The role of manganese superoxide dismutase in inflammation defense

Low serum manganese as a noninvasive marker predicting the presence of myosteatosis among hospitalized patients with cirrhosis

Emerging evidence expands on a close connection between trace elements and muscular abnormalities, mostly focusing on sarcopenia. We hypothesized an association between concentrations of serum trace elements and myosteatosis, given that myosteatosis has a more pronounced clinical implication relative to sarcopenia, but there is a paucity of data in patients with cirrhosis. Consecutive patients were hospitalized for cirrhosis-associated complications. Serum trace elements (zinc, copper, manganese [Mn], magnesium, calcium, and iron) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The presence of myosteatosis was defined according to computed tomography-demarcated intramuscular adipose tissue content. In total, the 295 patients with cirrhosis analyzed had a median age of 63 years and 53.6% were male. Among them, 42 patients presented with myosteatosis (14.2%) and concomitant higher Model for End-stage Liver Disease-Sodium and triglyceride concentrations and lower neutrophil counts and serum Mn concentrations (all P < .05). No differences were found regarding other 5 trace elements in patients with versus without myosteatosis. The median serum Mn concentrations were 1.16 µg/L, and this population was categorized into high-Mn and low-Mn groups. The proportion of myosteatosis was significantly lower in high-Mn group than that in low-Mn group (8.1% vs 20.4%, P < .001). Univariable binary logistic regression indicated that low Mn was associated with myosteatosis (odds ratio, 2.906; 95% confidence interval, 1.424-5.932; P = .003) in the context of cirrhosis. This result was validated according to multivariable analysis by adjusting for confounding factors. In conclusion, low serum Mn can be predictive of myosteatosis, a novel muscular abnormality representing more clinical relevance and close relation to inferior outcomes among cirrhosis.

The role of Tyr34 in proton-coupled electron transfer of human manganese superoxide dismutase

Human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plays a crucial role in controlling levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by converting superoxide (O 2 •- ) to molecular oxygen (O 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) with proton-coupled electron transfers (PCETs). The reactivity of human MnSOD is determined by the state of a key catalytic residue, Tyr34, that becomes post-translationally inactivated by nitration in various diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We previously reported that Tyr34 has an unusual pK a due to its proximity to the Mn metal and undergoes cyclic deprotonation and protonation events to promote the electron transfers of MnSOD. To shed light on the role of Tyr34 MnSOD catalysis, we performed neutron diffraction, X-ray spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry calculations of Tyr34Phe MnSOD in various enzymatic states. The data identifies the contributions of Tyr34 in MnSOD activity that support mitochondrial function and presents a thorough characterization of how a single tyrosine modulates PCET catalysis.

Modification of Preservative Fluids with Antioxidants in Terms of Their Efficacy in Liver Protection before Transplantation

Transplantation is currently the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver failure. In recent years, many advanced studies have been conducted to improve the efficiency of organ preservation techniques. Modifying the composition of the preservation fluids currently used may improve graft function and increase the likelihood of transplantation success. The modified fluid is expected to extend the period of safe liver storage in the peri-transplantation period and to increase the pool of organs for transplantation with livers from marginal donors. This paper provides a literature review of the effects of antioxidants on the efficacy of liver preservation fluids. Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched using a combination of MeSH terms: "liver preservation", "transplantation", "preservation solution", "antioxidant", "cold storage", "mechanical perfusion", "oxidative stress", "ischemia-reperfusion injury". Studies published up to December 2023 were included in the analysis, with a focus on publications from the last 30 years. A total of 45 studies met the inclusion criteria. The chemical compounds analyzed showed mostly bioprotective effects on hepatocytes, including but not limited to multifactorial antioxidant and free radical protective effects. It should be noted that most of the information cited is from reports of studies conducted in animal models, most of them in rodents.

Functional Pdgfra fibroblast heterogeneity in normal and fibrotic mouse lung

Aberrant fibroblast function plays a key role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a devastating disease of unrelenting extracellular matrix deposition in response to lung injury. Platelet-derived growth factor α-positive (Pdgfra+) lipofibroblasts (LipoFBs) are essential for lung injury response and maintenance of a functional alveolar stem cell niche. Little is known about the effects of lung injury on LipoFB function. Here, we used single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) technology and PdgfraGFP lineage tracing to generate a transcriptomic profile of Pdgfra+ fibroblasts in normal and injured mouse lungs 14 days after bleomycin exposure, generating 11 unique transcriptomic clusters that segregated according to treatment. While normal and injured LipoFBs shared a common gene signature, injured LipoFBs acquired fibrogenic pathway activity with an attenuation of lipogenic pathways. In a 3D organoid model, injured Pdgfra+ fibroblast-supported organoids were morphologically distinct from those cultured with normal fibroblasts, and scRNA-Seq analysis suggested distinct transcriptomic changes in alveolar epithelia supported by injured Pdgfra+ fibroblasts. In summary, while LipoFBs in injured lung have not migrated from their niche and retain their lipogenic identity, they acquire a potentially reversible fibrogenic profile, which may alter the kinetics of epithelial regeneration and potentially contribute to dysregulated repair, leading to fibrosis.

