 294 HIV-seronegative patients. METHODS The polymorphisms were genotyped using minisequencing. Genetic models were tested using binomial logistic regression; nonparametric multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to detect gene-gene interactions. RESULTS The CCR3 rs3091250 [TT, adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.147, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.076-4.287, P = 0.030], CCR8 rs2853699 (GC/CC, AOR: 1.577, 95% CI 1.049-2.371, P = 0.029), CXCL10 rs56061981 (CT/TT, AOR: 1.819, 95% CI 1.074-3.081, P = 0.026) and CCL22 rs4359426 (CA/AA, AOR: 1.887, 95% CI 1.021-3.487, P = 0.043) polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility to HIV infection. The CCL20 rs13034664 (CC, OR: 0.214, 95% CI 0.063-0.730, P = 0.014) and CCL22 rs4359426 (CA/AA, OR: 2.685, 95% CI 1.128-6.392, P = 0.026) variants were associated with rapid progression to AIDS. In MDR analyses revealed that the CXCL10 rs56061981 and CCL22 rs4359426 combination was the best model, with 57% accuracy (P = 0.008) for predicting susceptibility to HIV infection. CONCLUSION Our results provide new insights into the influence of candidate chemokine receptor/ligand polymorphisms and significant evidence for gene-gene interactions on HIV/AIDS susceptibility.
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14
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Jensen K, Dela Pena-Ponce MG, Piatak M, Shoemaker R, Oswald K, Jacobs WR, Fennelly G, Lucero C, Mollan KR, Hudgens MG, Amedee A, Kozlowski PA, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Van Rompay KKA, Larsen M, De Paris K. Balancing Trained Immunity with Persistent Immune Activation and the Risk of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Infant Macaques Vaccinated with Attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:e00360-16. [PMID: 27655885 PMCID: PMC5216431 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00360-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our goal is to develop a pediatric combination vaccine to protect the vulnerable infant population against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and tuberculosis (TB) infections. The vaccine consists of an auxotroph Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain that coexpresses HIV antigens. Utilizing an infant rhesus macaque model, we have previously shown that this attenuated M. tuberculosis (AMtb)-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine is immunogenic, and although the vaccine did not prevent oral SIV infection, a subset of vaccinated animals was able to partially control virus replication. However, unexpectedly, vaccinated infants required fewer SIV exposures to become infected compared to naive controls. Considering that the current TB vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), can induce potent innate immune responses and confer pathogen-unspecific trained immunity, we hypothesized that an imbalance between enhanced myeloid cell function and immune activation might have influenced the outcome of oral SIV challenge in AMtb-SIV-vaccinated infants. To address this question, we used archived samples from unchallenged animals from our previous AMtb-SIV vaccine studies and vaccinated additional infant macaques with BCG or AMtb only. Our results show that vaccinated infants, regardless of vaccine strain or regimen, had enhanced myeloid cell responses. However, CD4+ T cells were concurrently activated, and the persistence of these activated target cells in oral and/or gastrointestinal tissues may have facilitated oral SIV infection. Immune activation was more pronounced in BCG-vaccinated infant macaques than in AMtb-vaccinated infant macaques, indicating a role for vaccine attenuation. These findings underline the importance of understanding the interplay of vaccine-induced immunity and immune activation and its effect on HIV acquisition risk and outcome in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Myra Grace Dela Pena-Ponce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Glenn Fennelly
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Carissa Lucero
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Katie R Mollan
- Lineberger Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Gillings School of Global Public Health and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michelle Larsen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Wacleche VS, Goulet JP, Gosselin A, Monteiro P, Soudeyns H, Fromentin R, Jenabian MA, Vartanian S, Deeks SG, Chomont N, Routy JP, Ancuta P. New insights into the heterogeneity of Th17 subsets contributing to HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology 2016; 13:59. [PMID: 27553844 PMCID: PMC4995622 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17 cells are permissive to HIV-1 infection and their depletion from the gut of infected individuals leads to microbial translocation, a major cause for non-AIDS co-morbidities. Most recent evidence supports the contribution of long-lived Th17 cells to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the identity of long-lived Th17 cells remains unknown. RESULTS Here, we performed an in-depth transcriptional and functional characterization of four distinct Th17 subsets and investigated their contribution to HIV reservoir persistence during ART. In addition to the previously characterized CCR6(+)CCR4(+) (Th17) and CCR6(+)CXCR3(+) (Th1Th17) subsets, we reveal the existence of two novel CCR6(+) subsets, lacking (double negative, CCR6(+)DN) or co-expressing CXCR3 and CCR4 (double positive, CCR6(+)DP). The four subsets shared multiple Th17-polarization markers, a fraction of cells proliferated in response to C. albicans, and exhibited lineage commitment and plasticity when cultured under Th17 and Th1 conditions, respectively. Of note, fractions of CCR6(+)DN and Th17 demonstrated stable Th17-lineage commitment under Th1-polarization conditions. Among the four subsets, CCR6(+)DN expressed a unique transcriptional signature indicative of early Th17 development (IL-17F, STAT3), lymph-node homing (CCR7, CD62L), follicular help (CXCR5, BCL6, ASCL2), and self-renewal (LEFI, MYC, TERC). Cross sectional and longitudinal studies demonstrated that CCR6(+)DN cells were the most predominant CCR6(+) subset in the blood before and after ART initiation; high frequencies of these cells were similarly observed in inguinal lymph nodes of individuals receiving long-term ART. Importantly, replication competent HIV was isolated from CCR6(+)DN of ART-treated individuals. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results provide new insights into the functional heterogeneity of Th17-polarized CCR6(+)CD4(+) T-cells and support the major contribution of CCR6(+)DN cells to HIV persistence during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sue Wacleche
- Département of Microbiologie, Infectiologie Et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Annie Gosselin
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Patricia Monteiro
- Département of Microbiologie, Infectiologie Et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hugo Soudeyns
- Département of Microbiologie, Infectiologie Et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Unité d'immunopathologie virale, Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shant Vartanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Département of Microbiologie, Infectiologie Et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département of Microbiologie, Infectiologie Et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Centre de recherche du CHUM, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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16
