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Pan Y, Hochgerner M, Cichoń MA, Benezeder T, Bieber T, Wolf P. Langerhans cells: Central players in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 39157943 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease worldwide. AD is a highly complex disease with different subtypes. Many elements of AD pathophysiology have been described, but if/how they interact with each other or which mechanisms are important in which patients is still unclear. Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the epidermis. Depending on the context, they can act either pro- or anti-inflammatory. Many different studies have investigated LCs in the context of AD and found them to be connected to all major mechanisms of AD pathophysiology. As APCs, LCs recruit other immune cells and shape the immune response, especially adaptive immunity via polarization of T cells. As sentinel cells, LCs are primary sensors of the skin microbiome and are important for the decision of immunity versus tolerance. LCs are also involved with the integrity of the skin barrier by influencing tight junctions. Finally, LCs are important cells in the neuro-immune crosstalk in the skin. In this review, we provide an overview about the many different roles of LCs in AD. Understanding LCs might bring us closer to a more complete understanding of this highly complex disease. Potentially, modulating LCs might offer new options for targeted therapies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mathias Hochgerner
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Theresa Benezeder
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- CK-CARE, Medicine Campus, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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2
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To TT, Oparaugo NC, Kheshvadjian AR, Nelson AM, Agak GW. Understanding Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Crosstalk with the Microbiota: A Skin Connection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2021. [PMID: 38396697 PMCID: PMC10888374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a diverse population of lymphocytes classified into natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and ILCregs, broadly following the cytokine secretion and transcription factor profiles of classical T cell subsets. Nonetheless, the ILC lineage does not have rearranged antigen-specific receptors and possesses distinct characteristics. ILCs are found in barrier tissues such as the skin, lungs, and intestines, where they play a role between acquired immune cells and myeloid cells. Within the skin, ILCs are activated by the microbiota and, in turn, may influence the microbiome composition and modulate immune function through cytokine secretion or direct cellular interactions. In particular, ILC3s provide epithelial protection against extracellular bacteria. However, the mechanism by which these cells modulate skin health and homeostasis in response to microbiome changes is unclear. To better understand how ILC3s function against microbiota perturbations in the skin, we propose a role for these cells in response to Cutibacterium acnes, a predominant commensal bacterium linked to the inflammatory skin condition, acne vulgaris. In this article, we review current evidence describing the role of ILC3s in the skin and suggest functional roles by drawing parallels with ILC3s from other organs. We emphasize the limited understanding and knowledge gaps of ILC3s in the skin and discuss the potential impact of ILC3-microbiota crosstalk in select skin diseases. Exploring the dialogue between the microbiota and ILC3s may lead to novel strategies to ameliorate skin immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Tam To
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicole Chizara Oparaugo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander R. Kheshvadjian
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amanda M. Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - George W. Agak
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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3
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Hölken JM, Friedrich K, Merkel M, Blasius N, Engels U, Buhl T, Mewes KR, Vierkotten L, Teusch NE. A human 3D immune competent full-thickness skin model mimicking dermal dendritic cell activation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276151. [PMID: 38022577 PMCID: PMC10657825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have integrated dermal dendritic cell surrogates originally generated from the cell line THP-1 as central mediators of the immune reaction in a human full-thickness skin model. Accordingly, sensitizer treatment of THP-1-derived CD14-, CD11c+ immature dendritic cells (iDCs) resulted in the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the presence of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) (2.6-fold) as well as in degradation of the inhibitor protein kappa B alpha (IκBα) upon incubation with NiSO4 (1.6-fold). Furthermore, NiSO4 led to an increase in mRNA levels of IL-6 (2.4-fold), TNF-α (2-fold) and of IL-8 (15-fold). These results were confirmed on the protein level, with even stronger effects on cytokine release in the presence of NiSO4: Cytokine secretion was significantly increased for IL-8 (147-fold), IL-6 (11.8-fold) and IL-1β (28.8-fold). Notably, DNCB treatment revealed an increase for IL-8 (28.6-fold) and IL-1β (5.6-fold). Importantly, NiSO4 treatment of isolated iDCs as well as of iDCs integrated as dermal dendritic cell surrogates into our full-thickness skin model (SM) induced the upregulation of the adhesion molecule clusters of differentiation (CD)54 (iDCs: 1.2-fold; SM: 1.3-fold) and the co-stimulatory molecule and DC maturation marker CD86 (iDCs ~1.4-fold; SM:~1.5-fold) surface marker expression. Noteworthy, the expression of CD54 and CD86 could be suppressed by dexamethasone treatment on isolated iDCs (CD54: 1.3-fold; CD86: 2.1-fold) as well as on the tissue-integrated iDCs (CD54: 1.4-fold; CD86: 1.6-fold). In conclusion, we were able to integrate THP-1-derived iDCs as functional dermal dendritic cell surrogates allowing the qualitative identification of potential sensitizers on the one hand, and drug candidates that potentially suppress sensitization on the other hand in a 3D human skin model corresponding to the 3R principles ("replace", "reduce" and "refine").
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Maria Hölken
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Friedrich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion Merkel
- Alternative Methods and Tissue Engineering, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nelli Blasius
- Alternative Methods and Tissue Engineering, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ursula Engels
- Alternative Methods and Tissue Engineering, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Rüdiger Mewes
- Alternative Methods and Tissue Engineering, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Vierkotten
- Alternative Methods and Tissue Engineering, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Elisabeth Teusch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Nagy NA, Lozano Vigario F, Sparrius R, van Capel TMM, van Ree R, Tas SW, de Vries IJM, Geijtenbeek TBH, Slütter B, de Jong EC. Liposomes loaded with vitamin D3 induce regulatory circuits in human dendritic cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1137538. [PMID: 37359530 PMCID: PMC10288978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1137538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nanomedicine provides a promising platform for manipulating dendritic cells (DCs) and the ensuing adaptive immune response. For the induction of regulatory responses, DCs can be targeted in vivo with nanoparticles incorporating tolerogenic adjuvants and auto-antigens or allergens. Methods Here, we investigated the tolerogenic effect of different liposome formulations loaded with vitamin D3 (VD3). We extensively phenotyped monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) and skin DCs and assessed DC-induced regulatory CD4+ T cells in coculture. Results Liposomal VD3 primed-moDCs induced the development of regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) that inhibited bystander memory T cell proliferation. Induced Tregs were of the FoxP3+ CD127low phenotype, also expressing TIGIT. Additionally, liposome-VD3 primed moDCs inhibited the development of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Skin injection of VD3 liposomes selectively stimulated the migration of CD14+ skin DCs. Discussion These results suggest that nanoparticulate VD3 is a tolerogenic tool for DC-mediated induction of regulatory T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Anna Nagy
- Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra (UMC), Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Rinske Sparrius
- Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra (UMC), Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Toni M. M. van Capel
- Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra (UMC), Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra (UMC), Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra (UMC), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander W. Tas
- Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra (UMC), Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra (UMC), Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra (UMC), Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra (UMC), Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Pergolizzi S, Fumia A, D'Angelo R, Mangano A, Lombardo GP, Giliberti A, Messina E, Alesci A, Lauriano ER. Expression and function of toll-like receptor 2 in vertebrate. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152028. [PMID: 37075649 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential for identifying and detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) produced by a variety of pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. Since TLR2 is the only TLR capable of creating functional heterodimers with more than two other TLR types, it is very important for vertebrate immunity. TLR2 not only broadens the variety of PAMPs that it can recognize but has also the potential to diversify the subsequent signaling cascades. TLR2 is ubiquitous, which is consistent with the wide variety of tasks and functions it serves. Immune cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells have all been found to express TLR2. This review aims to gather currently available information about the preservation of this intriguing immunological molecule in the phylum of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Angelo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelica Mangano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pia Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Giliberti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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6
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van Teijlingen NH, Eder J, Sarrami-Forooshani R, Zijlstra-Willems EM, Roovers JPWR, van Leeuwen E, Ribeiro CMS, Geijtenbeek TBH. Immune activation of vaginal human Langerhans cells increases susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3283. [PMID: 36841916 PMCID: PMC9968315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaginal inflammation increases the risk for sexual HIV-1 transmission but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study we assessed the impact of immune activation on HIV-1 susceptibility of primary human vaginal Langerhans cells (LCs). Vaginal LCs isolated from human vaginal tissue expressed a broad range of TLRs and became activated after exposure to both viral and bacterial TLR ligands. HIV-1 replication was restricted in immature vaginal LCs as only low levels of infection could be detected. Notably, activation of immature vaginal LCs by bacterial TLR ligands increased HIV-1 infection, whereas viral TLR ligands were unable to induce HIV-1 replication in vaginal LCs. Furthermore, mature vaginal LCs transmitted HIV-1 to CD4 T cells. This study emphasizes the role for vaginal LCs in protection against mucosal HIV-1 infection, which is abrogated upon activation. Moreover, our data suggest that bacterial STIs can increase the risk of HIV-1 acquisition in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke H. van Teijlingen
