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Thapa B, Kato S, Nishizaki D, Miyashita H, Lee S, Nesline MK, Previs RA, Conroy JM, DePietro P, Pabla S, Kurzrock R. OX40/OX40 ligand and its role in precision immune oncology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:1001-1013. [PMID: 38526805 PMCID: PMC11300540 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed the treatment landscape for various malignancies; however, their benefit is limited to a subset of patients. The immune machinery includes both mediators of suppression/immune evasion, such as PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3, all of which can be inhibited by specific antibodies, and immune-stimulatory molecules, such as T-cell co-stimulatory receptors that belong to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), including OX40 receptor (CD134; TNFRSF4), 4-1BB (CD137; TNFRSF9), and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (GITR) protein (CD357; TNFRSF18). In particular, OX40 and its binding ligand OX40L (CD134L; TNFSF4; CD252) are critical for immunoregulation. When OX40 on activated T cells binds OX40L on antigen-presenting cells, T-cell activation and immune stimulation are initiated via enhanced T-cell survival, proliferation and cytotoxicity, memory T-cell formation, and abrogation of regulatory T cell (Treg) immunosuppressive functions. OX40 agonists are in clinical trials both as monotherapy and in combination with other immunotherapy agents, in particular specific checkpoint inhibitors, for cancer treatment. To date, however, only a minority of patients respond. Transcriptomic profiling reveals that OX40 and OX40L expression vary between and within tumor types, and that only ~ 17% of cancer patients have high OX40 and low OX40L, one of the expression patterns that might be theoretically amenable to OX40 agonist enhancement. Taken together, the data suggest that the OX40/OX40L machinery is a critical part of the immune stimulatory system and that understanding endogenous expression patterns of these molecules and co-existing checkpoints merits further investigation in the context of a precision immunotherapy strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicky Thapa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daisuke Nishizaki
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Suzanna Lee
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- MCW Cancer Center and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Wang Y, Xu M, Sun J, Li X, Shi H, Wang X, Liu B, Zhang T, Jiang X, Lin L, Li Q, Huang Y, Liang Y, Hu M, Zheng F, Zhang F, Sun J, Shi Y, Wang Y. Glycolytic neutrophils accrued in the spleen compromise anti-tumour T cell immunity in breast cancer. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1408-1422. [PMID: 37563468 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of immunity across organs is fundamental to cancer development and progression. It is well known that the hostile metabolic microenvironment in the tumour is a major obstacle to effective anti-tumour immunity. However, whether metabolic alterations in secondary lymphoid tissues beyond the tumour can affect anti-tumour immunity remains elusive. Using positron-emission tomography-computed tomography, we show that the spleens of humans and mice with breast cancer are metabolically reprogrammed to a glycolytic state. Such an increase in glucose consumption in the spleen primarily occurs in neutrophils generated by extramedullary haematopoiesis and recruitment from the bone marrow. These neutrophils in the white pulp create a glucose-deprived microenvironment, which, in turn, induces T cell anergy by impairing pyruvate kinase M2 and its action on STAT5, thus compromising their anti-tumour activities. Furthermore, CCL9 chemokine produced by splenic stromal cells is central to splenic neutrophil accumulation, and blockade of the CCR1 receptor favours tumour eradication. Thus, neutrophils metabolically influence the spleen microenvironment and control anti-tumour T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Muhan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Shanghai Universal Cloud Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Shanghai Universal Cloud Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huazheng Shi
- Shanghai Universal Cloud Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institute for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Benming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangyu Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanjun Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institute for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Redmond WL. Challenges and opportunities in the development of combination immunotherapy with OX40 agonists. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:901-912. [PMID: 37587644 PMCID: PMC10530613 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2249396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Costimulatory members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, such as OX40 (CD134), provide essential survival and differentiation signals that enhance T cell function. Specifically, OX40 (CD134) agonists stimulate potent anti-tumor immunity in a variety of preclinical models but their therapeutic impact in patients with advanced malignancies has been limited thus far. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the current state of combination immunotherapy with OX40 agonists including preclinical studies and recent clinical trials. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of these approaches and provide insight into alternatives that may help enhance the efficacy of combination OX40 agonist immunotherapy. EXPERT OPINION OX40 agonist immunotherapy has not yet demonstrated significant clinical activity as a monotherapy or in combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), likely due to several factors including the timing of administration, drug potency, and selection of agents for combination therapy clinical trials. We believe that careful consideration of the biological mechanisms regulating OX40 expression and function may help inform new approaches, particularly in combination with novel agents, capable of increasing the therapeutic efficacy of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Redmond
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2N35, Portland, OR, 97213
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4
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Freitas KA, Belk JA, Sotillo E, Quinn PJ, Ramello MC, Malipatlolla M, Daniel B, Sandor K, Klysz D, Bjelajac J, Xu P, Burdsall KA, Tieu V, Duong VT, Donovan MG, Weber EW, Chang HY, Majzner RG, Espinosa JM, Satpathy AT, Mackall CL. Enhanced T cell effector activity by targeting the Mediator kinase module. Science 2022; 378:eabn5647. [PMID: 36356142 PMCID: PMC10335827 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
T cells are the major arm of the immune system responsible for controlling and regressing cancers. To identify genes limiting T cell function, we conducted genome-wide CRISPR knockout screens in human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Top hits were MED12 and CCNC, components of the Mediator kinase module. Targeted MED12 deletion enhanced antitumor activity and sustained the effector phenotype in CAR- and T cell receptor-engineered T cells, and inhibition of CDK8/19 kinase activity increased expansion of nonengineered T cells. MED12-deficient T cells manifested increased core Meditator chromatin occupancy at transcriptionally active enhancers-most notably for STAT and AP-1 transcription factors-and increased IL2RA expression and interleukin-2 sensitivity. These results implicate Mediator in T cell effector programming and identify the kinase module as a target for enhancing potency of antitumor T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Freitas
- Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: KAF and JAB
| | - Julia A. Belk
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: KAF and JAB
| | - Elena Sotillo
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick J. Quinn
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria C. Ramello
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meena Malipatlolla
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bence Daniel
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katalin Sandor
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dorota Klysz
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Bjelajac
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative
Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kylie A. Burdsall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victor Tieu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vandon T. Duong
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Micah G. Donovan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Evan W. Weber
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco,
CA, USA
- Present address: Department of Pediatrics, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Howard Y. Chang
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco,
CA, USA
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robbie G. Majzner
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell
Transplant and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joaquin M. Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ansuman T. Satpathy
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco,
CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: ATS and CLM
| | - Crystal L. Mackall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco,
CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell
Transplant and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of BMT and Cell Therapy, Department of Medicine,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: ATS and CLM
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Kahan SM, Bakshi RK, Ingram JT, Hendrickson RC, Lefkowitz EJ, Crossman DK, Harrington LE, Weaver CT, Zajac AJ. Intrinsic IL-2 production by effector CD8 T cells affects IL-2 signaling and promotes fate decisions, stemness, and protection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl6322. [PMID: 35148200 PMCID: PMC8923238 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl6322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show that the capacity to manufacture IL-2 identifies constituents of the expanded CD8 T cell effector pool that display stem-like features, preferentially survive, rapidly attain memory traits, resist exhaustion, and control chronic viral challenges. The cell-intrinsic synthesis of IL-2 by CD8 T cells attenuates the ability to receive IL-2-dependent STAT5 signals, thereby limiting terminal effector formation, endowing the IL-2-producing effector subset with superior protective powers. In contrast, the non-IL-2-producing effector cells respond to IL-2 signals and gain effector traits at the expense of memory formation. Despite having distinct properties during the effector phase, IL-2-producing and nonproducing CD8 T cells appear to converge transcriptionally as memory matures to form populations with equal recall abilities. Therefore, the potential to produce IL-2 during the effector, but not memory stage, is a consequential feature that dictates the protective capabilities of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Kahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States,Present address: NextCure, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States,These authors contributed equally
| | - Rakesh K. Bakshi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States,Present address: NextCure, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States,Deceased
| | - Jennifer T. Ingram
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - R. Curtis Hendrickson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Elliot J. Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Laurie E. Harrington
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Casey T. Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Allan J. Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States,Corresponding Author: Allan J. Zajac
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Staggered starts in the race to T cell activation. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:994-1008. [PMID: 34649777 PMCID: PMC7612485 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How T lymphocytes tune their responses to different strengths of stimulation is a fundamental question in immunology. Recent work using new optogenetic, single-cell genomic, and live-imaging approaches has revealed that stimulation strength controls the rate of individual cell responses within a population. Moreover, these responses have been found to use shared molecular programs, regardless of stimulation strength. However, additional data indicate that stimulation duration or cytokine feedback can impact later gene expression phenotypes of activated cells. In-depth molecular studies have suggested mechanisms by which stimulation strength might modulate the probability of T cell activation. This emerging model allows activating T cells to achieve a wide range of population responses through probabilistic control within individual cells.