Deciphering the role of metal and non-metals in the treatment of epilepsy

Metals and non-metals have known to play a significant role in various physiological roles in the body including the central nervous system (CNS). The alterations in their concentration in the CNS leads to abnormalities in the normal functions which may lead to various neurological conditions including epilepsy. Manganese is a cofactor required for antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide dismutase, Glutamine synthetase, etc. The accumulation of iron leads to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) which have the potential to cause ferroptosis, one of the reasons for epileptogenesis. Zinc has biphasic response, both neurotoxic and neuroprotective, based on concentration levels in the CNS. Selenium is a main element for selenoproteins which is responsible for the regulation of oxidative state and antioxidant defence mechanism. The reduction in the phosphorous levels in the CNS is widely observed after generalised tonic clonic seizures (GTC), which can be a potential diagnostic biomarker. Copper acts in the CNS in an identical manner, i.e., by blocking both AMPA mediated and GABA mediated neuronal transmission. Magnesium blocks calcium channels in the NMDA receptor and prevents glutamatergic transmission, thus inhibiting excitotoxicity. Lithium acts as a proconvulsive agent and is used in combination with pilocarpine to induce seizures. The identified potential of metals and non-metals in epilepsy can be utilised in order to devise new adjuvant therapies for the management of epilepsy. The article summaries in depth the role of metals and non-metals in the treatment of epilepsy supported with special paragraph on author perspective on to the topic. Furthermore, an update of preclinical and clinical evidences are discussed in the review to give evidence on metal and non-metal based therapies in epilepsy.

Investigating the effect of the heavy metals cadmium, chromium and lead, alone and in combination on an endothelial cell line

Heavy metals are natural elements characterized by their relatively large atomic mass as well as high density. It can be introduced into the ecosystem by the mining of heavy metals from deep within the earth's crust, thereby exposing the metals into air and water systems. Cigarette smoke is another source of heavy metal exposure and has been shown to have carcinogenic, toxic and genotoxic properties. Cadmium, lead, and chromium are the most abundant metals found in cigarette smoke. In response to tobacco smoke exposure, endothelial cells release inflammatory and pro-atherogenic cytokines that are linked to endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction is directly related to the production of reactive oxygen species, leading to endothelial cell loss through necrosis and/or apoptosis. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of cadmium, lead, and chromium, alone and as part of metal mixtures, on endothelial cells. The EA.hy926 endothelial cell line was exposed to different concentrations of each of these metals and their combinations and analyzed using flow cytometric analyses with Annexin V. A clear trend was seen with the Pb + Cr as well as the triple combination group with the significant increase of early apoptotic cells. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study possible ultrastructural effects. Morphological changes observed with scanning electron microscopy included cell membrane damage and membrane blebbing at certain metal concentrations. In conclusion, the exposure of endothelial cells to cadmium, lead, and chromium, caused a disruption in cellular processes and morphology, possibly diminishing the protective ability of endothelial cells.

Introducing Intermolecular Interaction to Strengthen the Stability of MnSOD Dimer

Manganese superoxide dismutase from Staphylococcus equorum (MnSODSeq) maintains its activity upon treatments like a wide range of pH, addition of detergent and denaturing agent, exposure to ultraviolet light, and heating up to 50 °C. The enzyme dimer dissociates at 52-55 °C, while its monomer unfolds at 63-67 °C. MnSOD dimeric form is indispensable for the enzyme activity; therefore, strengthening the interactions between the monomers is the most preferred strategy to improve the enzyme stability. However, to date, modification of MnSODSeq at the dimer interface has been unfruitful despite excluding the inner and outer sphere regions that are important to the enzyme activity. Here, a new strategy was developed and K38R-A121E/Y double substitutions were proposed. These mutants displayed similar enzyme activity to the wild type. K38R-A121E dimer was thermally more stable and its monomer stability was similar to the wild type. The thermal stability of K38R-A121Y dimer was similar to the wild type but its monomer was thermally less stable. In addition, the structure of the previously reported L169W mutant was also elucidated. The L169W mutant structure showed that intramolecular modification can decrease flexibility of the MnSODSeq monomer and leads to a less stable enzyme with similar activity to the wild type. Thus, while the enzyme activity depends on arrangement of residues in the dimer interface, the stability appears to depend more on its monomeric architecture. Furthermore, in the L169W structure in complex with azide, which is a specific inhibitor for MnSOD, one of the azide molecules was present in the dimer interface region that previously has been identified to involve in the enzymatic reaction. Nevertheless, the present results show that an MnSODSeq mutant with better thermal stability has been obtained.

Worst spasticity in patients post-stroke associated with MNSOD ALA16VAL polymorphism and interleukin-1β

The MnSOD Ala16Val single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has shown to be associated to risk factors of several metabolic and vascular diseases. However, little is known about interaction between MnSOD Ala16Val SNP in stroke, a frequent neurologic disease that involves clinic manifestations such as motor deficits and spasticity. In this sense, we decided to investigate the relationship between MnSOD Ala16Val SNP with spasticity in stroke and also its influence on interleukin levels, BDNF, and glycolipid parameters. Eighty post-stroke subjects and 80 healthy controls were investigated. We showed a higher spasticity, levels of total cholesterol, LDL, IL-1β, IL-6, and INF-γ in VV post-stroke group. Interesting, we found a correlation between IL-1β levels and spasticity in VV post-stroke. Triglycerides, glucose levels and caspases (1 and 3) activation were significantly higher, as well as BDNF levels were lower in VV and AV post-stroke. DNA damage was higher in post-stroke group. Thus, we can suggest that the V allele has a worse glycolipid profile, which would facilitate changes in neurovascular homeostasis. These events associated with an increase in inflammatory markers and a reduction in BDNF can contribute with the stroke and a worse clinical evolution in relation to spasticity in patients with VV genotype.