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Eder
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramin Sarrami-Forooshani
- grid.417689.5ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, P.O. BOX, Tehran, 15179/64311 Iran
| | - Esther M. Zijlstra-Willems
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Paul W. R. Roovers
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth van Leeuwen
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla M. S. Ribeiro
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Chopra A, Gupta A. Skin as an immune organ and the site of biomimetic, non-invasive vaccination. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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8
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Cichoń MA, Pfisterer K, Leitner J, Wagner L, Staud C, Steinberger P, Elbe-Bürger A. Interoperability of RTN1A in dendrite dynamics and immune functions in human Langerhans cells. eLife 2022; 11:e80578. [PMID: 36223176 PMCID: PMC9555864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is an active immune organ where professional antigen-presenting cells such as epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) link innate and adaptive immune responses. While Reticulon 1A (RTN1A) was recently identified in LCs and dendritic cells in cutaneous and lymphoid tissues of humans and mice, its function is still unclear. Here, we studied the involvement of this protein in cytoskeletal remodeling and immune responses toward pathogens by stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in resident LCs (rLCs) and emigrated LCs (eLCs) in human epidermis ex vivo and in a transgenic THP-1 RTN1A+ cell line. Hampering RTN1A functionality through an inhibitory antibody induced significant dendrite retraction of rLCs and inhibited their emigration. Similarly, expression of RTN1A in THP-1 cells significantly altered their morphology, enhanced aggregation potential, and inhibited the Ca2+ flux. Differentiated THP-1 RTN1A+ macrophages exhibited long cell protrusions and a larger cell body size in comparison to wild-type cells. Further, stimulation of epidermal sheets with bacterial lipoproteins (TLR1/2 and TLR2 agonists) and single-stranded RNA (TLR7 agonist) resulted in the formation of substantial clusters of rLCs and a significant decrease of RTN1A expression in eLCs. Together, our data indicate involvement of RTN1A in dendrite dynamics and structural plasticity of primary LCs. Moreover, we discovered a relation between activation of TLRs, clustering of LCs, and downregulation of RTN1A within the epidermis, thus indicating an important role of RTN1A in LC residency and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Pfisterer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Lena Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Clement Staud
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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9
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Dienst EGT, Kremer EJ. Adenovirus receptors on antigen-presenting cells of the skin. Biol Cell 2022; 114:297-308. [PMID: 35906865 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Skin, the largest human organ, is part of the first line of physical and immunological defense against many pathogens. Understanding how skin antigen-presenting cells (APCs) respond to viruses or virus-based vaccines is crucial to develop antiviral pharmaceutics, and efficient and safe vaccines. Here, we discuss the way resident and recruited skin APCs engage adenoviruses and the impact on innate immune responses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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10
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Nedunchezhiyan U, Varughese I, Sun AR, Wu X, Crawford R, Prasadam I. Obesity, Inflammation, and Immune System in Osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907750. [PMID: 35860250 PMCID: PMC9289681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity remains the most important risk factor for the incidence and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The leading cause of OA was believed to be overloading the joints due to excess weight which in turn leads to the destruction of articular cartilage. However, recent studies have proved otherwise, various other factors like adipose deposition, insulin resistance, and especially the improper coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses may lead to the initiation and progression of obesity-associated OA. It is becoming increasingly evident that multiple inflammatory cells are recruited into the synovial joint that serves an important role in pathological changes in the synovial joint. Polarization of macrophages and macrophage-produced mediators are extensively studied and linked to the inflammatory and destructive responses in the OA synovium and cartilage. However, the role of other major innate immune cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of OA has not been fully evaluated. Although cells of the adaptive immune system contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-induced OA is still under exploration, a quantity of literature indicates OA synovium has an enriched population of T cells and B cells compared with healthy control. The interplay between a variety of immune cells and other cells that reside in the articular joints may constitute a vicious cycle, leading to pathological changes of the articular joint in obese individuals. This review addresses obesity and the role of all the immune cells that are involved in OA and summarised animal studies and human trials and knowledge gaps between the studies have been highlighted. The review also touches base on the interventions currently in clinical trials, different stages of the testing, and their shortcomings are also discussed to understand the future direction which could help in understanding the multifactorial aspects of OA where inflammation has a significant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Nedunchezhiyan
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ibin Varughese
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antonia RuJia Sun
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ross Crawford
- Orthopedic Department, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Indira Prasadam
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Indira Prasadam,
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11
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Takahashi R, Radcliff FJ, Proft T, Tsai CJ. Pilus proteins from
Streptococcus pyogenes
stimulate innate immune responses through Toll‐like receptor 2. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:174-185. [PMID: 35124861 PMCID: PMC9303359 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The group A Streptococcus (GAS) pilus is a long, flexible, hair‐like structure anchored to the cell surface that facilitates the adherence of GAS to host cells, thus playing a critical role in initiating infections. Because of its important role in GAS virulence, the pilus has become an attractive target for vaccine development. While current research mainly focuses on pilus function and its potential as a vaccine component, there is a lack of knowledge on how the host immune system recognizes and responds to this abundant surface structure. Here we show that both assembled GAS pili and individual pilus proteins induce a potent release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin‐8. We further show that the surface‐exposed backbone pilin and ancillary pilin 1 subunits are Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists. Using reporter cell lines coexpressing human TLR2 in combination with either TLR1 or TLR6, we determined that activation was mediated by the TLR2/TLR6 heterodimer. Finally, we used solid‐phase and flow cytometry binding assays to illustrate a direct interaction between the pilus subunits and TLR2. These results provide further support for the suitability of the pilus as a vaccine component and opens potential avenues for using GAS pili as an adjuvant or immune‐modulation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Fiona J Radcliff
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biomolecular Discoveries The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Thomas Proft
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biomolecular Discoveries The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Catherine J‐Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biomolecular Discoveries The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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12
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Nagy NA, de Haas AM, Geijtenbeek TBH, van Ree R, Tas SW, van Kooyk Y, de Jong EC. Therapeutic Liposomal Vaccines for Dendritic Cell Activation or Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674048. [PMID: 34054859 PMCID: PMC8155586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are paramount in initiating and guiding immunity towards a state of activation or tolerance. This bidirectional capacity of DCs sets them at the center stage for treatment of cancer and autoimmune or allergic conditions. Accordingly, many clinical studies use ex vivo DC vaccination as a strategy to boost anti-tumor immunity or to suppress immunity by including vitamin D3, NF-κB inhibitors or retinoic acid to create tolerogenic DCs. As harvesting DCs from patients and differentiating these cells in vitro is a costly and cumbersome process, in vivo targeting of DCs has huge potential as nanoparticulate platforms equipped with activating or tolerogenic adjuvants can modulate DCs in their natural environment. There is a rapid expansion of the choices of nanoparticles and activation- or tolerance-promoting adjuvants for a therapeutic vaccine platform. In this review we highlight the most recent nanomedical approaches aimed at inducing immune activation or tolerance via targeting DCs, together with novel fundamental insights into the mechanisms inherent to fostering anti-tumor or tolerogenic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Anna Nagy
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aram M. de Haas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander W. Tas
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Leboux RJT, Schipper P, van Capel TMM, Kong L, van der Maaden K, Kros A, Jiskoot W, de Jong EC, Bouwstra JA. Antigen Uptake After Intradermal Microinjection Depends on Antigen Nature and Formulation, but Not on Injection Depth. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:642788. [PMID: 35386985 PMCID: PMC8974696 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.642788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an attractive alternative administration route for allergy vaccination, as the skin is rich in dendritic cells (DCs) and is easily accessible. In the skin multiple subsets of DCs with distinct roles reside at different depths. In this study antigen (=allergen for allergy) formulations were injected in ex vivo human skin in a depth-controlled manner by using a hollow microneedle injection system. Biopsies were harvested at the injection site, which were then cultured for 72 h. Subsequently, the crawled-out cells were collected from the medium and analyzed with flow cytometry. Intradermal administration of ovalbumin (OVA, model antigen) solution at various depths in the skin did not affect the migration and maturation of DCs. OVA was taken up efficiently by the DCs, and this was not affected by the injection depth. In contrast, Bet v 1, the major allergen in birch pollen allergy, was barely taken up by dermal DCs (dDCs). Antigens were more efficiently taken up by CD14+ dDCs than CD1a+ dDCs, which in turn were more efficient at taken up antigen than Langerhans cells. Subsequently, both OVA and Bet v 1 were formulated in cationic and anionic liposomes, which altered antigen uptake drastically following intradermal microinjection. While OVA uptake was reduced by formulation in liposomes, Bet v 1 uptake in dDCs was increased by encapsulation in both cationic and anionic liposomes. This highlights the potential use of liposomes as adjuvant in intradermal allergy vaccine delivery. In conclusion, we observed that antigen uptake after intradermal injection was not affected by injection depth, but varied between different antigens and formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain J. T. Leboux
