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González-Castro AM, Fernández-Bañares F, Zabana Y, Farago-Pérez G, Ortega-Barrionuevo J, Expósito E, Guagnozzi D. Microscopic Colitis and Celiac Disease: Sharing More than a Diagnostic Overlap. Nutrients 2024; 16:2233. [PMID: 39064676 PMCID: PMC11279699 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microscopic colitis (MC) is an emergent group of chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon, and celiac disease (CD) is a chronic gluten-induced immune-mediated enteropathy affecting the small bowel. We performed a narrative review to provide an overview regarding the relationship between both disorders, analyzing the most recent studies published at the epidemiological, clinical and pathophysiological levels. In fact, MC and CD are concomitantly prevalent in approximately 6% of the cases, mainly in the subset of refractory patients. Thus, physicians should screen refractory patients with CD against MC and vice versa. Both disorders share more than a simple epidemiological association, being multifactorial diseases involving innate and adaptive immune responses to known or unknown luminal factors based on a rather common genetic ground. Moreover, autoimmunity is a shared characteristic between the patients with MC and those with CD, with autoimmunity in the latter being quite well-established. Furthermore, CD and MC share some common clinical symptoms and risk factors and overlap with other gastrointestinal diseases, but some differences exist between both disorders. More studies are therefore needed to better understand the complex mechanisms involving the common pathogenetic ground contributing to the CD and MC epidemiological association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María González-Castro
- Translational Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.G.-C.); (E.E.)
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Bañares
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain (Y.Z.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yamile Zabana
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital Mútua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain (Y.Z.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgina Farago-Pérez
- Translational Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.G.-C.); (E.E.)
| | - Jonathan Ortega-Barrionuevo
- Translational Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.G.-C.); (E.E.)
| | - Elba Expósito
- Translational Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.G.-C.); (E.E.)
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danila Guagnozzi
- Translational Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.G.-C.); (E.E.)
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Abadie V, Han AS, Jabri B, Sollid LM. New Insights on Genes, Gluten, and Immunopathogenesis of Celiac Disease. Gastroenterology 2024; 167:4-22. [PMID: 38670280 PMCID: PMC11283582 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a gluten-induced enteropathy that develops in genetically susceptible individuals upon consumption of cereal gluten proteins. It is a unique and complex immune disorder to study as the driving antigen is known and the tissue targeted by the immune reaction can be interrogated. This review integrates findings gained from genetic, biochemical, and immunologic studies, which together have revealed mechanisms of gluten peptide modification and HLA binding, thereby enabling a maladapted anti-gluten immune response. Observations in human samples combined with experimental mouse models have revealed that the gluten-induced immune response involves CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and B cells; their cross-talks are critical for the tissue-damaging response. The emergence of high-throughput technologies is increasing our understanding of the phenotype, location, and presumably function of the gluten-specific cells, which are all required to identify novel therapeutic targets and strategies for CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Arnold S Han
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Norwegian Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Cai B, Thomas R. Dendritic cells and antigen-specific immunotherapy in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2024; 38:101940. [PMID: 38485600 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2024.101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells and trigger downstream immune responses to antigen while integrating cellular pathogen and damage-associated molecular pattern (PAMP and DAMP) or immunomodulatory signals. In healthy individuals, resting and tolerogenic DCs draining skin and intestine facilitate expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) to maintain peripheral antigen-specific immune tolerance. In patients with rheumatic diseases, however, DCs activated by PAMPs and DAMPs expand self-reactive effector T cells, including follicular helper T cells that promote the expansion of activated autoreactive B cells, chronic inflammation and end-organ damage. With the development of cellular and nanoparticle (NP)-based self-antigen-specific immunotherapies we here consider the new opportunities and the challenges for restoring immunoregulation in the treatment and prevention of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic conditions through DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cai
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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4
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Cepika AM, Amaya L, Waichler C, Narula M, Mantilla MM, Thomas BC, Chen PP, Freeborn RA, Pavel-Dinu M, Nideffer J, Porteus M, Bacchetta R, Müller F, Greenleaf WJ, Chang HY, Roncarolo MG. Epigenetic signature and key transcriptional regulators of human antigen-specific type 1 regulatory T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.582969. [PMID: 38559096 PMCID: PMC10979855 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.582969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Human adaptive immunity is orchestrated by effector and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Natural Tregs arise in the thymus where they are shaped to recognize self-antigens, while type 1 Tregs or Tr1 cells are induced from conventional peripheral CD4 + T cells in response to peripheral antigens, such as alloantigens and allergens. Tr1 cells have been developed as a potential therapy for inducing antigen-specific tolerance, because they can be rapidly differentiated in vitro in response to a target antigen. However, the epigenetic landscape and the identity of transcription factors (TFs) that regulate differentiation, phenotype, and functions of human antigen-specific Tr1 cells is largely unknown, hindering Tr1 research and broader clinical development. Here, we reveal the unique epigenetic signature of antigen-specific Tr1 cells, and TFs that regulate their differentiation, phenotype and function. We showed that in vitro induced antigen-specific Tr1 cells are distinct both clonally and transcriptionally from natural Tregs and other conventional CD4 + T cells on a single-cell level. An integrative analysis of Tr1 cell epigenome and transcriptome identified a TF signature unique to antigen-specific Tr1 cells, and predicted that IRF4, BATF, and MAF act as their transcriptional regulators. Using functional genomics, we showed that each of these TFs play a non-redundant role in regulating Tr1 cell differentiation, suppressive function, and expression of co-inhibitory and cytotoxic proteins. By using the Tr1-specific TF signature as a molecular fingerprint, we tracked Tr1 cells in peripheral blood of recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation treated with adoptive Tr1 cell therapy. Furthermore, the same signature identified Tr1 cells in resident CD4 + T cells in solid tumors. Altogether, these results reveal the epigenetic signature and the key transcriptional regulators of human Tr1 cells. These data will guide mechanistic studies of human Tr1 cell biology and the development and optimization of adoptive Tr1 cell therapies.
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Passerini L, Amodio G, Bassi V, Vitale S, Mottola I, Di Stefano M, Fanti L, Sgaramella P, Ziparo C, Furio S, Auricchio R, Barera G, Di Nardo G, Troncone R, Gianfrani C, Gregori S. IL-10-producing regulatory cells impact on celiac disease evolution. Clin Immunol 2024; 260:109923. [PMID: 38316201 PMCID: PMC10905269 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.109923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CD) is a T-cell mediated disorder caused by immune response to gluten, although the mechanisms underlying CD progression are still elusive. We analyzed immune cell composition, plasma cytokines, and gliadin-specific T-cell responses in patients with positive serology and normal intestinal mucosa (potential-CD) or villous atrophy (acute-CD), and after gluten-free diet (GFD). We found: an inflammatory signature and the presence of circulating gliadin-specific IFN-γ+ T cells in CD patients regardless of mucosal damage; an increased frequency of IL-10-secreting dendritic cells (DC-10) in the gut and of circulating gliadin-specific IL-10-secreting T cells in potential-CD; IL-10 inhibition increased IFN-γ secretion by gliadin-specific intestinal T cells from acute- and potential-CD. On GFD, inflammatory cytokines normalized, while IL-10-producing T cells accumulated in the gut. We show that IL-10-producing cells are fundamental in controlling pathological T-cell responses to gluten: DC-10 protect the intestinal mucosa from damage and represent a marker of potential-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Passerini
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giada Amodio
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Virginia Bassi
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Serena Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mottola
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Marina Di Stefano
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Lorella Fanti
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Paola Sgaramella
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Chiara Ziparo
- NESMOS Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant' Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Silvia Furio
- NESMOS Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant' Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Via Pansini 5, University Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Graziano Barera
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Nardo
- NESMOS Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant' Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Via Pansini 5, University Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy.
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Camarca A, Rotondi Aufiero V, Mazzarella G. Role of Regulatory T Cells and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications in Celiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14434. [PMID: 37833882 PMCID: PMC10572745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a T-cell-mediated immune disease, in which gluten-derived peptides activate lamina propria effector CD4+ T cells. While this effector T cell subset produces proinflammatory cytokines, which cause substantial tissue injury in vivo, additional subsets of T cells exist with regulatory functions (Treg). These subsets include CD4+ type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) and CD4+ CD25+ T cells expressing the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) that may have important implications in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the effects of immunomodulating cytokines on CeD inflammatory status. Moreover, we outline the main Treg cell populations found in CeD and how their regulatory activity could be influenced by the intestinal microenvironment. Finally, we discuss the Treg therapeutic potential for the development of alternative strategies to the gluten-free diet (GFD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Camarca
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council—CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy (V.R.A.)
| | - Vera Rotondi Aufiero
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council—CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy (V.R.A.)