Insights into Manganese Superoxide Dismutase and Human Diseases

Redox equilibria and the modulation of redox signalling play crucial roles in physiological processes. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) disrupts the body's antioxidant defence, compromising redox homeostasis and increasing oxidative stress, leading to the development of several diseases. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a principal antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage by converting superoxide anion radicals to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen in mitochondria. Systematic studies have demonstrated that MnSOD plays an indispensable role in multiple diseases. This review focuses on preclinical evidence that describes the mechanisms of MnSOD in diseases accompanied with an imbalanced redox status, including fibrotic diseases, inflammation, diabetes, vascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. The potential therapeutic effects of MnSOD activators and MnSOD mimetics are also discussed. Targeting this specific superoxide anion radical scavenger may be a clinically beneficial strategy, and understanding the therapeutic role of MnSOD may provide a positive insight into preventing and treating related diseases.

Transcriptome analysis provides novel insights into the immune mechanisms of Macrobrachium nipponense during molting

Molting is a basic physiological behavior of the Oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense), however, the gene expression patterns and immune mechanisms during the molting process of Oriental river prawn are unclear. In the current study, the gene expression levels of the hepatopancreas of the Oriental river prawn at different molting stages (pre-molting, Prm; mid-molting, Mm; and post-molting, Pom) were detected by mRNA sequencing. A total of 1721, 551, and 1054 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the Prm hepatopancreas (PrmHe) and Mm hepatopancreas (MmHe), MmHe and Pom hepatopancreas (PomHe) and PrmHe and PomHe, respectively. The results showed that a total of 1151 DEGs were annotated into 316 signaling pathways, and the significantly enriched immune-related pathways were "Lysosome", "Hippo signaling pathway", "Apoptosis", "Autophagy-animal", and "Endocytosis". The qRT-PCR verification results of 30 randomly selected DEGs were consistent with RNA-seq. The expression patterns of eight immune related genes in different molting stages of the Oriental river prawn were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The function of Caspase-1 (CASP1) was further investigated by bioinformatics, qRT-PCR, and RNAi analysis. CASP1 has two identical conserved domains: histidine active site and pentapeptide motif, and the expression of CASP1 is the highest in ovary. The expression levels of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), Cathepsin B (CTSB) and Hexokinase (HXK) were evaluated after knockdown of CASP1. This research provides a valuable basis to improve our understanding the immune mechanisms of Oriental river prawns at different molting stages. The identification of immune-related genes is of great significance for enhancing the immunity of the Oriental river prawn, or other crustaceans, by transgenic methods in the future.

Impact of Reactive Species on Amino Acids-Biological Relevance in Proteins and Induced Pathologies

This review examines the impact of reactive species RS (of oxygen ROS, nitrogen RNS and halogens RHS) on various amino acids, analyzed from a reactive point of view of how during these reactions, the molecules are hydroxylated, nitrated, or halogenated such that they can lose their capacity to form part of the proteins or peptides, and can lose their function. The reactions of the RS with several amino acids are described, and an attempt was made to review and explain the chemical mechanisms of the formation of the hydroxylated, nitrated, and halogenated derivatives. One aim of this work is to provide a theoretical analysis of the amino acids and derivatives compounds in the possible positions. Tyrosine, methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan can react with the harmful peroxynitrite or ^•OH and ^•NO₂ radicals and glycine, serine, alanine, valine, arginine, lysine, tyrosine, histidine, cysteine, methionine, cystine, tryptophan, glutamine and asparagine can react with hypochlorous acid HOCl. These theoretical results may help to explain the loss of function of proteins subjected to these three types of reactive stresses. We hope that this work can help to assess the potential damage that reactive species can cause to free amino acids or the corresponding residues when they are part of peptides and proteins.

Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancers: Recent Advances

Oxidation-reduction reactions played a significant role in the chemical evolution of life forms on oxygenated earth. Cellular respiration is dependent on such redox reactions, and any imbalance leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in both chronic and acute illnesses. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), by 2040, the global burden of new cancer cases is expected to be around 27.5 million, with 16.3 million cancer deaths due to an increase in risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle, environmental factors, aberrant gene mutations, and resistance to therapies. ROS play an important role in cellular signalling, but they can cause severe damage to tissues when present at higher levels. Elevated and chronic levels of ROS are pertinent in carcinogenesis, while several therapeutic strategies rely on altering cellular ROS to eliminate tumour cells as they are more susceptible to ROS-induced damage than normal cells. Given this selective targeting potential, therapies that can effectively modulate ROS levels have been the focus of intense research in recent years. The current review describes biologically relevant ROS, its origins in solid and haematological cancers, and the current status of evolving antioxidant and pro-oxidant therapies in cancers.