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pim Schipper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Toni M. M. van Capel
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lily Kong
- Division of Supramolecular Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Koen van der Maaden
- Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- TECO Development GmbH, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Alexander Kros
- Division of Supramolecular Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Esther C. de Jong
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Joke A. Bouwstra
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14
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Hendriks A, van Dalen R, Ali S, Gerlach D, van der Marel GA, Fuchsberger FF, Aerts PC, de Haas CJ, Peschel A, Rademacher C, van Strijp JA, Codée JD, van Sorge NM. Impact of Glycan Linkage to Staphylococcus aureus Wall Teichoic Acid on Langerin Recognition and Langerhans Cell Activation. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:624-635. [PMID: 33591717 PMCID: PMC8023653 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Staphylococcus
aureus is the leading cause of
skin and soft tissue infections. It remains incompletely understood
how skin-resident immune cells respond to invading S. aureus and contribute to an effective immune response. Langerhans cells
(LCs), the only professional antigen-presenting cell type in the epidermis,
sense S. aureus through their pattern-recognition
receptor langerin, triggering a proinflammatory response. Langerin
recognizes the β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine
(β1,4-GlcNAc) but not α-1,4-linked GlcNAc (α1,4-GlcNAc)
modifications, which are added by dedicated glycosyltransferases TarS
and TarM, respectively, on the cell wall glycopolymer wall teichoic
acid (WTA). Recently, an alternative WTA glycosyltransferase, TarP,
was identified, which also modifies WTA with β-GlcNAc but at
the C-3 position (β1,3-GlcNAc) of the WTA ribitol phosphate
(RboP) subunit. Here, we aimed to unravel the impact of β-GlcNAc
linkage position for langerin binding and LC activation. Using genetically
modified S. aureus strains, we observed that langerin
similarly recognized bacteria that produce either TarS- or TarP-modified
WTA, yet tarP-expressing S. aureus induced increased cytokine production and maturation of in vitro-generated LCs compared to tarS-expressing S. aureus. Chemically synthesized WTA
molecules, representative of the different S. aureus WTA glycosylation patterns, were used to identify langerin-WTA binding
requirements. We established that β-GlcNAc is sufficient to
confer langerin binding, thereby presenting synthetic WTA molecules
as a novel glycobiology tool for structure-binding studies and for
elucidating S. aureus molecular pathogenesis. Overall,
our data suggest that LCs are able to sense all β-GlcNAc-WTA
producing S. aureus strains, likely performing an
important role as first responders upon S. aureus skin invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hendriks
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Glaxo-Smith Kline, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rob van Dalen
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Ali
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Gerlach
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Partner Site Tübingen, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Piet C. Aerts
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla J.C. de Haas
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Partner Site Tübingen, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jos A.G. van Strijp
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D.C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M. van Sorge
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Zhang H, He F, Li P, Hardwidge PR, Li N, Peng Y. The Role of Innate Immunity in Pulmonary Infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6646071. [PMID: 33553427 PMCID: PMC7847335 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6646071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity forms a protective line of defense in the early stages of pulmonary infection. The primary cellular players of the innate immunity against respiratory infections are alveolar macrophages (AMs), dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). They recognize conserved structures of microorganisms through membrane-bound and intracellular receptors to initiate appropriate responses. In this review, we focus on the prominent roles of innate immune cells and summarize transmembrane and cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling recognition mechanisms during pulmonary microbial infections. Understanding the mechanisms of PRR signal recognition during pulmonary pathogen infections will help us to understand pulmonary immunopathology and lay a foundation for the development of effective therapies to treat and/or prevent pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Nengzhang Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Kumar V. Going, Toll-like receptors in skin inflammation and inflammatory diseases. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:52-79. [PMID: 33510592 PMCID: PMC7838829 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Indian Ayurvedic physicians knew the concept of inflammation dating back to 1500 BC. The continuous progress in the immunology of inflammation has explained its undiscovered mechanisms. For example, the discovery of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in humans (1997) has revolutionized the field of infection biology and innate immunity. The laboratory mice have shown twelve TLRs and express TLR10 (CD290) as a disrupted pseudogene, and humans have ten functional TLRs. Now, it is well established that TLRs play a significant role in different infectious and inflammatory diseases. Skin inflammation and other associated inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD), acne vulgaris, and psoriasis, along with many skin cancers are major health problems all over the world. The continuous development in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases has opened the window of opportunity for TLRs in studying their role. Hence, the manuscript explores the role of different TLRs in the pathogenesis of skin inflammation and associated inflammatory diseases. The article starts with the concept of inflammation, its origin, and the impact of TLRs discovery on infection and inflammation biology. The subsequent section describes the burden of skin-associated inflammatory diseases worldwide and the effect of the geographical habitat of people affecting it. The third section explains skin as an immune organ and explains the expression of different TLRs on different skin cells, including keratinocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), skin fibroblasts, and melanocytes. The fourth section describes the impact of TLRs on these cells in different skin-inflammatory conditions, including acne vulgaris, AD, psoriasis, and skin cancers. The article also discusses the use of different TLR-based therapeutic approaches as specific to these inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children Health Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia
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17
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Mellert K, Benckendorff J, Leithäuser F, Zimmermann K, Wiegand P, Frascaroli G, Buck M, Malaise M, Hartmann G, Barchet W, Fürst D, Mytilineos J, Mayer-Steinacker R, Viardot A, Möller P. U-DCS: characterization of the first permanent human dendritic sarcoma cell line. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21221. [PMID: 33277516 PMCID: PMC7718904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A dendritic cell sarcoma cell line, U-DCS, was established from a dendritic cell sarcoma in a 53-year-old Caucasian male patient. Since its establishment, U-DCS has maintained stable phenotypic characteristics in vitro and has a doubling time of approximately 2 days under standard culture conditions. U-DCS is growing with typical dendritic cell morphology in tissue and expresses the dendritic cell sarcoma immunophenotypic markers S100 protein, MHCI, MHCII, and vimentin. Expression analysis revealed transcripts for the toll-like receptors TLR3, -4, -9 and DDX58 (RIG-I), but not for TLR2. U-DCS shows functional features of dendritic cells with the ability of phagocytosis and antigen-specific T cell stimulation. Karyotype-, CGH-, and mFISH analysis point to a chromosomal instability and a hypotetraploid karyotype with approximately 130 chromosomes. U-DCS is the first immortalized human dendritic cell sarcoma cell line and has some morphological and functional features of dendritic cells without dependency on growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mellert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Benckendorff
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Leithäuser
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Zimmermann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Wiegand
- Institute for Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Buck
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Muriel Malaise
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Winfried Barchet
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Fürst
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joannis Mytilineos
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Viardot
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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18
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Mnich ME, van Dalen R, van Sorge NM. C-Type Lectin Receptors in Host Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:309. [PMID: 32733813 PMCID: PMC7358460 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are present throughout the human body—in tissues, at barrier sites and in the circulation. They are critical for processing external signals to instruct both local and systemic responses toward immune tolerance or immune defense. APCs express an extensive repertoire of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect and transduce these signals. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) comprise a subfamily of PRRs dedicated to sensing glycans, including those expressed by commensal and pathogenic bacteria. This review summarizes recent findings on the recognition of and responses to bacteria by membrane-expressed CLRs on different APC subsets, which are discussed according to the primary site of infection. Many CLR-bacterial interactions promote bacterial clearance, whereas other interactions are exploited by bacteria to enhance their pathogenic potential. The discrimination between protective and virulence-enhancing interactions is essential to understand which interactions to target with new prophylactic or treatment strategies. CLRs are also densely concentrated at APC dendrites that sample the environment across intact barrier sites. This suggests an–as yet–underappreciated role for CLR-mediated recognition of microbiota-produced glycans in maintaining tolerance at barrier sites. In addition to providing a concise overview of identified CLR-bacteria interactions, we discuss the main challenges and potential solutions for the identification of new CLR-bacterial interactions, including those with commensal bacteria, and for in-depth structure-function studies on CLR-bacterial glycan interactions. Finally, we highlight the necessity for more relevant tissue-specific in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo models to develop therapeutic applications in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata E Mnich
- Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,GSK, Siena, Italy
| | - Rob van Dalen
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Becerril-García MA, Yam-Puc JC, Maqueda-Alfaro R, Beristain-Covarrubias N, Heras-Chavarría M, Gallegos-Hernández IA, Calderón-Amador J, Munguía-Fuentes R, Donis-Maturano L, Flores-Langarica A, Flores-Romo L. Langerhans Cells From Mice at Birth Express Endocytic- and Pattern Recognition-Receptors, Migrate to Draining Lymph Nodes Ferrying Antigen and Activate Neonatal T Cells in vivo. Front Immunol 2020; 11:744. [PMID: 32395120 PMCID: PMC7197463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen capturing at the periphery is one of the earliest, crucial functions of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to initiate immune responses. Langerhans cells (LCs), the epidermal APCs migrate to draining lymph nodes (DLNs) upon acquiring antigens. An arsenal of endocytic molecules is available to this end, including lectins and pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). However, cutaneous LCs are poorly defined in the early neonatal period. We assessed endocytic molecules expression in situ: Mannose (CD206)-, Scavenger (SRA/CD204)-, Complement (CD2l, CDllb)-, and Fc-Receptors (CD16/32, CD23) as well as CD1d, CD14, CD205, Langerin (CD207), MHCII, and TLR4 in unperturbed epidermal LCs from both adult and early neonatal mice. As most of these markers were negative at birth (day 0), LC presence was revealed with the conspicuous, epidermal LC-restricted ADPase (and confirmed with CD45) staining detecting that they were as numerous as adult ones. Unexpectedly, most LCs at day 0 expressed CD14 and CD204 while very few were MHCII+ and TLR4+. In contrast, adult LCs lacked all these markers except Langerin, CD205, CD11b, MHCII and TLR4. Intriguingly, the CD204+ and CD14+ LCs predominant at day 0, apparently disappeared by day 4. Upon cutaneous FITC application, LCs were reduced in the skin and a CD204+MHCII+FITC+ population with high levels of CD86 subsequently appeared in DLNs, with a concomitant increased percentage of CD3+CD69+ T cells, strongly suggesting that neonatal LCs were able both to ferry the cutaneous antigen into DLNs and to activate neonatal T cells in vivo. Cell cycle analysis indicated that neonatal T cells in DLNs responded with proliferation. Our study reveals that epidermal LCs are present at birth, but their repertoire of endocytic molecules and PRRs differs to that of adult ones. We believe this to be the first description of CDl4, CD204 and TLR4 in neonatal epidermal LCs in situ. Newborns' LCs express molecules to detect antigens during early postnatal periods, are able to take up local antigens and to ferry them into DLNs conveying the information to responsive neonatal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Becerril-García
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Yam-Puc
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Raúl Maqueda-Alfaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nonantzin Beristain-Covarrubias
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Heras-Chavarría
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isis Amara Gallegos-Hernández
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juana Calderón-Amador
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Munguía-Fuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Borek I, Köffel R, Feichtinger J, Spies M, Glitzner-Zeis E, Hochgerner M, Sconocchia T, Krump C, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Passegger C, Benezeder T, Tittes J, Redl A, Painsi C, Thallinger GG, Wolf P, Stary G, Sibilia M, Strobl H. BMP7 aberrantly induced in the psoriatic epidermis instructs inflammation-associated Langerhans cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:1194-1207.e11. [PMID: 31870764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal hyperplasia represents a morphologic hallmark of psoriatic skin lesions. Langerhans cells (LCs) in the psoriatic epidermis engage with keratinocytes (KCs) in tight physical interactions; moreover, they induce T-cell-mediated immune responses critical to psoriasis. OBJECTIVE This study sought to improve the understanding of epidermal factors in psoriasis pathogenesis. METHODS BMP7-LCs versus TGF-β1-LCs were phenotypically characterized and their functional properties were analyzed using flow cytometry, cell kinetic studies, co-culture with CD4 T cells, and cytokine measurements. Furthermore, immunohistology of healthy and psoriatic skin was performed. Additionally, in vivo experiments with Junf/fJunBf/fK5cre-ERT mice were carried out to assess the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in psoriatic skin inflammation. RESULTS This study identified a KC-derived signal (ie, BMP signaling) to promote epidermal changes in psoriasis. Whereas BMP7 is strictly confined to the basal KC layer in the healthy skin, it is expressed at high levels throughout the lesional psoriatic epidermis. BMP7 instructs precursor cells to differentiate into LCs that phenotypically resemble psoriatic LCs. These BMP7-LCs exhibit proliferative activity and increased sensitivity to bacterial stimulation. Moreover, aberrant high BMP signaling in the lesional epidermis is mediated by a KC intrinsic mechanism, as suggested from murine data and clinical outcome after topical antipsoriatic treatment in human patients. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that available TGF-β family members within the lesional psoriatic epidermis preferentially signal through the canonical BMP signaling cascade to instruct inflammatory-type LCs and to promote psoriatic epidermal changes. Targeting BMP signaling might allow to therapeutically interfere with cutaneous psoriatic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Borek
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - René Köffel
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Feichtinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Spies
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Glitzner-Zeis
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Hochgerner
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tommaso Sconocchia
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Corinna Krump
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carmen Tam-Amersdorfer
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Passegger
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Theresa Benezeder
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Tittes
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Redl
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Painsi
- Department of Dermatology, State Hospital Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Gerhard G Thallinger
- Institute of Computational Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Balan S, Saxena M, Bhardwaj N. Dendritic cell subsets and locations. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:1-68. [PMID: 31810551 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique class of immune cells that act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. The discovery of DCs by Cohen and Steinman in 1973 laid the foundation for DC biology, and the advances in the field identified different versions of DCs with unique properties and functions. DCs originate from hematopoietic stem cells, and their differentiation is modulated by Flt3L. They are professional antigen-presenting cells that patrol the environmental interphase, sites of infection, or infiltrate pathological tissues looking for antigens that can be used to activate effector cells. DCs are critical for the initiation of the cellular and humoral immune response and protection from infectious diseases or tumors. DCs can take up antigens using specialized surface receptors such as endocytosis receptors, phagocytosis receptors, and C type lectin receptors. Moreover, DCs are equipped with an array of extracellular and intracellular pattern recognition receptors for sensing different danger signals. Upon sensing the danger signals, DCs get activated, upregulate costimulatory molecules, produce various cytokines and chemokines, take up antigen and process it and migrate to lymph nodes where they present antigens to both CD8 and CD4 T cells. DCs are classified into different subsets based on an integrated approach considering their surface phenotype, expression of unique and conserved molecules, ontogeny, and functions. They can be broadly classified as conventional DCs consisting of two subsets (DC1 and DC2), plasmacytoid DCs, inflammatory DCs, and Langerhans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekumar Balan
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Mansi Saxena
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Duinkerken S, Horrevorts SK, Kalay H, Ambrosini M, Rutte L, de Gruijl TD, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Glyco-Dendrimers as Intradermal Anti-Tumor Vaccine Targeting Multiple Skin DC Subsets. Theranostics 2019; 9:5797-5809. [PMID: 31534520 PMCID: PMC6735376 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is an attractive anti-tumor vaccination site due to the vast network of dendritic cell (DC) subsets that carry antigens to the draining lymph nodes and stimulate tumor specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in. Specific vaccine delivery to skin DC can be accomplished by targeting glycan coated antigens to C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) such as DC-SIGN expressed by human dermal DCs and Langerin expressed by Langerhans cells (LCs), which facilitate endocytosis and processing for antigen presentation and T cell activation. Although there are multiple human skin DC subsets, targeting individual DC subsets and receptors has been a focus in the past. However, the simultaneous targeting of multiple human skin DC subsets that mobilize the majority of the skin antigen presenting cells (APC) is preferred to accomplish more robust and efficient T cell stimulation. Dual CLR targeting using a single tumor vaccine has been difficult, as we previously showed Langerin to favor binding and uptake of monovalent glyco-peptides whereas DC-SIGN favors binding of larger multivalent glyco-particles such as glyco-liposomes. Methods: We used branched polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as scaffold for melanoma specific gp100 synthetic long peptides and the common DC-SIGN and Langerin ligand Lewis Y (LeY), to create multivalent glyco-dendrimers with varying molecular weights for investigating dual DC-SIGN and Langerin targeting. Using DC-SIGN+ monocyte derived DC (moDC) and Langerin+ primary LC we investigated glyco-dendrimer CLR targeting properties and subsequent gp100 specific CD8+ T cell activation in vitro. In situ targeting ability to human dermal DC and LC through intradermal injection in a human skin explant model was elucidated. Results: Dual DC-SIGN and Langerin binding was achieved using glyco-dendrimers of approximately 100kD, thereby fulfilling our criteria to simultaneously target LCs and CD1a+ and CD14+ dermal DC in situ. Both DC-SIGN and Langerin targeting by glyco-dendrimers resulted in enhanced internalization and gp100 specific CD8+ T cell activation. Conclusion: We designed the first glyco-vaccine with dual CLR targeting properties, thereby reaching multiple human skin DC subsets in situ for improved anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses.