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Mitsuki YY, Tuen M, Hioe CE. Differential effects of HIV transmission from monocyte-derived dendritic cells vs. monocytes to IL-17+CD4+ T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:339-350. [PMID: 27531931 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0516-216r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection leads to CD4 helper T cell (Th) loss, but not all Th cells are equally depleted. The contribution of other immune cells in the Th depletion also remains unclear. This study investigates HIV transmission from monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) vs. monocytes to Th17 and Th1 cells using an allogeneic coculture model. The addition of HIV to MDDCs increased the expression of the negative regulatory molecule PD-L1 and decreased the expression of the activation markers HLA-DR and CD86, whereas the virus up-regulated HLA-DR and CD86, but not PD-L1, on monocytes. Coculturing of CD4+ T cells with MDDCs pretreated with HIV led to the decline of Th17, but not Th1, responses. In contrast, pretreatment of monocytes with HIV increased Th17 without affecting Th1 responses. The enhanced Th17 responses in the cocultures with HIV-treated monocytes were also accompanied by high numbers of virus-infected CD4+ T cells. The Th17 expansion arose from memory CD4+ T cells with minimal contribution from naïve CD4+ T cells. The Th17-enhancing activity was mediated by the HIV envelope and did not require productive virus infection. Comparison of MDDCs and monocytes further showed that, although HIV-treated MDDCs reduced Th proliferation and increased the activation of the apoptosis mediator caspase-3, HIV-treated monocytes enhanced Th proliferation without increasing the active caspase-3 levels. This study indicates the potential role of distinct myeloid cell populations in shaping Th17 responses during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ya Mitsuki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Tuen
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; and
| | - Catarina E Hioe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; .,James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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17
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Yadav A, Betts MR, Collman RG. Statin modulation of monocyte phenotype and function: implications for HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:584-596. [PMID: 27021071 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains a persistent problem despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), largely a result of continued inflammation in the periphery and the brain and neurotoxin release from activated myeloid cells in the CNS. CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes, expanded in HIV infection, play a central role in the pathogenesis of HAND and have parallels with monocyte-dependent inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Statins, through their HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor activity, have pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties that contribute to their benefit in atherosclerosis beyond lipid lowering. Here, we investigated whether statins would modulate the monocyte phenotype and function associated with HIV-1 neuropathogenesis. Treatment ex vivo with simvastatin and atorvastatin reduced the proportion of CD16+ monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as in purified monocytes, especially CD14++CD16+ "intermediate" monocytes most closely associated with neurocognitive disease. Statin treatment also markedly reduced expression of CD163, which is also linked to HAND pathogenesis. Finally, simvastatin inhibited production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and other inflammatory cytokines following LPS stimulation and reduced monocyte chemotaxis in response to MCP-1, a major driver of myeloid cell accumulation in the CNS in HAND. Together, these findings suggest that statin drugs may be useful to prevent or reduce HAND in HIV-1-infected subjects on ART with persistent monocyte activation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Yadav
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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18
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Cleret-Buhot A, Zhang Y, Planas D, Goulet JP, Monteiro P, Gosselin A, Wacleche VS, Tremblay CL, Jenabian MA, Routy JP, El-Far M, Chomont N, Haddad EK, Sekaly RP, Ancuta P. Identification of novel HIV-1 dependency factors in primary CCR4(+)CCR6(+)Th17 cells via a genome-wide transcriptional approach. Retrovirology 2015; 12:102. [PMID: 26654242 PMCID: PMC4676116 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV-1 infection is characterized by profound CD4(+) T cell destruction and a marked Th17 dysfunction at the mucosal level. Viral suppressive antiretroviral therapy restores Th1 but not Th17 cells. Although several key HIV dependency factors (HDF) were identified in the past years via genome-wide siRNA screens in cell lines, molecular determinants of HIV permissiveness in primary Th17 cells remain to be elucidated. RESULTS In an effort to orient Th17-targeted reconstitution strategies, we investigated molecular mechanisms of HIV permissiveness in Th17 cells. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling in memory CD4(+) T-cell subsets enriched in cells exhibiting Th17 (CCR4(+)CCR6(+)), Th1 (CXCR3(+)CCR6(-)), Th2 (CCR4(+)CCR6(-)), and Th1Th17 (CXCR3(+)CCR6(+)) features revealed remarkable transcriptional differences between Th17 and Th1 subsets. The HIV-DNA integration was superior in Th17 versus Th1 upon exposure to both wild-type and VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV; this indicates that post-entry mechanisms contribute to viral replication in Th17. Transcripts significantly enriched in Th17 versus Th1 were previously associated with the regulation of TCR signaling (ZAP-70, Lck, and CD96) and Th17 polarization (RORγt, ARNTL, PTPN13, and RUNX1). A meta-analysis using the NCBI HIV Interaction Database revealed a set of Th17-specific HIV dependency factors (HDFs): PARG, PAK2, KLF2, ITGB7, PTEN, ATG16L1, Alix/AIP1/PDCD6IP, LGALS3, JAK1, TRIM8, MALT1, FOXO3, ARNTL/BMAL1, ABCB1/MDR1, TNFSF13B/BAFF, and CDKN1B. Functional studies demonstrated an increased ability of Th17 versus Th1 cells to respond to TCR triggering in terms of NF-κB nuclear translocation/DNA-binding activity and proliferation. Finally, RNA interference studies identified MAP3K4 and PTPN13 as two novel Th17-specific HDFs. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional program of Th17 cells includes molecules regulating HIV replication at multiple post-entry steps that may represent potential targets for novel therapies aimed at protecting Th17 cells from infection and subsequent depletion in HIV-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cleret-Buhot
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Delphine Planas
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | | | - Patricia Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Annie Gosselin
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Vanessa Sue Wacleche
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Cécile L Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Division of infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - Petronela Ancuta
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, R09.416, Montreal, QUÉBEC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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19
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Rockwood N, Cook L, Kagdi H, Basnayake S, Bangham CRM, Pozniak AL, Taylor GP. Immune Compromise in HIV-1/HTLV-1 Coinfection With Paradoxical Resolution of CD4 Lymphocytosis During Antiretroviral Therapy: A Case Report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2275. [PMID: 26683952 PMCID: PMC5058924 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infections have complex effects on adaptive immunity, with specific tropism for, but contrasting effects on, CD4 T lymphocytes: depletion with HIV-1, proliferation with HTLV-1. Impaired T lymphocyte function occurs early in HIV-1 infection but opportunistic infections (OIs) rarely occur in the absence of CD4 lymphopenia. In the unusual case where a HIV-1 infected individual with a high CD4 count presents with recurrent OIs, a clinician is faced with the possibility of a second underlying comorbidity. We present a case of pseudo-adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfection where the individual fulfilled Shimoyama criteria for chronic ATLL and had pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii, despite a high CD4 lymphocyte count. However, there was no evidence of clonal T-cell proliferation by T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies nor of monoclonal HTLV-1 integration by high-throughput sequencing. Mutually beneficial interplay between HIV-1 and HTLV-1, maintaining high level HIV-1 and HTLV-1 viremia and proliferation of poorly functional CD4 cells despite chronicity of infection is a postulated mechanism. Despite good microbiological response to antimycobacterial therapy, the patient remained systemically unwell with refractory anemia. Subsequent initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy led to paradoxical resolution of CD4 T lymphocytosis as well as HIV-1 viral suppression and decreased HTLV-1 proviral load. This is proposed to be the result of attenuation of immune activation post-HIV virological control. This case illustrates the importance of screening for HTLV-1 in HIV-1 patients with appropriate clinical presentation and epidemiological risk factors and explores mechanisms for the complex interactions on HIV-1/HTLV-1 adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rockwood