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Ni G, Yang X, Li J, Wu X, Liu Y, Li H, Chen S, Fogarty CE, Frazer IH, Chen G, Liu X, Wang T. Intratumoral injection of caerin 1.1 and 1.9 peptides increases the efficacy of vaccinated TC-1 tumor-bearing mice with PD-1 blockade by modulating macrophage heterogeneity and the activation of CD8 + T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1335. [PMID: 34429969 PMCID: PMC8369845 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Developing a vaccine formula that alters the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to be more immune active against a tumor is key to the improvement of clinical responses to immunotherapy. Here, we demonstrate that, in conjunction with E7 antigen-specific immunotherapy, and IL-10 and PD-1 blockade, intratumoral administration of caerin 1.1/1.9 peptides improves TC-1 tumor microenvironment (TME) to be more immune active than injection of a control peptide. METHODS We compared the survival time of vaccinated TC-1 tumor-bearing mice with PD-1 and IL-10 blockade, in combination with a further injection of caerin 1.1/1.9 or control peptides. The tumor-infiltrating haematopoietic cells were examined by flow cytometry. Single-cell transcriptomics and proteomics were used to quantify changes in cellular activity across different cell types within the TME. RESULTS The injection of caerin 1.1/1.9 increased the efficacy of vaccinated TC-1 tumor-bearing mice with anti-PD-1 treatment and largely expanded the populations of macrophages and NK cells with higher immune activation level, while reducing immunosuppressive macrophages. More activated CD8+ T cells were induced with higher populations of memory and effector-memory CD8+ T subsets. Computational integration of the proteome with the single-cell transcriptome supported activation of Stat1-modulated apoptosis and significant reduction in immune-suppressive B-cell function following caerin 1.1 and 1.9 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Caerin 1.1/1.9-containing treatment results in improved antitumor responses. Harnessing the novel candidate genes preferentially enriched in the immune active cell populations may allow further exploration of distinct macrophages, T cells and their functions in TC-1 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Ni
- Cancer Research InstituteFirst People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshanGuangdongChina
- Genecology Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydore DCQLDAustralia
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Clinical Medical SchoolGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Clinical Medical SchoolGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junjie Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Clinical Medical SchoolGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaolian Wu
- Cancer Research InstituteFirst People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshanGuangdongChina
| | - Ying Liu
- Cancer Research InstituteFirst People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshanGuangdongChina
| | - Hejie Li
- Genecology Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydore DCQLDAustralia
| | - Shu Chen
- Cancer Research InstituteFirst People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshanGuangdongChina
| | - Conor E Fogarty
- Genecology Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydore DCQLDAustralia
| | - Ian H Frazer
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Queensland Diamantina InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Cancer Research InstituteFirst People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshanGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- Cancer Research InstituteFirst People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshanGuangdongChina
- Genecology Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydore DCQLDAustralia
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Clinical Medical SchoolGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tianfang Wang
- Genecology Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine CoastMaroochydore DCQLDAustralia
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8
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Wu H, Tang X, Kim HJ, Jalali S, Pritchett JC, Villasboas JC, Novak AJ, Yang ZZ, Ansell SM. Expression of KLRG1 and CD127 defines distinct CD8 + subsets that differentially impact patient outcome in follicular lymphoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002662. [PMID: 34226281 PMCID: PMC8258669 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD8+ T-lymphocyte subsets defined by killer lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) and CD127 expression have been reported to have an important role in infection, but their role in the setting of lymphoid malignancies, specifically follicular lymphoma (FL), has not been studied. Methods To characterize the phenotype of KLRG1/CD127-defined CD8+ subsets, surface and intracellular markers were measured by flow cytometry and Cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF), and the transcriptional profile of these cells was determined by CITE-Seq (Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing). The functional capacity of each subset was determined, as was their impact on overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) of patients with FL. Results We found that intratumoral CD8+ cells in FL are skewed toward effector cell subsets, particularly KLRG+CD127- and KLRG1-CD127- cells over memory cell subsets, such as KLRG1-CD127+ and KLRG1+CD127+ cells. While effector subsets exhibited increased capacity to produce cytokines/granules when compared with memory subsets, their proliferative capacity and viability were found to be substantially inferior. Clinically, a skewed distribution of intratumoral CD8+ T cells favoring effector subtypes was associated with an inferior outcome in patients with FL. Increased numbers of CD127+KLRG1- and CD127+KLRG1+ were significantly associated with a favorable OS and EFS, while CD127-KLRG1- correlated with a poor EFS and OS in patients with FL. Furthermore, we demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-15 promotes CD127-KLRG1+ cell development in the presence of dendritic cells via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent mechanism, and treatment of CD8+ T cells with a PI3K inhibitor downregulated the transcription factors responsible for CD127-KLRG1+ differentiation. Conclusions Taken together, these results reveal not only a biological and prognostic role for KLRG1/CD127-defined CD8+ subsets in FL but also a potential role for PI3K inhibitors to manipulate the differentiation of CD8+ T cells, thereby promoting a more effective antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shahrzad Jalali
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joshua C Pritchett
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jose C Villasboas
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anne J Novak
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zhi-Zhang Yang
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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9
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Bos R, Marquardt KL, Cheung J, Sherman LA. Functional differences between low- and high-affinity CD8(+) T cells in the tumor environment. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1239-1247. [PMID: 23243587 PMCID: PMC3518496 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Weak T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-ligand interactions are sufficient to activate naïve CD8(+) T cells, but generally do not result in tumor eradication. How differences in TCR affinity affect the regulation of T-cell function in an immunosuppressive tumor environment has not been investigated. We have examined the functional differences of high- vs. low-affinity CD8(+) T cells and we observed that infiltration, accumulation, survival and cytotoxicity within the tumor are severely impacted by the strength of TCR-ligand interactions. In addition, high-affinity CD8(+) T cells were found to exhibit lower expression of inhibitory molecules including PD-1, LAG-3 and NKG2A, thus being less susceptible to suppressive mechanisms. Interferon γ and autocrine interleukin-2 were both found to influence the level of expression of these molecules. Interestingly, although high-affinity CD8(+) T cells were superior to low-affinity CD8(+) T cells in their ability to effect tumor eradication, they could be further improved by the presence of tumor specific CD4(+) T cells. These findings illustrate the importance of both TCR affinity and tumor-specific CD4 help in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinke Bos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA
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10
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Cheng CC, Lin HC, Chiang YW, Chang J, Sie ZL, Yang BL, Lim KH, Peng CL, Ho AS, Chang YF. Nicotine exhausts CD8 + T cells against tumor cells through increasing miR-629-5p to repress IL2RB-mediated granzyme B expression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1351-1364. [PMID: 33146402 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism exhausting CD8+ T cells is not completely clear against tumors. Literature has demonstrated that cigarette smoking disables the immunological activity, so we propose nicotine is able to exhaust CD8+ T cells. The CD8+ T cells from healthy volunteers with and without cigarette smoking and the capacity of CD8+ T cells against tumor cells were investigated. RNAseq was used to investigate the gene profiling expression in CD8+ T cells. Meanwhile, small RNAseq was also used to search novel microRNAs involved in the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells. The effect of nicotine exhausting CD8+ T cells was investigated in vitro and in the humanized tumor xenografts in vivo. We found that CD8+ T cells were able to reduce cell viability in lung cancer HCC827 and A549 cells, that secreted granzyme B, but CD8+ T cells from the healthy cigarette smokers lost anti-HCC827 effect. Moreover, nicotine suppressed the anti-HCC827 effect of CD8+ T cells. RNAseq revealed lower levels of IL2RB and GZMB in the exhausted CD8+ T cells. We identified that miR-629-5p was increased by nicotine, that targeted IL2RB. Transfection of miR-629-5p mimic reduced IL2RB and GZMB levels. We further validated that nicotine reduced granzyme B levels using a nuclear imaging technique, and demonstrated that nicotine exhausted peripheral blood mononuclear cells against HCC827 growth in the humanized tumor xenografts. This study demonstrated that nicotine exhausted CD8+ T cells against HCC827 cells through increasing miR-629-5p to suppress IL2RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chia Cheng
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chi Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chiang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jungshan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Lin Sie
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Hong Lim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Peng
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Sheng Ho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Fang Chang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Laboratory of Good Clinical Research Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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11
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Amani MF, Rolig AS, Redmond WL. Intracellular Galectin-3 Is Essential for OX40-Mediated Memory CD8+ T Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1857-1866. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Benzotriazine Analogues as HIV-1 Latency-Reversing Agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00888-20. [PMID: 32482680 PMCID: PMC7526807 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00888-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
“Shock and kill” therapeutic strategies toward HIV eradication are based on the transcriptional activation of latent HIV with a latency-reversing agent (LRA) and the consequent killing of the reactivated cell by either the cytopathic effect of HIV or an arm of the immune system. We have recently found several benzotriazole and benzotriazine analogues that have the ability to reactivate latent HIV by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) SUMOylation and promoting STAT5 binding to the HIV long terminal repeat and increasing its transcriptional activity. “Shock and kill” therapeutic strategies toward HIV eradication are based on the transcriptional activation of latent HIV with a latency-reversing agent (LRA) and the consequent killing of the reactivated cell by either the cytopathic effect of HIV or an arm of the immune system. We have recently found several benzotriazole and benzotriazine analogues that have the ability to reactivate latent HIV by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) SUMOylation and promoting STAT5 binding to the HIV long terminal repeat and increasing its transcriptional activity. To understand the essential structural groups required for biological activity of these molecules, we performed a systematic analysis of >40 analogues. First, we characterized the essential motifs within these molecules that are required for their biological activity. Second, we identified three benzotriazine analogues with similar activity. We demonstrated that these three compounds are able to increase STAT5 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. All active analogues reactivate latent HIV in a primary cell model of latency and enhance the ability of interleukin-15 to reactivate latent HIV in cells isolated from aviremic participants. Third, this family of compounds also promote immune effector functions in vitro in the absence of toxicity or global immune activation. Finally, initial studies in mice suggest lack of acute toxicity in vivo. A better understanding of the biological activity of these compounds will help in the design of improved LRAs that work via inhibition of STAT5 SUMOylation.
