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Evans AB, Winkler CW, Anzick SL, Ricklefs SM, Sturdevant DE, Peterson KE. Zika virus diversity in mice is maintained during early vertical transmission from placenta to fetus, but reduced in fetal bodies and brains at late stages of infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011657. [PMID: 37796973 PMCID: PMC10581492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since emerging in French Polynesia and Brazil in the 2010s, Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated with fetal congenital disease. Previous studies have compared ancestral and epidemic ZIKV strains to identify strain differences that may contribute to vertical transmission and fetal disease. However, within-host diversity in ZIKV populations during vertical transmission has not been well studied. Here, we used the established anti-interferon treated Rag1-/- mouse model of ZIKV vertical transmission to compare genomic variation within ZIKV populations in matched placentas, fetal bodies, and fetal brains via RNASeq. At early stages of vertical transmission, the ZIKV populations in the matched placentas and fetal bodies were similar. Most ZIKV single nucleotide variants were present in both tissues, indicating little to no restriction in transmission of ZIKV variants from placenta to fetus. In contrast, at later stages of fetal infection there was a sharp reduction in ZIKV diversity in fetal bodies and fetal brains. All fetal brain ZIKV populations were comprised of one of two haplotypes, containing either a single variant or three variants together, as largely homogenous populations. In most cases, the dominant haplotype present in the fetal brain was also the dominant haplotype present in the matched fetal body. However, in two of ten fetal brains the dominant ZIKV haplotype was undetectable or present at low frequencies in the matched placenta and fetal body ZIKV populations, suggesting evidence of a strict selective bottleneck and possible selection for certain variants during neuroinvasion of ZIKV into fetal brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B. Evans
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Neuroimmunology Section; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Clayton W. Winkler
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Neuroimmunology Section; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Anzick
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Stacy M. Ricklefs
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Dan E. Sturdevant
- Genomics Research Section, Research Technologies Branch; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Neuroimmunology Section; Rocky Mountain Laboratories; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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2
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Straß S, Geiger J, Martorelli M, Geiger S, Cloos N, Keppler M, Fischer T, Riexinger L, Schwamborn A, Guezguez J, Späth N, Cruces S, Guse JH, Sandri TL, Burnet M, Laufer S. Isostearic acid is an active component of imiquimod formulations used to induce psoriaform disease models. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:799-812. [PMID: 36943539 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Topical imiquimod based creams are indicated as immune stimulants for papillomas and various skin neoplasms. Imiquimod is considered a TLR7 ligand. These creams are also used in research to induce skin inflammation in mice as a model for psoriasis. We observed that this inflammatory response was not strictly imiquimod dependent and we set out to establish which components drive the proinflammatory effects. To this end, we examined the induction response in a BALB/cJRj mouse model, in which 50 mg of cream is applied to 2 cm2 of skin (125 mg/kg imiquimod-5% W/V, and/or 625 mg/kg isostearic acid-25% W/V). Comparing cream formulations containing isostearic acid, imiquimod and the combination, we observed that isostearic acid causes skin inflammation within 2 days, whereas imiquimod requires up to 5 days for initial signs. Isostearic acid activated an inflammasome response, stimulated release of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulated the IL-23/17 axis. Animals treated with isostearic acid had enlarged livers (+ 40% weight), which was not observed with imiquimod alone. Imiquimod was readily metabolized and cleared from plasma and liver, but was maintained at high levels in the skin throughout the body (200 mM at area of application; 200 µM in untreated skin). Imiquimod application was associated with splenomegaly, cytokine induction/release and initial body weight loss over 3 days. Despite high imiquimod skin levels throughout the animal, inflammation was only apparent in the treated areas and was less severe than in isostearic acid groups. As the concentrations in these areas are well above the 10 µM required for TLR7 responses in vitro, there is an implication that skin inflammation following imiquimod is due to effects other than TLR7 agonism (e.g., adenosine receptor agonism). In brain, isostearic caused no major changes in cytokine expression while imiquimod alone sightly stimulated expression of IL-1β and CCL9. However, the combination of both caused brain induction of CCL3, -9, CXCL10, -13, IL-1β and TNFα. The implication of these data is that isostearic acid facilitates the entry of imiquimod or peripherally secreted cytokines into the brain. Our data suggest that psoriaform skin responses in mice are more driven by isostearic acid, than generally reported and that the dose and route used in the model, leads to profound systemic effects, which may complicate the interpretation of drug effects in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Straß
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Synovo GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Mariella Martorelli
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Synovo GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thaisa Lucas Sandri
- Synovo GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Laufer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Turco V, Pfleiderer K, Hunger J, Horvat NK, Karimian-Jazi K, Schregel K, Fischer M, Brugnara G, Jähne K, Sturm V, Streibel Y, Nguyen D, Altamura S, Agardy DA, Soni SS, Alsasa A, Bunse T, Schlesner M, Muckenthaler MU, Weissleder R, Wick W, Heiland S, Vollmuth P, Bendszus M, Rodell CB, Breckwoldt MO, Platten M. T cell-independent eradication of experimental glioma by intravenous TLR7/8-agonist-loaded nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:771. [PMID: 36774352 PMCID: PMC9922247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor type, is considered an immunologically "cold" tumor with sparse infiltration by adaptive immune cells. Immunosuppressive tumor-associated myeloid cells are drivers of tumor progression. Therefore, targeting and reprogramming intratumoral myeloid cells is an appealing therapeutic strategy. Here, we investigate a β-cyclodextrin nanoparticle (CDNP) formulation encapsulating the Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) agonist R848 (CDNP-R848) to reprogram myeloid cells in the glioma microenvironment. We show that intravenous monotherapy with CDNP-R848 induces regression of established syngeneic experimental glioma, resulting in increased survival rates compared with unloaded CDNP controls. Mechanistically, CDNP-R848 treatment reshapes the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and orchestrates tumor clearing by pro-inflammatory tumor-associated myeloid cells, independently of T cells and NK cells. Using serial magnetic resonance imaging, we identify a radiomic signature in response to CDNP-R848 treatment and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) imaging reveals that immunosuppressive macrophage recruitment is reduced by CDNP-R848. In conclusion, CDNP-R848 induces tumor regression in experimental glioma by targeting blood-borne macrophages without requiring adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Turco
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany.,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kira Pfleiderer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Hunger
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K Horvat
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kianush Karimian-Jazi
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schregel
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Fischer
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Brugnara
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristine Jähne
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Volker Sturm
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannik Streibel
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Duy Nguyen
- Junior Research Group Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis A Agardy
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shreya S Soni
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Alsasa
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Theresa Bunse
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Junior Research Group Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Biomedical Informatics, Data Mining and Data Analytics, Faculty of Applied Computer Science and Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, DKTK within DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Heiland
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Vollmuth
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher B Rodell
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael O Breckwoldt
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Platten
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany.