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23
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Rajesh A, Wise L, Hibma M. The role of Langerhans cells in pathologies of the skin. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:700-713. [PMID: 30989674 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermal immune cells of myeloid origin. Although these cells were primarily thought to play a defensive role in the skin, evidence now indicates a diverse range of LC-mediated effects including the relay of viral antigens in herpes simplex infection, recruitment of eosinophils in atopic dermatitis and promotion of a Th17 response in Candida infection. LCs may have a protective or suppressive function in pathologies of the skin, with differing functions being driven by the skin milieu. Understanding LC function will help guide the development of interventions that modulate these cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Rajesh
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Merilyn Hibma
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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24
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Gramlich R, Aliahmadi E, Peiser M. In Vitro Induction of T Helper 17 Cells by Synergistic Activation of Human Monocyte-Derived Langerhans Cell-Like Cells with Bacterial Agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061367. [PMID: 30893757 PMCID: PMC6471444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the case of epidermal barrier disruption, pathogens encounter skin-resident Langerhans cells (LCs) and are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). As the majority of microorganisms exhibit more than one TLR ligand, the mechanisms of subsequent T cell differentiation are complex and far from clear. In this study, we investigated combinatory effects on Th cell polarization by bacterial cell wall compounds peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and by bacterial nucleic acid (DNA). Expression of maturation markers CD40, CD80, HLA-DR and CCR7 and the release of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23 was strongly enhanced by simultaneous exposure to PGN, LPS and DNA in LCs. As all these factors were potential Th17 driving cytokines, we investigated the potency of combinatory TLR stimuli to induce Th17 cells via LC activation. High amounts of IL-17A and IL-22, key cytokines of Th17 cells, were detected. By intracellular costaining of IL-17+T cells, IL-22− (Th17) and IL-22+ (immature Th17) cells were identified. Interestingly, one population of LPS stimulated cells skewed into IL-9+Th cells, and LPS synergized with PGN while inducing high IL-22. In conclusion, our data indicates that when mediated by a fine-tuned signal integration via LCs, bacterial TLR agonists synergize and induce Th17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gramlich
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of intensive Care, Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ehsan Aliahmadi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Franziskus Krankenhaus Berlin, University Hospital of Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Budapester Straße 15-19, 10787 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Peiser
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Nakai K, Kubota Y, Soma GI, Kohchi C. The Effect of Lipopolysaccharide-containing Moisturizing Cream on Skin Care in Patients With Mild Atopic Dermatitis. In Vivo 2019; 33:109-114. [PMID: 30587610 PMCID: PMC6364050 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Recently, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has increased in developed countries. This study aimed to examine the usefulness of a moisturizing cream containing lipopolysaccharide derived from Pantoea agglomerans (LPSp) in patients with mild AD. PATIENTS AND METHODS A moisturizing cream containing LPSp or its placebo was randomly assigned and continuously used for 4 weeks in patients with mild AD. AD severity was evaluated in a double-blind manner by a dermatologist using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score and by the patients' self-evaluation of itching and skin condition using a visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS Although there was no difference in the EASI score between the two groups, the VAS scores showed significantly greater symptom alleviation in the LPSp group than in the placebo group. CONCLUSION A moisturizing cream containing LPSp may be effective for routine skin care and could help alleviate symptoms of mild AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Nakai
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kubota
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Soma
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu, Japan
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26
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Iwamoto K, Nümm TJ, Koch S, Herrmann N, Leib N, Bieber T. Langerhans and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells in atopic dermatitis are tolerized toward TLR2 activation. Allergy 2018; 73:2205-2213. [PMID: 29672867 DOI: 10.1111/all.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients presents a significant dysbalance of the microbiome with a high colonization by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which positively correlates with the severity of the disease. OBJECTIVE Understanding the role of epidermal dendritic cells (DC) as link between the innate and the adaptive immune systems in AD. METHODS Comparative phenotypic and functional analysis of TLR2 on Langerhans cells (LC) and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDEC) in organotypic models as well as freshly isolated cells from healthy and AD skin. RESULTS In situ analysis of freshly isolated LC and IDEC from AD skin revealed decreased TLR2 expression compared to LC from healthy skin. In contrast to IDEC, LC from AD skin failed to display any evidence for in situ activation. Exposure to TLR2 ligand Pam3Cys resulted in maturation and increased migratory activity of LC from normal skin. LC and IDEC from AD were unresponsive to TLR2 ligand in that they failed to mature and displayed a high spontaneous migratory activity. Keratinocytes from both healthy and AD skin expressed similar levels of TLR2. The production of IL-6 and IL-10 was impaired by Pam3Cys in supernatants from AD skin. IL-18 was significantly higher in supernatants from AD skin and not influenced by TLR2 ligation, when compared to healthy skin. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TLR2-mediated sensing of S. aureus-derived signals is strongly impaired in LC from AD skin. This phenomenon may partly contribute to the immune deviation in AD and the lack of S. aureus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Iwamoto
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - T. J. Nümm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - S. Koch
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - N. Herrmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - N. Leib
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - T. Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
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27
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Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE. In vivo cancer vaccination: Which dendritic cells to target and how? Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 71:88-101. [PMID: 30390423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized with the use of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Significant clinical benefits are observed in different cancer types with these treatments. While considerable efforts are made in augmenting tumor-specific T cell responses with these therapies, other immunotherapies that actively stimulate endogenous anti-tumor T cells and generating long-term memory have received less attention. Given the high cost of cancer immunotherapies especially with chimeric antigen receptor T cells, not many patients will have access to such treatments. The next-generation of cancer immunotherapy could entail in vivo cancer vaccination to activate both the innate and adaptive anti-tumor responses. This could potentially be achieved via in vivo targeting of dendritic cells which are an indispensable link between the innate and adaptive immunities. Dendritic cells highly expressed toll-like receptors for recognizing and eliminating pathogens. Synthetic toll-like receptors agonists could be synthesized at a low cost and have shown promise in preclinical and clinical trials. As different subsets of human dendritic cells exist in the immune system, activation with different toll-like receptor agonists could exert profound effects on the quality and magnitude of anti-tumor T cell responses. Here, we reviewed the different subsets of human dendritic cells. Using published preclinical and clinical cancers studies available on PubMed, we discussed the use of clinically approved and emerging toll-like receptor agonists to activate dendritic cells in vivo for cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we searched www.clinicaltrials.gov and summarized the active cancer trials evaluating toll-like receptor agonists as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Smilow Translational Research Center 8th Floor, 186B, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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28
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Solano-Gálvez SG, Tovar-Torres SM, Tron-Gómez MS, Weiser-Smeke AE, Álvarez-Hernández DA, Franyuti-Kelly GA, Tapia-Moreno M, Ibarra A, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L, Vázquez-López R. Human Dendritic Cells: Ontogeny and Their Subsets in Health and Disease. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6040088. [PMID: 30297662 PMCID: PMC6313400 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of cells derived from bone marrow that represent 1% or less of the total hematopoietic cells of any lymphoid organ or of the total cell count of the blood or epithelia. Dendritic cells comprise a heterogeneous population of cells localized in different tissues where they act as sentinels continuously capturing antigens to present them to T cells. Dendritic cells are uniquely capable of attracting and activating naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to initiate and modulate primary immune responses. They have the ability to coordinate tolerance or immunity depending on their activation status, which is why they are also considered as the orchestrating cells of the immune response. The purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of the current knowledge on ontogeny and subsets of human dendritic cells as well as their function and different biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Georgina Solano-Gálvez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Sonia Margarita Tovar-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
| | - María Sofía Tron-Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
| | - Ariane Estrella Weiser-Smeke
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
| | - Diego Abelardo Álvarez-Hernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Antonio Ibarra
- Coordinación del Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Rosalino Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
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29
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Collin M, Bigley V. Human dendritic cell subsets: an update. Immunology 2018; 154:3-20. [PMID: 29313948 PMCID: PMC5904714 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 792] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a class of bone-marrow-derived cells arising from lympho-myeloid haematopoiesis that form an essential interface between the innate sensing of pathogens and the activation of adaptive immunity. This task requires a wide range of mechanisms and responses, which are divided between three major DC subsets: plasmacytoid DC (pDC), myeloid/conventional DC1 (cDC1) and myeloid/conventional DC2 (cDC2). Each DC subset develops under the control of a specific repertoire of transcription factors involving differential levels of IRF8 and IRF4 in collaboration with PU.1, ID2, E2-2, ZEB2, KLF4, IKZF1 and BATF3. DC haematopoiesis is conserved between mammalian species and is distinct from monocyte development. Although monocytes can differentiate into DC, especially during inflammation, most quiescent tissues contain significant resident populations of DC lineage cells. An extended range of surface markers facilitates the identification of specific DC subsets although it remains difficult to dissociate cDC2 from monocyte-derived DC in some settings. Recent studies based on an increasing level of resolution of phenotype and gene expression have identified pre-DC in human blood and heterogeneity among cDC2. These advances facilitate the integration of mouse and human immunology, support efforts to unravel human DC function in vivo and continue to present new translational opportunities to medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collin
- Human Dendritic Cell LabInstitute of Cellular Medicine and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Venetia Bigley
- Human Dendritic Cell LabInstitute of Cellular Medicine and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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30
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Bordetella pertussis pertactin knock-out strains reveal immunomodulatory properties of this virulence factor. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:39. [PMID: 29559630 PMCID: PMC5861065 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, has resurged and presents a global health burden worldwide. B. pertussis strains unable to produce the acellular pertussis vaccine component pertactin (Prn), have been emerging and in some countries represent up to 95% of recent clinical isolates. Knowledge on the effect that Prn deficiency has on infection and immunity to B. pertussis is crucial for the development of new strategies to control this disease. Here, we characterized the effect of Prn production by B. pertussis on human and murine dendritic cell (DC) maturation as well as in a murine model for pertussis infection. We incubated human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) with multiple isogenic Prn knockout (Prn-KO) and corresponding parental B. pertussis strains constructed either in laboratory reference strains with a Tohama I background or in a recently circulating clinical isolate. Results indicate that, compared to the parental strains, Prn-KO strains induced an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by moDCs. This pro-inflammatory phenotype was also observed upon stimulation of murine bone marrow-derived DCs. Moreover, RNA sequencing analysis of lungs from mice infected with B. pertussis Prn-KO revealed increased expression of genes involved in cell death. These in vitro and in vivo findings indicate that B. pertussis strains which do not produce Prn induce a stronger pro-inflammatory response and increased cell death upon infection, suggesting immunomodulatory properties for Prn.