- From the Department of HIV, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom (NR, SB, AP); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (NR); National Centre for Human Retrovirology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (LC, HK, GT); and Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (LC, HK, CB, GT)
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20
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Cobos Jiménez V, Martinez FO, Booiman T, van Dort KA, van de Klundert MAA, Gordon S, Geijtenbeek TBH, Kootstra NA. G3BP1 restricts HIV-1 replication in macrophages and T-cells by sequestering viral RNA. Virology 2015; 486:94-104. [PMID: 26432022 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 exploits the cellular machinery for replication and therefore several interactions with cellular factors take place, some of which are yet unknown. We identified GTPase-activating protein-(SH3 domain)-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) as a cellular factor that restricts HIV-1, by analyzing transcriptome profiles of in vitro-cytokine-activated macrophages that are non-permissive to HIV-1 replication. Silencing of G3BP1 by RNA interference resulted in increased HIV-1 replication in primary T-cells and macrophages, but did not affect replication of other retroviruses. G3BP1 specifically interacted with HIV-1 RNA in the cytoplasm, suggesting that it sequesters viral transcripts, thus preventing translation or packaging. G3BP1 was highly expressed in resting naïve or memory T-cells from healthy donors and HIV-1 infected patients, but significantly lower in IL-2-activated T-cells. These results strongly suggest that G3BP1 captures HIV-1 RNA transcripts and thereby restricts mRNA translation, viral protein production and virus particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Cobos Jiménez
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando O Martinez
- Kennedy Rheumatology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | - Thijs Booiman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Karel A van Dort
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A A van de Klundert
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
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21
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Gerngross L, Lehmicke G, Belkadi A, Fischer T. Role for cFMS in maintaining alternative macrophage polarization in SIV infection: implications for HIV neuropathogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:58. [PMID: 25886134 PMCID: PMC4381451 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) has been implicated in HIV neuropathogenesis through its ability to modulate activation of macrophages (MΦs) and microglia, as well as enhance the susceptibility of these cells to infection and promote virus production. We have recently reported that MΦs accumulating perivascularly and within nodular lesions in archival brain tissue of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques with encephalitis (SIVE) express M-CSF. In contrast, IL-34, which shares the same receptor, cFMS, was observed more often in parenchymal cells. METHODS Frontal white and grey matter from non-infected and SIV-infected rhesus macaques with and without SIVE were examined by single- and double-label immunohistochemistry for M-CSF, IL-34, and CD163 expression. Primary rhesus macaque and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with and without 2.5 ng/ml M-CSF or IL-34 alone and with 470 nM or 4.7 μM of GW2580, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high specificity for cFMS. After 24 h, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to examine the effect of these cytokines on promoting an M2 monocyte/MΦ phenotype. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that in SIVE brain, accumulating M-CSF(+) MΦs are also CD163(+), while IL-34 does not appear to co-localize significantly with CD163 in the parenchyma. We further demonstrate that M-CSF and IL-34 are expressed by neurons in normal brain but are altered in SIV and SIVE. Through in vitro studies, we show that M-CSF and IL-34 upregulate CD163, a marker for type 2 activation of MΦs (M2), by primary monocytes, which is attenuated by the addition of GW2580. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that both cFMS ligands may promote and/or prolong M2 activation of MΦs and microglia in brains of SIV-infected animals with encephalitis. As such, cFMS signaling may be an attractive target for eliminating long-lived MΦ reservoirs of HIV infection in brain, as well as other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Gerngross
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, MERB, Room 748, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Gabrielle Lehmicke
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, MERB, Room 748, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Aghilas Belkadi
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, MERB, Room 748, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Tracy Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, MERB, Room 748, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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22
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Moniuszko M, Liyanage NP, Doster MN, Parks RW, Grubczak K, Lipinska D, McKinnon K, Brown C, Hirsch V, Vaccari M, Gordon S, Pegu P, Fenizia C, Flisiak R, Grzeszczuk A, Dabrowska M, Robert-Guroff M, Silvestri G, Stevenson M, McCune J, Franchini G. Glucocorticoid treatment at moderate doses of SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques decreases the frequency of circulating CD14+CD16++ monocytes but does not alter the tissue virus reservoir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:115-26. [PMID: 24432835 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Subsets of CD16-positive monocytes produce proinflammatory cytokines and expand during chronic infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV). HIV-infected macrophage in tissues may be long lived and contribute to the establishment and maintenance of the HIV reservoir. We found that the (intermediate) CD14(++)CD16(+) and (nonclassical) CD14(+)CD16(++) monocyte subsets are significantly expanded during infection of Rhesus macaques with pathogenic SIV(mac251) but not during infection of sooty mangabeys with the nonpathogenic isolate SIVSM. In vitro glucocorticoid (GC) treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from uninfected or SIV(mac251)-infected Rhesus macaques and HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretroviral therapy (ART) resulted in a significant decrease in the frequency of both CD16-positive monocyte subsets. Short-term in vivo treatment with high doses of GC of chronically SIV(mac251)-infected macaques resulted in a significant decrease in the CD14(+)CD16(++) population and, to a lesser extent, in the CD14(++)CD16(+) monocytes, as well as a significant decrease in the number of macrophages in tissues. Surprisingly, treatment of SIV(mac251)-infected macaques with ART significantly increased the CD14(++)CD16(+) population and the addition of GC resulted in a significant decrease in only the CD14(+)CD16(++) subset. No difference in SIV DNA levels in blood, lymph nodes, gut, and spleen was found between the groups treated with ART or ART plus GC. Thus, it appears that high doses of GC treatment in the absence of ART could affect both CD16-positive populations in vivo. Whether the efficacy of this treatment at higher doses to decrease virus levels outweighs its risks remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Namal P.M. Liyanage