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13
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Poropatich K, Dominguez D, Chan WC, Andrade J, Zha Y, Wray B, Miska J, Qin L, Cole L, Coates S, Patel U, Samant S, Zhang B. OX40+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment promote antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3528-3542. [PMID: 32182225 PMCID: PMC7324178 DOI: 10.1172/jci131992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), the major producers of type I interferon, are principally recognized as key mediators of antiviral immunity. However, their role in tumor immunity is less clear. Depending on the context, pDCs can promote or suppress antitumor immune responses. In this study, we identified a naturally occurring pDC subset expressing high levels of OX40 (OX40+ pDC) enriched in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. OX40+ pDCs were distinguished by a distinct immunostimulatory phenotype, cytolytic function, and ability to synergize with conventional DCs (cDCs) in generating potent tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Transcriptomically, we found that they selectively utilized EIF2 signaling and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Moreover, depletion of pDCs in the murine OX40+ pDC-rich tumor model accelerated tumor growth. Collectively, we present evidence of a pDC subset in the TME that favors antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Poropatich
- Department of Pathology
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Donye Dominguez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Yuanyuan Zha
- Human Immunologic Monitoring Facility, Office of Shared Research Facilities, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Wray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lei Qin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Sydney Coates
- Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Urjeet Patel
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sandeep Samant
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Ma CY, Marioni JC, Griffiths GM, Richard AC. Stimulation strength controls the rate of initiation but not the molecular organisation of TCR-induced signalling. eLife 2020; 9:e53948. [PMID: 32412411 PMCID: PMC7308083 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of naïve T cells with different TCRs may interact with a peptide-MHC ligand, but very few will activate. Remarkably, this fine control is orchestrated using a limited set of intracellular machinery. It remains unclear whether changes in stimulation strength alter the programme of signalling events leading to T cell activation. Using mass cytometry to simultaneously measure multiple signalling pathways during activation of murine CD8+ T cells, we found a programme of distal signalling events that is shared, regardless of the strength of TCR stimulation. Moreover, the relationship between transcription of early response genes Nr4a1 and Irf8 and activation of the ribosomal protein S6 is also conserved across stimuli. Instead, we found that stimulation strength dictates the rate with which cells initiate signalling through this network. These data suggest that TCR-induced signalling results in a coordinated activation program, modulated in rate but not organization by stimulation strength.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Ribosomal Protein S6/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Single-Cell Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y Ma
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Arianne C Richard
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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15
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Śledzińska A, Vila de Mucha M, Bergerhoff K, Hotblack A, Demane DF, Ghorani E, Akarca AU, Marzolini MAV, Solomon I, Vargas FA, Pule M, Ono M, Seddon B, Kassiotis G, Ariyan CE, Korn T, Marafioti T, Lord GM, Stauss H, Jenner RG, Peggs KS, Quezada SA. Regulatory T Cells Restrain Interleukin-2- and Blimp-1-Dependent Acquisition of Cytotoxic Function by CD4 + T Cells. Immunity 2020; 52:151-166.e6. [PMID: 31924474 PMCID: PMC7369640 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In addition to helper and regulatory potential, CD4+ T cells also acquire cytotoxic activity marked by granzyme B (GzmB) expression and the ability to promote rejection of established tumors. Here, we examined the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning the differentiation of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells following immunotherapy. CD4+ transfer into lymphodepleted animals or regulatory T (Treg) cell depletion promoted GzmB expression by tumor-infiltrating CD4+, and this was prevented by interleukin-2 (IL-2) neutralization. Transcriptional analysis revealed a polyfunctional helper and cytotoxic phenotype characterized by the expression of the transcription factors T-bet and Blimp-1. While T-bet ablation restricted interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, loss of Blimp-1 prevented GzmB expression in response to IL-2, suggesting two independent programs required for polyfunctionality of tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells. Our findings underscore the role of Treg cells, IL-2, and Blimp-1 in controlling the differentiation of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and offer a pathway to enhancement of anti-tumor activity through their manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Śledzińska
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Maria Vila de Mucha
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Regulatory Genomics Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Katharina Bergerhoff
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Alastair Hotblack
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Dafne Franz Demane
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ehsan Ghorani
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ayse U Akarca
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospital, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Maria A V Marzolini
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Isabelle Solomon
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Frederick Arce Vargas
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Martin Pule
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BB, UK
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Charlotte E Ariyan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Marafioti
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospital, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Graham M Lord
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Hans Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Richard G Jenner
- Regulatory Genomics Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Karl S Peggs
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, University College London, Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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16
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Targeting STAT3 and STAT5 in Tumor-Associated Immune Cells to Improve Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121832. [PMID: 31766350 PMCID: PMC6966642 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced STAT3-activation is central to tumor progression by promoting cancer cell expression of pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive factors. STAT3 is also activated in infiltrating immune cells including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) amplifying immune suppression. Consequently, STAT3 is considered as a target for cancer therapy. However, its interplay with other STAT-family members or transcription factors such as NF-κB has to be considered in light of their concerted regulation of immune-related genes. Here, we discuss new attempts at re-educating immune suppressive tumor-associated macrophages towards a CD8 T cell supporting profile, with an emphasis on the role of STAT transcription factors on TAM functional programs. Recent clinical trials using JAK/STAT inhibitors highlighted the negative effects of these molecules on the maintenance and function of effector/memory T cells. Concerted regulation of STAT3 and STAT5 activation in CD8 T effector and memory cells has been shown to impact their tumor-specific responses including intra-tumor accumulation, long-term survival, cytotoxic activity and resistance toward tumor-derived immune suppression. Interestingly, as an escape mechanism, melanoma cells were reported to impede STAT5 nuclear translocation in both CD8 T cells and NK cells. Ours and others results will be discussed in the perspective of new developments in engineered T cell-based adoptive therapies to treat cancer patients.