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzarella
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council—CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy (V.R.A.)
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
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7
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Erratum: Type 1 regulatory T cell-mediated tolerance in health and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1125497. [PMID: 36761160 PMCID: PMC9903213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1125497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article .].
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Abstract
Among human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated disorders, celiac disease has an immunopathogenesis that is particularly well understood. The condition is characterized by hypersensitivity to cereal gluten proteins, and the disease lesion is localized in the gut. Still, the diagnosis can be made by detection of highly disease-specific autoantibodies to transglutaminase 2 in the blood. We now have mechanistic insights into how the disease-predisposing HLA-DQ molecules, via presentation of posttranslationally modified gluten peptides, are connected to the generation of these autoantibodies. This review presents our current understanding of the immunobiology of this common disorder that is positioned in the border zone between food hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Iversen
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; .,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; .,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Skoracka K, Hryhorowicz S, Rychter AM, Ratajczak AE, Szymczak-Tomczak A, Zawada A, Słomski R, Dobrowolska A, Krela-Kaźmierczak I. Why are western diet and western lifestyle pro-inflammatory risk factors of celiac disease? Front Nutr 2023; 9:1054089. [PMID: 36742009 PMCID: PMC9895111 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1054089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of celiac disease increased in recent years. In addition to the genetic and immunological factors, it appears that environmental determinants are also involved in the pathophysiology of celiac disease. Gastrointestinal infections impact the development of celiac disease. Current research does not directly confirm the protective effect of natural childbirth and breastfeeding on celiac disease. However, it seems that in genetically predisposed children, the amount of gluten introduced into the diet may have an impact on celiac disease development. Also western lifestyle, including western dietary patterns high in fat, sugar, and gliadin, potentially may increase the risk of celiac disease due to changes in intestinal microbiota, intestinal permeability, or mucosal inflammation. Further research is needed to expand the knowledge of the relationship between environmental factors and the development of celiac disease to define evidence-based preventive interventions against the development of celiac disease. The manuscript summarizes current knowledge on factors predisposing to the development of celiac disease including factors associated with the western lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Skoracka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland,Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland,*Correspondence: Kinga Skoracka ✉
| | | | - Anna Maria Rychter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland,Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Alicja Ewa Ratajczak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland,Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szymczak-Tomczak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zawada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrowolska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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10
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Girdhar K, Dogru YD, Huang Q, Yang Y, Tolstikov V, Raisingani A, Chrudinova M, Oh J, Kelley K, Ludvigsson JF, Kiebish MA, Palm NW, Ludvigsson J, Altindis E. Dynamics of the gut microbiome, IgA response, and plasma metabolome in the development of pediatric celiac disease. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:9. [PMID: 36639805 PMCID: PMC9840338 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption. Almost all CD patients possess human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes; however, only a small subset of individuals carrying these alleles develop CD, indicating the role of environmental factors in CD pathogenesis. The main objective of this study was to determine the contributory role of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in CD onset. To this end, we obtained fecal samples from a prospective cohort study (ABIS) at ages 2.5 and 5 years. Samples were collected from children who developed CD after the final sample collection (CD progressors) and healthy children matched by age, HLA genotype, breastfeeding duration, and gluten-exposure time (n=15-16). We first used 16S sequencing and immunoglobulin-A sequencing (IgA-seq) using fecal samples obtained from the same children (i) 16 controls and 15 CD progressors at age 2.5 and (ii) 13 controls and 9 CD progressors at age 5. We completed the cytokine profiling, and plasma metabolomics using plasma samples obtained at age 5 (n=7-9). We also determined the effects of one microbiota-derived metabolite, taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), on the small intestines and immune cell composition in vivo. RESULTS CD progressors have a distinct gut microbiota composition, an increased IgA response, and unique IgA targets compared to healthy subjects. Notably, 26 plasma metabolites, five cytokines, and one chemokine were significantly altered in CD progressors at age 5. Among 26 metabolites, we identified a 2-fold increase in TDCA. TDCA treatment alone caused villous atrophy, increased CD4+ T cells, Natural Killer cells, and two important immunoregulatory proteins, Qa-1 and NKG2D expression on T cells while decreasing T-regulatory cells in intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in C57BL/6J mice. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric CD progressors have a distinct gut microbiota composition, plasma metabolome, and cytokine profile before diagnosis. Furthermore, CD progressors have more IgA-coated bacteria and unique targets of IgA in their gut microbiota. TDCA feeding alone stimulates an inflammatory immune response in the small intestines of C57BJ/6 mice and causes villous atrophy, the hallmark of CD. Thus, a microbiota-derived metabolite, TDCA, enriched in CD progressors' plasma, has the potential to drive inflammation in the small intestines and enhance CD pathogenesis. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyati Girdhar
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | | | - Qian Huang
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | - Amol Raisingani
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | | | - Jaewon Oh
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Kristina Kelley
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Paediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, SE, Sweden
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
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11
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Freeborn RA, Strubbe S, Roncarolo MG. Type 1 regulatory T cell-mediated tolerance in health and disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032575. [PMID: 36389662 PMCID: PMC9650496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, in addition to other regulatory cells, contribute to immunological tolerance to prevent autoimmunity and excessive inflammation. Tr1 cells arise in the periphery upon antigen stimulation in the presence of tolerogenic antigen presenting cells and secrete large amounts of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. The protective role of Tr1 cells in autoimmune diseases and inflammatory bowel disease has been well established, and this led to the exploration of this population as a potential cell therapy. On the other hand, the role of Tr1 cells in infectious disease is not well characterized, thus raising concern that these tolerogenic cells may cause general immune suppression which would prevent pathogen clearance. In this review, we summarize current literature surrounding Tr1-mediated tolerance and its role in health and disease settings including autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Freeborn
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Steven Strubbe
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (ISCBRM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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12
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Artificial Intelligence Analysis of Celiac Disease Using an Autoimmune Discovery Transcriptomic Panel Highlighted Pathogenic Genes including BTLA. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10081550. [PMID: 36011206 PMCID: PMC9408070 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is a common immune-related inflammatory disease of the small intestine caused by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. This research is a proof-of-concept exercise focused on using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and an autoimmune discovery gene panel to predict and model celiac disease. Conventional bioinformatics, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and several machine learning and neural network techniques were used on a publicly available dataset (GSE164883). Machine learning and deep learning included C5, logistic regression, Bayesian network, discriminant analysis, KNN algorithm, LSVM, random trees, SVM, Tree-AS, XGBoost linear, XGBoost tree, CHAID, Quest, C&R tree, random forest, and neural network (multilayer perceptron). As a result, the gene panel predicted celiac disease with high accuracy (95–100%). Several pathogenic genes were identified, some of the immune checkpoint and immuno-oncology pathways. They included CASP3, CD86, CTLA4, FASLG, GZMB, IFNG, IL15RA, ITGAX, LAG3, MMP3, MUC1, MYD88, PRDM1, RGS1, etc. Among them, B and T lymphocyte associated (BTLA, CD272) was highlighted and validated at the protein level by immunohistochemistry in an independent series of cases. Celiac disease was characterized by high BTLA, expressed by inflammatory cells of the lamina propria. In conclusion, artificial intelligence predicted celiac disease using an autoimmune discovery gene panel.
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Alteration of interleukin-10-producing Type 1 regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Hematol 2022; 29:218-224. [PMID: 35787550 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights findings describing the role of interleukin (IL)-10-producing Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in controlling autoimmune diseases and possible approaches to restore their function and number. RECENT FINDINGS Reduced frequency and/or function of cell subsets playing a role in Tr1 cell induction (e.g., DC-10 and Bregs), was found in patients with autoimmunity and may impact on Tr1 cell frequency. SUMMARY IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine with fundamental anti-inflammatory functions acting as negative regulator of immune responses. IL-10 is critically involved in the induction and functions of Tr1 cells, a subset of memory CD4+ T cells induced in the periphery to suppress immune responses to a variety of antigens (Ags), including self-, allogeneic, and dietary Ags. Alterations in IL-10-related pathways and/or in the frequency and activities of Tr1 cells have been associated to several autoimmune diseases. We will give an overview of the alterations of IL-10 and IL-10-producing Tr1 cells in Multiple Sclerosis, Type 1 Diabetes, and Celiac Disease, in which similarities in the role of these tolerogenic mechanisms are present. Current and future approaches to overcome Tr1 cell defects and restore tolerance in these diseases will also be discussed.