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4
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Janku F, Han SW, Doi T, Amatu A, Ajani JA, Kuboki Y, Cortez A, Cellitti SE, Mahling PC, Subramanian K, Schoenfeld HA, Choi SM, Iaconis LA, Lee LH, Pelletier MR, Dranoff G, Askoxylakis V, Siena S. Preclinical Characterization and Phase I Study of an Anti-HER2-TLR7 Immune-Stimulator Antibody Conjugate in Patients with HER2+ Malignancies. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1441-1461. [PMID: 36129967 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune-stimulator antibody conjugates (ISAC) combining tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies with immunostimulatory agents allow targeted delivery of immune activators into tumors. NJH395 is a novel, first-in-class ISAC comprising a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist conjugated to an anti-HER2 antibody via a noncleavable linker payload. Preclinical characterization showed ISAC-mediated activation of myeloid cells in the presence of antigen-expressing cancer cells, with antigen targeting and TLR7 agonism contributing to antitumor activity. Safety, efficacy, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were investigated in a phase I, multicenter, open-label study in patients with HER2+ non-breast advanced malignancies (NCT03696771). Data from 18 patients enrolled in single ascending dose escalation demonstrated delivery of the TLR7-agonist payload in HER2+ tumor cells and induction of type I IFN responses, which correlated with immune modulation in the tumor microenvironment. Cytokine release syndrome was a common, but manageable, drug-related adverse event. Antidrug antibodies and neuroinflammation at high doses represented significant clinical challenges. Data provide proof-of-mechanism and critical insights for novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Alessio Amatu
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Alex Cortez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, California
| | - Susan E Cellitti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | - Sarah M Choi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lori A Iaconis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, California
| | - Lang Ho Lee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Marc R Pelletier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Salvatore Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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5
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Reyes EY, Shinohara ML. Host immune responses in the central nervous system during fungal infections. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:50-74. [PMID: 35672656 PMCID: PMC9489659 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections in the central nervous system (CNS) cause high morbidity and mortality. The frequency of CNS mycosis has increased over the last two decades as more individuals go through immunocompromised conditions for various reasons. Nevertheless, options for clinical interventions for CNS mycoses are still limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the host-pathogen interaction mechanisms in CNS mycoses for developing novel treatments. Although the CNS has been regarded as an immune-privileged site, recent studies demonstrate the critical involvement of immune responses elicited by CNS-resident and CNS-infiltrated cells during fungal infections. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of fungal invasion in the CNS, fungal pathogen detection by CNS-resident cells (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons), roles of CNS-infiltrated leukocytes, and host immune responses. We consider that understanding host immune responses in the CNS is crucial for endeavors to develop treatments for CNS mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany Y. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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6
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Carroll JA, Race B, Williams K, Striebel JF, Chesebro B. Innate immune responses after stimulation with Toll-like receptor agonists in ex vivo microglial cultures and an in vivo model using mice with reduced microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:194. [PMID: 34488805 PMCID: PMC8419892 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Past experiments studying innate immunity in the central nervous system (CNS) utilized microglia obtained from neonatal mouse brain, which differ developmentally from adult microglia. These differences might impact our current understanding of the role of microglia in CNS development, function, and disease. Methods Cytokine protein secretion was compared in ex vivo P3 and adult microglial cultures after exposure to agonists for three different toll-like receptors (TLR4, lipopolysaccharide [LPS]; TLR7, imiquimod [IMQ]; and TLR9, CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide [CpG-ODN] 1585). In addition, changes in inflammatory gene expression in ex vivo adult microglia in response to the TLR agonists was assessed. Furthermore, in vivo experiments evaluated changes in gene expression associated with inflammation and TLR signaling in brains of mice with or without treatment with PLX5622 to reduce microglia. Results Ex vivo adult and P3 microglia increased cytokine secretion when exposed to TLR4 agonist LPS and to TLR7 agonist IMQ. However, adult microglia decreased expression of numerous genes after exposure to TLR 9 agonist CpG-ODN 1585. In contrast, in vivo studies indicated a core group of inflammatory and TLR signaling genes increased when each of the TLR agonists was introduced into the CNS. Reducing microglia in the brain led to decreased expression of various inflammatory and TLR signaling genes. Mice with reduced microglia showed extreme impairment in upregulation of genes after exposure to TLR7 agonist IMQ. Conclusions Cultured adult microglia were more reactive than P3 microglia to LPS or IMQ exposure. In vivo results indicated microglial influences on neuroinflammation were agonist specific, with responses to TLR7 agonist IMQ more dysregulated in mice with reduced microglia. Thus, TLR7-mediated innate immune responses in the CNS appeared more dependent on the presence of microglia. Furthermore, partial responses to TLR4 and TLR9 agonists in mice with reduced microglia suggested other cell types in the CNS can compensate for their absence. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02240-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Katie Williams
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - James F Striebel
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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7
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Kwon J, Arsenis C, Suessmilch M, McColl A, Cavanagh J, Morris BJ. Differential Effects of Toll-Like Receptor Activation and Differential Mediation by MAP Kinases of Immune Responses in Microglial Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2655-2671. [PMID: 34297254 PMCID: PMC9560989 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is believed to play a role in many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Based largely on evidence from other cell types, it is widely thought that MAP kinase (ERK, JNK and p38) signalling pathways contribute strongly to microglial activation following immune stimuli acting on toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 or TLR4. We report here that exposure of SimA9 mouse microglial cell line to immune mimetics stimulating TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide-LPS) or TLR7/8 (resiquimod/R848), results in marked MAP kinase activation, followed by induction of nitric oxide synthase, and various cytokines/chemokines. However, in contrast to TLR4 or TLR7/8 stimulation, very few effects of TLR3 stimulation by poly-inosine/cytidine (polyI:C) were detected. Induction of chemokines/cytokines at the mRNA level by LPS and resiquimod were, in general, only marginally affected by MAP kinase inhibition, and expression of TNF, Ccl2 and Ccl5 mRNAs, along with nitrite production, were enhanced by p38 inhibition in a stimulus-specific manner. Selective JNK inhibition enhanced Ccl2 and Ccl5 release. Many distinct responses to stimulation of TLR4 and TLR7 were observed, with JNK mediating TNF protein induction by the latter but not the former, and suppressing Ccl5 release by the former but not the latter. These data reveal complex modulation by MAP kinases of microglial responses to immune challenge, including a dampening of some responses. They demonstrate that abnormal levels of JNK or p38 signalling in microglial cells will perturb their profile of cytokine and chemokine release, potentially contributing to abnormal inflammatory patterns in CNS disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedeok Kwon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, West Medical Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christos Arsenis
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, West Medical Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Maria Suessmilch
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison McColl
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, West Medical Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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8
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Dieu RS, Wais V, Sørensen MZ, Marczynska J, Dubik M, Kavan S, Thomassen M, Burton M, Kruse T, Khorooshi R, Owens T. Central Nervous System-Endogenous TLR7 and TLR9 Induce Different Immune Responses and Effects on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:685645. [PMID: 34211367 PMCID: PMC8241214 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.685645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate receptors, including Toll like receptors (TLRs), are implicated in pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). TLR response to pathogens or endogenous signals includes production of immunoregulatory mediators. One of these, interferon (IFN)β, a Type I IFN, plays a protective role in MS and EAE. We have previously shown that intrathecal administration of selected TLR ligands induced IFNβ and infiltration of blood-derived myeloid cells into the central nervous system (CNS), and suppressed EAE in mice. We have now extended these studies to evaluate a potential therapeutic role for CNS-endogenous TLR7 and TLR9. Intrathecal application of Imiquimod (TLR7 ligand) or CpG oligonucleotide (TLR9 ligand) into CNS of otherwise unmanipulated mice induced IFNβ expression, with greater magnitude in response to CpG. CD45+ cells in the meninges were identified as source of IFNβ. Intrathecal CpG induced infiltration of monocytes, neutrophils, CD4+ T cells and NK cells whereas Imiquimod did not recruit blood-derived CD45+ cells. CpG, but not Imiquimod, had a beneficial effect on EAE, when given at time of disease onset. This therapeutic effect of CpG on EAE was not seen in mice lacking the Type I IFN receptor. In mice with EAE treated with CpG, the proportion of monocytes was significantly increased in the CNS. Infiltrating cells were predominantly localized to spinal cord meninges and demyelination was significantly reduced compared to non-treated mice with EAE. Our findings show that TLR7 and TLR9 signaling induce distinct inflammatory responses in the CNS with different outcome in EAE and point to recruitment of blood-derived cells and IFNβ induction as possible mechanistic links between TLR9 stimulation and amelioration of EAE. The protective role of TLR9 signaling in the CNS may have application in treatment of diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthe Storgaard Dieu
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vian Wais
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Zaucha Sørensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joanna Marczynska
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Dubik
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Kavan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mark Burton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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9
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Kaushik D, Kaur A, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. Structural evolution of toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists from imidazoquinolines to imidazoles. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1065-1120. [PMID: 34355178 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00031d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several synthetic heterocyclic small molecules like imiquimod, resiquimod, CL097, CL075, bromopirone, tilorone, loxoribine and isatoribine demonstrated TLR7/8 agonistic activity and relatively modest structural changes in such molecules result in major variation in the TLR7 and/or TLR8 activity. A strict dependency of the electronic configuration of the heterocyclic system was also observed to influence the agonistic activity. In the present review, an evolution of imidazole based TLR7/8 agonist from imidazoquinoline based scaffold is delineated along with the elaboration of detailed structure activity relationship (SAR) in each chemotype. The structural and activity details of not only the active compounds but also the related inactive compounds are included to better understand the SAR. TLR7/8 agonists are emerging as promising vaccine adjuvant candidates and the present SAR and structural information will provide a road map towards the identification of more potent and appropriate candidates for further drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd 11 Walkley Avenue Warradale 5046 Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Bedford Park 5042 Australia
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India .,National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
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10