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melvin N. Doster
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robyn Washington Parks
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kamil Grubczak
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Danuta Lipinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katherine McKinnon
- FACS Core Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Charles Brown
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vanessa Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shari Gordon
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Poonam Pegu
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Grzeszczuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Milena Dabrowska
- Department of Hematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Mario Stevenson
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Joseph McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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23
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Bernier A, Cleret-Buhot A, Zhang Y, Goulet JP, Monteiro P, Gosselin A, DaFonseca S, Wacleche VS, Jenabian MA, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Ancuta P. Transcriptional profiling reveals molecular signatures associated with HIV permissiveness in Th1Th17 cells and identifies peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma as an intrinsic negative regulator of viral replication. Retrovirology 2013; 10:160. [PMID: 24359430 PMCID: PMC3898812 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that primary Th1Th17 cells are highly permissive to HIV-1, whereas Th1 cells are relatively resistant. Molecular mechanisms underlying these differences remain unknown. RESULTS Exposure to replication competent and single-round VSV-G pseudotyped HIV strains provide evidence that superior HIV replication in Th1Th17 vs. Th1 cells was regulated by mechanisms located at entry and post-entry levels. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling identified transcripts upregulated (n = 264) and downregulated (n = 235) in Th1Th17 vs. Th1 cells (p-value < 0.05; fold change cut-off 1.3). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed pathways enriched in Th1Th17 (nuclear receptors, trafficking, p38/MAPK, NF-κB, p53/Ras, IL-23) vs. Th1 cells (proteasome, interferon α/β). Differentially expressed genes were classified into biological categories using Gene Ontology. Th1Th17 cells expressed typical Th17 markers (IL-17A/F, IL-22, CCL20, RORC, IL-26, IL-23R, CCR6) and transcripts functionally linked to regulating cell trafficking (CEACAM1, MCAM), activation (CD28, CD40LG, TNFSF13B, TNFSF25, PTPN13, MAP3K4, LTB, CTSH), transcription (PPARγ, RUNX1, ATF5, ARNTL), apoptosis (FASLG), and HIV infection (CXCR6, FURIN). Differential expression of CXCR6, PPARγ, ARNTL, PTPN13, MAP3K4, CTSH, SERPINB6, PTK2, and ISG20 was validated by RT-PCR, flow cytometry and/or confocal microscopy. The nuclear receptor PPARγ was preferentially expressed by Th1Th17 cells. PPARγ RNA interference significantly increased HIV replication at levels post-entry and prior HIV-DNA integration. Finally, the activation of PPARγ pathway via the agonist Rosiglitazone induced the nuclear translocation of PPARγ and a robust inhibition of viral replication. CONCLUSIONS Thus, transcriptional profiling in Th1Th17 vs. Th1 cells demonstrated that HIV permissiveness is associated with a superior state of cellular activation and limited antiviral properties and identified PPARγ as an intrinsic negative regulator of viral replication. Therefore, triggering PPARγ pathway via non-toxic agonists may contribute to limiting covert HIV replication and disease progression during antiretroviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bernier
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cleret-Buhot
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Goulet
- Faculty of Medicine, CARTaGENE, Université de Montréal, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ste Justine Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal Quebec, Canada
| | - Patricia Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sandrina DaFonseca
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Vanessa Sue Wacleche
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
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Efficiency of cell-free and cell-associated virus in mucosal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2013; 87:13589-97. [PMID: 24109227 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03108-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective strategies are needed to block mucosal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here, we address a crucial question in HIV-1 pathogenesis: whether infected donor mononuclear cells or cell-free virus plays the more important role in initiating mucosal infection by HIV-1. This distinction is critical, as effective strategies for blocking cell-free and cell-associated virus transmission may be different. We describe a novel ex vivo model system that utilizes sealed human colonic mucosa explants and demonstrate in both the ex vivo model and in vivo using the rectal challenge model in rhesus monkeys that HIV-1-infected lymphocytes can transmit infection across the mucosa more efficiently than cell-free virus. These findings may have significant implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis of mucosal transmission of HIV-1 and for the development of strategies to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
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26
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Liu Y, Chen K, Wang C, Gong W, Yoshimura T, Liu M, Wang JM. Cell surface receptor FPR2 promotes antitumor host defense by limiting M2 polarization of macrophages. Cancer Res 2013; 73:550-60. [PMID: 23139214 PMCID: PMC3549056 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
FPR2 (Fpr2 in mouse) is a G-protein-coupled receptor interacting with bacterial and host-derived chemotactic agonists. Fpr2 supports innate and adaptive immune responses as illustrated by the reduction in severity of allergic airway inflammation in Fpr2-KO mice, due to impaired trafficking of antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC). The aim of this study is to examine the role of Fpr2 in host antitumor responses. We found that Fpr2-KO mice bearing subcutaneously implanted Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells exhibited significantly shortened survival than normal mice due to more rapidly growing tumors. In contrast, in Fpr2-transgenic mice overexpressing Fpr2, subcutaneously implanted LLC tumors grew more slowly than those in wild-type (WT) littermates. Investigation of tumor tissues revealed an increased number of macrophages associated with tumors grown in Fpr2-KO mice. Macrophages derived from Fpr2-KO mice showed a more potent chemotactic response to LLC-derived supernatant (LLC Sup), which could be neutralized by an anti-CCL2 antibody. The increased chemotaxis of Fpr2-KO mouse macrophages in response to LLC Sup was due to their higher level expression of CCR4, a chemokine receptor that also recognizes the ligand CCL2. Furthermore, macrophages from Fpr2-KO mice acquired an M2 phenotype after stimulation with LLC Sup. These results suggest that Fpr2 plays an important role in host defense against implanted LLC by sustaining macrophages in an M1 phenotype with more potent antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, 21702, USA
- Xuzhou Yes Biotech Laboratories Ltd. Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Mingyong Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, 21702, USA
- Department of Spine Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, 21702, USA
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27