Psoriasis and neurodegenerative diseases—a review

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease with underlying genetic, inflammatory and immunological background, which is a great medical problem, currently regarded as a systemic condition. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by a progressive loss of nervous tissue, which affects elderly people more frequently; therefore, it is suspected that, due to society's aging, morbidity is going to increase. We performed a thorough review in order to investigate for the first time whether psoriasis may predispose to different particular neurodegenerative diseases—Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). PubMed search resulted in the retrieval of 833 records, of which 77 eligible were included in the review. Our thorough analysis revealed there are some potential links between psoriasis and NDs (inflammation, oxidative stress, genetics, cardiometabolic disorders), but there is no strong evidence that psoriasis may predispose to NDs. Based on the evidence, it seems that the risk of PD in psoriatics is not increased, and the evidence for increased risk of AD slightly prevails the data that state the opposite. ALS risk does not seem to be increased in psoriatics. The paucity of original studies does not allow for the formulation of definitive conclusions but encourages to perform further investigations.

Manganese Superoxide Dismutase as a Novel Oxidative Stress Biomarker for Predicting Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Background: There is accumulating evidence indicating that inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). The role of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the initiation and maintenance of AF has not yet been well characterized. The aim of our study is to investigate whether or not plasma MnSOD levels are associated with AF. Methods: We enrolled a total of 130 consecutive patients with AF as the case group (paroxysmal AF: 87, persistent AF: 43) and 58 patients without a history of AF as the control group after screening. Baseline clinical characteristics, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters were collected. Plasma levels of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) and MnSOD were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. These data were compared between the different groups. The relationship between MnSOD and other parameters was assessed using Spearman correlation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of AF. The area under the curve (AUC) from receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was constructed to explore the value of MnSOD in predicting the occurrence of AF. Results: The levels of MnSOD were the highest in the paroxysmal AF group, followed by the persistent AF group, and the lowest in the controls. Meanwhile, the levels in the paroxysmal AF group were significantly higher than those in the controls [322.84 (165.46, 547.61) vs. 201.83 (129.53, 301.93), p = 0.002], but no significant difference was found between the paroxysmal AF group and persistent AF group, as well as the persistent AF group and the controls. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that there was a significantly negative correlation between MnSOD levels and LAD (r = −0.232, p = 0.008) and a positive correlation between MnSOD levels and RDW-CV (r = 0.214, p = 0.014) in the case group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that MnSOD levels [odds ratio (OR): 1.003, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001–1.005, p = 0.002] were an independent risk factor for paroxysmal AF, and the best cut-off value of MnSOD in predicting paroxysmal AF gained by ROC curve analysis was 311.49 ug/mL (sensitivity of 52.9%, specificity of 77.6%, AUC = 0.668). Conclusion: Oxidative stress underlies the pathogenesis of AF and may play a stronger role in paroxysmal AF than persistent AF. Our study showed an independent association between increased circulating plasma MnSOD levels and the occurrence of paroxysmal AF.

Association between the blood manganese (Mn) and hemoglobin in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Manganese (Mn) and iron metabolism are closely related. Iron metabolism disorders often lead to anemia in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Here, we aimed to investigate the relationship between blood Mn and hemoglobin (Hb) in patients undergoing MHD.

METHODS

Patients undergoing MHD in September 2019 were included in a cross-sectional study. Clinical and demographic data and blood samples were collected before hemodialysis sessions, and blood levels of Mn were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Both multivariable linear and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to study the relationship between the blood Mn and Hb.

RESULTS

A total of 144 patients undergoing MHD were enrolled in the study. The patients had a mean age of 64.33 ± 13.39 years, median vintage of 33.50 (16.25-57.50) months. Among them, 66 were females (45.8%). The median blood Mn level was 13.55 µg/L (IQR:9.92-17.48). Ninety-nine patients were anemic (68.8%). The mean Hb level was 99.83 ± 19.68 g/L. The patient group with high blood Mn had a high proportion of females, and these patients had high levels of RBC, hemoglobin, Hct, UIBC, serum TCHOL, and serum LDL, yet short dialysis vintage, low prevalence of anemia, low levels of serum ferritin, serum iron, and TSAT. Following adjustment for confounding factors, we found that low blood Mn level was independently associated with lower Hb level and anemia in patients undergoing MHD by multivariate linear and multivariate binary logistic regression, respectively, in different models.

CONCLUSION

Whilst our study showed that high levels of blood Mn were independently associated with high hemoglobin in patients undergoing MHD, further multicenter studies with large sample sizes are still required.

Elements and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Overview of Studies on Their Blood/Urinary Levels and Supplementation with an Update on Clinical Trials

Simple Summary

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spreading mainly through person-to-person contact. It has caused millions of deaths around the world and lasting health problems in individuals who have survived the disease. This review concisely summarizes certain issues related to COVID-19 with a focus on elements and gives an update on clinical trials where some minerals will be tested/have been tested alone or in combination with drugs, vitamins, or plant extracts/herbal formulations in COVID-19 patients and in those at higher COVID-19 risk.

Abstract

The current report provides a brief overview of the clinical features, hematological/biochemical abnormalities, biomarkers, and AI-related strategies in COVID-19; presents in a nutshell the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic options; and concisely summarizes the most important aspects related to sociodemographic and behavioral factors as well as comorbidities having an impact on this disease. It also gives a brief outline of the effect of selected elements on immune response and collects data on the levels of micro-/macro-elements and toxic metals in the blood/urine of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and on supplementation with minerals in COVID-19 subjects. Moreover, this review provides an overview of clinical trials based on the use of minerals alone or in combination with other agents that can provide effective responses toward SARS-CoV-2 infection. The knowledge compiled in this report lays the groundwork for new therapeutic treatments and further research on biomarkers that should be as informative as possible about the patient’s condition and can provide more reliable information on COVID-19 course and prognosis. The collected results point to the need for clarification of the importance of mineral supplementation in COVID-19 and the relationships of the levels of some minerals with clinical improvement.