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Balan I, Aurelian L, Schleicher R, Boero G, O'Buckley T, Morrow AL. Neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3α,5α-THP) inhibits inflammatory signals induced by activated MyD88-dependent toll-like receptors. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:145. [PMID: 33637705 PMCID: PMC7909379 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that endogenous neurosteroids, including pregnenolone and 3α,5α-THP inhibit toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal activation in mouse macrophages and the brain of alcohol-preferring (P) rat, which exhibits innate TLR4 signal activation. The current studies were designed to examine whether other activated TLR signals are similarly inhibited by 3α,5α-THP. We report that 3α,5α-THP inhibits selective agonist-mediated activation of TLR2 and TLR7, but not TLR3 signaling in the RAW246.7 macrophage cell line. The TLR4 and TLR7 signals are innately activated in the amygdala and NAc from P rat brains and inhibited by 3α,5α-THP. The TLR2 and TLR3 signals are not activated in P rat brain and they are not affected by 3α,5α-THP. Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicate that 3α,5α-THP inhibits the binding of MyD88 with TLR4 or TLR7 in P rat brain, but the levels of TLR4 co-precipitating with TRIF are not altered by 3α,5α-THP treatment. Collectively, the data indicate that 3α,5α-THP inhibits MyD88- but not TRIF-dependent TLR signal activation and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators through its ability to block TLR-MyD88 binding. These results have applicability to many conditions involving pro-inflammatory TLR activation of cytokines, chemokines, and interferons and support the use of 3α,5α-THP as a therapeutic for inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Balan
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Laure Aurelian
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Riana Schleicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Giorgia Boero
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Todd O'Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - A Leslie Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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11
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Zhou H, Jiang M, Yuan H, Ni W, Tai G. Dual roles of myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by Toll-like receptor signaling in cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:149. [PMID: 33552267 PMCID: PMC7798029 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are one of the major components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and are the main mediators of tumor-induced immunosuppression. Recent studies have reported that the survival, differentiation and immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs are affected by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. However, the regulatory effect of TLR signaling on MDSCs remains controversial. TLR-induced MDSC can acquire different immunosuppressive activities to influence the immune response that can be either beneficial or detrimental to cancer immunotherapy. The present review summarizes the effects of TLR signals on the number, phenotype and inhibitory activity of MDSCs, and their role in cancer immunotherapy, which cannot be ignored if effective cancer immunotherapies are to be developed for the immunosuppression of the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Zhou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Mengyu Jiang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Ni
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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12
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Toll-like receptors in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Khatun MR, Arifuzzaman S. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Selected TLR7/8 agonist and type I interferon (IFN-α) cooperatively redefine the microglia transcriptome. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 31:547. [PMID: 31190206 PMCID: PMC7087773 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Microglia, the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, exerts multiple functions to mediate many neurological diseases. Upon any detection of invading pathogen products (e.g., TLR agonists) or host-released signaling factors (e.g., interferon/IFN), these cells undergo an activation process to release large numbers of inflammatory substances that participate in inflammation and homeostasis. The profound effects of inflammation associated with TLR7/8 agonist Resiquimod (R848) and type 1 interferon (e.g., IFN-α)-induced macrophage and dendritic cell activation on biological outcomes have long been recognized. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well defined in microglial cells. Methods The present study investigated the molecular signatures of microglia and identified genes that are uniquely or synergistically expressed in R848-, IFN-α- or R848 with IFN-α-treated primary microglial (PM) cells. We used RNA-sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, and bioinformatics approaches to derive regulatory networks that control the transcriptional response of PM to R848, IFN-α and R848 with IFN-α. Results Our approach revealed that the inflammatory response in R848 with IFN-α-treated PM is faster and more intense than that in R848 or IFN-α-treated PM in terms of the number of differentially expressed genes and the magnitude of induction/repression. In particular, our integrative analysis enabled us to suggest the regulatory functions of TFs, which allowed the construction of a network model that explains how TLR7/8 and IFN-α-sensing pathways achieve specificity. Conclusion In conclusion, the systematic approach presented herein could be important to the understanding microglial activation-mediated molecular signatures induced by inflammatory stimuli related to TLR7/8, IFN-α or co-signaling, and associated transcriptional machinery of microglial functions and neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10787-019-00610-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Reshma Khatun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Sarder Arifuzzaman
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546 Republic of Korea
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14
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Graykowski D, Kasparian K, Caniglia J, Gritsaeva Y, Cudaback E. Neuroinflammation drives APOE genotype-dependent differential expression of neprilysin. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577315. [PMID: 32682137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and widespread neuroinflammation. While the cause of AD remains unknown, multiple factors likely contribute to the disease, including heart disease, diabetes, previous head injury, as well as a number of genetic determinants. Inheritance of the apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele represents the strongest genetic risk factor for development of AD, driving pathogenesis and increasing overall disease severity. APOE has long been recognized as a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, although a greater appreciation now exists for its role in various innate immune system processes. Indeed, APOE modulates inflammatory environments in brain in large part by altering gene expression profiles in glia, important mediators of immunity in the CNS. While the association between APOE and AD was first observed nearly three decades ago, the mechanism by which APOE ε4 influences the etiology and pathophysiology of AD is not well characterized. Overwhelming data supports the hypothesis that APOE ε4 dysregulates central amyloid metabolism by an undetermined molecular mechanism, thus laying the foundation for disease. A host of amyloid-degrading enzymes (ADEs) regulate Aβ accumulation in brain, and therefore represent valuable therapeutic targets. Neprilysin (NEP), a metalloendopeptidase expressed by activated microglia and astrocytes, is a broad-spectrum ADE able to degrade a variety of Aβ species. Here we describe in vivo and in vitro experiments designed to investigate the potential for APOE genotype to differentially regulate glial NEP in brain under neuroinflammatory conditions. Our results provide a novel mechanism by which APOE genotype-dependent differential expression of NEP by glia during neuroinflammation may contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Graykowski
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Kyle Kasparian
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - John Caniglia
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Yelena Gritsaeva
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Eiron Cudaback
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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15
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Patinote C, Karroum NB, Moarbess G, Cirnat N, Kassab I, Bonnet PA, Deleuze-Masquéfa C. Agonist and antagonist ligands of toll-like receptors 7 and 8: Ingenious tools for therapeutic purposes. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 193:112238. [PMID: 32203790 PMCID: PMC7173040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the TLRs family and more precisely its functions opened a variety of gates to modulate immunological host responses. TLRs 7/8 are located in the endosomal compartment and activate a specific signaling pathway in a MyD88-dependant manner. According to their involvement into various autoimmune, inflammatory and malignant diseases, researchers have designed diverse TLRs 7/8 ligands able to boost or block the inherent signal transduction. These modulators are often small synthetic compounds and most act as agonists and to a much lesser extent as antagonists. Some of them have reached preclinical and clinical trials, and only one has been approved by the FDA and EMA, imiquimod. The key to the success of these modulators probably lies in their combination with other therapies as recently demonstrated. We gather in this review more than 360 scientific publications, reviews and patents, relating the extensive work carried out by researchers on the design of TLRs 7/8 modulators, which are classified firstly by their biological activities (agonist or antagonist) and then by their chemical structures, which total syntheses are not discussed here. This review also reports about 90 clinical cases, thereby showing the biological interest of these modulators in multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Patinote
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nour Bou Karroum
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Georges Moarbess
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Natalina Cirnat
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Issam Kassab
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
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16
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López-González I, Tebé Cordomí C, Ferrer I. Regional Gene Expression of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Responses Does Not Predict Neurodegeneration in Aging. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 76:135-150. [PMID: 28158670 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is accompanied by increased oxidative stress and what has been termed "neuroinflammation," which might contribute to age-related neurodegenerative diseases. We analyzed expression in the transcription of innate inflammatory response genes in eleven representative regions including frontal, parietal, inferior temporal, cingulate, occipital, entorhinal cortex, caudate, putamen, thalamus, substantia nigra, and cerebellar vermis in aging human brains. We probed members of the complement system, colony stimulating factor receptors, toll-like receptors, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brains of subjects with no neurological disease and neurofibrillary tangles (mean age: 47.1 ± 5.7 years) and those with no neurological disease and neurofibrillary pathology stages I-II (mean age: 70.6 ± 6.3 years). Although the entorhinal and frontal cortex were most altered, gene regulation patterns did not match regions with increased vulnerability. Analysis of false discovery rate thresholds revealed no differences for any gene in any region between the 2 groups, including cases in which individual comparisons analyzed using Student t or nonparametric tests showed apparent differences between groups. Moreover, gene expression of major anti-oxidative stress responses did not match neuroinflammation in aging or increased regional susceptibility to major neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene López-González
- From the Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital (IL-G, IF); Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (IL-G, CTC, IF); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Rovira i Virgili University, Reus (CTC); Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (IF); Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona (IF); and CIBERNED (Biomedical Research Center Network for the Study of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain (IF)
| | - Cristian Tebé Cordomí
- From the Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital (IL-G, IF); Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (IL-G, CTC, IF); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Rovira i Virgili University, Reus (CTC); Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (IF); Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona (IF); and CIBERNED (Biomedical Research Center Network for the Study of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain (IF)
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- From the Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital (IL-G, IF); Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (IL-G, CTC, IF); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Rovira i Virgili University, Reus (CTC); Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (IF); Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona (IF); and CIBERNED (Biomedical Research Center Network for the Study of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Madrid, Spain (IF)