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Ansari AW, Meyer-Olson D, Schmidt RE. Selective expansion of pro-inflammatory chemokine CCL2-loaded CD14+CD16+ monocytes subset in HIV-infected therapy naïve individuals. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33:302-6. [PMID: 22961048 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the critical role of C-C chemokine CCL2 in HIV-1 pathogenesis, and circulating monocytes as the major source of CCL2. Since the functional aspect of monocyte subsets in context to CCL2 production is unclear, we investigated the frequency and production of CCL2 by circulating monocyte subsets in a cohort of HIV- therapy naïve patients. A cohort of HIV-infected therapy naïve patients (n=9) and healthy controls (n=6) were recruited for this study. To examine monocyte subset frequency and CCL2 production, we performed surface and intra-cellular staining of freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and subjected to flow cytometry. A preferential expansion of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte subset, coupled with increased intracellular production of CCL2 was observed in HIV-1 patients compared to healthy controls. Interestingly this phenotype was mostly restricted to CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte subsets. This study identifies pro-inflammatory CCL2 producing CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte subset that expands selectively in HIV-1 infection and could potentially participate in causing immuno-pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wahid Ansari
- Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Vassallo M, Mercié P, Cottalorda J, Ticchioni M, Dellamonica P. The role of lipopolysaccharide as a marker of immune activation in HIV-1 infected patients: a systematic literature review. Virol J 2012; 9:174. [PMID: 22925532 PMCID: PMC3495848 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent observational studies suggest a role for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a marker of immune activation in HIV-infected patients, with potential repercussions on the effectiveness of antiretroviral regimens. Object A systematic review of LPS as a marker of immune activation in HIV-1 infected patients. Data sources MEDLINE register of articles and international conference proceedings. Review methods Case–control studies comparing the role of plasma LPS as a marker of immune activation in HIV-infected patients versus HIV negative subjects. Data synthesis Two hundred and six articles were selected using MEDLINE, plus 51 studies presented at international conferences. Plasma LPS is a marker of immune activation in HIV-infected patients, determining the entry of central memory CD4+ T cells into the replication cycle and finally generating cell death. Plasma LPS probably results from immune-mediated alterations of the intestinal barrier, which can occur soon after HIV seroconversion. LPS is a likely marker of disease progression, as it drives chronic monocyte activation, and some studies suggest that hyperexpression of CCR5 receptors, related to LPS plasma levels, could be responsible for monocyte trafficking in the brain compartment and for the appearance of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) generally reduces LPS concentrations, but rarely to the same levels as in the control group. This phenomenon probably depends on ongoing but incomplete repair of the mucosal barrier. Only in patients achieving maximal viral suppression (i.e. viral load < 2.5 cp/ml) are LPS levels comparable to healthy donors. In successfully treated patients who did not restore CD4+ T cells, one hypothesis is that the degree of residual microbial translocation, measured by LPS, alters the turnover of CD4+ T cells. Conclusions LPS is a marker of microbial translocation, responsible for chronic immune activation in HIV-infected patients. Even in successfully treated patients, LPS values are rarely normal. Several studies suggest a role for LPS as a negative predictive marker of immune restoration in patients with blunted CD4 T cell gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vassallo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, L'Archet Hospital, University of Nice, Nice, France.
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Mir KD, Mavigner M, Silvestri G. The myeloid cytokine network in AIDS pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:223-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yokobayashi H, Sugaya M, Miyagaki T, Kai H, Suga H, Yamada D, Minatani Y, Watanabe K, Kikuchi Y, Tamaki T, Sato S. Analysis of serum chemokine levels in patients with HIV-associated eosinophilic folliculitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:e212-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Walter J, Fraga L, Orin MJ, Decker WD, Gipps T, Stek A, Aldrovandi GM. Immunomodulatory factors in cervicovaginal secretions from pregnant and non-pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:263. [PMID: 21961998 PMCID: PMC3190379 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are at an increased risk for HIV infection due to unknown biological causes. Given the strong effect of sex-hormones on the expression of immunomuodulatory factors, the central role of mucosal immunity in HIV pathogenesis and the lack of previous studies, we here tested for differences in immunomuodulatory factors in cervico-vaginal secretions between pregnant and non-pregnant women. METHODS We compared concentrations of 39 immunomodulatory factors in cervicovaginal lavages (CVL) from 21 pregnant women to those of 24 non-pregnant healthy women from the US. We used Bonferroni correction to correct for multiple testing and linear regression modeling to adjust for possible confounding by plasma cytokine concentration, cervical ectopy, total protein concentration, and other possible confounders. Cervical ectopy was determined by planimetry. Concentration of immunomodulatory factors were measured by a multiplex assay, protein concentration by the Bradford Method. RESULTS Twenty six (66%) of the 39 measured immunomodulatory factors were detectable in at least half of the CVL samples included in the study. Pregnant women had threefold lower CVL concentration of CCL22 (geometric mean: 29.6 pg/ml versus 89.7 pg/ml, p = 0.0011) than non-pregnant women. CVL CCL22 concentration additionally correlated negatively with gestational age (Spearman correlation coefficient [RS]: -0.49, p = 0.0006). These associations remained significant when corrected for multiple testing. CCL22 concentration in CVL was positively correlated with age and negatively correlated with time since last coitus and the size of cervical ectopy. However, none of these associations could explain the difference of CCL22 concentration between pregnant and non-pregnant women in this study, which remained significant in adjusted analysis. CONCLUSIONS In this study population, pregnancy is associated with reduced concentrations of CCL22 in cervicovaginal secretions. The role of CCL22 on HIV transmission should now be investigated in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Walter
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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Monteiro P, Gosselin A, Wacleche VS, El-Far M, Said EA, Kared H, Grandvaux N, Boulassel MR, Routy JP, Ancuta P. Memory CCR6+CD4+T Cells Are Preferential Targets for Productive HIV Type 1 Infection Regardless of Their Expression of Integrin β7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4618-30. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Macrophages and CD4+ T cells are natural target cells for HIV-1, and both cell types contribute to the establishment of the viral reservoir that is responsible for continuous residual virus replication during antiretroviral therapy and viral load rebound upon treatment interruption. Scientific findings that support a critical role for the infected monocyte/macrophage in HIV-1-associated diseases, such as neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease, are accumulating. To prevent or treat these HIV-1-related diseases, we need to halt HIV-1 replication in the macrophage reservoir. This article describes our current knowledge of how monocytes and certain macrophage subsets are able to restrict HIV-1 infection, in addition to what makes macrophages respond less well to current antiretroviral drugs as compared with CD4+ T cells. These insights will help to find novel approaches that can be used to meet this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan M Bol
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Cobos-Jiménez