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Reduced frequency of circulating regulatory T cells and their related immunosuppressive mediators in treated celiac patients. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8527-8535. [PMID: 35723802 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have an important role in the control of the immune responses. This study aimed to compare the frequency of peripheral blood (PB) CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells and PB and duodenal expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in treated celiac disease (CD) patients and healthy controls. METHODS AND RESULTS Duodenal biopsy specimens and PB samples were collected from 60 treated CD patients and 60 controls. Flow cytometry analysis was conducted on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) specimens and relative PB and duodenal mRNA expression levels of CD25, forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), interleukin (IL)-10 and granzyme B (GrzB) were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. The levels of serum IL-10 and IL-6 were tested with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Flow cytometry analysis showed a significant decrease in the number of Tregs in CD patients' PBMC specimens (p = 0.012). CD25 and Foxp3 PB mRNA expressions were also lower in CD patients without reaching the significance level (p > 0.05). IL-10 PB mRNA and protein expression did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05), and GrzB PB expression was significantly reduced in CD patients (p = 0.001). In duodenal specimens of CD patients, while significantly increased CD25, Foxp3 mRNA expression (p = 0.01 and 0.001, respectively) and decreased IL-10 mRNA expression (p = 0.02) were observed, GrzB mRNA expression did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, a high serum level of IL-6 was observed in CD patients (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Despite following the gluten free diet, there may still be residual inflammation in the intestine of CD patients. Accordingly, finding a therapeutic approach based on strengthening the function of Treg cells in CD might be helpful.
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Vitale S, Maglio M, Picascia S, Mottola I, Miele E, Troncone R, Auricchio R, Gianfrani C. Intestinal Cellular Biomarkers of Mucosal Lesion Progression in Pediatric Celiac Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111971. [PMID: 34834386 PMCID: PMC8623763 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic intestinal inflammation caused by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. Overt-CD and potential-CD are the two main forms of gluten intolerance in pediatric patients with different grades of intestinal mucosa lesion and clinical management. For overt-CD patients the gluten-free diet is mandatory, while for potential-CD the dietary therapy is recommended only for those subjects becoming clinically symptomatic overtime. To date, specific early biomarkers of evolution to villous atrophy in potential-CD are lacking. We recently observed an expansion of TCRγδ+ T cells and a concomitant disappearance of IL4-producing T cells in the intestinal mucosa of overt-CD patients compared to potential-CD children, suggesting the involvement of these two cells subsets in the transition from potential-CD to overt-CD. In this study, we demonstrated that the intestinal densities of IL4+ T cells inversely correlated with TCRγδ+ T cell expansion (p < 0.005) and with the serum levels of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (p < 0.01). The changes of these two cell subsets strongly correlated with mucosal lesions, according to the histological Marsh classification, as the transition from M0 to M3 lesions was associated with a significant reduction of IL4+ T cells (M0 vs. M1 p < 0.04, M0 vs. M3 p < 0.007) and an increase of TCRγδ+ T cells (M0 vs. M1 p < 0.05, M0 vs. M3 p < 0.0006). These findings strongly suggest that the detection of TCRγδ+ and IL4+ T cells could serve as cellular biomarkers of mucosal lesion and targets of novel immunomodulatory therapies for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.V.); (S.P.); (I.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Translational Medicine & European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Stefania Picascia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.V.); (S.P.); (I.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Ilaria Mottola
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.V.); (S.P.); (I.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Erasmo Miele
- Department of Translational Medicine & European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medicine & European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medicine & European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.V.); (S.P.); (I.M.); (C.G.)
- Department of Translational Medicine & European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.)
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Anderson RP. Emergence of an adaptive immune paradigm to explain celiac disease: a perspective on new evidence and implications for future interventions and diagnosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 18:75-91. [PMID: 34767744 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.2006636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent patient studies have shown that gluten-free diet is less effective in treating celiac disease than previously believed, and additionally patients remain vulnerable to gluten-induced acute symptoms and systemic cytokine release. Safe and effective pharmacological adjuncts to gluten-free diet are in preclinical and clinical development. Clear understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease is critical for drug target identification, establishing efficacy endpoints and to develop non-invasive biomarkers suitable to monitor and potentially diagnose celiac disease. AREAS COVERED The role and clinical effects of CD4+ T cells directed against deamidated gluten in the context of an "adaptive immune paradigm" are reviewed. Alternative hypotheses of gluten toxicity are discussed and contrasted. In the context of recent patient studies, implications of the adaptive immune paradigm for future strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat celiac disease are outlined. EXPERT OPINION Effective therapeutics for celiac disease are likely to be approved and necessitate a variety of new clinical instruments and tests to stratify patient need, monitor remission, and confirm diagnosis in uncertain cases. Sensitive assessments of CD4+ T cells specific for deamidated gluten are likely to play a central role in clinical management, and to facilitate research and pharmaceutical development.
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Yao Y, Wyrozżemski Ł, Lundin KEA, Sandve GK, Qiao SW. Differential expression profile of gluten-specific T cells identified by single-cell RNA-seq. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258029. [PMID: 34618841 PMCID: PMC8496852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluten-specific CD4+ T cells drive the pathogenesis of celiac disease and circulating gluten-specific T cells can be identified by staining with HLA-DQ:gluten tetramers. In this first single-cell RNA-seq study of tetramer-sorted T cells from untreated celiac disease patients blood, we found that gluten-specific T cells showed distinct transcriptomic profiles consistent with activated effector memory T cells that shared features with Th1 and follicular helper T cells. Compared to non-specific cells, gluten-specific T cells showed differential expression of several genes involved in T-cell receptor signaling, translational processes, apoptosis, fatty acid transport, and redox potentials. Many of the gluten-specific T cells studied shared T-cell receptor with each other, indicating that circulating gluten-specific T cells belong to a limited number of clones. Moreover, the transcriptional profiles of cells that shared the same clonal origin were transcriptionally more similar compared with between clonally unrelated gluten-specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Łukasz Wyrozżemski
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut E. A. Lundin
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Kjetil Sandve
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shuo-Wang Qiao
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Robinson S, Thomas R. Potential for Antigen-Specific Tolerizing Immunotherapy in Systematic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654701. [PMID: 34335564 PMCID: PMC8322693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic complex systemic autoimmune disease characterized by multiple autoantibodies and clinical manifestations, with the potential to affect nearly every organ. SLE treatments, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, have greatly increased survival rates, but there is no curative therapy and SLE management is limited by drug complications and toxicities. There is an obvious clinical need for safe, effective SLE treatments. A promising treatment avenue is to restore immunological tolerance to reduce inflammatory clinical manifestations of SLE. Indeed, recent clinical trials of low-dose IL-2 supplementation in SLE patients showed that in vivo expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) is associated with dramatic but transient improvement in SLE disease markers and clinical manifestations. However, the Treg cells that expanded were short-lived and unstable. Alternatively, antigen-specific tolerance (ASIT) approaches that establish long-lived immunological tolerance could be deployed in the context of SLE. In this review, we discuss the potential benefits and challenges of nanoparticle ASIT approaches to induce prolonged immunological tolerance in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Robinson
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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Voisine J, Abadie V. Interplay Between Gluten, HLA, Innate and Adaptive Immunity Orchestrates the Development of Coeliac Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674313. [PMID: 34149709 PMCID: PMC8206552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several environmental, genetic, and immune factors create a "perfect storm" for the development of coeliac disease: the antigen gluten, the strong association of coeliac disease with HLA, the deamidation of gluten peptides by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) generating peptides that bind strongly to the predisposing HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules, and the ensuing unrestrained T cell response. T cell immunity is at the center of the disease contributing to the inflammatory process through the loss of tolerance to gluten and the differentiation of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8-restricted anti-gluten inflammatory CD4+ T cells secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and to the killing of intestinal epithelial cells by cytotoxic intraepithelial CD8+ lymphocytes. However, recent studies emphasize that the individual contribution of each of these cell subsets is not sufficient and that interactions between these different populations of T cells and the simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immune pathways in distinct gut compartments are required to promote disease immunopathology. In this review, we will discuss how tissue destruction in the context of coeliac disease results from the complex interactions between gluten, HLA molecules, TG2, and multiple innate and adaptive immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Voisine
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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20