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17
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Winkler CW, Woods TA, Groveman BR, Carmody AB, Speranza EE, Martens CA, Best SM, Haigh CL, Peterson KE. Neuronal maturation reduces the type I IFN response to orthobunyavirus infection and leads to increased apoptosis of human neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:229. [PMID: 31739796 PMCID: PMC6862864 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse virus (LACV) is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the USA. LACV encephalitis can result in learning and memory deficits, which may be due to infection and apoptosis of neurons in the brain. Despite neurons being the primary cell infected in the brain by LACV, little is known about neuronal responses to infection. METHODS Human cerebral organoids (COs), which contain a spectrum of developing neurons, were used to examine neuronal responses to LACV. Plaque assay and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT) PCR were used to determine the susceptibility of COs to LACV infection. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and single-cell transcriptomics were used to determine specific neuronal subpopulation responses to the virus. RESULTS Overall, LACV readily infected COs causing reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis. However, it was determined that neurons at different stages of development had distinct responses to LACV. Both neural progenitors and committed neurons were infected with LACV, however, committed neurons underwent apoptosis at a higher rate. Transcriptomic analysis showed that committed neurons expressed fewer interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) and genes involved IFN signaling in response to infection compared to neural progenitors. Furthermore, induction of interferon signaling in LACV-infected COs by application of recombinant IFN enhanced cell viability. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that neuronal maturation increases the susceptibility of neurons to LACV-induced apoptosis. This susceptibility is likely due, at least in part, to mature neurons being less responsive to virus-induced IFN as evidenced by their poor ISG response to LACV. Furthermore, exogenous administration of recombinant IFN to LACV COs rescued cellular viability suggesting that increased IFN signaling is overall protective in this complex neural tissue. Together these findings indicate that induction of IFN signaling in developing neurons is an important deciding factor in virus-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Emily E Speranza
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Craig A Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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18
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Wang G, Guo Z, Tong L, Xue F, Krafft PR, Budbazar E, Zhang JH, Tang J. TLR7 (Toll-Like Receptor 7) Facilitates Heme Scavenging Through the BTK (Bruton Tyrosine Kinase)-CRT (Calreticulin)-LRP1 (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1)-Hx (Hemopexin) Pathway in Murine Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2019; 49:3020-3029. [PMID: 30571407 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.022155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Heme and iron are considered to be key factors responsible for secondary insults after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Our previous study showed that LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1)-Hx (hemopexin) facilitates removal of heme. The TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7)-BTK (Bruton tyrosine kinase)-CRT (calreticulin) pathway regulates the expression of LRP1-Hx. This study is designed to clarify whether TLR7 activation facilitates heme scavenging and to establish the potential role of the BTK-CRT-LRP1-Hx signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of ICH. Methods- ICH was induced by stereotactic, intrastriatal injection of type VII collagenase. Mice received TLR7 agonist (imiquimod) via intraperitoneal injection after ICH induction. TLR7 inhibitor (ODN2088), BTK inhibitor (LFM-A13), and CRT agonist (thapsigargin) were given in different groups to further evaluate the underlying pathway. Mice were randomly divided into sham, ICH+vehicle (normal saline), ICH+Imiquimod (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/g), ICH+ODN2088, ICH+LFM-A13, ICH+thapsigargin, and ICH+ODN2088+thapsigargin. Imiquimod was administered twice daily starting at 6 hours after ICH; ODN2088 was administered by intracerebroventricular injection at 30 minutes, and LFM-A13 or thapsigargin was administered by intraperitoneal injection at 3 hours after ICH induction. Neurological scores, cognitive abilities, as well as brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, hemoglobin level, brain expression of TLR7/BTK/CRT/LRP1/Hx were analyzed. Results- Low dosage imiquimod significantly attenuated hematoma volume, brain edema, BBB permeability, and neurological deficits after ICH. Imiquimod also increased protein expressions of TLR7, BTK, CRT, LRP1, and Hx; ODN2088 reduced TLR7, BTK, CRT, LRP1, and Hx expressions. Conclusions- TLR7 plays an important role in heme scavenging after ICH by modulating the BTK-CRT-LRP1-Hx pathway. TLR7 may offer protective effects by promoting heme resolution and reduction of brain edema after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiqing Wang
- From the Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China (G.W., F.X.).,Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Zhenni Guo
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA.,Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Z.G.)
| | - Lusha Tong
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA.,Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (L.T.)
| | - Fang Xue
- From the Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China (G.W., F.X.)
| | - Paul R Krafft
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA.,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa (P.R.K.)
| | - Enkhjargal Budbazar
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA.,Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA
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19
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The Bacterial Product Violacein Exerts an Immunostimulatory Effect Via TLR8. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13661. [PMID: 31541142 PMCID: PMC6754391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Violacein, an indole-derived, purple-colored natural pigment isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum has shown multiple biological activities. In this work, we studied the effect of violacein in different immune cell lines, namely THP-1, MonoMac 6, ANA-1, Raw 264.7 cells, as well as in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). A stimulation of TNF-α production was observed in murine macrophages (ANA-1 and Raw 264.7), and in PBMCs, IL-6 and IL-1β secretion was detected. We obtained evidence of the molecular mechanism of activation by determining the mRNA expression pattern upon treatment with violacein in Raw 264.7 cells. Incubation with violacein caused activation of pathways related with an immune and inflammatory response. Our data utilizing TLR-transfected HEK-293 cells indicate that violacein activates the human TLR8 (hTLR8) receptor signaling pathway and not human TLR7 (hTLR7). Furthermore, we found that the immunostimulatory effect of violacein in PBMCs could be suppressed by the specific hTLR8 antagonist, CU-CPT9a. Finally, we studied the interaction of hTLR8 with violacein in silico and obtained evidence that violacein could bind to hTLR8 in a similar fashion to imidazoquinoline compounds. Therefore, our results indicate that violacein may have some potential in contributing to future immune therapy strategies.
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20
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Sarmiento L, Svensson J, Barchetta I, Giwercman A, Cilio CM. Copy number of the X-linked genes TLR7 and CD40L influences innate and adaptive immune responses. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12776. [PMID: 31069824 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The number of the X chromosome-linked genes has been previously suggested to influence immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases. In the present study, we aimed at evaluating the level of expression of CD40L (an X-linked gene involved in adaptive immunity) and TLR7 (an X-linked gene involved in innate immunity) in a variety of different karyotypes. Those included males, females and patients with X chromosome aneuploidy. Healthy females (46, XX; n = 10) and healthy males (46, XY; n = 10) were compared to females with Turner syndrome (TS) (45, X; n = 11) and males with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (47, XXY; n = 5). Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with PMA and ionomycin resulted in higher percentage of CD3 + CD40L+ T cells (P < 0.001) and higher level expression of CD40L in T cell (P < 0.001) in female and KS patients compared with male and TS patients. TLR7-mediated IFN-alpha production by HLADR + CD3- CD19- cells was significantly upregulated in healthy women compared with healthy males, TS and KS patients (P < 0.001). TLR7 agonist-stimulated PBMCs from healthy females and KS patients expressed significantly higher levels of TLR7 mRNA than those from male and TS patients (P < 0.05). The increased expression of the X-linked genes TLR7 and CD40L in healthy females and KS patients suggests that the presence of two X chromosomes plays a major role in enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses. These results may contribute to the explanation of sex-based differences in immune biology and the sex bias in predisposition to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sarmiento
- Cellular Autoimmunity Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Cellular Autoimmunity Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Corrado M Cilio
- Cellular Autoimmunity Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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21
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Rizzo MD, Crawford RB, Bach A, Sermet S, Amalfitano A, Kaminski NE. Imiquimod and interferon-alpha augment monocyte-mediated astrocyte secretion of MCP-1, IL-6 and IP-10 in a human co-culture system. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 333:576969. [PMID: 31136945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-activation has been implicated as a significant mechanism of neuroinflammation triggered by ssRNA viruses. Infiltration of monocytes into the brain and astrocyte activation occurs during in vivo TLR7-mediated neuroinflammation. The objective here was to determine whether the TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α), promote monocyte-mediated astrocyte secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Using a human primary co-culture system, we demonstrate that monocytes, together with imiquimod and IFN-α, promote astrocyte secretion of MCP-1, IL-6 and IP-10. Furthermore, TLR7-induced monocyte-derived IL-1β is critical for promoting the astrocyte response. Overall, this study provides a potential mechanism for TLR7-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rizzo
- Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Cell & Molecular Biology Program, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 311, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America.
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Anthony Bach
- Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America.
| | - Sera Sermet
- Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America.
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, 4108 Biomedical Physical Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Department of Osteopathic Medicine, 4108 Biomedical Physical Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America.
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 1129 Farm Lane Rm. 165G, Food Safety & Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America.
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22
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pDC Activation by TLR7/8 Ligand CL097 Compared to TLR7 Ligand IMQ or TLR9 Ligand CpG. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1749803. [PMID: 31093508 PMCID: PMC6481147 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1749803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) express high levels of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR7 and TLR9. In response to TLR7 and TLR9 ligands, pDCs are primary producers of type I interferons. Our previous study demonstrated that pDCs activated by the TLR7 ligand imiquimod (IMQ) and the TLR9 ligand CpG A can kill breast cancer cells in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, we observed a distinctive morphological, phenotypic change in pDCs after activation by IMQ and CpG A. However, the effect of other TLR7 and TLR9 ligands on pDCs remains less understood. In this study, we treat pDCs with the TLR7 ligand IMQ, TLR7/8 ligands (CL097 and CL075), and three TLR9 ligands (different types of CpGs). The size of pDCs increased significantly after activation by TLR7, or TLR7/8 ligands. TLR7, TLR7/8, and TLR9 ligands similarly modulated cytokine release, as well as protein expression of pDC markers, costimulatory molecules, and cytotoxic molecules. Interestingly, TLR7/8 ligands, especially CL097, induced stronger responses. These results are relevant to the further study of the role and mechanism of pDC-induced antitumor effects and may aid in the development of a new strategy for future tumor immunotherapy.