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31
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Tajpara P, Schuster C, Schön E, Kienzl P, Vierhapper M, Mildner M, Elbe-Bürger A. Epicutaneous administration of the pattern recognition receptor agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid activates the MDA5/MAVS pathway in Langerhans cells. FASEB J 2018; 32:4132-4144. [PMID: 29509510 PMCID: PMC6053315 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701090r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Together with keratinocytes (KCs) and the dense network of Langerhans cells (LCs), the epidermis is an ideal portal for vaccine delivery. Pattern recognition receptor agonists, in particular polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid [p(I:C)], are promising adjuvant candidates for therapeutic vaccination to generate protective T-cell immunity. Here we established an ex vivo skin explant model to study the expression and activation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-sensing pattern recognition receptors in LCs and KCs in human skin. Whereas KCs expressed all known dsRNA sensing receptors at a constitutive and inducible level, LCs exclusively expressed melanoma differentiation–associated protein 5 (MDA5) in untreated skin and freshly isolated cells. Comparative assessments of downstream signaling pathways induced by p(I:C) revealed distinct mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein, IFN-regulatory factor 3, and NF-κB activation in LCs and KCs. Consequently, p(I:C) treatment of LCs significantly induced IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA expression, while in KCs an up-regulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA was detectable. Stimulation of LCs with specific ligands revealed that not the TLR3- but only the MDA5-specific ligand induced IFN-α2, IFN-β, and TNF-α cytokines, but no IL-6 and -8. In KCs, both ligands induced production of high IL-6 and IL-8 levels, and low IFN-α2 and IFN-β levels, indicating that different dsRNA-sensing receptors and/or downstream signaling pathways are activated in both cell types. Our data suggest that MDA5 may be an attractive adjuvant target for epicutaneous delivery of therapeutic vaccines with the goal to target LCs.—Tajpara, P., Schuster, C., Schön, E., Kienzl, P., Vierhapper, M., Mildner, M., Elbe-Bürger, A. Epicutaneous administration of the pattern recognition receptor agonist polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid activates the MDA5/MAVS pathway in Langerhans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Tajpara
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunobiology of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Schuster
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunobiology of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Schön
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunobiology of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Kienzl
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunobiology of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Vierhapper
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Michael Mildner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Elbe-Bürger
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunobiology of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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32
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Lauriano ER, Faggio C, Capillo G, Spanò N, Kuciel M, Aragona M, Pergolizzi S. Immunohistochemical characterization of epidermal dendritic-like cells in giant mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:380-385. [PMID: 29337248 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Giant Mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770), is euryhaline, amphibious, and air-breathing fish. These fishes live in close association to mangrove forests and often spend over 90% of time out of water, in adjacent mudflats. They have developed morphological and physiological adaptations to satisfy their unique lifestyles. The skin is the primary interface between the body and the environment, and has a central role in host defence. The initiation of immune responses to antigens in the vertebrate skin has often been attributed to epidermal Langerhans'cells (LC) that are dendritic cells (DC), antigen-presenting cells (APC) which reside in the epidermis. Dendritic cells have been characterized morphologically and functionally in the teleost fish tissues such as rainbow trout, salmonids, medaka, African catfish and zebrafish. However, there is no evidence of the presence of DCs and their role in mudskippers immunity. The aim of this preliminary study was to characterize, through use of specific antibodies: Toll-like receptor 2, S100, serotonin (5-HT), and Vesicular acetylcholine transporter VAChT, a specific DC-like subpopulation in Pn. schlosseri's epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - C Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - G Capillo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - N Spanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - M Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 15, 31-105 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Aragona
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - S Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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33
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Sauss K, Ehrentraut S, Zenclussen AC, Schumacher A. The pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin differentially regulates plasmacytoid and myeloid blood dendritic cell subsets. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 79:e12837. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Sauss
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Stefanie Ehrentraut
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Anne Schumacher
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
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34
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Strobl H, Krump C, Borek I. Micro-environmental signals directing human epidermal Langerhans cell differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 86:36-43. [PMID: 29448069 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human Langerhans cells (LC) can be generated ex vivo from hematopoietic precursor cells in response to cytokines and cell-membrane associated ligands. These in vitro differentiation models provided mechanistic insights into the molecular and cellular pathways underlying the development of this unique, epithelia-associated dendritic cell subset. Notably, the human epidermal microenvironment is fully sufficient to induce LC differentiation from hematopoietic progenitors. Hence, dissecting the molecular characteristics of the human epithelial/epidermal LC niche, and testing defined ligands for their capacity to induce LC differentiation, led to a refined molecular model of LC lineage commitment. During epidermal ontogeny, spatially and temporally regulated availability of TGF-β family members cooperate with other keratinocyte-derived signals, such as E-cadherin and Notch ligands, for instructing LC differentiation. In this review, we discuss the signals known to instruct human hematopoietic progenitor cells and myelomonocytic cells to undergo LC lineage commitment. Additionally, the current methods for generation of large numbers of human LC-like cells ex vivo in defined serum-free media are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Strobl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Corinna Krump
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Izabela Borek
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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35
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a common skin disease that presents with well-demarcated patches of inflammation. Recurrent disease in fixed areas of the skin indicates a localized disease memory that is preserved in resolved lesions. In line with such concept, the involvement of tissue-resident immune cells in psoriasis pathology is increasingly appreciated. Langerhans cells (LCs) are perfectly placed to steer resident T cells and local tissue responses in psoriasis. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge of LCs in human psoriasis, including findings that highlight pro-inflammatory features of LCs in psoriasis lesions. We also review the literature on conflicting data regarding LC localization and functionality in psoriasis. Our review highlights that further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that drive LCs functionality in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Eidsmo
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Martini
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Hamonic G, Pasternak JA, Wilson HL. Recognizing conserved non-canonical localization patterns of toll-like receptors in tissues and across species. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:1-11. [PMID: 29330675 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 were originally characterized as exclusively expressed on the cell surface and TLR 3, 7, 8 and 9 were said to be localized to the endosomes. However, continued research in this area shows that TLR localization may be altered across cell-types, and in response to stimulation, age or disease. Mucosal surfaces must remain tolerant to the commensal flora and thus intracellular or basal lateral localization of TLRs at mucosal surfaces may be necessary to prevent induction of an inflammatory response to commensal flora while still allowing the possibility for the receptors to prime an immune response when a pathogen has crossed the epithelial barrier. Here, we highlight the research specifying 'non-canonical' localization of TLRs in human and animal mucosal tissues and blood-derived cells, while excluding cultured polarized immortalized cells. Reports that only indicate TLR gene/protein expression and/or responsiveness to agonists have been excluded unless the report also indicates surface/intracellular distribution in the cell. Understanding the tissue- and species-specific localization of these specific pattern recognition receptors will lead to a greater appreciation of the way in which TLR ligands promote innate immunity and influence the adaptive immune response. A more comprehensive understanding of this information will potentially aid in the exploitation of the therapeutic or adjuvant potential of selectively localized TLRs and in opening new perspectives in understanding the basis of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Hamonic
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - J Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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37
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Li C, Yu Y, Li W, Liu B, Jiao X, Song X, Lv C, Qin S. Phycocyanin attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5843. [PMID: 28725012 PMCID: PMC5517415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the effects of phycocyanin (PC) on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). In this study, C57 BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice and toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 deficient mice were treated with PC for 28 days following BLM exposure. Serum and lung tissues were collected on days 3, 7 and 28. Data shows PC significantly decreased the levels of hydroxyproline (HYP), vimentin, surfactant-associated protein C (SP-C), fibroblast specific protein-1 (S100A4) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) but dramatically increased E-cadherin and podoplanin (PDPN) expression on day 28. Moreover, PC greatly decreased the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) at the earlier time. Reduced expression of key genes in the TLR2 pathway was also detected. Compared with WT mice, TLR2-deficient mice exhibited less injury, and the protective effect of PC was partly diminished in this background. These data indicate the anti-fibrotic effects of PC may be mediated by reducing W/D ratio, MPO, IL-6, TNF-α, protecting type I alveolar epithelial cells, inhibiting fibroblast proliferation, attenuating epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) and reducing oxidative stress. The TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB pathway plays an important role in PC-mediated reduction in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xudong Jiao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xinyu Song
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Changjun Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China.