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Selck C, Dominguez-Villar M. Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases and Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661875. [PMID: 34054826 PMCID: PMC8160309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a heterogenous population of immunosuppressive T cells whose therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and graft rejection is currently being explored. While clinical trial results thus far support the safety and efficacy of adoptive therapies using polyclonal Treg cells, some studies suggest that antigen-specific Treg cells are more potent in regulating and improving immune tolerance in a disease-specific manner. Hence, several approaches to generate and/or expand antigen-specific Treg cells in vitro or in vivo are currently under investigation. However, antigen-specific Treg cell therapies face additional challenges that require further consideration, including the identification of disease-relevant antigens as well as the in vivo stability and migratory behavior of Treg cells following transfer. In this review, we discuss these approaches and the potential limitations and describe prospective strategies to enhance the efficacy of antigen-specific Treg cell treatments in autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Selck
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Bakker OB, Ramírez-Sánchez AD, Borek ZA, de Klein N, Li Y, Modderman R, Kooy-Winkelaar Y, Johannesen MK, Matarese F, Martens JHA, Kumar V, van Bergen J, Qiao SW, Lundin KEA, Sollid LM, Koning F, Wijmenga C, Withoff S, Jonkers IH. Potential impact of celiac disease genetic risk factors on T cell receptor signaling in gluten-specific CD4+ T cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9252. [PMID: 33927210 PMCID: PMC8085175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is an auto-immune disease in which an immune response to dietary gluten leads to inflammation and subsequent atrophy of small intestinal villi, causing severe bowel discomfort and malabsorption of nutrients. The major instigating factor for the immune response in celiac disease is the activation of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells expressing T cell receptors that recognize gluten peptides presented in the context of HLA-DQ2 and DQ8. Here we provide an in-depth characterization of 28 gluten-specific T cell clones. We assess their transcriptional and epigenetic response to T cell receptor stimulation and link this to genetic factors associated with celiac disease. Gluten-specific T cells have a distinct transcriptional profile that mostly resembles that of Th1 cells but also express cytokines characteristic of other types of T-helper cells. This transcriptional response appears not to be regulated by changes in chromatin state, but rather by early upregulation of transcription factors and non-coding RNAs that likely orchestrate the subsequent activation of genes that play a role in immune pathways. Finally, integration of chromatin and transcription factor binding profiles suggest that genes activated by T cell receptor stimulation of gluten‑specific T cells may be impacted by genetic variation at several genetic loci associated with celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier B Bakker
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aarón D Ramírez-Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zuzanna A Borek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek de Klein
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger Modderman
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Kooy-Winkelaar
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie K Johannesen
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Filomena Matarese
- Department of Molecular Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H A Martens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Jeroen van Bergen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shuo-Wang Qiao
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut E A Lundin
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris H Jonkers
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are distinctive sites exposed to environmental, dietary, and microbial antigens. Particularly in the gut, the host continuously actively adapts via complex interactions between the microbiota and dietary compounds and immune and other tissue cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for tuning the intestinal immune response to self- and non-self-antigens in the intestine. Its importance in intestinal homeostasis is illustrated by the onset of overt inflammation caused by deficiency in Treg generation, function, or stability in the gut. A substantial imbalance in Tregs has been observed in intestinal tissue during pathogenic conditions, when a tightly regulated and equilibrated system becomes dysregulated and leads to unimpeded and chronic immune responses. In this chapter, we compile and critically discuss the current knowledge on the key factors that promote Treg-mediated tolerance in the gut, such as those involved in intestinal Treg differentiation, specificity and suppressive function, and their immunophenotype during health and disease. We also discuss the current state of knowledge on Treg dysregulation in human intestine during pathological states such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and colorectal cancer (CRC), and how that knowledge is guiding development of Treg-targeted therapies to treat or prevent intestinal disorders.
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Du Y, Fang Q, Zheng SG. Regulatory T Cells: Concept, Classification, Phenotype, and Biological Characteristics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1278:1-31. [PMID: 33523440 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6407-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play an indispensable role in maintaining the body's immune nonresponse to self-antigens and suppressing the body's unwarranted and potentially harmful immune responses. Their absence, reduction, dysfunction, transformation, and instability can lead to numerous autoimmune diseases. There are several distinct subtypes of the Treg cells, although they share certain biological characteristics and have unique phenotypes with different regulatory functions, as well as mechanistic abilities. In this book chapter, we introduce the latest advances in Treg cell subtypes pertaining to classification, phenotype, biological characteristics, and mechanisms. We also highlight the relationship between Treg cells and various diseases, including autoimmune, infectious, as well as tumors and organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiannan Fang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song-Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Reinventing the nutraceutical value of gluten: The case of l-theanine-gluten as a potential alternative to the gluten exclusion diet in celiac disease. Food Chem 2020; 324:126840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Increased frequency of regulatory T cells in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease at diagnosis: a compensative role? Pediatr Res 2020; 87:853-861. [PMID: 31715619 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis. We investigated two main types of Tregs, the CD4+FOXP3+ and IL-10+ Tr1, in pediatric subjects with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) both at diagnosis and after the clinical remission. METHODS Peripheral blood Tregs were analyzed in 16 children with Crohn's disease (CD), 19 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 14 healthy controls (HC). Two cocktails of fluoresceinated antibodies were used to discriminate between CD4+FOXP3+ and Tr1. RESULTS We observed in both CD and UC groups a higher frequency of Tr1 at diagnosis compared to controls, which decreased at follow-up compared to diagnosis, in particular in UC. Similarly, in UC patients the percentage of CD4+FOXP3+ Tregs markedly decreased at follow-up compared to the same patients at diagnosis and compared to HC. The expression of CTLA-4 in CD4+FOXP3+ Tregs increased in both groups at clinical remission. CONCLUSION This study shows that IBD children present at diagnosis an increased frequency of circulating Tregs, probably as a compensative reaction to tissue inflammation. During the clinical remission, the Treg frequency diminishes, and concomitantly, their activation status increases. Notwithstanding, the high Treg density at diagnosis is not sufficient to counteract the inflammation in the childhood IBD.
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Carballido JM, Regairaz C, Rauld C, Raad L, Picard D, Kammüller M. The Emerging Jamboree of Transformative Therapies for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:472. [PMID: 32296421 PMCID: PMC7137386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard treatments for autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders rely mainly on immunosuppression. These are predominantly symptomatic remedies that do not affect the root cause of the disease and are associated with multiple side effects. Immunotherapies are being developed during the last decades as more specific and safer alternatives to small molecules with broad immunosuppressive activity, but they still do not distinguish between disease-causing and protective cell targets and thus, they still have considerable risks of increasing susceptibility to infections and/or malignancy. Antigen-specific approaches inducing immune tolerance represent an emerging trend carrying the potential to be curative without inducing broad immunosuppression. These therapies are based on antigenic epitopes derived from the same proteins that are targeted by the autoreactive T and B cells, and which are administered to patients together with precise instructions to induce regulatory responses capable to restore homeostasis. They are not personalized medicines, and they do not need to be. They are precision therapies exquisitely targeting the disease-causing cells that drive pathology in defined patient populations. Immune tolerance approaches are truly transformative options for people suffering from autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Carballido
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Autoimmunity Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Regairaz
- Autoimmunity Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Rauld
- Autoimmunity Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Layla Raad
- Autoimmunity Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damien Picard
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kammüller
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Iervasi E, Auricchio R, Strangio A, Greco L, Saverino D. Serum IL-21 levels from celiac disease patients correlates with anti-tTG IgA autoantibodies and mucosal damage. Autoimmunity 2020; 53:225-230. [PMID: 32157915 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1736047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Coeliac disease is a multifactorial disorder influenced by environmental, genetic and immunological factors. Interleukin (IL)-21 has been linked to an increase disease risk and the serum level of IL-21 seems to be increased in CD compared to a healthy control population.Methods: Sera were collected from 160 CD patients, 120 untreated and 40 following a gluten-free diet, and form 45 healthy subjects. Serum IL-21 was evaluated by specific ELISA tests.Results: Our data show that patients with untreated CD display IL-21 concentrations significantly higher than both treated-CD patients (following a gluten-free diet) and controls. In addition, serum IL-21 correlates with serum titres of anti-tTG IgA autoantibodies. Finally, our results show a correlation of this cytokine with duodenal mucosal damage.Conclusions: A role of gluten, as antigen with stimulatory function on IL-21 production, seems to be confirmed by the longitudinal analyses showing that the gluten-free diet decreases to a nearly undetectable amount this cytokine. In addition, the finding of a positive correlation between the serum amount of IL-21 and the grade of duodenal mucosa damage suggests a strong immunomodulatory effect of this cytokine on cytotoxic T lymphocyte functions. This study provides an extra evidence to emerging data on the potential role IL-21 in CD pathogenesis, suggesting its involvement in the development and progression of CD. Significance statement: In untreated CD, serum IL-21 shows higher levels compared with treated CD and healthy subjects. Serum amounts of IL-21 correlate with anti-tTG IgA autoantibodies and with duodenal mucosa damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iervasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genova, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,European Laboratory for Food-Induced disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Strangio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,European Laboratory for Food-Induced disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele Saverino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genova, Italy