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Erreni M, Solinas G, Brescia P, Osti D, Zunino F, Colombo P, Destro A, Roncalli M, Mantovani A, Draghi R, Levi D, Rodriguez y Baena R, Gaetani P, Pelicci G, Allavena P. Human glioblastoma tumours and neural cancer stem cells express the chemokine CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:3383-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Saïdi H, Carbonneil C, Magri G, Eslahpazir J, Sekaly RP, Bélec L. Differential modulation of CCR5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus–1 transfer from macrophages towards T cells under interleukin-4/interleukin-13 microenvironment. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Mortellaro A, Wong SC, Fric J, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P. The need to identify myeloid dendritic cell progenitors in human blood. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gosselin A, Monteiro P, Chomont N, Diaz-Griffero F, Said EA, Fonseca S, Wacleche V, El-Far M, Boulassel MR, Routy JP, Sekaly RP, Ancuta P. Peripheral blood CCR4+CCR6+ and CXCR3+CCR6+CD4+ T cells are highly permissive to HIV-1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1604-16. [PMID: 20042588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge on the identity of primary CD4(+) T cell subsets selectively targeted by HIV-1 in vivo. In this study, we established a link between HIV permissiveness, phenotype/homing potential, and lineage commitment in primary CD4(+) T cells. CCR4(+)CCR6(+), CCR4(+)CCR6(-), CXCR3(+)CCR6(+), and CXCR3(+)CCR6(-) T cells expressed cytokines and transcription factors specific for Th17, Th2, Th1Th17, and Th1 lineages, respectively. CCR4(+)CCR6(+) and CXCR3(+)CCR6(+) T cells expressed the HIV coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 and were permissive to R5 and X4 HIV replication. CCR4(+)CCR6(-) T cells expressed CXCR4 but not CCR5 and were permissive to X4 HIV only. CXCR3(+)CCR6(-) T cells expressed CCR5 and CXCR4 but were relatively resistant to R5 and X4 HIV in vitro. Total CCR6(+) T cells compared with CCR6(-) T cells harbored higher levels of integrated HIV DNA in treatment-naive HIV-infected subjects. The frequency of total CCR6(+) T cells and those of CCR4(+)CCR6(+) and CXCR3(+)CCR6(+) T cells were diminished in chronically infected HIV-positive subjects, despite viral-suppressive therapy. A high-throughput analysis of cytokine profiles identified CXCR3(+)CCR6(+) T cells as a major source of TNF-alpha and CCL20 and demonstrated a decreased TNF-alpha/IL-10 ratio in CXCR3(+)CCR6(-) T cells. Finally, CCR4(+)CCR6(+) and CXCR3(+)CCR6(+) T cells exhibited gut- and lymph node-homing potential. Thus, we identified CCR4(+)CCR6(+) and CXCR3(+)CCR6(+) T cells as highly permissive to HIV replication, with potential to infiltrate and recruit more CCR6(+) T cells into anatomic sites of viral replication. It is necessary that new therapeutic strategies against HIV interfere with viral replication/persistence in discrete CCR6(+) T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Gosselin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Cassol E, Cassetta L, Alfano M, Poli G. Macrophage polarization and HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:599-608. [PMID: 20042468 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1009673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edana Cassol
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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CD14(high)CD16(+) rather than CD14(low)CD16(+) monocytes correlate with disease progression in chronic HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 52:553-9. [PMID: 19950429 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181c1d4fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes are an important cellular target for HIV-1 entry and expand in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals. Because CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes are a heterogeneous population and consist of CD14(high)CD16(+) and CD14(low)CD16(+) subsets, we evaluated the effects of HIV infection on distinct subsets of CD16(+) monocytes. METHODS Untreated HIV-infected patients were recruited to investigate the relationship between the proportions of monocyte subsets with plasma viral loads and CD4(+) T-cell counts. Patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were followed up in a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study. RESULTS Compared with CD14(low)CD16(+), CD14(high)CD16(+) monocytes showed higher levels of CD64 and HLA-DR antigens, which imply that these 2 distinct subsets have different immunoregulatory phenotypes. In HAART-naive patients, elevated proportions of CD14(high)CD16(+) monocytes were correlated with increased viral loads and decreased CD4(+) T-cell counts, whereas CD14(low)CD16(+) monocytes did not show such correlation with disease progression. Of importance, HAART recovered the proportion of CD14(high)CD16(+) monocytes, whereas CD14(low)CD16(+) monocytes did not decrease during 1 year of antiviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our observations elucidate distinct immune responses of monocyte subsets during HIV infection and antiviral therapy and provide new insight into the roles of innate immunity in HIV-related pathogenesis.
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Yadav A, Collman RG. CNS inflammation and macrophage/microglial biology associated with HIV-1 infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 4:430-47. [PMID: 19768553 PMCID: PMC5935112 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can result in neurological dysfunction with devastating consequences in a significant proportion of individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. HIV-1 does not infect neurons directly but induces damage indirectly through the accumulation of activated macrophage/microglia (M/M) cells, some of which are infected, that release neurotoxic mediators including both cellular activation products and viral proteins. One mechanism for the accumulation of activated M/M involves the development in infected individuals of an activated peripheral blood monocyte population that traffics through the blood-brain barrier, a process that also serves to carry virus into CNS and establish local infection. A second mechanism involves the release by infected and activated M/M in the CNS of chemotactic mediators that recruit additional monocytes from the periphery. These activated M/M, some of which are infected, release a number of cytokines and small molecule mediators as well as viral proteins that act on bystander cells and in turn activate them, thus amplifying the cascade. These viral proteins and cellular products have neurotoxic properties as well, both directly and through induction of astrocyte dysfunction, which ultimately lead to neuronal injury and death. In patients effectively treated with antiretroviral therapy, frank dementia is now uncommon and has been replaced by milder forms of neurocognitive impairment, with less frequent and more focal neuropathology. This review summarizes key findings that support the critical role and mechanisms of monocyte/macrophage activation and inflammation as a major component for HIV-1 encephalitis or HIV-1 associated dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Yadav