Bioactive Nanoenzyme Reverses Oxidative Damage and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Neurons under Ischemic Stroke

Designing translational antioxidative agents that could scavenge free radicals produced during reperfusion in brain ischemia stroke and alleviate neurologic damage is the main objective for ischemic stroke treatment. Herein, we explored and simply synthesized a biomimic and translational Mn₃O₄ nanoenzyme (HSA-Mn₃O₄) to constrain ischemic stroke reperfusion-induced nervous system injury. This nanosystem exhibits reduced levels of inflammation and prolonged circulation time and potent ROS scavenging activities. As expected, HSA-Mn₃O₄ effectively inhibits oxygen and glucose deprivation-mediated cell apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress and demonstrates neuroprotective capacity against ischemic stroke and reperfusion injury of brain tissue. Furthermore, HSA-Mn₃O₄ effectively releases Mn ions and promotes the increase of superoxide dismutase 2 activity. Therefore, HSA-Mn₃O₄ inhibits brain tissue damage by restraining cell apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in vivo. Taken together, this study not only sheds light on design of biomimic and translational nanomedicine but also reveals the neuroprotective action mechanisms against ischemic stroke and reperfusion injury.

Enterocyte superoxide dismutase 2 deletion drives obesity

Compelling evidence support an involvement of oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation as early events in the predisposition and development of obesity and its related comorbidities. Here, we show that deficiency of the major mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in the gastrointestinal tract drives spontaneous obesity. Intestinal epithelium-specific Sod2 ablation in mice induced adiposity and inflammation via phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation and increased release of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid. Remarkably, this obese phenotype was rescued when fed an essential fatty acid-deficient diet, which abrogates de novo biosynthesis of arachidonic acid. Data from clinical samples revealed that the negative correlation between intestinal Sod2 mRNA levels and obesity features appears to be conserved between mice and humans. Collectively, our findings suggest a role of intestinal Sod2 levels, PLA2 activity, and arachidonic acid in obesity presenting new potential targets of therapeutic interest in the context of this metabolic disorder.

Effects of Daehwang-Hwanglyoun-Sasim-Tang on brain injury and cognitive function in mice caused by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis

Among geriatric diseases, cerebrovascular disease ranks fourth according to the Causes of Death Statistics in 2019, Korea, and is the most common cause of acquired disorders in adults. Daehwang-Hwanglyoun-Sasim-Tang (DHST), a herbal prescription consisting of two herbal medicines, Rhei Rhizoma and Coptidis Rhizoma, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. This study was conducted to confirm the anti-inflammatory mechanism of DHST treatment in ischemic brain injury and to confirm the role of DHST in cognitive function improvement. C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (sham operation, bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) control, experimental group administered 5 mL/kg DHST, experimental group administered 50 mL/kg DHST), with each group containing five mice. After 1 week, DHST was orally administered for 4 weeks, 5 days a week, and then behavioral evaluation of learning and memory was performed. In addition, morphological changes in the neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were observed. Inflammation-related factors were evaluated using western blot analysis. In the 50 mL/kg DHST (H-DHST) group, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was reduced and neuronal damage was suppressed in the hippocampal CA1 region. However, cognitive improvement was observed in the H-DHST group that was attributable to anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic pathways. In the 5 mL/kg DHST group, no significant effect was observed compared with the control group.

Specific phytochemicals in floral nectar up-regulate genes involved in longevity regulation and xenobiotic metabolism, extending mosquito life span

During nectar feeding, mosquitoes ingest a plethora of phytochemicals present in nectar. The ecological and physiological impacts of these ingested phytochemicals on the disease vectors are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of three nectar phytochemicals-- caffeine, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin--on longevity, fecundity, and sugar-feeding behavior of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus). Adult females of Ae. albopictus were provided continuous access to 10% sucrose supplemented with one of the three phytochemicals and their fecundity, longevity, and the amount of sucrose consumed determined. Transcriptome response of Ae. albopictus females to p-coumaric acid and quercetin was also evaluated. Dietary quercetin and p-coumaric acid enhanced the longevity of female Ae. albopictus, while caffeine resulted in reduced sugar consumption and enhanced fecundity of gravid females. RNA-seq analyses identified 237 genes that were differentially expressed (DE) in mosquitoes consuming p-coumaric acid or quercetin relative to mosquitoes consuming an unamended sucrose solution diet. Among the DE genes, several encoding antioxidant enzymes, cytochrome P450s, and heat shock proteins were upregulated, whereas histones were downregulated. Overall, our findings show that consuming certain nectar phytochemicals can enhance adult longevity of female Asian tiger mosquitoes, apparently by differentially regulating the expression level of genes involved in longevity and xenobiotic metabolism; this has potential impacts not only on life span but also on vectorial capacity and insecticide resistance.