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28
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Goel G, Daveson AJM, Hooi CE, Tye-Din JA, Wang S, Szymczak E, Williams LJ, Dzuris JL, Neff KM, Truitt KE, Anderson RP. Serum cytokines elevated during gluten-mediated cytokine release in coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 199:68-78. [PMID: 31505020 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines have been extensively studied in coeliac disease, but cytokine release related to exposure to gluten and associated symptoms has only recently been described. Prominent, early elevations in serum interleukin (IL)-2 after gluten support a central role for T cell activation in the clinical reactions to gluten in coeliac disease. The aim of this study was to establish a quantitative hierarchy of serum cytokines and their relation to symptoms in patients with coeliac disease during gluten-mediated cytokine release reactions. Sera were analyzed from coeliac disease patients on a gluten free-diet (n = 25) and from a parallel cohort of healthy volunteers (n = 25) who underwent an unmasked gluten challenge. Sera were collected at baseline and 2, 4 and 6 h after consuming 10 g vital wheat gluten flour; 187 cytokines were assessed. Confirmatory analyses were performed by high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Cytokine elevations were correlated with symptoms. Cytokine release following gluten challenge in coeliac disease patients included significant elevations of IL-2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20), IL-6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)9, CXCL8, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-10, IL-22, IL-17A, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, CCL2 and amphiregulin. IL-2 and IL-17A were earliest to rise. Peak levels of cytokines were generally at 4 h. IL-2 increased most (median 57-fold), then CCL20 (median 10-fold). Cytokine changes were strongly correlated with one another, and the most severely symptomatic patients had the highest elevations. Early elevations of IL-2, IL-17A, IL-22 and IFN-γ after gluten in patients with coeliac disease implicates rapidly activated T cells as their probable source. Cytokine release after gluten could aid in monitoring experimental treatments and support diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Goel
- ImmusanT, Inc., Cambridge, MA,, USA
| | - A J M Daveson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Rd, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - C E Hooi
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - J A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S Wang
- ImmusanT, Inc., Cambridge, MA,, USA
| | | | | | | | - K M Neff
- ImmusanT, Inc., Cambridge, MA,, USA
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29
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Therapeutic and Diagnostic Implications of T Cell Scarring in Celiac Disease and Beyond. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:836-852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Costes LMM, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, van Berkel LA, Veenbergen S, Raatgeep HRC, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, van Haaften DH, Karrich JJ, Escher JC, Groeneweg M, Clausen BE, Cupedo T, Samsom JN. IL-10 signaling prevents gluten-dependent intraepithelial CD4 + cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration and epithelial damage in the small intestine. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:479-490. [PMID: 30542112 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breach of tolerance to gluten leads to the chronic small intestinal enteropathy celiac disease. A key event in celiac disease development is gluten-dependent infiltration of activated cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), which cytolyze epithelial cells causing crypt hyperplasia and villous atrophy. The mechanisms leading to gluten-dependent small intestinal IEL infiltration and activation remain elusive. We have demonstrated that under homeostatic conditions in mice, gluten drives the differentiation of anti-inflammatory T cells producing large amounts of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Here we addressed whether this dominant IL-10 axis prevents gluten-dependent infiltration of activated cytotoxic IEL and subsequent small intestinal enteropathy. We demonstrate that IL-10 regulation prevents gluten-induced cytotoxic inflammatory IEL infiltration. In particular, IL-10 suppresses gluten-induced accumulation of a specialized population of cytotoxic CD4+CD8αα+ IEL (CD4+ CTL) expressing Tbx21, Ifng, and Il21, and a disparate non-cytolytic CD4+CD8α- IEL population expressing Il17a, Il21, and Il10. Concomitantly, IL-10 suppresses gluten-dependent small intestinal epithelial hyperproliferation and upregulation of stress-induced molecules on epithelial cells. Remarkably, frequencies of granzyme B+CD4+CD8α+ IEL are increased in pediatric celiac disease patient biopsies. These findings demonstrate that IL-10 is pivotal to prevent gluten-induced small intestinal inflammation and epithelial damage, and imply that CD4+ CTL are potential new players into these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M M Costes
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - D J Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - L A van Berkel
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - S Veenbergen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - H R C Raatgeep
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Y Simons-Oosterhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - D H van Haaften
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - J J Karrich
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - J C Escher
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Groeneweg
- Department of Pediatrics, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, 3079 DZ, The Netherlands
| | - B E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - T Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - J N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
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31
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The Biology of T Regulatory Type 1 Cells and Their Therapeutic Application in Immune-Mediated Diseases. Immunity 2018; 49:1004-1019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Ribeiro M, Picascia S, Rhazi L, Gianfrani C, Carrillo JM, Rodriguez-Quijano M, Branlard G, Nunes FM. In Situ Gluten-Chitosan Interlocked Self-Assembled Supramolecular Architecture Reduces T-Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Gluten in Celiac Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800646. [PMID: 30289620 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The prevalence of celiac disease has increased since the last half of the 20th century and is now about 1% in most western populations. At present, people who suffer from celiac disease have to follow a gluten-exclusion diet throughout their lives. Compliance to this restrictive diet is demanding and the development of alternative strategies has become urgent. METHODS AND RESULTS In this context, it is found that the biocompatible aminopolysaccharide chitosan imposes a different gluten reorganization after gluten redox reaction producing in situ mechanically interlocked supramolecular assemblies between gluten and chitosan. These new structures result in the decrease of gluten digestibility, tissue transglutaminase deamidation activity, and interferon-γ production in intestinal T cell lines generated from biopsy specimens of celiac disease patients. CONCLUSION Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of this research avenue to celiac disease is problematic, as the reorganization of gluten proteins to a novel supramolecular architecture shows a positive impact on known pathogenesis mechanisms of the disease. At present, the only therapy for celiac disease is adherence to a gluten-free diet. Here, it is shown that chitosan-imposed gluten reorganization to an interlocked self-assembled supramolecular architecture reduces gluten digestibility, R5-reactivity, tissue transglutaminase deamidation activity, and its capacity to stimulate a T-cell-mediated immune response in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ribeiro
- CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Stefania Picascia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Larbi Rhazi
- UniLaSalle, Unité de recherche "Transformations & Agro-Ressources", 19 rue Pierre Waguet - BP 30313, F-60026, Beauvais Cedex, France
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Jose Maria Carrillo
- Unit of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology - Plant Biology. UPM, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Quijano
- Unit of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology - Plant Biology. UPM, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gérard Branlard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique GDEC/UBP, UMR 1095, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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33
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Pellerin L, Chen P, Gregori S, Hernandez-Hoyos G, Bacchetta R, Roncarolo MG. APVO210: A Bispecific Anti-CD86-IL-10 Fusion Protein (ADAPTIR™) to Induce Antigen-Specific T Regulatory Type 1 Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:881. [PMID: 29887861 PMCID: PMC5980965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine that promotes the differentiation of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC-10), and the subsequent induction of antigen-specific T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells, which suppress immune responses. However, IL-10 acts on multiple cell types and its effects are not solely inhibitory, therefore, limiting its use as immunomodulant. APVO210 is a bispecific fusion protein composed of an anti-CD86 antibody fused with monomeric IL-10 (ADAPTIR™ from Aptevo Therapeutics). APVO210 specifically induces IL-10R signaling in CD86+ antigen-presenting cells, but not in T and B cells. In this study, we tested whether APVO210 promotes the differentiation of tolerogenic DC-10 and the differentiation of antigen-specific CD4+ Tr1 cells in vitro. We compared the effect of APVO210 with that of recombinant human (rh) IL-10 on the in vitro differentiation of DC-10, induction of alloantigen-specific anergic CD4+ T cells, enrichment in CD49b+LAG3+ Tr1 cells mediating antigen-specific suppression, and stability upon exposure to inflammatory cytokines. APVO210 induced the differentiation of tolerogenic DC (DC-A210) that produced high levels of IL-10, expressed CD86, HLA-G, and intermediate levels of CD14 and CD16. These DC-A210 induced alloantigen-specific anergic T-cell cultures (T-alloA210) that were enriched in CD49b+ LAG3+ Tr1 cells, produced high levels of IL-10, and had suppressive properties. The phenotype and high IL-10 production by DC-A210, and the alloantigen-specific anergy of T-alloA210 were preserved upon exposure to the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The effects of APVO210 were comparable to that of dimeric rh IL-10. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that APVO210 drives the differentiation of tolerogenic DC and functional alloantigen-specific Tr1 cells in vitro. Since APVO210 specifically targets CD86+ cells, we hypothesize that it will specifically target CD86+ DC to induce Tr1 cells in vivo, and mediate antigen-specific immunological tolerance by induction of tolerogenic DC and Tr1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Pellerin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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34