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23
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Abstract
Viral infection in the brain can be acute or chronic, with the responses often producing foci of increasingly cytotoxic inflammation. This can lead to effects beyond the central nervous system (CNS). To stimulate discussion, this commentary addresses four questions: What drives the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders, does the phenotype of macrophages in the CNS spur development of HIV encephalitis (HIVE), does continual activation of astrocytes drive the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders/subclinical disease, and neuroinflammation: friend or foe? A unifying theory that connects each question is the issue of continued activation of glial cells, even in the apparent absence of simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV in the CNS. As the CNS innate immune system is distinct from the rest of the body, it is likely there could be a number of activation profiles not observed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Delery
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Tulane Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Andrew G. MacLean
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Tulane Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Center for Aging, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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24
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Fukushima Y, Okamoto M, Ishikawa K, Kouwaki T, Tsukamoto H, Oshiumi H. Activation of TLR3 and its adaptor TICAM-1 increases miR-21 levels in extracellular vesicles released from human cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:744-750. [PMID: 29679565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognizes viral RNAs and trigger the innate immune responses. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), a PRR, recognizes viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in endolysosomes, whereas cytoplasmic dsRNA is sensed by another PRR, MDA5. TLR3 and MDA5 utilize TICAM-1 and MAVS, respectively, to trigger the signal for inducing innate immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) include the exosomes and microvesicles; an accumulating body of evidence has shown that EVs delivers functional RNA, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), to other cells and thus mediate intercellular communications. Therefore, EVs carrying miRNAs affect innate immune responses in macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of miRNA levels in EVs remains unclear. To elucidate the mechanism, we sought to reveal the pathway that control miRNA expression levels in EVs. Here, we found that TLR3 stimulation increased miR-21 levels in EVs released from various types of human cells. Ectopic expression of the TLR3 adaptor, TICAM-1, increased miR-21 levels in EVs but not intracellular miR-21 levels, suggesting that TICAM-1 augmented sorting of miR-21 to EVs. In contrast, the MDA5 adaptor, MAVS, did not increase miR-21 levels in EVs. The siRNA for TICAM-1 reduced EV miR-21 levels after stimulation of TLR3. Collectively, our data indicate a novel role of the TLR3-TICAM-1 pathway in controlling miR-21 levels in EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Fukushima
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaaki Okamoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kana Ishikawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kouwaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; JST PRESTO, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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25
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Mego M, Gao H, Cohen EN, Anfossi S, Giordano A, Tin S, Fouad TM, De Giorgi U, Giuliano M, Woodward WA, Alvarez RH, Valero V, Ueno NT, Hortobagyi GN, Cristofanilli M, Reuben JM. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with abnormalities in peripheral blood dendritic cells in patients with inflammatory breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35656-35668. [PMID: 27374101 PMCID: PMC5482606 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CTCs are involved in tumor dissemination and are an independent prognostic factor in primary and metastatic breast cancer patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient antigen presenting cells and are comprised of plasmacytoid-(pDC) and myeloid-(mDC) derived DC subsets. This study aimed to correlate CTC counts with the peripheral blood DC immunophenotypes and functions of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) patients. This study included 65 IBC patients. Peripheral blood (PB) was obtained from patients prior to starting a new line of chemotherapy for CTCs enumeration by CellSearch® and DC phenotype and function by flow cytometry; the characteristics of DCs were then correlated with CTC counts and clinical outcome. Twenty-one (32.3%) patients with CTCs ≥5 had a significantly inferior overall survival (OS) compared to patients with <5 CTCs (p=0.045). In addition, patients with ≥5 CTCs had a lower percentage of mDCs capable of producing TNF-α before or after activation through the toll-like receptor (TLR), as well as a lower percentage of mDCs producing IL-12 after TLR-activation. There was a positive correlation between CTCs counts and expression of the activation (CCR7) and costimulatory (CD86) receptors on TLR-activated mDCs and pDCs, respectively. Moreover, presence of high percentage of mDC capable to produce increased levels of TNF-α was independently associated with inferior OS (p = 0.0006). An increase in the percentage of mDC producing TNF-α might induce a pro-inflammatory environment that could play a role in determining the poor clinical outcome in IBC patients and could add further prognostic value to CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mego
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Currently at Department of Medical Oncology, Comenius University, School of Medicine, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Evan N Cohen
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Simone Anfossi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Currently at Department of Medicine at Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sanda Tin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tamer M Fouad
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Currently at Department of Medical Oncology, The National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Currently at Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) - IRCCS, Meldola (FC), Italy
| | - Mario Giuliano
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Currently at Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Wendy A Woodward
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo H Alvarez
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vicente Valero
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel N Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Currently at Division of Hematology-Oncology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James M Reuben
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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26
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Toonen LJA, Casaca-Carreira J, Pellisé-Tintoré M, Mei H, Temel Y, Jahanshahi A, van Roon-Mom WMC. Intracerebroventricular Administration of a 2'-O-Methyl Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligonucleotide Results in Activation of the Innate Immune System in Mouse Brain. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:63-73. [PMID: 29565739 PMCID: PMC5899290 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) are versatile molecules that can be used to modulate gene expression by binding to RNA. The therapeutic potential of AONs appears particularly high in the central nervous system, due to excellent distribution and uptake in brain cells, as well as good tolerability in clinical trials thus far. Nonetheless, immune stimulation in response to AON treatment in the brain remains a concern. For this reason we performed RNA sequencing analysis of brain tissue from mice treated intracerebroventricularly with phosphorothioate, 2′-O-methyl modified AONs. A significant upregulation of immune system associated genes was observed in brains of AON treated mice, with the striatum showing largest transcriptional changes. Strongest upregulation was seen for the antiviral enzyme 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthase-like protein 2 (Oasl2) and Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (Bst2). Histological analysis confirmed activation of microglia and astrocytes in striatum. The upregulation of immune system associated genes was detectable for at least 2 months after the last AON administration, consistent with a continuous immune response to the AON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lodewijk J A Toonen
- 1 Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - João Casaca-Carreira
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, the Netherlands .,3 European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON) , Maastricht, the Netherlands .,4 Department of Physiotherapy, Portuguese Red Cross Health School , Lisbon, Portugal .,5 Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Care , Setubal Polytechnic Institute, Setubal, Portugal
| | - Maria Pellisé-Tintoré
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, the Netherlands .,6 Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona (UdG) , Girona, Spain
| | - Hailiang Mei
- 7 Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, the Netherlands .,3 European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON) , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, the Netherlands .,3 European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON) , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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27
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The Systemic Response to Topical Aldara Treatment is Mediated Through Direct TLR7 Stimulation as Imiquimod Enters the Circulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16570. [PMID: 29185473 PMCID: PMC5707416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical application of Aldara cream, containing the Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist Imiquimod, is a widely used mouse model for investigating the pathogenesis of psoriasis. We have previously used this model to study the effects of peripheral inflammation on the brain, and reported a brain-specific response characterised by increased transcription, infiltration of immune cells and anhedonic-like behavior. Here, we perform a more robust characterisation of the systemic response to Aldara application and find a potent but transient response in the periphery, followed by a prolonged response in the brain. Mass spectrometry analysis of plasma and brain samples identified significant levels of Imiquimod in both compartments at molar concentrations likely to evoke a biological response. Indeed, the association of Imiquimod with the brain correlated with increased Iba1 and GFAP staining, indicative of microglia and astrocyte reactivity. These results highlight the potency of this model and raise the question of how useful it is for interpreting the systemic response in psoriasis-like skin inflammation. In addition, the potential impact on the brain should be considered with regards to human use and may explain why fatigue, headaches and nervousness have been reported as side effects following prolonged Aldara use.
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28
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Sexual and Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in anti-interferon receptor-treated Rag1-deficient mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7176. [PMID: 28775298 PMCID: PMC5543051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, human-to-human transmission has also been observed from males-to-females as well as mother-to-offspring. In the current study, we studied both sexual transmission (STx) and vertical transmission (VTx) of ZIKV using anti-IFNAR1-treatment of Rag1−/− (AIR) mice. These mice have suppressed type I IFN responses and lack adaptive immune responses, leading to a prolonged infection prior to clinical disease. STx of ZIKV from infected AIR males to naive Ifnar1−/− females was observed with greater than 50% incidence, with infection observed in the vaginal tract at early time points. In the case of a resulting pregnancy, virus was also found in the uterus and placental tissue. In additional studies, VTx of virus was observed in AIR female mice. Specifically, peripheral ZIKV infection of pregnant AIR females resulted in detectable virus in brain and/or lymph nodes of fetuses and/or pups. VTx of ZIKV was stochastic, in that not all fetuses/pups within the same dam had detectable virus and infection was not associated with breakdown of maternal/fetal placental barrier. This provides a new model to study the barriers to STx and VTx of ZIKV and the immune responses essential to preventing transmission.