Potential Effects of Melatonin and Micronutrients on Mitochondrial Dysfunction during a Cytokine Storm Typical of Oxidative/Inflammatory Diseases

Exaggerated oxidative stress and hyper-inflammation are essential features of oxidative/inflammatory diseases. Simultaneously, both processes may be the cause or consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction, thus establishing a vicious cycle among these three factors. However, several natural substances, including melatonin and micronutrients, may prevent or attenuate mitochondrial damage and may preserve an optimal state of health by managing the general oxidative and inflammatory status. This review aims to describe the crucial role of mitochondria in the development and progression of multiple diseases as well as the close relationship among mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cytokine storm. Likewise, it attempts to summarize the main findings related to the powerful effects of melatonin and some micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), which may be useful (alone or in combination) as therapeutic agents in the treatment of several examples of oxidative/inflammatory pathologies, including sepsis, as well as cardiovascular, renal, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders.

Cell death pathways and viruses: Role of microRNAs

Viral infections lead to the death of more than a million people each year around the world, both directly and indirectly. Viruses interfere with many cell functions, particularly critical pathways for cell death, by affecting various intracellular mediators. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a major example of these mediators because they are involved in many (if not most) cellular mechanisms. Virus-regulated miRNAs have been implicated in three cell death pathways, namely, apoptosis, autophagy, and anoikis. Several molecules (e.g., BECN1 and B cell lymphoma 2 [BCL2] family members) are involved in both apoptosis and autophagy, while activation of anoikis leads to cell death similar to apoptosis. These mechanistic similarities suggest that common regulators, including some miRNAs (e.g., miR-21 and miR-192), are involved in different cell death pathways. Because the balance between cell proliferation and cell death is pivotal to the homeostasis of the human body, miRNAs that regulate cell death pathways have drawn much attention from researchers. miR-21 is regulated by several viruses and can affect both apoptosis and anoikis via modulating various targets, such as PDCD4, PTEN, interleukin (IL)-12, Maspin, and Fas-L. miR-34 can be downregulated by viral infection and has different effects on apoptosis, depending on the type of virus and/or host cell. The present review summarizes the existing knowledge on virus-regulated miRNAs involved in the modulation of cell death pathways. Understanding the mechanisms for virus-mediated regulation of cell death pathways could provide valuable information to improve the diagnosis and treatment of many viral diseases.

Deletion of a Golgi protein in Trypanosoma cruzi reveals a critical role for Mn2+ in protein glycosylation needed for host cell invasion and intracellular replication

Trypanosoma cruzi is a protist parasite and the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease. The parasite life cycle in its mammalian host includes an intracellular stage, and glycosylated proteins play a key role in host-parasite interaction facilitating adhesion, invasion and immune evasion. Here, we report that a Golgi-localized Mn²⁺-Ca²⁺/H⁺ exchanger of T. cruzi (TcGDT1) is required for efficient protein glycosylation, host cell invasion, and intracellular replication. The Golgi localization was determined by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy assays. TcGDT1 was able to complement the growth defect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae null mutants of its ortholog ScGDT1 but ablation of TcGDT1 by CRISPR/Cas9 did not affect the growth of the insect stage of the parasite. The defect in protein glycosylation was rescued by Mn²⁺ supplementation to the growth medium, underscoring the importance of this transition metal for Golgi glycosylation of proteins.

Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, which is endemic from North to South America and the most important cause of heart disease in Latin America. T. cruzi can infect most mammalian nucleated cells and its glycoproteins are needed for its adhesion to cells, and for host cell invasion. Efficient glycosylation of proteins in the Golgi complex requires cations as cofactors. In this work, we found that ablation of a Golgi localized cation transporter prevents normal protein glycosylation, host cell invasion, and intracellular replication, and that protein glycosylation can be rescued by Mn²⁺ but not by Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, or Zn²⁺, revealing the importance of Mn²⁺ for host parasite interaction.

Manganese methionine hydroxy analog chelated affects growth performance, trace element deposition and expression of related transporters of broilers

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of manganese methionine hydroxyl analog chelated (Mn-MHAC) as a manganese (Mn) source on growth performance and trace element deposition in broilers. A total of 432 Arbor Acres commercial female broilers were fed a basal corn-soybean diet containing Mn at 25.64 mg/kg diet for 10 d. They were then randomly assigned to 6 groups, including a control group (the basal diet), a Mn sulfate group (the basal diet supplemented with Mn at 100 mg/kg diet), and 4 Mn-MHAC groups (the basal diet supplemented with Mn-MHAC at 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg Mn/kg diet, respectively). The results showed that compared with the control group, groups supplemented with Mn-MHAC had a positive effect on BW (quadratic, P = 0.017) and ADG (quadratic, P = 0.017). Moreover, the Mn-MHAC (50 mg Mn/kg diet) group had significantly greater BW and ADG (P < 0.05) compared with the other Mn-MHAC groups. Trace element deposition results also showed that tibial Mn increased (linear or quadratic, P = 0.002 and 0.009, respectively) in groups fed diets with increased levels of Mn-MHAC. In contrast, Fe deposition decreased both in the heart (linear, P = 0.020) and tibia (P < 0.05). In addition, the Mn-MHAC supplement noticeably lowered serum Mn-SOD activity (linear or quadratic, P = 0.048 and 0.019, respectively). The relative mRNA levels of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) (P = 0.024), ferroportin 1 (FPN1) (P = 0.049), and Cu transporter-1(CTR1) (P < 0.001) in the duodenum, as well as CTR1 in the jejunum and ileum (P = 0.040 and 0.011, respectively) were higher in the Mn-supplemented group than in the control group. Furthermore, the relative mRNA level of DMT1 in the jejunum and ileum of broilers in the Mn-MHAC group (50 mg Mn/kg diet) did not differ from those in the control group, but was lower than those in the Mn sulfate group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Mn-MHAC dietary supplementation improved the growth performance and trace element deposition in broilers. From this study, we recommend the optimum Mn-MHAC level to meet the Mn requirement of broilers is 50 to 75 mg Mn/kg diet.