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17
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Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Cursons J, Huntington ND. The Emergence of Natural Killer Cells as a Major Target in Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:142-158. [PMID: 30639050 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune 'checkpoint' inhibitors can increase the activity of tumor-resident cytotoxic lymphocytes and have revolutionized cancer treatment. Current therapies block inhibitory pathways in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and recent studies have shown similar programs in other effector populations such as natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are critical for immunosurveillance, particularly the control of metastatic cells or hematological cancers. However, how NK cells specifically recognize transformed cells and dominant negative feedback pathways, as well as how tumors escape NK cell control, remains undefined. This review summarizes recent advances that have illuminated inhibitory checkpoints in NK cells, some of which are shared with conventional cytotoxic T lymphocytes. It also outlines emerging approaches aimed at unleashing the potential of NK cells in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Joseph Cursons
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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18
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yi P, Dong W, Nalin AP, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Chen L, Benson DM, Mundy-Bosse BL, Freud AG, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. The IL-15-AKT-XBP1s signaling pathway contributes to effector functions and survival in human NK cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:10-17. [PMID: 30538328 PMCID: PMC6293989 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is one of the most important cytokines that regulate the biology of natural killer (NK) cells1. Here we identified a signaling pathway-involving the serine-threonine kinase AKT and the transcription factor XBP1s, which regulates unfolded protein response genes2,3-that was activated in response to IL-15 in human NK cells. IL-15 induced the phosphorylation of AKT, which led to the deubiquitination, increased stability and nuclear accumulation of XBP1s protein. XBP1s bound to and recruited the transcription factor T-BET to the gene encoding granzyme B, leading to increased transcription. XBP1s positively regulated the cytolytic activity of NK cells against leukemia cells and was also required for IL-15-mediated NK cell survival through an anti-apoptotic mechanism. Thus, the newly identified IL-15-AKT-XBP1s signaling pathway contributes to enhanced effector functions and survival of human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yibo Zhang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjuan Dong
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ansel P Nalin
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Information Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Zheng Zhu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lichao Chen
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Don M Benson
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bethany L Mundy-Bosse
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Aharon G Freud
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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19
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Richard AC, Lun ATL, Lau WWY, Göttgens B, Marioni JC, Griffiths GM. T cell cytolytic capacity is independent of initial stimulation strength. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:849-858. [PMID: 30013148 PMCID: PMC6300116 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
How cells respond to myriad stimuli with finite signaling machinery is central to immunology. In naive T cells, the inherent effect of ligand strength on activation pathways and endpoints has remained controversial, confounded by environmental fluctuations and intercellular variability within populations. Here we studied how ligand potency affected the activation of CD8+ T cells in vitro, through the use of genome-wide RNA, multi-dimensional protein and functional measurements in single cells. Our data revealed that strong ligands drove more efficient and uniform activation than did weak ligands, but all activated cells were fully cytolytic. Notably, activation followed the same transcriptional pathways regardless of ligand potency. Thus, stimulation strength did not intrinsically dictate the T cell-activation route or phenotype; instead, it controlled how rapidly and simultaneously the cells initiated activation, allowing limited machinery to elicit wide-ranging responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne C Richard
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aaron T L Lun
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Winnie W Y Lau
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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20
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Lopez Aguilar A, Gao Y, Hou X, Lauvau G, Yates JR, Wu P. Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Murine CD8 + Effector- and Memory-like T Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:3031-3038. [PMID: 29125738 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During an acute infection, antigenic stimulation leads to activation, expansion, and differentiation of naïve CD8+ T cells, first into cytotoxic effector cells and eventually into long-lived memory cells. T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) detect antigens on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the form of antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I)-encoded molecules and initiate TCR signal transduction network. This process is mediated by phosphorylation of many intracellular signaling proteins. Protein O-GlcNAc modification is another post-translational modification involved in this process, which often has either reciprocal or synergistic roles with phosphorylation. In this study, using a chemoenzymatic glycan labeling technique and proteomics analysis, we compared protein O-GlcNAcylation of murine effector and memory-like CD8+ T cells differentiated in vitro. By quantitative proteomics analysis, we identified 445 proteins that are significantly regulated in either effector- or memory-like T cell subsets. Furthermore, qualitative and quantitative analysis identified highly regulated protein clusters that suggest involvement of this post-translational modification in specific cellular processes. In effector-like T cells, protein O-GlcNAcylation is heavily involved in transcriptional and translational processes that drive fast effector T cells proliferation. During the formation of memory-like T cells, protein O-GlcNAcylation is involved in a more specific, perhaps more targeted regulation of transcription, mRNA processing, and translation. Significantly, O-GlcNAc plays a critical role as part of the "histone code" in both CD8+ T cells subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aime Lopez Aguilar
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yu Gao
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Hou
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gregoire Lauvau
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - John R. Yates
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peng Wu
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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21
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Bowers JS, Majchrzak K, Nelson MH, Aksoy BA, Wyatt MM, Smith AS, Bailey SR, Neal LR, Hammerbacher JE, Paulos CM. PI3Kδ Inhibition Enhances the Antitumor Fitness of Adoptively Transferred CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1221. [PMID: 29033940 PMCID: PMC5626814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase p110δ (PI3Kδ) inhibition by Idelalisib (CAL-101) in hematological malignancies directly induces apoptosis in cancer cells and disrupts immunological tolerance by depleting regulatory T cells. Yet, little is known about the direct impact of PI3Kδ blockade on effector T cells from CAL-101 therapy. Herein, we demonstrate a direct effect of p110δ inactivation via CAL-101 on murine and human CD8+ T cells that promotes a strong undifferentiated phenotype (elevated CD62L/CCR7, CD127, and Tcf7). These CAL-101 T cells also persisted longer after transfer into tumor bearing mice in both the murine syngeneic and human xenograft mouse models. The less differentiated phenotype and improved engraftment of CAL-101 T cells resulted in stronger antitumor immunity compared to traditionally expanded CD8+ T cells in both tumor models. Thus, this report describes a novel direct enhancement of CD8+ T cells by a p110δ inhibitor that leads to markedly improved tumor regression. This finding has significant implications to improve outcomes from next generation cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Bowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kinga Majchrzak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michelle H Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bulent Arman Aksoy
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Megan M Wyatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Aubrey S Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stefanie R Bailey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Lillian R Neal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Hammerbacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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22
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Bowers JS, Nelson MH, Majchrzak K, Bailey SR, Rohrer B, Kaiser AD, Atkinson C, Gattinoni L, Paulos CM. Th17 cells are refractory to senescence and retain robust antitumor activity after long-term ex vivo expansion. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90772. [PMID: 28289713 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy for solid tumors relies on infusing large numbers of T cells to mediate successful antitumor responses in patients. While long-term rapid-expansion protocols (REPs) produce sufficient numbers of CD8+ T cells for treatment, they also cause decline in the cell's therapeutic fitness. In contrast, we discovered that IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells) do not require REPs to expand 5,000-fold over 3 weeks. Also, unlike Th1 cells, Th17 cells do not exhibit hallmarks of senescence or apoptosis, retaining robust antitumor efficacy in vivo. Three-week-expanded Th17 cells eliminated melanoma as effectively as Th17 cells expanded for 1 week when infused in equal numbers into mice. However, treating mice with large recalcitrant tumors required the infusion of all cells generated after 2 or 3 weeks of expansion, while the cell yield obtained after 1-week expansion was insufficient. Long-term-expanded Th17 cells also protected mice from tumor rechallenge including lung metastasis. Importantly, 2-week-expanded human chimeric antigen receptor-positive (CAR+) Th17 cells also retained their ability to regress human mesothelioma, while CAR+ Th1 cells did not. Our results indicate that tumor-reactive Th17 cells are an effective cell therapy for cancer, remaining uncompromised when expanded for a long duration owing to their resistance to senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Bowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle H Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kinga Majchrzak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefanie R Bailey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Baerbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Luca Gattinoni
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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23
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Tian Y, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells: Differentiation, Function, and Application to Dengue Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:531. [PMID: 28003809 PMCID: PMC5141332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) has spread through most tropical and subtropical areas of the world and represents a serious public health problem. The control of DENV infection has not yet been fully successful due to lack of effective therapeutics or vaccines. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the immune responses against DENV infection may reveal new strategies for eliciting and improving antiviral immunity. T cells provide protective immunity against various viral infections by generating effector cells that cooperate to eliminate antigens and memory cells that can survive for long periods with enhanced abilities to control recurring pathogens. Following activation, CD8 T cells can migrate to sites of infection and kill infected cells, whereas CD4 T cells contribute to the elimination of pathogens by trafficking to infected tissues and providing help to innate immune responses, B cells, as well as CD8 T cells. However, it is now evident that CD4 T cells can also perform cytotoxic functions and induce the apoptosis of target cells. Importantly, accumulating studies demonstrate that cytotoxic CD4 T cells develop following DENV infections and may play a crucial role in protecting the host from severe dengue disease. We review our current understanding of the differentiation and function of cytotoxic CD4 T cells, with a focus on DENV infection, and discuss the potential of harnessing these cells for the prevention and treatment of DENV infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