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29
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Ye J, Wang Y, Liu X, Li L, Opejin A, Hsueh EC, Luo H, Wang T, Hawiger D, Peng G. TLR7 Signaling Regulates Th17 Cells and Autoimmunity: Novel Potential for Autoimmune Therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:941-954. [PMID: 28652396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Innate regulation through TLR signaling has been shown to be important for promoting T cell subset development and function. However, limited information is known about whether differential TLR signaling can selectively inhibit Th17 and/or Th1 cells, which are important for controlling excessive inflammation and autoimmune responses. In this article, we demonstrate that activation of TLR7 signaling in T cells can inhibit Th17 cell differentiation from naive T cells and IL-17 production in established Th17 cells. We further report that downregulation of STAT3 signaling is responsible for TLR7-mediated inhibition of Th17 cells due to induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and 5. TLR7-mediated suppression of Th17 cells does not require dendritic cell involvement. In addition, we show that TLR7 signaling can suppress Th1 cell development and function through a mechanism different from Th17 cell suppression. Importantly, our complementary in vivo studies demonstrate that treatment with the TLR7 ligand imiquimod can inhibit Th1 and Th17 cells, resulting in the prevention of, and an immunotherapeutic reduction in, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These studies identify a new strategy to manipulate Th17/Th1 cells through TLR7 signaling, with important implications for successful immunotherapy against autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Yadan Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Xia Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Lingyun Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Adeleye Opejin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Eddy C Hsueh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; .,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
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30
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Awais M, Wang K, Lin X, Qian W, Zhang N, Wang C, Wang K, Zhao L, Fu ZF, Cui M. TLR7 Deficiency Leads to TLR8 Compensative Regulation of Immune Response against JEV in Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:160. [PMID: 28265274 PMCID: PMC5316529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a highly fatal pathogen to human beings. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) plays a role as the first host defense against most single-stranded RNA flaviviruses. This study aims to investigate the role of TLR7 in inducing adaptive immune response in mice against JEV. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to examine the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mice. After JEV infection, physical parameters of mice (survival rate and body weight) were evaluated, and organs or cells were collected for further analysis. The expression of TLR7 was increased significantly as compare to other TLR molecules post-JEV infection. The expression of CD80, CD86, and CD273 on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was increased significantly in TLR7−/− mice. Furthermore, viral load was also increased significantly in TLR7−/− mice as compare to C57BL/6 mice. But there was no significant difference among survival rate and body weight in TLR7−/− mice as compare to C57BL/6. Interestingly, we also found that TLR8 was upregulated in TLR7−/− mice. The study concluded that TLR8 was upregulated in TLR7-deficient mice, and it might play a compensatory role in the immune response in TLR7−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Xianwu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Wenjie Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
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Qiao H, He X, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Li L, Hui Y, Li W, Wang D, Wu Z. Α-synuclein induces microglial cell migration through stimulating HIF-1α accumulation. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1809-1817. [PMID: 28134982 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Qiao
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Xijing He
- Departments of Orthopedics; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Qiaojun Zhang
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Libo Li
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Yanping Hui
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Dong Wang
- Departments of Orthopedics; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
| | - Zhonghen Wu
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an China
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Cekanaviciute E, Buckwalter MS. Astrocytes: Integrative Regulators of Neuroinflammation in Stroke and Other Neurological Diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:685-701. [PMID: 27677607 PMCID: PMC5081110 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate neuroinflammatory responses after stroke and in other neurological diseases. Although not all astrocytic responses reduce inflammation, their predominant function is to protect the brain by driving the system back to homeostasis after injury. They receive multidimensional signals within the central nervous system and between the brain and the systemic circulation. Processing this information allows astrocytes to regulate synapse formation and maintenance, cerebral blood flow, and blood-brain barrier integrity. Similarly, in response to stroke and other central nervous system disorders, astrocytes detect and integrate signals of neuronal damage and inflammation to regulate the neuroinflammatory response. Two direct regulatory mechanisms in the astrocyte arsenal are the ability to form both physical and molecular barriers that seal the injury site and localize the neuroinflammatory response. Astrocytes also indirectly regulate the inflammatory response by affecting neuronal health during the acute injury and axonal regrowth. This ability to regulate the location and degree of neuroinflammation after injury, combined with the long time course of neuroinflammation, makes astrocytic signaling pathways promising targets for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Cekanaviciute
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Yang Y, Tong M, Yi L, Cheng Y, Zhang M, Cao Z, Wang J, Lin P, Cheng S. Identification and characterization of the toll-like receptor 8 gene in the Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Immunol Lett 2016; 178:50-60. [PMID: 27481482 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
TLR8 is an important sensor of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) from the viral genome and plays an essential role in innate antiviral responses via the recognition of conserved viral molecular patterns. In this report, TLR8 in the Chinese raccoon dog was characterized and analyzed for the first time. The full-length sequence of raccoon dog TLR8 (RdTLR8) cDNA was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and is 3191bp with a 3117-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1038 amino acids. The putative protein exhibits typical features of the TLR families, with 19 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) in the extracellular domain and a cytoplasmic TIR domain. Comparative analyses of the RdTLR8 amino acid sequence indicated a 73.6-99.4% sequence identity with dog, horse, pig, sheep, cattle, human and mouse TLR8. Phylogenetic analysis grouped 71 mammalian TLR proteins into five sub-families, wherein RdTLR8 was clustered into a monophyletic TLR8 clade in the TLR9 family, which was completely coincident with the evolutionary relationship among mammals. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed extensive expression of RdTLR8 in tissues from healthy Chinese raccoon dogs with the highest expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the lowest expression in the skeletal muscle. HEK293 cells cotransfected with a RdTLR8 expression plasmid and an NF-κB-luciferase reporter plasmid significantly responded to the agonist 3M-002, indicating a functional TLR8 homolog. In addition, raccoon dog PBMCs exposed to the canine distemper virus (CDV) wild strain CDV-PS and the TLR8 agonist 3M-002 showed significant upregulation of RdTLR8 mRNA and proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-α, suggesting that RdTLR8 might play an important role in the immune response to viral infections in the Chinese raccoon dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Wu Xi Medical School, Jiangnan University, China; Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Mingwei Tong
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Li Yi
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yuening Cheng
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Zhigang Cao
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jianke Wang
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
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Makni-Maalej K, Marzaioli V, Boussetta T, Belambri SA, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Dang PMC, El-Benna J. TLR8, but not TLR7, induces the priming of the NADPH oxidase activation in human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1081-7. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a1214-623r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Wang J, Shirota Y, Bayik D, Shirota H, Tross D, Gulley JL, Wood LV, Berzofsky JA, Klinman DM. Effect of TLR agonists on the differentiation and function of human monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4215-21. [PMID: 25825448 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumors persist by occupying immunosuppressive microenvironments that inhibit the activity of tumoricidal T and NK cells. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (mMDSC) are an important component of this immunosuppressive milieu. We find that the suppressive activity of mMDSC isolated from cancer patients can be reversed by treatment with TLR7/8 agonists, which induce human mMDSC to differentiate into tumoricidal M1-like macrophages. In contrast, agonists targeting TLR1/2 cause mMDSC to mature into immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages. These two populations of macrophage are phenotypically and functionally discrete and differ in gene expression profile. The ability of TLR7/8 agonists to reverse mMDSC-mediated immune suppression suggests that they might be useful adjuncts for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Yuko Shirota
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Defne Bayik
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Hidekazu Shirota
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Debra Tross
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Lauren V Wood
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702;
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Toll-like receptor expression in the nervous system of bovine alpha-herpesvirus-infected calves. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:422-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Christensen LB, Woods TA, Carmody AB, Caughey B, Peterson KE. Age-related differences in neuroinflammatory responses associated with a distinct profile of regulatory markers on neonatal microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:70. [PMID: 24708744 PMCID: PMC4234188 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The perinatal period is one in which the mammalian brain is particularly vulnerable to immune-mediated damage. Early inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is linked with long-term impairment in learning and behavior, necessitating a better understanding of mediators of neuroinflammation. We therefore directly examined how age affected neuroinflammatory responses to pathogenic stimuli. Methods In mice, susceptibility to neurological damage changes dramatically during the first few weeks of life. Accordingly, we compared neuroinflammatory responses to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of neonatal (two day-old) and weanling (21 day-old) mice. Mice were inoculated intracerebrally with PAMPs and the cellular and molecular changes in the neuroinflammatory response were examined. Results Of the 12 cytokines detected in the CNS following toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation, ten were significantly higher in neonates compared with weanling mice. A similar pattern of increased cytokines in neonates was also observed with TLR9 stimulation. Analysis of cellular responses indicated a difference in microglial activation markers in the CNS of neonatal mice and increased expression of proteins known to modulate cellular activation including CD11a, F4/80 and CD172a. We also identified a new marker on microglia, SLAMF7, which was expressed at higher levels in neonates compared with weanlings. Conclusions A unique neuroinflammatory profile, including higher expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and differential expression of microglial markers, was observed in brain tissue from neonates following TLR stimulation. This increased neuroinflammatory response to PAMPs may explain why the developing brain is particularly sensitive to infection and why infection or stress during this time can lead to long-term damage in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, Canada.