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T Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 341:125-168. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hull CM, Peakman M, Tree TIM. Regulatory T cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes: what's broken and how can we fix it? Diabetologia 2017; 60:1839-1850. [PMID: 28770318 PMCID: PMC6448885 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterised by the destruction of insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. Whilst it remains unclear what the original triggering factors for this destruction are, observations from the natural history of human type 1 diabetes, including incidence rates in twins, suggest that the disease results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Whilst many different immune cells have been implicated, including members of the innate and adaptive immune systems, a view has emerged over the past 10 years that beta cell damage is mediated by the combined actions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with specificity for islet autoantigens. In health, these potentially pathogenic T cells are held in check by multiple regulatory mechanisms, known collectively as 'immunological tolerance'. This raises the question as to whether type 1 diabetes develops, at least in part, as a result of a defect in one or more of these control mechanisms. Immunological tolerance includes both central mechanisms (purging of the T cell repertoire of high-affinity autoreactive T cells in the thymus) and peripheral mechanisms, a major component of which is the action of a specialised subpopulation of T cells, known as regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this review, we highlight the evidence suggesting that a reduction in the functional capacity of different Treg populations contributes to disease development in type 1 diabetes. We also address current controversies regarding the putative causes of this defect and discuss strategies to correct it as a means to reduce or prevent islet destruction in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Hull
- Programme of Infection and Immunity, Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Mark Peakman
- Programme of Infection and Immunity, Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy I M Tree
- Programme of Infection and Immunity, Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
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36
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Jabri B, Sollid LM. T Cells in Celiac Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3005-3014. [PMID: 28373482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a human T cell-mediated autoimmune-like disorder caused by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. This review will discuss how CD4 T cell responses directed against an exogenous Ag can cause an autoreactive B cell response and participate in the licensing of intraepithelial lymphocytes to kill intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, this review will examine the mechanisms by which intraepithelial cytotoxic T cells mediate tissue destruction in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
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37
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Mandile R, Picascia S, Parrella C, Camarca A, Gobbetti M, Greco L, Troncone R, Gianfrani C, Auricchio R. Lack of immunogenicity of hydrolysed wheat flour in patients with coeliac disease after a short-term oral challenge. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017. [PMID: 28627070 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A gluten-free diet is currently the only reliable therapeutic strategy that is approved for coeliac disease (CD). For many patients, however, compliance remains inadequate. AIM To investigate the immunogenicity of wheat flour that was pre-treated with selected lactobacilli and fungal proteases (hydrolysed wheat gluten) in coeliac patients. METHODS The immunogenicity of hydrolysed wheat gluten was evaluated both in vitro in intestinal T cell lines (TCLs) and in vivo in treated CD patients after a short-term gluten challenge. Twenty treated CD patients were enrolled and equally randomised into two groups. The patients ate bread that was prepared with hydrolysed wheat flour or natural wheat flour (10 g of gluten/d for 3 days). The interferon (INF)-γ responses to natural gliadin and a 33-mer peptide were assessed by the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) both before and 6 days after the start of the challenge. RESULTS Hydrolysed wheat was not able to activate the TCLs from the coeliac intestinal mucosa. Consistent with the in vitro results, no significant increase in INF-γ secretion was observed in patients who consumed hydrolysed wheat flour. Conversely, the consumption of natural wheat gluten mobilised INF-γ secreting cells in the blood (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS We confirm that fermentation of wheat flour with sourdough lactobacilli and fungal proteases is capable of abolishing the T cell immunogenicity of gluten in coeliac patients. Our data also validate the short-term oral challenge as a useful tool for testing the efficacy of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mandile
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples, Federico II, Italy
| | - S Picascia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - C Parrella
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples, Federico II, Italy
| | - A Camarca
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy
| | - M Gobbetti
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen, Bozen, Italy
| | - L Greco
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples, Federico II, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naple, Italy
| | - R Troncone
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples, Federico II, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naple, Italy
| | - C Gianfrani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Naples, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naple, Italy
| | - R Auricchio
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples, Federico II, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naple, Italy
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38
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Sollid LM. The roles of MHC class II genes and post-translational modification in celiac disease. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:605-616. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Pellerin L, Jenks JA, Chinthrajah S, Dominguez T, Block W, Zhou X, Noshirvan A, Gregori S, Roncarolo MG, Nadeau KC, Bacchetta R. Peanut-specific type 1 regulatory T cells induced in vitro from allergic subjects are functionally impaired. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:202-213.e8. [PMID: 28689791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy (PA) is a life-threatening condition that lacks regulator-approved treatment. Regulatory T type 1 (TR1) cells are potent suppressors of immune responses and can be induced in vivo upon repeated antigen exposure or in vitro by using tolerogenic dendritic cells. Whether oral immunotherapy (OIT) leads to antigen-specific TR1 cell induction has not been established. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether peanut-specific TR1 cells can be generated in vitro from peripheral blood of patients with PA at baseline or during OIT and whether they are functional compared with peanut-specific TR1 cells induced from healthy control (HC) subjects. METHODS Tolerogenic dendritic cells were differentiated in the presence of IL-10 from PBMCs of patients with PA and HC subjects pulsed with the main peanut allergens of Arachis hypogaea, Ara h 1 and 2, and used as antigen-presenting cells for autologous CD4+ T cells (CD4+ T cells coincubated with tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with the main peanut allergens [pea-T10 cells]). Pea-T10 cells were characterized by the presence of CD49b+ lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3)+ TR1 cells, antigen-specific proliferative responses, and cytokine production. RESULTS CD49b+LAG3+ TR1 cells were induced in pea-T10 cells at comparable percentages from HC subjects and patients with PA. Despite their antigen specificity, pea-T10 cells of patients with PA with or without OIT, as compared with those of HC subjects, were not anergic and had high TH2 cytokine production upon peanut-specific restimulation. CONCLUSIONS Peanut-specific TR1 cells can be induced from HC subjects and patients with PA, but those from patients with PA are functionally defective independent of OIT. The unfavorable TR1/TH2 ratio is discussed as a possible cause of PA TR1 cell impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Pellerin
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at Stanford University, and Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jennifer Anne Jenks
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Sharon Chinthrajah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Tina Dominguez
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Whitney Block
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Arram Noshirvan
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at Stanford University, and Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kari Christine Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Stanford University, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at Stanford University, and Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
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Selected Probiotic Lactobacilli Have the Capacity To Hydrolyze Gluten Peptides during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00376-17. [PMID: 28500039 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00376-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the capacity of probiotic lactobacilli to hydrolyze immunogenic gluten peptides. Eighteen commercial strains of probiotic lactobacilli with highly variable peptidase activity (i.e., aminopeptidase N, iminopeptidase, prolyl endopeptidyl peptidase, tripeptidase, prolidase, prolinase, and dipeptidase), including toward Pro-rich peptides, were tested in this study. Ten probiotic strains were selected on the basis of their specific enzyme activity. When pooled, these 10 strains provided the peptidase portfolio that is required to completely degrade the immunogenic gluten peptides involved in celiac disease (CD). The selected probiotic mixture was able to completely hydrolyze well-known immunogenic epitopes, including the gliadin 33-mer peptide, the peptide spanning residues 57 to 68 of the α9-gliadin (α9-gliadin peptide 57-68), A-gliadin peptide 62-75, and γ-gliadin peptide 62-75. During digestion under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the pool of 10 selected probiotic lactobacilli strongly hydrolyzed the wheat bread gluten (ca. 18,000 ppm) to less than 10 ppm after 360 min of treatment. As determined by multidimensional chromatography (MDLC) coupled to nanoelectrospray ionization (nano-ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), no known immunogenic peptides were detected in wheat bread that was digested in the presence of the probiotics. Accordingly, the level of cytokines (interleukin 2 [IL-2], IL-10, and interferon gamma [IFN-γ]) produced by duodenal biopsy specimens from CD patients who consumed wheat bread digested by probiotics was similar to the baseline value (negative control). Probiotics that specifically hydrolyze gluten polypeptides could also be used to hydrolyze immunogenic peptides that contaminate gluten-free products. This could provide a new and safe adjunctive therapy alternative to the gluten-free diet (GFD).IMPORTANCE This study confirmed that probiotic Lactobacillus strains have different enzymatic abilities for hydrolyzing polypeptides, including the Pro-rich epitopes involved in the pathology of CD. Ten lactobacilli with complementary peptidase activities that hydrolyze gluten peptides during simulated gastrointestinal digestion were selected and tested. The results collected showed the potential of probiotic formulas as novel dietary treatments for CD patients.