Antioxidative properties of Ocimum gratissimum alters Lead acetate induced oxidative damage in lymphoid tissues and hematological parameters of adult Wistar rats

•

Chronic lead toxicity was induced in male rats by oral administration of lead acetate.

•

Effect of Ocimum gratissimum in lead acetate toxicity on spleen, thymus, and blood.

•

Oral lead acetate administration led to oxidative damage in spleen, thymus and blood.

•

Ocimum gratissimum extract reversed oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant enzymes.

•

Ocimum gratissimum averts lead acetate-induced toxicity in the blood, thymus and spleen.

Lead exposure is a well-known environmental hazard. Its accumulation in humans may pose a danger to health. The present study investigated the beneficial effect of Ocimum gratissimum extract (OG) in reducing lead acetate (LA) induced oxidative damage in the spleen, thymus, and hematological indices. We employed an in vivo model of LA induced Wistar rats and administered 125 mg/kg/bw and 250 mg/kg/bw of OG extracts respectively. Our control groups were divided into 2; the first group received normal saline, feed, and water while the second group was administered OG extracts only. We assessed the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the thymus and spleen and estimated percentages of blood cells. Our results showed that LA induces oxidative damage by significantly elevating MDA and diminishing GSH levels, SOD, and CAT activities. LA administration led to a significant decline in blood parameters. However, co-administration with OG compensated oxidative stress by significantly reducing MDA, increasing GSH, SOD, and CAT. Oral administration of OG to rats attenuated anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucocytosis, eosinophilia, monocytosis, and neutropenia induced by LA. The present study indicates that LA induced Spleen, thymus, and blood toxicity, which was reversed by oral OG administration.

Porcine Digestible Peptides (PDP) in Weanling Diets Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Gut Barrier Function, Immune Response and Nutrient Transport in Nursery Pigs

Simple Summary

Porcine digestive peptides (PDP) are a coproduct of the heparin industry obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of porcine intestinal mucosa. They have proven to be a valid substitute for other high quality dietary protein sources for piglets, like spray-dried plasma (SDP), but knowledge about their influence on intestinal function is still scarce. This study found that substituting soybean ingredients with PDP and SDP to the diets of weaned piglets increased growth rate at 14 d post-weaning. In addition, the combination of PDP with SDP increased the expression of certain genes related to intestinal function in the jejunum, which suggests that this combination might have functional properties that contribute to improving the intestinal health of the pigs, although more research is needed to confirm it.

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of porcine digestible peptides (PDP), spray-dried plasma (SDP), or a combination of both, on growth performance and the expression of genes related to intestinal function of weaned pigs. A total of 180 piglets (trial 1) and 198 piglets (trial 2) were used to evaluate the partial substitution of soybean ingredients with 2% SDP or 2% PDP (trial 1), and with 3% SDP or the combination of 1% SDP and 2% PDP (SDP-PDP; trial 2) during the pre-starter period (0–14 days). The gene expression of 56 genes was quantified in a qPCR platform in jejunum and ileum samples obtained from piglets 14 d after weaning (trial 2). Piglets fed SDP, PDP and SDP-PDP had a higher body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) than the soybean control on day 14 (p < 0.05). In addition, the combination of SDP and PDP upregulated ten genes in jejunum samples (p < 0.05) related to intestinal function. More research is needed to confirm that gene expression upregulation by PDP in combination with SDP has an impact on intestinal function and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms.

Changes in the Activity and Concentration of Superoxide Dismutase Isoenzymes (Cu/Zn SOD, MnSOD) in the Blood of Healthy Subjects and Patients with Acute Pancreatitis

This study was aimed at evaluating the changes in the concentration and activity of all superoxide dismutase isoenzymes (SOD1, SOD2, SOD3) in the blood of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) and healthy subjects, taking into account the extracellular (plasma) and intracellular (erythrocyte lysate) compartment. The relationships between the activity/concentration of SODs, metal concentration and the markers of inflammation were evaluated. To assess the pro/antioxidative imbalance, the malonyldialdehyde (MDA) concentration and the value of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. The impact of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the SOD1 gene (rs2070424) on the activity/concentration of SOD1 as the main isoenzyme of the SOD family was also analyzed in this study. The SOD2 activity in erythrocytes was increased compared to plasma: 10-fold in the AP patient group and 5-fold in healthy subjects. The plasma of AP patients showed an increased SOD1 concentration and decreased SOD2 and SOD3 concentrations compared to healthy subjects. The Cu/Zn SOD (SOD1 + SOD3) concentration in plasma of AP patients was elevated compared to healthy subjects, but changes in plasma Cu/Zn SOD (SOD1 + SOD3) activity in the examined groups were not observed. An influence of SNP rs2070424 in the SOD1 gene on the total activity of SOD in AP patients (with AG genotype), accompanied by an increased IL-6 concentration, was observed. In oxidative stress conditions induced by inflammation, the participation of individual forms of plasma SOD isoenzymes in total antioxidative activity of SOD changed. A significant increase in the intracellular SOD1 concentration in plasma of AP patients proves the important role of this isoenzyme in the neutralization of oxidative stress induced by impaired Cu and Zn homeostasis. The presence of increased concentration of SOD2 in erythrocytes of healthy subjects and AP patients confirms the important function of this isoenzyme in the antioxidative defense.