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Toll-like receptor activation and expression in bovine alpha-herpesvirus infections. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize both pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns and induce innate immune responses. Some TLRs are expressed in neurons and regulate neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. However, the downstream signaling pathways and effectors for TLRs in neurons are still controversial. In this report, we provide evidence that TLR7 negatively regulates dendrite growth through the canonical myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88)-c-Fos-interleukin (IL)-6 pathway. Although both TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), the results of quantitative reverse transcription-PCR suggested that TLR7 is the major TLR recognizing ssRNA in brains. In both in vitro cultures and in utero electroporation experiments, manipulation of TLR7 expression levels was sufficient to alter neuronal morphology, indicating the presence of intrinsic TLR7 ligands. Besides, the RNase A treatment that removed ssRNA in cultures promoted dendrite growth. We also found that the addition of ssRNA and synthetic TLR7 agonists CL075 and loxoribine, but not R837 (imiquimod), to cultured neurons specifically restricted dendrite growth via TLR7. These results all suggest that TLR7 negatively regulates neuronal differentiation. In cultured neurons, TLR7 activation induced IL-6 and TNF-α expression through Myd88. Using Myd88-, IL-6-, and TNF-α-deficient neurons, we then demonstrated the essential roles of Myd88 and IL-6, but not TNF-α, in the TLR7 pathway to restrict dendrite growth. In addition to neuronal morphology, TLR7 knockout also affects mouse behaviors, because young mutant mice ∼2 weeks of age exhibited noticeably lower exploratory activity in an open field. In conclusion, our study suggests that TLR7 negatively regulates dendrite growth and influences cognition in mice.
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Li B, Baylink DJ, Deb C, Zannetti C, Rajaallah F, Xing W, Walter MH, Lau KHW, Qin X. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses TLR8 expression and TLR8-mediated inflammatory responses in monocytes in vitro and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58808. [PMID: 23516559 PMCID: PMC3597563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) suppresses autoimmunity and inflammation; however, the mechanism of its action has not been fully understood. We sought in this study to determine whether the anti-immune/anti-inflammatory action of 1,25(OH)2D3 is in part mediated through an interplay between 1,25(OH)2D3 and toll-like receptor (TLR)7/8 signaling. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment prior to and/or following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction effectively reduced inflammatory cytokine expression in the spinal cord and ameliorated EAE. These effects were accompanied with a reduction in expression of several TLRs with the most profound effect observed for TLR8. The expression of TLR8 adaptor protein MyD88 was also significantly reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3. To determine the molecular mechanism by which 1,25(OH)2D3 suppresses EAE induction of TLR8 and inflammatory cytokine expression, we evaluated whether 1,25(OH)2D3 can directly inhibit TLR8 signaling and the resulting inflammatory responses in human THP-1 monocytes. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment not only significantly reduced TLR8 expression but also the expression or activity of MyD88, IRF-4, IRF-7 and NF-kB in monocytes challenged with TLR8 ligands. TLR8 promoter-luciferase reporter assays indicated that 1,25(OH)2D3 decreases TLR8 mRNA level in part via inhibiting TLR8 gene transcription activity. As a result of inhibition on TLR8 signaling cascade at various stages, 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly diminished the TLR8 target gene expression (TNF-α and IL-1β). In summary, our novel findings suggest that TLR8 is a new target of 1,25(OH)2D3 and may mediate the anti-inflammatory action of 1,25(OH)2D3. Our findings also point to a destructive role of TLR8 in EAE and shed lights on pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
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Zielinski MR, Souza G, Taishi P, Bohnet SG, Krueger JM. Olfactory bulb and hypothalamic acute-phase responses to influenza virus: effects of immunization. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20:323-33. [PMID: 23948712 PMCID: PMC3874867 DOI: 10.1159/000351716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within hours of intranasal challenge, mouse-adapted H1N1 A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) influenza genomic RNA is found in the olfactory bulb (OB) and OB pro-inflammatory cytokines are up-regulated. Severing the olfactory tract delays the acute-phase response (APR) and the APR is attenuated by immunization. OBJECTIVES To determine if immunization affects OB localization of influenza or the molecular brain mechanisms regulating APR. METHODS Male mice were immunized with PR8 influenza, then OB viral RNA, APR, and influenza-related cytokine responses were determined after homologous viral challenge. RESULTS Immunization did not prevent influenza OB viral invasion within 24 h of viral challenge. However, it greatly attenuated OB viral RNA 6 days after viral challenge and the APR including hypothermia and body weight loss responses. Within the OB, 24 h after influenza challenge, prior immunization blocked virus-induced up-regulation of toll-like receptor 7 and interferon (IFN) γ mRNAs. At this time, hypothalamic (HT) growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNAs were greatly enhanced in immunized but not in positive control mice. By 6 days after viral challenge, OB and HT mRNAs returned towards baseline values. In the lung, mRNA up-regulation was greater than that in the brain and maximized 6 days after challenge. Lung IFNγ mRNA decreased at 24 h but increased 6 days after challenge in the positive compared to negative controls. Immunization prevented the up-regulation of most of the flu-related mRNAs measured in lungs. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest a role for OB and HT involvement in immunization protection against influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Zielinski
- Sleep and Performance Research Center and WWAMI Medical Education Program, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash., USA
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TLR9 bone marrow chimeric mice define a role for cerebral TNF in neuroprotection induced by CpG preconditioning. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:2193-200. [PMID: 23010947 PMCID: PMC3519417 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Systemic preconditioning with the TLR9 ligand CpG induces neuroprotection against brain ischemic injury through a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent mechanism. It is unclear how systemic administration of CpG engages the brain to induce the protective phenotype. To address this, we created TLR9-deficient reciprocal bone marrow chimeric mice lacking TLR9 on either hematopoietic cells or radiation-resistant cells of nonhematopoietic origin. We report that wild-type mice reconstituted with TLR9-deficient hematopoietic cells failed to show neuroprotection after systemic CpG preconditioning. Further, while hematopoietic expression of TLR9 is required for CpG-induced neuroprotection it is not sufficient to restore protection to TLR9-deficient mice that are reconstituted with hematopoietic cells bearing TLR9. To determine whether the absence of protection was associated with TNF, we examined TNF levels in the systemic circulation and the brain. We found that although TNF is required for CpG preconditioning, systemic TNF levels did not correlate with the protective phenotype. However, induction of cerebral TNF mRNA required expression of TLR9 on both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells and correlated with neuroprotection. In accordance with these results, we show the therapeutic potential of intranasal CpG preconditioning, which induces brain TNF mRNA and robust neuroprotection with no concomitant increase in systemic levels of TNF.
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Therapeutic applications of nucleic acids and their analogues in Toll-like receptor signaling. Molecules 2012; 17:13503-29. [PMID: 23151919 PMCID: PMC6269001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a family of innate immune receptors that detect and clear invading microbial pathogens. Specifically intracellular TLRs such as TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 recognize nucleic acids such as double-stranded RNA, single-stranded RNA and CpG DNA respectively derived from microbial components. Upon infection, nucleic acid sensing TLRs signal within endosomal compartment triggering the induction of essential proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons to initiate innate immune responses thereby leading to a critical role in the development of adaptive immune responses. Thus, stimulation of TLRs by nucleic acids is a promising area of research for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against pathogenic infection, allergies, malignant neoplasms and autoimmunity. This review summarizes the therapeutic applications of nucleic acids or nucleic acid analogues through the modulation of TLR signaling pathways.