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 522 Johnson Pavilion, 36th & Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ancuta P, Liu KY, Misra V, Wacleche VS, Gosselin A, Zhou X, Gabuzda D. Transcriptional profiling reveals developmental relationship and distinct biological functions of CD16+ and CD16- monocyte subsets. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:403. [PMID: 19712453 PMCID: PMC2741492 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human peripheral blood monocytes (Mo) consist of subsets distinguished by expression of CD16 (FCgammaRIII) and chemokine receptors. Classical CD16- Mo express CCR2 and migrate in response to CCL2, while a minor CD16+ Mo subset expresses CD16 and CX3CR1 and migrates into tissues expressing CX3CL1. CD16+ Mo produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and are expanded in certain inflammatory conditions including sepsis and HIV infection. RESULTS To gain insight into the developmental relationship and functions of CD16+ and CD16- Mo, we examined transcriptional profiles of these Mo subsets in peripheral blood from healthy individuals. Of 16,328 expressed genes, 2,759 genes were differentially expressed and 228 and 250 were >2-fold upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in CD16+ compared to CD16- Mo. CD16+ Mo were distinguished by upregulation of transcripts for dendritic cell (DC) (SIGLEC10, CD43, RARA) and macrophage (MPhi) (CSF1R/CD115, MafB, CD97, C3aR) markers together with transcripts relevant for DC-T cell interaction (CXCL16, ICAM-2, LFA-1), cell activation (LTB, TNFRSF8, LST1, IFITM1-3, HMOX1, SOD-1, WARS, MGLL), and negative regulation of the cell cycle (CDKN1C, MTSS1), whereas CD16- Mo were distinguished by upregulation of transcripts for myeloid (CD14, MNDA, TREM1, CD1d, C1qR/CD93) and granulocyte markers (FPR1, GCSFR/CD114, S100A8-9/12). Differential expression of CSF1R, CSF3R, C1QR1, C3AR1, CD1d, CD43, CXCL16, and CX3CR1 was confirmed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, increased expression of RARA and KLF2 transcripts in CD16+ Mo coincided with absence of cell surface cutaneous lymphocyte associated antigen (CLA) expression, indicating potential imprinting for non-skin homing. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CD16+ and CD16- Mo originate from a common myeloid precursor, with CD16+ Mo having a more MPhi - and DC-like transcription program suggesting a more advanced stage of differentiation. Distinct transcriptional programs, together with their recruitment into tissues via different mechanisms, also suggest that CD16+ and CD16- Mo give rise to functionally distinct DC and MPhi in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronela Ancuta
- CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, INSERM Unit 743, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Williams KC, Burdo TH. HIV and SIV infection: the role of cellular restriction and immune responses in viral replication and pathogenesis. APMIS 2009; 117:400-12. [PMID: 19400864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have a long biological history. Both viruses evolved from Africa and remnants of them can be found in the 'fossil record' of several species in which they are not endemic. SIV remains endemic in several species of monkeys in Africa where it does not cause immune deficiency. HIV and SIV actively replicate within humans and Asian non-human primates, despite cellular and genetic viral restriction factors and genes, and at times robust innate and adaptive immune responses. While Lentiviruses are considered 'slow viruses' it is clear in humans and susceptible Asian monkeys that virus production is rapid and highly active. This results in a massive loss of CD4+ memory effector T cells early after infection and a continued race between viral evolution, cytotoxic lymphocytes, and failed neutralizing antibody responses. Concurrently, HIV and SIV can infect monocyte/macrophage populations in blood and more importantly in tissues, including the central nervous system, where the virus can remain sequestered and not cleared by anti-retroviral therapy, and hide for years. This review will discuss species and cellular barriers to infection, and the role of innate and acquired immunity with infection and pathogenesis of HIV and SIV in select species.
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Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVrcm, a unique CCR2-tropic virus, selectively depletes memory CD4+ T cells in pigtailed macaques through expanded coreceptor usage in vivo. J Virol 2009; 83:7894-908. [PMID: 19493994 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00444-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVrcm, which naturally infects red-capped mangabeys (RCMs), is the only SIV that uses CCR2 as its main coreceptor due to the high frequency of a CCR5 deletion in RCMs. We investigated the dynamics of SIVrcm infection to identify specific pathogenic mechanisms associated with this major difference in SIV biology. Four pigtailed macaques (PTMs) were infected with SIVrcm, and infection was monitored for over 2 years. The dynamics of in vivo SIVrcm replication in PTMs was similar to that of other pathogenic and nonpathogenic lymphotropic SIVs. Plasma viral loads (VLs) peaked at 10(7) to 10(9) SIVrcm RNA copies/ml by day 10 postinoculation (p.i.). A viral set point was established by day 42 p.i. at 10(3) to 10(5) SIVrcm RNA copies/ml and lasted up to day 180 p.i., when plasma VLs decreased below the threshold of detection, with blips of viral replication during the follow-up. Intestinal SIVrcm replication paralleled that of plasma VLs. Up to 80% of the CD4(+) T cells were depleted by day 28 p.i. in the gut. The most significant depletion (>90%) involved memory CD4(+) T cells. Partial CD4(+) T-cell restoration was observed in the intestine at later time points. Effector memory CD4(+) T cells were the least restored. SIVrcm strains isolated from acutely infected PTMs used CCR2 coreceptor, as reported, but expansion of coreceptor usage to CCR4 was also observed. Selective depletion of effector memory CD4(+) T cells is in contrast with predicted in vitro tropism of SIVrcm for macrophages and is probably due to expansion of coreceptor usage. Taken together, these findings emphasize the importance of understanding the selective forces driving viral adaptation to a new host.
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Ancuta P, Kamat A, Kunstman KJ, Kim EY, Autissier P, Wurcel A, Zaman T, Stone D, Mefford M, Morgello S, Singer EJ, Wolinsky SM, Gabuzda D. Microbial translocation is associated with increased monocyte activation and dementia in AIDS patients. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2516. [PMID: 18575590 PMCID: PMC2424175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an indicator of microbial translocation from the gut, is a likely cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. LPS induces monocyte activation and trafficking into brain, which are key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). To determine whether high LPS levels are associated with increased monocyte activation and HAD, we obtained peripheral blood samples from AIDS patients and examined plasma LPS by Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, peripheral blood monocytes by FACS, and soluble markers of monocyte activation by ELISA. Purified monocytes were isolated by FACS sorting, and HIV DNA and RNA levels were quantified by real time PCR. Circulating monocytes expressed high levels of the activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR, and harbored low levels of HIV compared to CD4(+) T-cells. High plasma LPS levels were associated with increased plasma sCD14 and LPS-binding protein (LBP) levels, and low endotoxin core antibody levels. LPS levels were higher in HAD patients compared to control groups, and were associated with HAD independently of plasma viral load and CD4 counts. LPS levels were higher in AIDS patients using intravenous heroin and/or ethanol, or with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, compared to control groups. These results suggest a role for elevated LPS levels in driving monocyte activation in AIDS, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of HAD, and provide evidence that cofactors linked to substance abuse and HCV co-infection influence these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronela Ancuta
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anupa Kamat
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Kunstman
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Patrick Autissier
- Beth Israel Deaconess Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alysse Wurcel
- Lemuel Shattuck Hospital, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tauheed Zaman
- Lemuel Shattuck Hospital, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Stone
- Lemuel Shattuck Hospital, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Megan Mefford
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan Morgello
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elyse J. Singer
- University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Wolinsky