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Camarca A, Auricchio R, Picascia S, Fierro O, Maglio M, Miele E, Malamisura B, Greco L, Troncone R, Gianfrani C. Gliadin-reactive T cells in Italian children from preventCD cohort at high risk of celiac disease. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:362-369. [PMID: 28339124 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newborns at high risk of celiac disease (CD) were recruited in Italy in the context of the PreventCD study and closely monitored for CD, from 4 months up to a mean age of 8 years at follow-up. The aim of our study was to investigate intestinal T-cell reactivity to gliadin at the first clinical and/or serological signs of CD. METHODS Gliadin-reactive T-cell lines were generated from intestinal biopsies of 19 HLA-DQ2-or HLA-DQ8-positive children. At biopsy, 11 children had a diagnosis of acute CD, two of potential CD, and six were non-celiac controls. Immune reactivity was evaluated against gliadin and known immunogenic peptides from α-, γ-, or ω-gliadins. The role of deamidation by transglutaminase (tTG) in determining the immunogenicity of gliadin was also investigated. RESULTS Most of the children with CD (either acute or potential) had an inflammatory response to gliadin. Notably, signs of T-cell reactivity to gliadin were also found in some non-celiac subjects, in which IFN-γ responses occurred mainly when regulatory IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines were blocked. Interestingly, PreventCD children reacted to gliadin peptides found active in adult CD patients, and tTG deamidation markedly enhanced gliadin recognition. CONCLUSIONS T cells reactive to gliadin can be detected in the intestine of children at high risk of developing CD, in some cases also in the presence of a normal mucosa and negative CD-associated antibodies. Furthermore, children at a very early stage of CD recognize the same gliadin epitopes that are active in adult CD patients. Tissue transglutaminase strongly enhances gluten T-cell immunogenicity in early CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Picascia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Fierro
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Erasmo Miele
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Basilio Malamisura
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Food Induced Diseases (E.L.F.I.D), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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van Leeuwen MA, Costes LMM, van Berkel LA, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, du Pré MF, Kozijn AE, Raatgeep HC, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, van Rooijen N, Koning F, Samsom JN. Macrophage-mediated gliadin degradation and concomitant IL-27 production drive IL-10- and IFN-γ-secreting Tr1-like-cell differentiation in a murine model for gluten tolerance. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:635-649. [PMID: 27579860 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is caused by inflammatory T-cell responses against the insoluble dietary protein gliadin. We have shown that, in humanized mice, oral tolerance to deamidated chymotrypsin-digested gliadin (CT-TG2-gliadin) is driven by tolerogenic interferon (IFN)-γ- and interleukin (IL)-10-secreting type 1 regulatory T-like cells (Tr1-like cells) generated in the spleen but not in the mesenteric lymph nodes. We aimed to uncover the mechanisms underlying gliadin-specific Tr1-like-cell differentiation and hypothesized that proteolytic gliadin degradation by splenic macrophages is a decisive step in this process. In vivo depletion of macrophages caused reduced differentiation of splenic IFN-γ- and IL-10-producing Tr1-like cells after CT-TG2-gliadin but not gliadin peptide feed. Splenic macrophages, rather than dendritic cells, constitutively expressed increased mRNA levels of the endopeptidase Cathepsin D; macrophage depletion significantly reduced splenic Cathepsin D expression in vivo and Cathepsin D efficiently degraded recombinant γ-gliadin in vitro. In response to CT-TG2-gliadin uptake, macrophages enhanced the expression of Il27p28, a cytokine that favored differentiation of gliadin-specific Tr1-like cells in vitro, and was previously reported to increase Cathepsin D activity. Conversely, IL-27 neutralization in vivo inhibited splenic IFN-γ- and IL-10-secreting Tr1-like-cell differentiation after CT-TG2-gliadin feed. Our data infer that endopeptidase mediated gliadin degradation by macrophages and concomitant IL-27 production drive differentiation of splenic gliadin-specific Tr1-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M M Costes
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L A van Berkel
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y Simons-Oosterhuis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M F du Pré
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital -Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - A E Kozijn
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H C Raatgeep
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D J Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cook L, Munier CML, Seddiki N, van Bockel D, Ontiveros N, Hardy MY, Gillies JK, Levings MK, Reid HH, Petersen J, Rossjohn J, Anderson RP, Zaunders JJ, Tye-Din JA, Kelleher AD. Circulating gluten-specific FOXP3 +CD39 + regulatory T cells have impaired suppressive function in patients with celiac disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1592-1603.e8. [PMID: 28283419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the gut triggered by dietary gluten. Although the effector T-cell response in patients with celiac disease has been well characterized, the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the loss of tolerance to gluten remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to define whether patients with celiac disease have a dysfunction or lack of gluten-specific forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3)+ Treg cells. METHODS Treated patients with celiac disease underwent oral wheat challenge to stimulate recirculation of gluten-specific T cells. Peripheral blood was collected before and after challenge. To comprehensively measure the gluten-specific CD4+ T-cell response, we paired traditional IFN-γ ELISpot with an assay to detect antigen-specific CD4+ T cells that does not rely on tetramers, antigen-stimulated cytokine production, or proliferation but rather on antigen-induced coexpression of CD25 and OX40 (CD134). RESULTS Numbers of circulating gluten-specific Treg cells and effector T cells both increased significantly after oral wheat challenge, peaking at day 6. Surprisingly, we found that approximately 80% of the ex vivo circulating gluten-specific CD4+ T cells were FOXP3+CD39+ Treg cells, which reside within the pool of memory CD4+CD25+CD127lowCD45RO+ Treg cells. Although we observed normal suppressive function in peripheral polyclonal Treg cells from patients with celiac disease, after a short in vitro expansion, the gluten-specific FOXP3+CD39+ Treg cells exhibited significantly reduced suppressive function compared with polyclonal Treg cells. CONCLUSION This study provides the first estimation of FOXP3+CD39+ Treg cell frequency within circulating gluten-specific CD4+ T cells after oral gluten challenge of patients with celiac disease. FOXP3+CD39+ Treg cells comprised a major proportion of all circulating gluten-specific CD4+ T cells but had impaired suppressive function, indicating that Treg cell dysfunction might be a key contributor to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cook
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - David van Bockel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Noé Ontiveros
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Melinda Y Hardy
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jana K Gillies
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Anderson
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; ImmusanT, Cambridge, Mass
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Hardy MY, Tye-Din JA. Coeliac disease: a unique model for investigating broken tolerance in autoimmunity. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e112. [PMID: 27990287 PMCID: PMC5133362 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease, a prevalent immune-mediated enteropathy driven by dietary gluten, provides an exceptional human model to dissect the genetic, environmental and immunologic factors operating in autoimmunity. Despite the causative antigen being an exogenous food protein, coeliac disease has many features in common with autoimmune disease including a strong HLA class II association and the presence of pathogenic CD4+ T cells and autoantibodies. CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes specifically target and destroy intestinal epithelium in response to stress signals and not a specific antigen. A unique feature of coeliac disease is the ability to remove gluten to induce disease remission and reintroduce it to trigger a memory response. This provides an unparalleled opportunity to study disease-relevant CD4+ T cells that have been expanded in vivo. As a result, the causative peptides have been characterised at a level unprecedented for any autoimmune disease. Despite the complexity of the gluten proteome, resistance to gastrointestinal proteolysis and susceptibility to post-translational modification by transglutaminase help shape a restricted repertoire of immunogenic gluten peptides that have high affinity for disease-associated HLA. The critical steps in coeliac disease pathogenesis have been broadly elucidated and provide the basis for experimental therapies in pre-clinical or clinical development. However, little is known about how and why tolerance to gluten sometimes breaks or fails to develop. Understanding the interactions between genes, the environment, gluten immunity and the microbiome may provide novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Y Hardy
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre of Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Camarca A, Gianfrani C, Ariemma F, Cimmino I, Bruzzese D, Scerbo R, Picascia S, D’Esposito V, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Valentino R. Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Function and Dendritic Cell Differentiation Are Affected by Bisphenol-A Exposure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161122. [PMID: 27509021 PMCID: PMC4980038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants, including endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs), interfere on human health, leading to hormonal, immune and metabolic perturbations. Bisphenol-A (BPA), a main component of polycarbonate plastics, has been receiving increased attention due to its worldwide distribution with a large exposure. In humans, BPA, for its estrogenic activity, may have a role in autoimmunity, inflammatory and allergic diseases. To this aim, we assessed the effect of low BPA doses on functionality of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and on in vitro differentiation of dendritic cells from monocytes (mDCs). Fresh peripheral blood samples were obtained from 12 healthy adult volunteers. PBMCs were left unstimulated or were activated with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or the anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies and incubated in presence or absence of BPA at 0.1 and 1nM concentrations. The immune-modulatory effect of BPA was assessed by evaluating the cell proliferation and the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) secreted by PBMCs. mDCs were differentiated with IL-4 and GC-CSF with or without BPA and the expression of differentiation/maturation markers (CD11c, CD1a, CD86, HLA-DR) was evaluated by flow cytometry; furthermore, a panel of 27 different cytokines, growth factors and chemokines were assayed in the mDC culture supernatants. PBMCs proliferation significantly increased upon BPA exposure compared to BPA untreated cells. In addition, a significant decrease in IL-10 secretion was observed in PBMCs incubated with BPA, either in unstimulated or mitogen-stimulated cells, and at both 0.1 and 1nM BPA concentrations. Similarly, IL-13 was reduced, mainly in cells activated by antiCD3/CD28. By contrast, no significant changes in IFN-γ and IL-4 production were found in any condition assayed. Finally, BPA at 1nM increased the density of dendritic cells expressing CD1a and concomitantly decreased the expression of HLA-DR and CD86 activation markers. In conclusion, in humans the exposure to BPA causes on PBMCs a significant modulation of proliferative capacity and cytokine production, and on mDCs alteration in differentiation and phenotype. These immune cell alterations suggest that low dose chronic exposure to BPA could be involved in immune deregulation and possibly in the increased susceptibility to develop inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Camarca