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Fiorenza S, Kenna TJ, Comerford I, McColl S, Steptoe RJ, Leggatt GR, Frazer IH. A combination of local inflammation and central memory T cells potentiates immunotherapy in the skin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5622-31. [PMID: 23144496 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy uses the specificity of the adaptive immune system to target cancer and virally infected cells. Yet the mechanism and means by which to enhance T cell function are incompletely described, especially in the skin. In this study, we use a murine model of immunotherapy to optimize cell-mediated immunity in the skin. We show that in vitro-derived central but not effector memory-like T cells bring about rapid regression of skin-expressing cognate Ag as a transgene in keratinocytes. Local inflammation induced by the TLR7 receptor agonist imiquimod subtly yet reproducibly decreases time to skin graft rejection elicited by central but not effector memory T cells in an immunodeficient mouse model. Local CCL4, a chemokine liberated by TLR7 agonism, similarly enhances central memory T cell function. In this model, IL-2 facilitates the development in vivo of effector function from central memory but not effector memory T cells. In a model of T cell tolerogenesis, we further show that adoptively transferred central but not effector memory T cells can give rise to successful cutaneous immunity, which is dependent on a local inflammatory cue in the target tissue at the time of adoptive T cell transfer. Thus, adoptive T cell therapy efficacy can be enhanced if CD8(+) T cells with a central memory T cell phenotype are transferred, and IL-2 is present with contemporaneous local inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fiorenza
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Baker DG, Woods TA, Butchi NB, Morgan TM, Taylor RT, Sunyakumthorn P, Mukherjee P, Lubick KJ, Best SM, Peterson KE. Toll-like receptor 7 suppresses virus replication in neurons but does not affect viral pathogenesis in a mouse model of Langat virus infection. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:336-347. [PMID: 23136362 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) recognizes guanidine-rich viral ssRNA and is an important mediator of peripheral immune responses to several ssRNA viruses. However, the role that TLR7 plays in regulating the innate immune response to ssRNA virus infections in specific organs such as the central nervous system (CNS) is not as clear. This study examined the influence of TLR7 on the neurovirulence of Langat virus (LGTV), a ssRNA tick-borne flavivirus. TLR7 deficiency did not substantially alter the onset or incidence of LGTV-induced clinical disease; however, it did significantly affect virus levels in the CNS with a log(10) increase in virus titres in brain tissue from TLR7-deficient mice. This difference in virus load was also observed following intracranial inoculation, indicating a direct effect of TLR7 deficiency on regulating virus replication in the brain. LGTV-induced type I interferon responses in the CNS were not dependent on TLR7, being higher in TLR7-deficient mice compared with wild-type controls. In contrast, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL13 were dependent on TLR7. Thus, although TLR7 is not essential in controlling LGTV pathogenesis, it is important in controlling virus infection in neurons in the CNS, possibly by regulating neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Baker
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Niranjan B Butchi
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Timothy M Morgan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - R Travis Taylor
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Piyanate Sunyakumthorn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Piyali Mukherjee
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kirk J Lubick
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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46
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Makni-Maalej K, Boussetta T, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Belambri SA, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, El-Benna J. The TLR7/8 agonist CL097 primes N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated NADPH oxidase activation in human neutrophils: critical role of p47phox phosphorylation and the proline isomerase Pin1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4657-65. [PMID: 23002436 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide anion production by the neutrophil NADPH oxidase plays a key role in host defense; however, excessive superoxide production is believed to participate to inflammatory reactions. Neutrophils express several TLR that recognize a variety of microbial motifs or agonists. The interaction between TLR and their agonists is believed to help neutrophils to recognize and eliminate the pathogen. However, the effects of some TLR agonists on the NADPH oxidase activation and the mechanisms controlling these effects have not been elucidated. In this study, we show that the TLR7/8 agonist CL097 by itself did not induce NADPH oxidase activation in human neutrophils, but induced a dramatic increase of fMLF-stimulated activation. Interestingly, CL097 induced cytochrome b558 translocation to the plasma membrane and the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase cytosolic component p47phox on Ser(345), Ser(328), and Ser(315). Phosphorylation of Ser(328) and Ser(315) was significantly increased in CL097-primed and fMLF-stimulated neutrophils. Phosphorylation of Ser(345), Ser(328), and Ser(315) was decreased by inhibitors of p38 MAPK and the ERK1/2 pathway. Phosphorylation of Ser(328) was decreased by a protein kinase C inhibitor. Genistein, a broad-range protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibited the phosphorylation of these serines. Our results also show that CL097 induced proline isomerase 1 (Pin1) activation and that juglone, a Pin1 inhibitor, inhibited CL097-mediated priming of fMLF-induced p47phox phosphorylation and superoxide production. These results show that the TLR7/8 agonist CL097 induces hyperactivation of the NADPH oxidase by stimulating the phosphorylation of p47phox on selective sites in human neutrophils and suggest that p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, protein kinase C, and Pin1 control this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karama Makni-Maalej
- INSERM, U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon, Paris F-75018, France
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47
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Lehmann SM, Krüger C, Park B, Derkow K, Rosenberger K, Baumgart J, Trimbuch T, Eom G, Hinz M, Kaul D, Habbel P, Kälin R, Franzoni E, Rybak A, Nguyen D, Veh R, Ninnemann O, Peters O, Nitsch R, Heppner FL, Golenbock D, Schott E, Ploegh HL, Wulczyn FG, Lehnardt S. An unconventional role for miRNA: let-7 activates Toll-like receptor 7 and causes neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:827-35. [PMID: 22610069 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of innate immune receptors by host-derived factors exacerbates CNS damage, but the identity of these factors remains elusive. We uncovered an unconventional role for the microRNA let-7, a highly abundant regulator of gene expression in the CNS, in which extracellular let-7 activates the RNA-sensing Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and induces neurodegeneration through neuronal TLR7. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from individuals with Alzheimer’s disease contains increased amounts of let-7b, and extracellular introduction of let-7b into the CSF of wild-type mice by intrathecal injection resulted in neurodegeneration. Mice lacking TLR7 were resistant to this neurodegenerative effect, but this susceptibility to let-7 was restored in neurons transfected with TLR7 by intrauterine electroporation of Tlr7(−/−) fetuses. Our results suggest that microRNAs can function as signaling molecules and identify TLR7 as an essential element in a pathway that contributes to the spread of CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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48
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Kubo Y, Yanagawa Y, Matsumoto M, Hiraide S, Kobayashi M, Togashi H. Toll-like receptor 7-mediated enhancement of contextual fear memory in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:495-501. [PMID: 22750061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 recognizes viral single-stranded RNA and triggers production of the type I interferons (IFNs) IFN-α and IFN-β. Imiquimod, a synthetic TLR7 ligand, induces production of type I IFNs and is used clinically as an antiviral and antitumor drug. In the present study, we examined the effect of imiquimod on conditioned and innate fear behaviors in mice. Imiquimod was administered 2, 4, or 15 h before contextual fear conditioning. Imiquimod treatment 4 or 15 h before fear conditioning significantly enhanced context-dependent freezing behavior. This imiquimod-induced enhancement of fear-related behaviors was observed 120 h after fear conditioning. In contrast, imiquimod failed to enhance context-dependent freezing behavior in TLR7 knockout mice. Imiquimod had no significant effect on pain threshold or on innate fear-related behavior, as measured by the elevated plus-maze. The levels of type I IFN mRNA in the brain were significantly increased at 2 h after imiquimod treatment. Imiquimod also increased interleukin (IL)-1β mRNA expression in the brain at 4 h following administration, while mRNA expression of F4/80, a macrophage marker, was unaffected by imiquimod treatment. Our findings suggest that TLR7-mediated signaling enhances contextual fear memory in mice, possibly by inducing the expression of type I IFNs and IL-1β in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Kubo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Japan
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49
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Lehmann SM, Rosenberger K, Krüger C, Habbel P, Derkow K, Kaul D, Rybak A, Brandt C, Schott E, Wulczyn FG, Lehnardt S. Extracellularly delivered single-stranded viral RNA causes neurodegeneration dependent on TLR7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1448-58. [PMID: 22745379 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune receptors represent an evolutionarily ancient system that allows organisms to detect and rapidly respond to pathogen- and host-derived factors. TLRs are predominantly expressed in immune cells and mediate such a response. Although this class of pattern recognition receptors is involved in CNS disorders, the knowledge of ligands leading to activation of TLRs and to subsequent CNS damage is limited. We report in this study that ssRNA causes neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation dependent on TLR7 in the CNS. TLR7 is not only expressed in microglia, the major immune cells of the brain, but also in neurons of the CNS. Extracellularly delivered ssRNA40, an oligoribonucleotide derived from HIV and an established ligand of TLR7, induces neuronal cell death dependent on TLR7 and the central adapter molecule MyD88 in vitro. Activation of caspase-3 is involved in neuronal damage mediated by TLR7. This cell-autonomous neuronal cell death induced by ssRNA40 is amplified in the presence of microglia that mount an inflammatory response to ssRNA40 through TLR7. Intrathecal administration of ssRNA40 causes widespread neurodegeneration in wild-type but not in TLR7(-/-) mice, confirming that neuronal cell death induced by ssRNA40 through TLR7 occurs in vivo. Our results point to a possible mechanism through which extracellularly delivered ssRNA contributes to CNS damage and determine an obligatory role for TLR7 in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Charity University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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50
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Furr SR, Marriott I. Viral CNS infections: role of glial pattern recognition receptors in neuroinflammation. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:201. [PMID: 22723794 PMCID: PMC3379540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the major causative agents of central nervous system (CNS) infection worldwide. RNA and DNA viruses trigger broad activation of glial cells including microglia and astrocytes, eliciting the release of an array of mediators that can promote innate and adaptive immune responses. Such responses can limit viral replication and dissemination leading to infection resolution. However, a defining feature of viral CNS infection is the rapid onset of severe neuroinflammation and overzealous glial responses are associated with significant neurological damage or even death. The mechanisms by which microglia and astrocytes perceive neurotropic RNA and DNA viruses are only now becoming apparent with the discovery of a variety of cell surface and cytosolic molecules that serve as sensors for viral components. In this review we discuss the role played by members of the Toll-like family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the inflammatory responses of glial cells to the principle causative agents of viral encephalitis. Importantly, we also describe the evidence for the involvement of a number of newly described intracellular PRRs, including retinoic acid-inducible gene I and DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factors, that are thought to function as intracellular sensors of RNA and DNA viruses, respectively. Finally, we explore the possibility that cross-talk exists between these disparate viral sensors and their signaling pathways, and describe how glial cytosolic and cell surface/endosomal PRRs could act in a cooperative manner to promote the fulminant inflammation associated with acute neurotropic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte,Charlotte, NC, USA
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