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Aguiar RS, Peterlin BM. APOBEC3 proteins and reverse transcription. Virus Res 2008; 134:74-85. [PMID: 18262674 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of members of the APOBEC3 (A3) family of proteins to confer intrinsic immunity to retroviral infection was recognized in several studies. More specifically, A3 proteins are cytidine deaminases (CDAs) that cause hypermutations of nascent retroviral genomes by deamination of cytidine residues. Although A3 proteins can restrict the replication of HIV, this inhibition is overcome by the viral infectivity factor (Vif). Inhibitory effects of APOBEC proteins are not limited to HIV but extend to other viruses and endogenous mobile genetic elements that share a reverse transcription process analogous to that of exogenous retroviruses. In sharp contrast, another conundrum of A3 proteins is that they inhibit viral replication even in the absence of CDA activity and recent advances have defined the inhibition of reverse transcriptase (RT) catalyzed DNA elongation reactions by A3 proteins. Together, these proteins provide strong and immediate intracellular immunity against incoming pathogens and restrict the movement of mobile genetic elements protecting the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S Aguiar
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 533 Parnassus Avenue U422, San Francisco, CA 94143-0703, USA
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Randolph GJ, Jakubzick C, Qu C. Antigen presentation by monocytes and monocyte-derived cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:52-60. [PMID: 18160272 PMCID: PMC2408874 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are circulating mononuclear phagocytes with a fundamental capacity to differentiate into macrophages. This differentiation can, in the presence of the right environmental cues, be re-directed instead to dendritic cells (DCs). Recent advances have been made in understanding the role of monocytes and their derivatives in presenting antigen to drive immune responses, and we review this topic herein. We briefly discuss the heterogeneity of monocytes in the blood and subsequently raise the possibility that one of the major monocyte phenotypes in the blood corresponds with a population of 'blood DCs' previously proposed to drive T-independent antibody reactions in the spleen. Then we evaluate the role of monocytes in T-dependent immunity, considering their role in acquiring antigens for presentation before exiting the bloodstream and their ability to differentiate into macrophages versus antigen-presenting DCs. Finally, we review recent literature on the role of monocyte-derived cells in cross-presentation and discuss the possibility that monocyte-derived cells participate critically in processing antigen for cross-priming, even if they do not present that antigen to T cells themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine and the Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Almodóvar S, Del C Colón M, Maldonado IM, Villafañe R, Abreu S, Meléndez I, Domínguez C, Cuevas W, Collins TM, Lorenzo E. HIV-1 infection of monocytes is directly related to the success of HAART. Virology 2007; 369:35-46. [PMID: 17707072 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are recognized cellular compartments involved in HIV infection; however, the extent to which precursor monocytes are infected in vivo and its significance remains poorly understood. Our aim was to analyze the contribution of monocytes to HIV infection in vivo. PCR assays did not detect HIV-1 proviral DNA in monocytes of HAART-suppressed patients. Monocyte-derived macrophages from individuals under suppressive HAART did not show evidence of harboring HIV, thereby, minimizing the possibility of infection by the integration of sequestered virus after differentiation. These results suggest that the infection of permissive monocytes is directly related to the success of HAART (p<0.001). HIV-1 env was characterized from patients under sub-optimal HAART and hence, with infected monocytes. Sequence analyses showed a consistent relationship between monocytes and plasma virus. Altogether, we found that in suppressive HAART, neither monocytes nor Monocyte-derived macrophages-harbored HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharilyn Almodóvar
- Ponce School of Medicine, AIDS Research Program, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, 00732-7004, Puerto Rico
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49
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Ancuta P, Wang J, Gabuzda D. CD16+ monocytes produce IL-6, CCL2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 upon interaction with CX3CL1-expressing endothelial cells. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 80:1156-64. [PMID: 17056766 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0206125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD16+ subset of peripheral blood monocytes (Mo) is expanded dramatically during inflammatory conditions including sepsis, HIV-1 infection, and cancer. CD16+ express high levels of CX3CR1, which mediates arrest onto CX3CL1-expressing endothelial cells (EC) under flow conditions. In contrast, attachment of CD16- Mo onto cytokine-activated EC is independent of CX3CL1. Here, we investigate the ability of CD16+ and CD16- Mo to produce proinflammatory cytokines upon interaction with CX3CL1-expressing HUVEC. We demonstrate that CD16+ but not CD16- Mo produce high levels of IL-6, CCL2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 when cocultured with TNF/IFN-gamma-activated HUVEC or nonactivated HUVEC expressing CX3CL1. Furthermore, supernatants from Mo cocultured with cytokine-activated HUVEC induce neuronal death in vitro. These results suggest that membrane-bound CX3CL1 stimulates production of IL-6, CCL2, and MMP-9 by CD16+ Mo, likely via engagement of CX3CR1. Thus, expansion of CD16+ Mo and their accumulation onto CX3CL1-expressing EC may result in recruitment of Mo and T cell subsets at sites of inflammation in response to CCL2, IL-6-induced cell activation and/or differentiation, and MMP-9-mediated vascular and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronela Ancuta
- Department of Cancer Immunology, and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Clay CC, Rodrigues DS, Ho YS, Fallert BA, Janatpour K, Reinhart TA, Esser U. Neuroinvasion of fluorescein-positive monocytes in acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2007; 81:12040-8. [PMID: 17715237 PMCID: PMC2168770 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00133-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia. They represent prominent targets for HIV infection and are thought to facilitate viral neuroinvasion and neuroinflammatory processes. However, many aspects regarding monocyte brain recruitment in HIV infection remain undefined. The nonhuman primate model of AIDS is uniquely suited for examination of the role of monocytes in the pathogenesis of AIDS-associated encephalitis. Nevertheless, an approach to monitor cell migration from peripheral blood into the central nervous system (CNS) in primates had been lacking. Here, upon autologous transfer of fluorescein dye-labeled leukocytes, we demonstrate the trafficking of dye-positive monocytes into the choroid plexus stromata and perivascular spaces in the cerebra of rhesus macaques acutely infected with simian immunodeficiency virus between days 12 and 14 postinfection (p.i.). Dye-positive cells that had migrated expressed the monocyte activation marker CD16 and the macrophage marker CD68. Monocyte neuroinvasion coincided with the presence of the virus in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid and with the induction of the proinflammatory mediators CXCL9/MIG and CCL2/MCP-1 in the CNS. Prior to neuroinfiltration, plasma viral load levels peaked on day 11 p.i. Furthermore, the numbers of peripheral blood monocytes rapidly increased between days 4 and 8 p.i., and circulating monocytes exhibited increased functional capacity to produce CCL2/MCP-1. Our findings demonstrate acute monocyte brain infiltration in an animal model of AIDS. Such studies facilitate future examinations of the migratory profile of CNS-homing monocytes, the role of monocytes in virus import into the brain, and the disruption of blood-cerebrospinal fluid and blood-brain barrier functions in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Clay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Research III Building, Room 3400A, University of California-Davis Medical Center, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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