- Institute of Food Science (ISA), National Council of Research (CNR), via Roma 64–83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), CNR, via P. Castellino 11–80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Ariemma
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Bruzzese
- Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Scerbo
- Institute of Food Science (ISA), National Council of Research (CNR), via Roma 64–83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Stefania Picascia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), CNR, via P. Castellino 11–80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria D’Esposito
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), CNR, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), CNR, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), CNR, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Valentino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), CNR, via S. Pansini 5–80131, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Ciccocioppo R, Cangemi GC, Kruzliak P, Corazza GR. Concise Review: Cellular Therapies: The Potential to Regenerate and Restore Tolerance in Immune-Mediated Intestinal Diseases. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1474-86. [PMID: 27016400 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies, including celiac disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis, are lifelong disabling conditions whose cure is still an unmet need, despite the great strides made in understanding their complex pathogenesis. The advent of cellular therapies, mainly based on the use of stem cells, represents a great step forward thanks to their multitarget strategy. Both hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) have been employed in the treatment of refractory cases with promising results. The lack of immunogenicity makes MSC more suitable for therapeutic purposes as their infusion may be performed across histocompatibility locus antigen barriers without risk of rejection. The best outcome has been obtained when treating fistulizing Crohn's disease with local injections of MSC. In addition, both HSC and MSC proved successful in promoting regeneration of intestinal mucosa, and favoring the expansion of a T-cell regulatory subset. By virtue of the ability to favor mucosal homeostasis, this last cell population has been exploited in clinical trials, with inconsistent results. Finally, the recent identification of the epithelial stem cell marker has opened up the possibility of tissue engineering, with an array of potential applications for intestinal diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of action of these interconnected therapeutic strategies are still poorly understood. It is conceivable that over the next few years their role will become clearer as the biological interactions with injured tissues and the hierarchy by which they deliver their action are unraveled through a continuous moving from bench to bedside and vice versa. Stem Cells 2016;34:1474-1486.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Clinica Medica I, Department of Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cristina Cangemi
- Clinica Medica I, Department of Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Proteomics, Central Laboratories, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gino Roberto Corazza
- Clinica Medica I, Department of Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy
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Hisamatsu T, Erben U, Kühl AA. The Role of T-Cell Subsets in Chronic Inflammation in Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: More Common Mechanisms or More Differences? Inflamm Intest Dis 2016; 1:52-62. [PMID: 29922658 DOI: 10.1159/000445133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic intestinal inflammation due to noninfectious causes represents a growing health issue all over the world. Celiac disease as well as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) like Crohn's disease and ulcerative and microscopic colitis involve uncontrolled T-cell activation and T-cell-mediated damage as common denominators. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment decisions clearly benefit from the knowledge of the intricacies of the systemic and the local T-cell activity. Summary Depending on the cytokine milieu, CD4+ T cells can differentiate into proinflammatory T helper 1 (Th1), anti-inflammatory Th2, antimicrobial Th17, pleiotropic Th9, tissue-instructing Th22 cells, and in the regulatory compartment forkhead box protein 3+ Treg, suppressive Tr1 or Th3 cells. Additionally, follicular Th cells provide B-cell help in antibody class switching; cytotoxic CD8+ T cells target virus-infected or tumor cells. This review discusses our current knowledge on the contribution of defined T-cell subpopulations to establishing and maintaining chronic intestinal inflammation in either of the above entities. It also puts emphasis on the differences in the prevalence of these diseases between Eastern and Western countries. Key Messages In celiac disease, the driving role of T cells in the lamina propria and in the epithelium mainly specific for two defined antigens is well established. Differences in genetics and lifestyle between Western and Eastern countries were instrumental in understanding underlying mechanisms. In IBD, the vast amount of potential antigens and the corresponding antigen-specific T cells makes it unlikely to find universal triggers. Increased mucosal CD4+ regulatory T cells in all four entities fail to control or abrogate local inflammatory processes. Thus, prevailing differences in the functional T-cell subtypes driving chronic intestinal inflammation in celiac disease and IBD at best allow some overlap in the treatment options for either disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadakazu Hisamatsu
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ulrike Erben
- Medical Department (Gastroenterology/Infectious Diseases/Rheumatology), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Medical Department (Gastroenterology/Infectious Diseases/Rheumatology), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Christophersen A, Risnes LF, Bergseng E, Lundin KEA, Sollid LM, Qiao SW. Healthy HLA-DQ2.5+ Subjects Lack Regulatory and Memory T Cells Specific for Immunodominant Gluten Epitopes of Celiac Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2819-26. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Autoimmune Hepatitis: Progress from Global Immunosuppression to Personalised Regulatory T Cell Therapy. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2016:7181685. [PMID: 27446862 PMCID: PMC4904688 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7181685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immune mediated liver injury. The precise aetiology of AIH is still unknown but current evidence suggests both genetic and environmental factors are involved. Breakdown in peripheral self-tolerance, and impaired functions of FOXP3(+) regulatory T cell along with effector cell resistance to suppression at the tissue level seem to play an important role in AIH immunopathogenesis. AIH is predominantly a T lymphocytes driven disease but B lymphocytes are also involved in the immunopathology. Innate immune cells are crucial in the initial onset of disease and their response is followed by adaptive T (Th1, Th17, and cytotoxic T cells) and B cell responses evidenced by liver histology and peripheral blood serology. Standard treatment regimens involving steroid and immunosuppressive medications lead to global immune suppression requiring life-long therapy with many side effects. Biologic therapies have been attempted but duration of remission is short-lived. Future direction of diagnosis and treatment for AIH should be guided by "omics" and the immunology profile of the individual patient and clinicians should aim to deliver personalised medicine for their patients. Cell therapy such as infusion of autologous, antigen-specific, and liver-homing regulatory T cells to restore hepatic immune tolerance may soon be a potential future treatment for AIH patients.
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Iacomino G, Marano A, Stillitano I, Aufiero VR, Iaquinto G, Schettino M, Masucci A, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Mazzarella G. Celiac disease: role of intestinal compartments in the mucosal immune response. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 411:341-9. [PMID: 26541753 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Different approaches have been used to study the pattern of cytokines in celiac disease (CD). Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool for the isolation of specific tissue compartments. We aimed to investigate the mucosal immune response that takes place in different intestinal compartments of CD patients, dissected by LCM, analyzing cytokine expression profile. Frozen section of jejunum was obtained from 15 untreated CD and 15 control. Surface epithelium and lamina propria compartment were isolated by LCM. RNA from each LCM sample was extracted and, after a retrotranscription step, messenger RNA levels for MxA, IL-15, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17α, IL-21, IL-10, and TGF-β were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. Increased gene expression levels of MxA, IL-15, TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β was observed in the surface epithelium of untreated CD with respect to control. Furthermore, all the cytokines investigated were upregulated in the lamina propria of untreated CD as compared to control. Within the untreated CD group the expression of IL-15 was higher, in the surface epithelium than in the lamina propria, whereas the expression levels of IL-17 and IL-21 were higher in the lamina propria than in the surface epithelium. Finally, high levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were detected in both compartments of untreated CD biopsies. In CD, surface epithelium and lamina propria compartments, play a prominent role in determining innate and adaptive immunity, respectively. Conversely, surface epithelium and lamina propria produce high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that both compartments are involved in the immunoregulatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Iacomino
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Angela Marano
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stillitano
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Iaquinto
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Service, S. Rita Clinic, via Appia, 83042, Atripalda, Italy
| | - Michele Schettino
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Service, San G. Moscati Hospital, Contrada Amoretta, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Armando Masucci
- Department of Preventive Medicine San G. Moscati Hospital, Contrada Amoretta, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medicine-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples "Federico II", via Pansini, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medicine-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples "Federico II", via Pansini, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzarella
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy. .,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples "Federico II", via Pansini, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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