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24
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Frick M, Mouchacca P, Verdeil G, Hamon Y, Billaudeau C, Buferne M, Fallet M, Auphan-Anezin N, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Boyer C. Distinct patterns of cytolytic T-cell activation by different tumour cells revealed by Ca 2+ signalling and granule mobilization. Immunology 2016; 150:199-212. [PMID: 27716898 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-germline genes in both humans and mice have been shown to encode antigens susceptible to targeting by cytotoxic CD8 T effector cells (CTL). We analysed the ability of CTL to kill different tumour cell lines expressing the same cancer-germline gene P1A (Trap1a). We previously demonstrated that CTL expressing a T-cell receptor specific for the P1A35-43 peptide associated with H-2Ld , although able to induce regression of P1A-expressing P815 mastocytoma cells, were much less effective against P1A-expressing melanoma cells. Here, we analysed parameters of the in vitro interaction between P1A-specific CTL and mastocytoma or melanoma cells expressing similar levels of the P1A gene and of surface H-2Ld . The mastocytoma cells were more sensitive to cytolysis than the melanoma cells in vitro. Analysis by video-microscopy of early events required for target cell killing showed that similar patterns of increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i) were induced by both types of P1A-expressing tumour cells. However, the use of CTL expressing a fluorescent granzyme B (GZMB-Tom) showed a delay in the migration of cytotoxic granules to the tumour interaction site, as well as a partially deficient GZMB-Tom exocytosis in response to the melanoma cells. Among surface molecules possibly affecting tumour-CTL interactions, the mastocytoma cells were found to express intercellular adhesion molecule-1, the ligand for LFA-1, which was not detected on the melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Frick
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Mouchacca
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Cyrille Billaudeau
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Buferne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Boyer
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
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25
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Kuwabara T, Kasai H, Kondo M. Acetylation Modulates IL-2 Receptor Signaling in T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4334-4343. [PMID: 27799311 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ligand binding to the cognate cytokine receptors activates intracellular signaling by recruiting protein tyrosine kinases and other protein modification enzymes. However, the roles of protein modifications other than phosphorylation remain unclear. In this study, we examine a novel regulatory mechanism of Stat5, based on its acetylation. As for phosphorylation, IL-2 induces the acetylation of signaling molecules, including Stat5, in the murine T cell line CTLL-2. Stat5 is acetylated in the cytoplasm by CREB-binding protein (CBP). Acetylated Lys696 and Lys700 on Stat5 are critical indicators for limited proteolysis, which leads to the generation of a truncated form of Stat5. In turn, the truncated form of Stat5 prevents transcription of the full-length form of Stat5. We also demonstrate that CBP physically associates with the IL-2 receptor β-chain. CBP, found in the nucleus in resting CTLL-2 cells, relocates to the cytoplasm after IL-2 stimulation in an MEK/ERK pathway-dependent manner. Thus, IL-2-mediated acetylation plays an important role in the modulation of cytokine signaling and T cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kuwabara
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; and
| | - Hirotake Kasai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Motonari Kondo
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; and
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26
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Delconte RB, Kolesnik TB, Dagley LF, Rautela J, Shi W, Putz EM, Stannard K, Zhang JG, Teh C, Firth M, Ushiki T, Andoniou CE, Degli-Esposti MA, Sharp PP, Sanvitale CE, Infusini G, Liau NPD, Linossi EM, Burns CJ, Carotta S, Gray DHD, Seillet C, Hutchinson DS, Belz GT, Webb AI, Alexander WS, Li SS, Bullock AN, Babon JJ, Smyth MJ, Nicholson SE, Huntington ND. CIS is a potent checkpoint in NK cell-mediated tumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:816-24. [PMID: 27213690 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The detection of aberrant cells by natural killer (NK) cells is controlled by the integration of signals from activating and inhibitory ligands and from cytokines such as IL-15. We identified cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS, encoded by Cish) as a critical negative regulator of IL-15 signaling in NK cells. Cish was rapidly induced in response to IL-15, and deletion of Cish rendered NK cells hypersensitive to IL-15, as evidenced by enhanced proliferation, survival, IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity toward tumors. This was associated with increased JAK-STAT signaling in NK cells in which Cish was deleted. Correspondingly, CIS interacted with the tyrosine kinase JAK1, inhibiting its enzymatic activity and targeting JAK for proteasomal degradation. Cish(-/-) mice were resistant to melanoma, prostate and breast cancer metastasis in vivo, and this was intrinsic to NK cell activity. Our data uncover a potent intracellular checkpoint in NK cell-mediated tumor immunity and suggest possibilities for new cancer immunotherapies directed at blocking CIS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Delconte
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tatiana B Kolesnik
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura F Dagley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jai Rautela
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva M Putz
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberley Stannard
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charis Teh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matt Firth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Takashi Ushiki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher E Andoniou
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia and Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia and Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Phillip P Sharp
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Giuseppe Infusini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas P D Liau
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edmond M Linossi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Burns
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sebastian Carotta
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel H D Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cyril Seillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shawn S Li
- Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffery J Babon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Mayya V, Dustin ML. What Scales the T Cell Response? Trends Immunol 2016; 37:513-522. [PMID: 27364960 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
T cells are known to scale their clonal expansion and effector cytokine response according to the dose and strength of antigenic signal so as to balance their role of affecting protection with the intertwined and immunologically driven tissue damage. How T cells achieve this is now beginning to be understood. We underscore temporal integration of digital T cell receptor (TCR) signaling as the basis for achieving scaled response by means of accumulating crucial mediators over time. We also discuss the role of temporally integrated crosstalk between TCR and IL2 signaling in mediating a scaled, coherent, collective response by T cells. Finally, we highlight numerous known and putative regulatory interactions in the transcriptional program that are expected to quantitatively scale the T cell response, and also offer new mechanisms to hitherto unexplained observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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28
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Huntington ND, Carpentier S, Vivier E, Belz GT. Innate lymphoid cells: parallel checkpoints and coordinate interactions with T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 38:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Regulation of CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity in HIV-1 infection. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:126-33. [PMID: 26520669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in cellular immune responses against control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is key to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies against viral proliferation. Clear insights into the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is crucial to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies due to their unique ability to eliminate virus-infected cells during the course of infection. Here, we reviewed the roles of transcription factors, co-inhibitory molecules and regulatory cytokines following HIV infection and their potential significance in regulating the cytotoxic potentials of CD8+ T cells.
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30
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Sckisel GD, Bouchlaka MN, Monjazeb AM, Crittenden M, Curti BD, Wilkins DEC, Alderson KA, Sungur CM, Ames E, Mirsoian A, Reddy A, Alexander W, Soulika A, Blazar BR, Longo DL, Wiltrout RH, Murphy WJ. Out-of-Sequence Signal 3 Paralyzes Primary CD4(+) T-Cell-Dependent Immunity. Immunity 2015; 43:240-50. [PMID: 26231116 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary T cell activation involves the integration of three distinct signals delivered in sequence: (1) antigen recognition, (2) costimulation, and (3) cytokine-mediated differentiation and expansion. Strong immunostimulatory events such as immunotherapy or infection induce profound cytokine release causing "bystander" T cell activation, thereby increasing the potential for autoreactivity and need for control. We show that during strong stimulation, a profound suppression of primary CD4(+) T-cell-mediated immune responses ensued and was observed across preclinical models and patients undergoing high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy. This suppression targeted naive CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cells and was mediated through transient suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) inhibition of the STAT5b transcription factor signaling pathway. These events resulted in complete paralysis of primary CD4(+) T cell activation, affecting memory generation and induction of autoimmunity as well as impaired viral clearance. These data highlight the critical regulation of naive CD4(+) T cells during inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Sckisel
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Myriam N Bouchlaka
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Marka Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR 97220, USA
| | - Brendan D Curti
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR 97220, USA
| | - Danice E C Wilkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Kory A Alderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Can M Sungur
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Erik Ames
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Annie Mirsoian
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Abhinav Reddy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Warren Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Athena Soulika
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriner's Hospitals for Children - Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dan L Longo
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert H Wiltrout
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Giordano M, Henin C, Maurizio J, Imbratta C, Bourdely P, Buferne M, Baitsch L, Vanhille L, Sieweke MH, Speiser DE, Auphan-Anezin N, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Verdeil G. Molecular profiling of CD8 T cells in autochthonous melanoma identifies Maf as driver of exhaustion. EMBO J 2015; 34:2042-58. [PMID: 26139534 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells infiltrating neoplasms express surface molecules typical of chronically virus-stimulated T cells, often termed "exhausted" T cells. We compared the transcriptome of "exhausted" CD8 T cells infiltrating autochthonous melanomas to those of naïve and acutely stimulated CD8 T cells. Despite strong similarities between transcriptional signatures of tumor- and virus-induced exhausted CD8 T cells, notable differences appeared. Among transcriptional regulators, Nr4a2 and Maf were highly overexpressed in tumor-exhausted T cells and significantly upregulated in CD8 T cells from human melanoma metastases. Transduction of murine tumor-specific CD8 T cells to express Maf partially reproduced the transcriptional program associated with tumor-induced exhaustion. Upon adoptive transfer, the transduced cells showed normal homeostasis but failed to accumulate in tumor-bearing hosts and developed defective anti-tumor effector responses. We further identified TGFβ and IL-6 as main inducers of Maf expression in CD8 T cells and showed that Maf-deleted tumor-specific CD8 T cells were much more potent to restrain tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, the melanoma microenvironment contributes to skewing of CD8 T cell differentiation programs, in part by TGFβ/IL-6-mediated induction of Maf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Giordano