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.
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38
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Fehres CM, Duinkerken S, Bruijns SC, Kalay H, van Vliet SJ, Ambrosini M, de Gruijl TD, Unger WW, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Langerin-mediated internalization of a modified peptide routes antigens to early endosomes and enhances cross-presentation by human Langerhans cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:360-370. [PMID: 26456691 PMCID: PMC5380941 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of the skin immune system to generate immune responses is well established, and the skin is actively exploited as a vaccination site. Human skin contains several antigen-presenting cell subsets with specialized functions. In particular, the capacity to cross-present exogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells is of interest for the design of effective immunotherapies against viruses or cancer. Here, we show that primary human Langerhans cells (LCs) were able to cross-present a synthetic long peptide (SLP) to CD8+ T cells. In addition, modification of this SLP using antibodies against the receptor langerin, but not dectin-1, further enhanced the cross-presenting capacity of LCs through routing of internalized antigens to less proteolytic early endosome antigen 1+ early endosomes. The potency of LCs to enhance CD8+ T-cell responses could be further increased through activation of LCs with the toll-like receptor 3 ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pI:C). Altogether, the data provide evidence that human LCs are able to cross-present antigens after langerin-mediated internalization. Furthermore, the potential for antigen modification to target LCs specifically provides a rationale for generating effective anti-tumor or anti-viral cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Fehres
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Duinkerken
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Cm Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy Wj Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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39
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Hefter M, Lother J, Weiß E, Schmitt AL, Fliesser M, Einsele H, Loeffler J. Human primary myeloid dendritic cells interact with the opportunistic fungal pathogenAspergillus fumigatusvia the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1. Med Mycol 2016; 55:573-578. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Mason LMK, Wagemakers A, van ‘t Veer C, Oei A, van der Pot WJ, Ahmed K, van der Poll T, Geijtenbeek TBH, Hovius JWR. Borrelia burgdorferi Induces TLR2-Mediated Migration of Activated Dendritic Cells in an Ex Vivo Human Skin Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164040. [PMID: 27695100 PMCID: PMC5047638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted into the skin of the host where it encounters and interacts with two dendritic cell (DC) subsets; Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal DCs (DDCs). These cells recognize pathogens via pattern recognition receptors, mature and migrate out of the skin into draining lymph nodes, where they orchestrate adaptive immune responses. In order to investigate the response of skin DCs during the early immunopathogenesis of Lyme borreliosis, we injected B. burgdorferi intradermally into full-thickness human skin and studied the migration of DCs out of the skin, the activation profile and phenotype of migrated cells. We found a significant increase in the migration of LCs and DDCs in response to B. burgdorferi. Notably, migration was prevented by blocking TLR2. DCs migrated from skin inoculated with higher numbers of spirochetes expressed significantly higher levels of CD83 and produced pro-inflammatory cytokines. No difference was observed in the expression of HLA-DR, CD86, CD38, or CCR7. To conclude, we have established an ex vivo human skin model to study DC-B. burgdorferi interactions. Using this model, we have demonstrated that B. burgdorferi-induced DC migration is mediated by TLR2. Our findings underscore the utility of this model as a valuable tool to study immunity to spirochetal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. K. Mason
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van ‘t Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke Oei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kalam Ahmed
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joppe W. R. Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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41
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Yeligar SM, Mehta AJ, Harris FL, Brown LAS, Hart CM. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Regulates Chronic Alcohol-Induced Alveolar Macrophage Dysfunction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:35-46. [PMID: 26677910 PMCID: PMC4942203 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0077oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ is critical for alveolar macrophage (AM) function. Chronic alcohol abuse causes AM phagocytic dysfunction and susceptibility to respiratory infections by stimulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidases (Nox), transforming growth factor-β1, and oxidative stress in the AM. Because PPARγ inhibits Nox expression, we hypothesized that alcohol reduces PPARγ, stimulating AM dysfunction. AMs were examined from: (1) patients with alcoholism or control patients; (2) a mouse model of chronic ethanol consumption; (3) PPARγ knockout mice; or (4) MH-S cells exposed to ethanol in vitro. Alcohol reduced AM PPARγ levels and increased Nox1, -2, and -4, transforming growth factor-β1, oxidative stress, and phagocytic dysfunction. Genetic loss of PPARγ recapitulated, whereas stimulating PPARγ activity attenuated alcohol-mediated alterations in gene expression and phagocytic function, supporting the importance of PPARγ in alcohol-induced AM derangements. Similarly, PPARγ activation in vivo reduced alcohol-mediated impairments in lung bacterial clearance. Alcohol increased levels of microRNA-130a/-301a, which bind to the PPARγ 3' untranslated region to reduce PPARγ expression. MicroRNA-130a/-301a inhibition attenuated alcohol-mediated PPARγ reductions and derangements in AM gene expression and function. Alcohol-induced Toll-like receptor 4 endocytosis was reversed by PPARγ activation. These findings demonstrate that targeting PPARγ provides a novel therapeutic approach for mitigating alcohol-induced AM derangements and susceptibility to lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Yeligar
- Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Emory and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Center for Developmental Lung Biology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Ashish J. Mehta
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Frank L. Harris
- Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Emory and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Center for Developmental Lung Biology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lou Ann S. Brown
- Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Emory and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Center for Developmental Lung Biology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C. Michael Hart
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Decatur, Georgia
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42
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Ussher JE, van Wilgenburg B, Hannaway RF, Ruustal K, Phalora P, Kurioka A, Hansen TH, Willberg CB, Phillips RE, Klenerman P. TLR signaling in human antigen-presenting cells regulates MR1-dependent activation of MAIT cells. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1600-14. [PMID: 27105778 PMCID: PMC5297987 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant innate-like T lymphocyte population that are enriched in liver and mucosal tissues. They are restricted by MR1, which presents antigens derived from a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis, a pathway present in many microbial species, including commensals. Therefore, MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation must be tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate activation and immunopathology. Using an in vitro model of MR1-mediated activation of primary human MAIT cells, we investigated the mechanisms by which it is regulated. Uptake of intact bacteria by antigen presenting cells (APCs) into acidified endolysosomal compartments was required for efficient MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation, while stimulation with soluble ligand was inefficient. Consistent with this, little MR1 was seen at the surface of human monocytic (THP1) and B-cell lines. Activation with a TLR ligand increased the amount of MR1 at the surface of THP1 but not B-cell lines, suggesting differential regulation in different cell types. APC activation and NF-κB signaling were critical for MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation. In primary cells, however, prolonged TLR signaling led to downregulation of MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation. Overall, MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation is a tightly regulated process, dependent on integration of innate signals by APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Ussher
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bonnie van Wilgenburg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel F Hannaway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kerstin Ruustal
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ted H Hansen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney E Phillips
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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43
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Bock S, Murgueitio MS, Wolber G, Weindl G. Acute myeloid leukaemia-derived Langerhans-like cells enhance Th1 polarization upon TLR2 engagement. Pharmacol Res 2016; 105:44-53. [PMID: 26794428 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) represent a highly specialized subset of epidermal dendritic cells (DCs), yet not fully understood in their function of balancing skin immunity. Here, we investigated in vitro generated Langerhans-like cells obtained from the human acute myeloid leukaemia cell line MUTZ-3 (MUTZ-LCs) to study TLR- and cytokine-dependent activation of epidermal DCs. MUTZ-LCs revealed high TLR2 expression and responded robustly to TLR2 engagement, confirmed by increased CD83, CD86, PD-L1 and IDO expression, upregulated IL-6, IL-12p40 and IL-23p19 mRNA levels IL-8 release. TLR2 activation reduced CCR6 and elevated CCR7 mRNA expression and induced migration of MUTZ-LCs towards CCL21. Similar results were obtained by stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β whereas ligands of TLR3 and TLR4 failed to induce a fully mature phenotype. Despite limited cytokine gene expression and production for TLR2-activated MUTZ-LCs, co-culture with naive CD4(+) T cells led to significantly increased IFN-γ and IL-22 levels indicating Th1 differentiation independent of IL-12. TLR2-mediated effects were blocked by the putative TLR2/1 antagonist CU-CPT22, however, no selectivity for either TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 was observed. Computer-aided docking studies confirmed non-selective binding of the TLR2 antagonist. Taken together, our results indicate a critical role for TLR2 signalling in MUTZ-LCs considering the leukemic origin of the generated Langerhans-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bock
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela S Murgueitio
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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44
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Kaurav M, Minz S, Sahu K, Kumar M, Madan J, Pandey RS. Nanoparticulate mediated transcutaneous immunization: Myth or reality. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1063-1081. [PMID: 26767517 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a promising route of vaccine delivery through skin due to many well documented advantages. The main obstacle in TCI is the skin's top dead layer i.e. stratum corneum which is difficult to penetrate. Efficiently delivery of antigen to the immune competent cells of epidermis or dermis in TCI might elicit an effective immune response. In this review, skin immunology with a particular focus on potential of immunological active receptors in influencing adaptive immune responses is highlighted. The challenges with TCI and methods to improve it using different adjuvants, chemical and physical approaches, delivery systems, and combination of above methods to further improve immune response following skin application of antigen are elaborately discussed. Nanoparticulate vaccine delivery systems with reference to their applications in TCI are classified according to their chronological development. Conclusively, clinical translations of above methods are also briefly reviewed. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Transcutaneous immunization has been investigated by many as a promising route of vaccination. In this comprehensive review article, the authors described and discussed the existing knowledge and difficulties in this approach. Furthermore, ways of improving transcutaneous delivery were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaurav
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
| | - Sunita Minz
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
| | - Kantrol Sahu
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
| | | | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
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Phenotypic and Functional Properties of Human Steady State CD14+ and CD1a+ Antigen Presenting Cells and Epidermal Langerhans Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143519. [PMID: 26605924 PMCID: PMC4659545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous antigen presenting cells (APCs) are critical for the induction and regulation of skin immune responses. The human skin contains phenotypically and functionally distinct APCs subsets that are present at two separated locations. While CD1ahigh LCs form a dense network in the epidermis, the CD14+ and CD1a+ APCs reside in the dermal compartment. A better understanding of the biology of human skin APC subsets is necessary for the improvement of vaccine strategies that use the skin as administration route. In particular, progress in the characterization of uptake and activatory receptors will certainly improve APC-targeting strategies in vaccination. Here we performed a detailed analysis of the expression and function of glycan-binding and pattern-recognition receptors in skin APC subsets. The results demonstrate that under steady state conditions human CD1a+ dermal dendritic cells (DCs) were phenotypically most mature as measured by the expression of CD83 and CD86, whereas the CD14+ cells showed a higher expression of the CLRs DC-SIGN, mannose receptor and DCIR and had potent antigen uptake capacity. Furthermore, steady state LCs showed superior antigen cross-presentation as compared to the dermal APC subsets. Our results also demonstrate that the TLR3 ligand polyribosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (pI:C) was the most potent stimulator of cytokine production by both LCs and dDCs. These studies warrant further exploration of human CD1a+ dDCs and LCs as target cells for cancer vaccination to induce anti-tumor immune responses.
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In situ Delivery of Tumor Antigen– and Adjuvant-Loaded Liposomes Boosts Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses by Human Dermal Dendritic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2697-2704. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ribeiro CMS, Sarrami-Forooshani R, Geijtenbeek TBH. HIV-1 border patrols: Langerhans cells control antiviral responses and viral transmission. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) reside in the mucosal epithelia and are refractory to HIV-1 infection; HIV-1 capture by C-type lectin receptor langerin and subsequent targeting to Birbeck granules prevents infection. Furthermore, LCs restrict transmission of CXCR4-using HIV-1 variants, which underscores the role of immature LCs as gatekeepers in the selection of HIV-1 variants. Interaction of langerin on LCs with hyaluronic acid on dendritic cells facilitates cross-presentation of HIV-1 to CD8+ T cells. Activation of LCs upon inflammation bypasses the langerin-dependent barrier, which favors cross-presentation and increases susceptibility of LCs to HIV-1 infection. These recent developments not only highlight the plasticity of LCs but also define an important role for LC-dendritic cell crosstalk at the periphery in directing adaptive immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla MS Ribeiro
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramin Sarrami-Forooshani
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis BH Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Small Wonders-The Use of Nanoparticles for Delivering Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:638-61. [PMID: 26350599 PMCID: PMC4586471 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery of many potential antigens for subunit vaccines, universal protection is often lacking due to the limitations of conventional delivery methods. Subunit vaccines primarily induce antibody-mediated humoral responses, whereas potent antigen-specific cellular responses are required for prevention against some pathogenic infections. Nanoparticles have been utilised in nanomedicine and are promising candidates for vaccine or drug delivery. Nanoparticle vehicles have been demonstrated to be efficiently taken up by dendritic cells and induce humoral and cellular responses. This review provides an overview of nanoparticle vaccine development; in particular, the preparation of nanoparticles using a templating technique is highlighted, which would alleviate some of the disadvantages of existing nanoparticles. We will also explore the cellular fate of nanoparticle vaccines. Nanoparticle-based antigen delivery systems have the potential to develop new generation vaccines against currently unpreventable infectious diseases.
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Regulation of Dendritic Cell Function in Inflammation. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:743169. [PMID: 26229971 PMCID: PMC4503598 DOI: 10.1155/2015/743169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells and link the innate and adaptive immune system. During steady state immune surveillance in skin, DC act as sentinels against commensals and invading pathogens. Under pathological skin conditions, inflammatory cytokines, secreted by surrounding keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and immune cells, influence the activation and maturation of different DC populations including Langerhans cells (LC) and dermal DC. In this review we address critical differences in human DC subtypes during inflammatory settings compared to steady state. We also highlight the functional characteristics of human DC subsets in inflammatory skin environments and skin diseases including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Understanding the complex immunoregulatory role of distinct DC subsets in inflamed human skin will be a key element in developing novel strategies in anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Dendritic cell type-specific HIV-1 activation in effector T cells: implications for latent HIV-1 reservoir establishment. AIDS 2015; 29:1003-14. [PMID: 25768834 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latent HIV type I (HIV-1) infections can frequently occur in short-lived proliferating effector T lymphocytes. These latently infected cells could revert into resting T lymphocytes and thereby contribute to the establishment of the long-lived viral reservoir. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells can revert latency in effector T cells in vitro. METHODS Here we investigated the latency activation properties of tissue-specific immune cells, including a large panel of dendritic cell subsets, to explore in which body compartments effector T cells are most likely to maintain latent HIV-1 provirus and thus potentially contribute to the long-lived reservoir. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that blood or genital tract dendritic cells do not activate latent provirus in effector T cells, whereas gut or lymphoid dendritic cells induce virus production from latently infected effector T cells in our in-vitro model for latency. Toll-like receptor 3-induced interferon production by myeloid dendritic cells abolished the dendritic cells' ability to induce viral gene expression. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show that HIV-1 provirus residing in effector T cells is activated from latency by tissue-specific dendritic cell subsets and other immune cells with remarkably different efficiencies.Our new assay system points to an important, neglected aspect of HIV-1 research: the ability of other immune cells, especially dendritic cells, to differentially affect latency establishment as well as virus reactivation.
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