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Coralie Henin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Maurizio
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Imbratta
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Bourdely
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Buferne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Lukas Baitsch
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Vanhille
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Michael H Sieweke
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
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Mouchacca P, Chasson L, Frick M, Foray C, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Boyer C. Visualization of granzyme B-expressing CD8 T cells during primary and secondary immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes. Immunology 2015; 145:24-33. [PMID: 25367158 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells contribute to long-term protection against Listeria monocytogenes infection by differentiating into memory T cells. These rapidly respond to antigen or inflammation upon secondary infection. In this study we used CD8 T cells from OT1 mice and CD4 T cells from OT2 mice expressing a fluorescent chimeric granzyme (GZMB-Tom) protein to monitor the primary response to infection with ovalbumin-expressing L. monocytogenes (Lm-OVA). We show that, unlike poorly responding CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells readily proliferated and expressed high levels of GZMB-Tom as early as 2 days after infection. FACS analysis showed GZMB-Tom expression in undivided CD8 T cells, with its level increasing over one to four divisions. OT1 T cells were visualized in the T-cell zone by confocal microscopy. This showed GZMB-Tom-containing granules oriented towards MHCII-positive cells. Twenty hours later, most OT1 T cells had divided but their level of GZMB-Tom expression was reduced. Recently divided OT1 cells failed to express GZMB-Tom. Fourteen hours after secondary infection, GZMB-Tom was re-expressed in memory OT1 T cells responding either to Lm-OVA or L. monocytogenes. Differences in the activation phenotype and in the splenic distribution of OT1 T cells were observed, depending on the challenge. Notably, OTI T cells with polarized granules were only observed after challenge with cognate antigen. This work showed that the GZMB-Tom knock-in mice in which GZMB-Tom faithfully reproduced GZMB expression, provide useful tools to dissect mechanisms leading to the development of anti-bacterial effector and memory CD8 T cells and reactivation of the memory response to cognate antigen or inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mouchacca
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, Marseille, France; CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
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33
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Grange M, Giordano M, Mas A, Roncagalli R, Firaguay G, Nunes JA, Ghysdael J, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Auphan-Anezin N. Control of CD8 T cell proliferation and terminal differentiation by active STAT5 and CDKN2A/CDKN2B. Immunology 2015; 145:543-57. [PMID: 25882552 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells used in adoptive immunotherapy may be manipulated to optimize their effector functions, tissue-migratory properties and long-term replicative potential. We reported that antigen-stimulated CD8 T cells transduced to express an active form of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5CA) maintained these properties upon adoptive transfer. We now report on the requirements of STAT5CA-expressing CD8 T cells for cell survival and proliferation in vivo. We show that STAT5CA expression allows for greater expansion of T cells in vivo, while preserving dependency on T-cell-receptor-mediated tonic stimulation for their in vivo maintenance and return to a quiescent stage. STAT5CA expression promotes the formation of a large pool of effector memory T cells that respond upon re-exposure to antigen and present an increased sensitivity to γc receptor cytokine engagement for STAT5 phosphorylation. In addition, STAT5CA expression prolongs the survival of what would otherwise be short-lived terminally differentiated KLRG1-positive effector cells with up-regulated expression of the senescence-associated p16(INK) (4A) transcripts. However, development of a KLRG1-positive CD8 T cell population was independent of either p16(INK) (4A) or p19(ARF) expression (as shown using T cells from CDKN2A(-/-) mice) but was associated with expression of transcripts encoding p15(INK) (4B) , another protein involved in senescence induction. We conclude that T-cell-receptor- and cytokine-dependent regulation of effector T cell homeostasis, as well as mechanisms leading to senescent features of a population of CD8 T cells are maintained in STAT5CA-expressing CD8 T cells, even for cells that are genetically deficient in expression of the tumour suppressors p16(INK) (4A) and p19(ARF) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Grange
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France.,INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR 7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Marilyn Giordano
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France.,INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR 7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Amandine Mas
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France.,INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR 7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France.,INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR 7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Guylène Firaguay
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University UM105, Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques A Nunes
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7258, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University UM105, Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Ghysdael
- Institut Curie, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.,Bat 110; CNRS UMR 3306, Orsay, France.,INSERM U1005, Orsay, France
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France.,INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR 7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France.,INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR 7280, 13288, Marseille, France
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Chacon JA, Sarnaik AA, Chen JQ, Creasy C, Kale C, Robinson J, Weber J, Hwu P, Pilon-Thomas S, Radvanyi L. Manipulating the tumor microenvironment ex vivo for enhanced expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:611-21. [PMID: 25472998 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cultured tumor fragments from melanoma metastases have been used for years as a source of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) for adoptive cell therapy (ACT). The expansion of tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells with interleukin-2 (IL2) in these early cultures is critical in generating clinically active TIL infusion products, with a population of activated 4-1BB CD8(+) T cells recently found to constitute the majority of tumor-specific T cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used an agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody added during the initial tumor fragment cultures to provide in situ 4-1BB costimulation. RESULTS We found that addition of an agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody could activate 4-1BB signaling within early cultured tumor fragments and accelerated the rate of memory CD8(+) TIL outgrowth that were highly enriched for melanoma antigen specificity. This was associated with NFκB activation and the induction of T-cell survival and memory genes, as well as enhanced IL2 responsiveness, in the CD8(+) T cells in the fragments and emerging from the fragments. Early provision of 4-1BB costimulation also affected the dendritic cells (DC) by activating NFκB in DC and promoting their maturation inside the tumor fragments. Blocking HLA class I prevented the enhanced outgrowth of CD8(+) T cells with anti-4-1BB, suggesting that an ongoing HLA class I-mediated antigen presentation in early tumor fragment cultures plays a role in mediating tumor-specific CD8(+) TIL outgrowth. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight a previously unrecognized concept in TIL ACT that the tumor microenvironment can be dynamically regulated in the initial tumor fragment cultures to regulate the types of T cells expanded and their functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ann Chacon
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. The Immunology Program of the University of Texas Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Amod A Sarnaik
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jie Qing Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Lion Biotechnologies, Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California
| | - Caitlin Creasy
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Charuta Kale
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John Robinson
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jeffrey Weber
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. The Immunology Program of the University of Texas Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shari Pilon-Thomas
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Laszlo Radvanyi
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. The Immunology Program of the University of Texas Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida. Lion Biotechnologies, Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California.
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The tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, A20) imposes a brake on antitumor activity of CD8 T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11115-20. [PMID: 25024217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406259111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is central to inflammatory signaling and activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Activation of the NF-κB pathway is tightly controlled by several negative feedback mechanisms, including A20, an ubiquitin-modifying enzyme encoded by the tnfaip3 gene. Mice with selective deletion of A20 in myeloid, dendritic, or B cells recapitulate some human inflammatory pathology. As we observed high expression of A20 transcripts in dysfunctional CD8 T cells in an autochthonous melanoma, we analyzed the role of A20 in regulation of CD8 T-cell functions, using mice in which A20 was selectively deleted in mature conventional T cells. These mice developed lymphadenopathy and some organ infiltration by T cells but no splenomegaly and no detectable pathology. A20-deleted CD8 T cells had increased sensitivity to antigen stimulation with production of large amounts of IL-2 and IFNγ, correlated with sustained nuclear expression of NF-κB components reticuloendotheliosis oncogene c-Rel and p65. Overexpression of A20 by retroviral transduction of CD8 T cells dampened their intratumor accumulation and antitumor activity. In contrast, relief from the A20 brake in NF-κB activation in adoptively transferred antitumor CD8 T cells led to improved control of melanoma growth. Tumor-infiltrating A20-deleted CD8 T cells had enhanced production of IFNγ and TNFα and reduced expression of the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1. As manipulation of A20 expression in CD8 T cells did not result in pathologic manifestations in the mice, we propose it as a candidate to be targeted to increase antitumor efficiency of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
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The role of suppressors of cytokine signalling in human neoplasms. Mol Biol Int 2014; 2014:630797. [PMID: 24757565 PMCID: PMC3976820 DOI: 10.1155/2014/630797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signalling 1-7 (SOCS1-7) and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS) are a group of intracellular proteins that are well known as JAK-STAT and several other signalling pathways negative feedback regulators. More recently several members have been identified as tumour suppressors and dysregulation of their biological roles in controlling cytokine and growth factor signalling may contribute to the development of many solid organ and haematological malignancies. This review explores their biological functions and their possible tumour suppressing role in human neoplasms.
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Grange M, Verdeil G, Arnoux F, Griffon A, Spicuglia S, Maurizio J, Buferne M, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Auphan-Anezin N. Active STAT5 regulates T-bet and eomesodermin expression in CD8 T cells and imprints a T-bet-dependent Tc1 program with repressed IL-6/TGF-β1 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3712-24. [PMID: 24006458 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In adoptive therapy, CD8 T cells expressing active STAT5 (STAT5CA) transcription factors were found to be superior to unmanipulated counterparts in long-term persistence, capacity to infiltrate autochthonous mouse melanomas, thrive in their microenvironment, and induce their regression. However, the molecular mechanisms sustaining these properties were undefined. In this study, we report that STAT5CA induced sustained expression of genes controlling tissue homing, cytolytic granule composition, type 1 CD8 cytotoxic T cell-associated effector molecules granzyme B(+), IFN-γ(+), TNF-α(+), and CCL3(+), but not IL-2, and transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin (Eomes). Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses identified the genes possessing regulatory regions to which STAT5 bound in long-term in vivo maintained STAT5CA-expressing CD8 T cells. This analysis identified 34% of the genes differentially expressed between STAT5CA-expressing and nonexpressing effector T cells as direct STAT5CA target genes, including those encoding T-bet, Eomes, and granzyme B. Additionally, genes encoding the IL-6R and TGFbRII subunits were stably repressed, resulting in dampened IL-17-producing CD8 T cell polarization in response to IL-6 and TGF-β1. The absence of T-bet did not affect STAT5CA-driven accumulation of the T cells in tissue or their granzyme B expression but restored IL-2 secretion and IL-6R and TGFbRII expression and signaling, as illustrated by IL-17 induction. Therefore, concerted STAT5/T-bet/Eomes regulation controls homing, long-term maintenance, recall responses, and resistance to polarization towards IL-17-producing CD8 T cells while maintaining expression of an efficient type 1 CD8 cytotoxic T cell program (granzyme B(+), IFN-γ(+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Grange
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13288, France
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Chen XL, Bobbala D, Rodriguez GM, Mayhue M, Chen YG, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. Induction of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice requires interleukin-21-dependent activation of autoreactive CD8⁺ T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:184-94. [PMID: 23607664 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice lacking interleukin (IL)-21 or IL-21 receptor do not develop autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). We have shown recently that IL-21 may promote activation of autoreactive CD8(+) T cells by increasing their antigen responsiveness. To investigate the role of IL-21 in activating diabetogenic CD8(+) T cells in the NOD mouse, we generated IL-21-deficient NOD mice expressing the highly pathogenic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I-restricted 8.3 transgenic T cell receptor (TCR). IL-21 deficiency protected 8.3-NOD mice completely from T1D. CD8(+) T cells from the 8.3-NOD.Il21(-/-) mice showed decreased antigen-induced proliferation but displayed robust antigen-specific cytolytic activity and production of effector cytokines. IL-21-deficient 8.3 T cells underwent efficient homeostatic proliferation, and previous antigen stimulation enabled these cells to cause diabetes in NOD.Scid recipients. The 8.3 T cells that developed in an IL-21-deficient environment showed impaired antigen-specific proliferation in vivo even in IL-21-sufficient mice. These cells also showed impaired IL-2 production and Il2 gene transcription following antigen stimulation. However, IL-2 addition failed to reverse their impaired proliferation completely. These findings indicate that IL-21 is required for efficient initial activation of autoreactive CD8(+) T cells but is dispensable for the activated cells to develop effector functions and cause disease. Hence, therapeutic targeting of IL-21 in T1D may inhibit activation of naive autoreactive CD8(+) T cells, but may have to be combined with other strategies to inhibit already activated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-L Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Demers KR, Reuter MA, Betts MR. CD8(+) T-cell effector function and transcriptional regulation during HIV pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 2013; 254:190-206. [PMID: 23772621 PMCID: PMC3693771 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is needed to inform prevention and therapeutic strategies that aim to contain the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. The cellular immune response plays a critical role in controlling viral replication during HIV infection and will likely need to be a part of any vaccine approach. The qualitative feature of the cellular response most closely associated with immunological control of HIV infection is CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxic potential, which is responsible for mediating the elimination of infected CD4(+) T cells. Understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in regulating the elicitation and maintenance of this kind of effector response can provide guidance for vaccine design. In this review, we discuss the evidence for CD8(+) T cells as correlates of protection, the means by which their antiviral capacity is evaluated, and transcription factors responsible for their function, or dysfunction, during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey R. Demers
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Morgan A. Reuter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sitrin J, Ring A, Garcia KC, Benoist C, Mathis D. Regulatory T cells control NK cells in an insulitic lesion by depriving them of IL-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1153-65. [PMID: 23650440 PMCID: PMC3674700 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic T reg cells control the availability of CD4+ T cell–secreted IL-2 to limit NK cell function. Regulatory T (T reg) cells control progression to autoimmune diabetes in the BDC2.5/NOD mouse model by reining in natural killer (NK) cells that infiltrate the pancreatic islets, inhibiting both their proliferation and production of diabetogenic interferon-γ. In this study, we have explored the molecular mechanisms underlying this NK–T reg cell axis, following leads from a kinetic exploration of gene expression changes early after punctual perturbation of T reg cells in BDC2.5/NOD mice. Results from gene signature analyses, quantification of STAT5 phosphorylation levels, cytokine neutralization experiments, cytokine supplementation studies, and evaluations of intracellular cytokine levels collectively argue for a scenario in which T reg cells regulate NK cell functions by controlling the bioavailability of limiting amounts of IL-2 in the islets, generated mainly by infiltrating CD4+ T cells. This scenario represents a previously unappreciated intertwining of the innate and adaptive immune systems: CD4+ T cells priming NK cells to provoke a destructive T effector cell response. Our findings highlight the need to consider potential effects on NK cells when designing therapeutic strategies based on manipulation of IL-2 levels or targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sitrin
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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CD134/CD137 dual costimulation-elicited IFN-γ maximizes effector T-cell function but limits Treg expansion. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:173-83. [PMID: 23295363 PMCID: PMC3570742 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T cell tolerance to tumor antigens represents a major hurdle in generating tumor immunity. Combined administration of agonistic monoclonal antibodies to the costimulatory receptors CD134 plus CD137 can program T cells responding to tolerogenic antigen to undergo expansion and effector T cell differentiation, and also elicits tumor immunity. Nevertheless, CD134 and CD137 agonists can also engage inhibitory immune components. To understand how immune stimulatory versus inhibitory components are regulated during CD134 plus CD137 dual costimulation, the current study utilized a model where dual costimulation programs T cells encountering a highly tolerogenic self-antigen to undergo effector differentiation. IFN-γ was found to play a pivotal role in maximizing the function of effector T cells while simultaneously limiting the expansion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. In antigen-responding effector T cells, IFN-γ operates via a direct cell-intrinsic mechanism to cooperate with IL-2 to program maximal expression of granzyme B. Simultaneously, IFN-γ limits expression of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) and IL-2 signaling through a mechanism that does not involve T-bet-mediated repression of IL-2. IFN-γ also limited CD25 and Foxp3 expression on bystanding CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs, and limited the potential of these Tregs to expand. These effects could not be explained by the ability of IFN-γ to limit IL-2 availability. Taken together, during dual costimulation IFN-γ interacts with IL-2 through distinct mechanisms to program maximal expression of effector molecules in antigen-responding T cells while simultaneously limiting Treg expansion.
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Auphan-Anezin N, Verdeil G, Grange M, Soudja SM, Wehbe M, Buferne M, Mas A, Schmitt-Verhulst AM. Immunosuppression in inflammatory melanoma: can it be resisted by adoptively transferred T cells? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 26:167-75. [PMID: 23217139 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of tumor antigen (TA) recognized by autologous T cells (TCs) in patients with melanoma has led to clinical protocols using either vaccination or adoptive transfer of TA-specific TCs. However, efficacy of these treatments has been hampered by inhibitory effects exerted on tumor-infiltrating TCs by tumor-intrinsic mediators or by recruitment of immunosuppressive cells. A mouse model of autochthonous melanoma recapitulates some aspects of inflammatory melanoma development in patients. These include a systemic Th2-/Th17-oriented chronic inflammation, recruitment of immunosuppressive myeloid cells and acquisition by tumor-infiltrating TCs of an 'exhausted' phenotype characterized by expression of multiple inhibitory receptors including programmed death-1, also expressed on patients' melanoma-infiltrating TCs. Rather than using extracellular blocking reagents to inhibitory surface molecules on TCs, we sought to dampen negative signaling exerted on them. Adoptively transferred TCs presenting increased cytokine receptor signaling due to expression of an active Stat5 transcription factor were efficient at inducing melanoma regression in the preclinical melanoma model. These transferred TCs thrived and retained expression of effector molecules in the melanoma microenvironment, defining a protocol endowing TCs with the ability to resist melanoma-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France.
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43
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Fukazawa Y, Park H, Cameron MJ, Lefebvre F, Lum R, Coombes N, Mahyari E, Hagen S, Bae JY, Reyes MD, Swanson T, Legasse AW, Sylwester A, Hansen SG, Smith AT, Stafova P, Shoemaker R, Li Y, Oswald K, Axthelm MK, McDermott A, Ferrari G, Montefiori DC, Edlefsen PT, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Sékaly RP, Picker LJ. Lymph node T cell responses predict the efficacy of live attenuated SIV vaccines. Nat Med 2012; 18:1673-81. [PMID: 22961108 PMCID: PMC3493820 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines (LAVs) remain the most efficacious of all vaccines in nonhuman primate models of HIV and AIDS, yet the basis of their robust protection remains poorly understood. Here we show that the degree of LAV-mediated protection against intravenous wild-type SIVmac239 challenge strongly correlates with the magnitude and function of SIV-specific, effector-differentiated T cells in the lymph node but not with the responses of such T cells in the blood or with other cellular, humoral and innate immune parameters. We found that maintenance of protective T cell responses is associated with persistent LAV replication in the lymph node, which occurs almost exclusively in follicular helper T cells. Thus, effective LAVs maintain lymphoid tissue-based, effector-differentiated, SIV-specific T cells that intercept and suppress early wild-type SIV amplification and, if present in sufficient frequencies, can completely control and perhaps clear infection, an observation that provides a rationale for the development of safe, persistent vectors that can elicit and maintain such responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Haesun Park
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Francois Lefebvre
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Richard Lum
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Noel Coombes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Eisa Mahyari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shoko Hagen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jin Young Bae
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Marcelo Delos Reyes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Tonya Swanson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred W. Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Andrew Sylwester
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Andrew T. Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Petra Stafova
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Yuan Li
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Research Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division,, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Rafick P. Sékaly
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
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44
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Redmond WL, Triplett T, Floyd K, Weinberg AD. Dual anti-OX40/IL-2 therapy augments tumor immunotherapy via IL-2R-mediated regulation of OX40 expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34467. [PMID: 22496812 PMCID: PMC3319580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The provision of T cell co-stimulation via members of the TNFR super-family, including OX40 (CD134) and 4-1BB (CD137), provides critical signals that promote T cell survival and differentiation. Recent studies have demonstrated that ligation of OX40 can augment T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in pre-clinical models and more importantly, OX40 agonists are under clinical development for cancer immunotherapy. OX40 is of particular interest as a therapeutic target as it is not expressed on naïve T cells but rather, is transiently up-regulated following TCR stimulation. Although TCR engagement is necessary for inducing OX40 expression, the downstream signals that regulate OX40 itself remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that OX40 expression is regulated through a TCR and common gamma chain cytokine-dependent signaling cascade that requires JAK3-mediated activation of the downstream transcription factors STAT3 and STAT5. Furthermore, combined treatment with an agonist anti-OX40 mAb and IL-2 augmented tumor immunotherapy against multiple tumor types. Dual therapy was also able to restore the function of anergic tumor-reactive CD8 T cells in mice with long-term well-established (>5 wks) tumors, leading to increased survival of the tumor-bearing hosts. Together, these data reveal the ability of TCR/common gamma chain cytokine signaling to regulate OX40 expression and demonstrate a novel means of augmenting cancer immunotherapy by providing dual anti-OX40/common gamma chain cytokine-directed therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunotherapy
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 3/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, OX40/physiology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/physiology
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Experimental/therapy
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Redmond
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America.
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45
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Grange M, Buferne M, Verdeil G, Leserman L, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Auphan-Anezin N. Activated STAT5 promotes long-lived cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that induce regression of autochthonous melanoma. Cancer Res 2011; 72:76-87. [PMID: 22065720 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell (TC) is generally limited by poor in vivo expansion and tumor infiltration. In this study, we report that activated STAT5 transcription factors (STAT5CA) confer high efficiency on CD8(+) effector T cells (eTC) for host colonization after adoptive transfer. Engineered expression of STAT5CA in antigen-experienced TCs with poor replicative potential was also sufficient to convert them into long-lived antigen-responsive eTCs. In transplanted mastocytoma- or melanoma-bearing hosts, STAT5CA greatly enhanced the ability of eTCs to accumulate in tumors, become activated by tumor antigens, and to express the cytolytic factor granzyme B. Taken together, these properties contributed to an increase in tumor regression by STAT5CA-transduced, as compared with untransduced, TCs including when the latter control cells were combined with infusion of interleukin (IL)-2/anti-IL-2 complexes. In tumors arising in the autochthonous TiRP transgenic model of melanoma associated with systemic chronic inflammation, endogenous CD8(+) TCs were nonfunctional. In this setting, adoptive transfer of STAT5CA-transduced TCs produced superior antitumor effects compared with nontransduced TCs. Our findings imply that STAT5CA expression can render TCs resistant to the immunosuppressive environment of melanoma tumors, enhancing their ability to home to tumors and to maintain high granzyme B expression, as well as their capacity to stimulate granzyme B expression in endogenous TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Grange
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, UMR6546, INSERM UMR631, and CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
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46
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Qui HZ, Hagymasi AT, Bandyopadhyay S, St Rose MC, Ramanarasimhaiah R, Ménoret A, Mittler RS, Gordon SM, Reiner SL, Vella AT, Adler AJ. CD134 plus CD137 dual costimulation induces Eomesodermin in CD4 T cells to program cytotoxic Th1 differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3555-64. [PMID: 21880986 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD4 Th1 cells are emerging as a therapeutically useful T cell lineage that can effectively target tumors, but until now the pathways that govern their differentiation have been poorly understood. We demonstrate that CD134 (OX40) costimulation programs naive self- and virus-reactive CD4 T cells to undergo in vivo differentiation into cytotoxic Th1 effectors. CD137 (4-1BB) costimulation maximized clonal expansion, and IL-2 was necessary for cytotoxic Th1 differentiation. Importantly, the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin was critical for inducing the cytotoxic marker granzyme B. CD134 plus CD137 dual costimulation also imprinted a cytotoxic phenotype on bystanding CD4 T cells. Thus, to our knowledge, the current study identifies for the first time a specific costimulatory pathway and an intracellular mechanism relying on Eomesodermin that induces both Ag-specific and bystander cytotoxic CD4 Th1 cells. This mechanism might be therapeutically useful because CD134 plus CD137 dual costimulation induced CD4 T cell-dependent tumoricidal function in a mouse melanoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z Qui
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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47
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Bos R, Sherman LA. CD4+ T-cell help in the tumor milieu is required for recruitment and cytolytic function of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8368-77. [PMID: 20940398 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4 help for CD8(+) T lymphocytes prevents tolerance and promotes the survival of effector and memory CD8(+) T cells. Here, we describe additional helper functions that require CD4(+) T cells within the tumor environment. CD8(+) T-cell recruitment, proliferation, and effector function within the tumor were greatly enhanced by tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells. Recruitment of CD8(+) T cells was accelerated by IFN-γ-dependent production of chemokines. Production of interleukin-2 by tumor resident CD4(+) T cells enhanced CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and upregulated expression of granzyme B. These results highlight a novel role for tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells in promoting CD8(+) T-cell recruitment and cytolytic function, two previously unappreciated aspects of tumor-specific CD4 help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinke Bos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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48
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Rutishauser RL, Kaech SM. Generating diversity: transcriptional regulation of effector and memory CD8 T-cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2010; 235:219-33. [PMID: 20536566 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In response to acute infections or vaccines, naive antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cytotoxic lymphocytes that acquire the ability to kill infected cells. While the majority of differentiated effector cells die after pathogen clearance, a small number evade terminal differentiation, downregulate active effector functions, and survive as long-lived, self-renewing memory T cells. Our understanding of how effector CD8(+) T cells adopt these different cell fates has grown greatly in recent years. In this review, we discuss the transcriptional regulators that are known to support general effector differentiation, terminal effector differentiation, and memory cell formation. We propose that the diversity of activated CD8(+) T-cell differentiation states is achieved via gradients of activity or expression of transcriptional regulators that are regulated by the level of inflammation and antigenic signaling the T cells experience during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Rutishauser
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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49
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Wang G, Miyahara Y, Guo Z, Khattar M, Stepkowski SM, Chen W. "Default" generation of neonatal regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:71-8. [PMID: 20498359 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells were shown to control all aspects of immune responses. How these Treg cells develop is not fully defined, especially in neonates during development of the immune system. We studied the induction of Treg cells from neonatal T cells with various TCR stimulatory conditions, because TCR stimulation is required for Treg cell generation. Independent of the types of TCR stimulus and without the addition of exogenous TGF-beta, up to 70% of neonatal CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells became CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells, whereas generally <10% of adult CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells became CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells under the same conditions. These neonatal Treg cells exert suppressive function and display relatively stable Foxp3 expression. Importantly, this ability of Treg cell generation gradually diminishes within 2 wk of birth. Consistent with in vitro findings, the in vivo i.p. injection of anti-CD3 mAb to stimulate T cells also resulted in a >3-fold increase in Treg cells in neonates but not in adults. Furthermore, neonatal or adult Foxp3(-) T cells were adoptively transferred into Rag1(-/-) mice. Twelve days later, the frequency of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells converted from neonatal cells was 6-fold higher than that converted from adult cells. Taken together, neonatal CD4(+) T cells have an intrinsic "default" mechanism to become Treg cells in response to TCR stimulations. This finding provides intriguing implications about neonatal immunity, Treg cell generation, and tolerance establishment early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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50
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Shanker A, Buferne M, Schmitt-Verhulst AM. Cooperative action of CD8 T lymphocytes and natural killer cells controls tumour growth under conditions of restricted T-cell receptor diversity. Immunology 2010; 129:41-54. [PMID: 20050329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice expressing a transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR; TCRP1A) of DBA/2 origin with reactivity towards a cancer-germline antigen P1A, the number of TCRP1A CD8+ T cells in lymphoid organs is lower in DBA/2 than in B10.D2 or B10.D2(x DBA/2)F1 mice. This reduction results from haemopoietic cell autonomous differences in the differentiation of the major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted TCRP1A thymocytes controlled by DBA/2 versus B10.D2-encoded genes. We report here that the lower number of TCRP1A CD8+ T cells in DBA/2 mice correlated with their poor resistance to P1A-expressing mastocytoma solid tumours. Functional potency of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) from the above strains was not compromised, but their number after expansion appeared to be influenced by their genetic background. Intriguingly, non-transgenic DBA/ 2 mice resisted P1A+ tumours more efficiently despite poor representation of P1A-specific CTL. This was partly the result of their more heterogeneous TCR repertoire, including reactivity to non-P1A tumour antigens because mice that had rejected a P1A+ tumour became resistant to a P1A) variant of the tumour. Such 'cross-resistance' did not develop in the TCRP1A transgenic mice. Nonetheless, reconstitution of RAGo/o mice with TCRP1A CD8+ T cells, with or without CD4+ T cells, or exclusive representation of TCRP1A CD8+ T cells in RAGo/o TCRP1A transgenic mice efficiently resisted the growth of P1A-expressing tumours. Natural killer cells present at a higher number in RAGo/o mice also contributed to tumour resistance, in part through an NKG2D-dependent mechanism. Hence, in the absence of a polyclonal T-cell repertoire, precursor frequencies of natural killer cells and tumour-specific CTL affect tumour resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Shanker
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de Méditerranée, Marseille cedex, France.
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