Basic Studies on the Oxidative Stress Markers in Two Types of Horse Breed: Semi-isolated Population of Huculs Is Different from Commercially Used Arabian Horses

Hucul and Arabian horses differ in the physiological constitution and exposition to environmental conditions. Oxidative stress plays a pathogenic role in many diseases and enables further injuries. The objective of this study was to compare the levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic oxidative stress markers in Hucul horses living in seminatural conditions and in commercially handled Arabian horses. We tested the serum samples for total superoxide dismutase (total SOD), Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity; for lipofuscin (LPS), ceruloplasmin (CER) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration; and for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS). Total SOD (p < 0.001), MnSOD (p < 0.001), and CuZnSOD (p < 0.001) activities were significantly higher whereas LPS (p < 0.05), TAC (p < 0.001), TOS (p < 0.001), and MDA (p < 0.001) concentrations were significantly lower in the serum samples collected from Huculs vs. Arabian horses, regardless of the gender. Gender, regardless of the breed, had no significant impact on the antioxidants' activity and concentration. Total SOD and MnSOD activities were significantly higher in Hucul's mares when compared to Hucul's stallions. Concentrations of TAC and TOS were significantly lower in Arabian stallions than in Arabian mares. Commercially handled horses expressed a higher level of oxidative stress markers in comparison to breeds living in seminatural conditions. We conclude that antioxidants are important biomarkers of animal health, whether they are under maintenance care or performing physical exercise.

The effects of manganese overexposure on brain health

Manganese (Mn) is the twelfth most abundant element on the earth and an essential metal to human health. Mn is present at low concentrations in a variety of dietary sources, which provides adequate Mn content to sustain support various physiological processes in the human body. However, with the rise of Mn utility in a variety of industries, there is an increased risk of overexposure to this transition metal, which can have neurotoxic consequences. This risk includes occupational exposure of Mn to workers as well as overall increased Mn pollution affecting the general public. Here, we review exposure due to air pollution and inhalation in industrial settings; we also delve into the toxic effects of manganese on the brain such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response and transporter dysregulation. Additionally, we summarize current understandings underlying the mechanisms of Mn toxicity.

Selenium, Zinc, and Manganese Status in Pregnant Women and Its Relation to Maternal and Child Complications

Micronutrients, as essential components of prenatal care, are important to reduce the risk for maternal and child morbidity and mortality by lowering pregnancy-related complications. The present study aimed to investigate the status of the trace elements, i.e., selenium, zinc, and manganese in pregnant and non-pregnant women from a developing country and to evaluate its relationship with maternal and child complications. Selenium, zinc, and manganese concentrations were measured in the blood serum of 80 pregnant women and compared with 40 non-pregnant healthy controls. The quantitative analyses of trace elements were performed by using the inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. The information about the dietary habits of the study participants was recorded by using a food frequency questionnaire. The results showed significant lower selenium and zinc levels in pregnant women as compared to the controls (2.26 ± 1.09 vs. 2.76 ± 1.15 µmol/L, p = 0.031; 21.86 ± 7.21 vs. 29.54 ± 7.62 µmol/L, p < 0.001) respectively, with no difference in manganese concentrations (1.40 ± 0.09 vs.1.38 ± 0.09 log₁₀ nmol/L, p = 0.365). Regarding maternal and child complications, higher manganese levels were associated with an increased odds ratio for maternal complications (OR = 3.175, CI (95%) 1.631−6.181; p = 0.038). Consumption of dairy products was associated with lower selenium and manganese values. Pregnant women showed a lower serum selenium and zinc status, and in addition elevated serum manganese concentrations, which might be associated with a higher risk for maternal pregnancy/birth complications, although more studies are necessary to evaluate this association.

Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Relation to Plasma and Urinary Manganese

The association of blood pressure (BP) with manganese-an essential trace element required for human health-remains poorly studied. In 734 randomly recruited Swiss participants (mean age, 47.5 years; 51.4% women), we related ambulatory BP to 2 biomarkers, plasma manganese (pMn) and the urinary manganese (uMn) excretion. To allow for diurnal variation, we assessed BP and uMn over 24 hours and during wakefulness and sleep, using split urine samples. Twenty-four-hour, daytime, and nighttime systolic/diastolic BPs averaged 119.8/78.1, 123.8/81.2, and 107.0/68.3 mm Hg; the corresponding median uMn were 199.5, 83.0, and 51.5 μmol and median pMn, 0.52 μg/L. In analyses dichotomized by the median of the biomarkers, greater pMn was associated with higher 24-hour systolic/diastolic BP (+4.1/+2.3 mm Hg; P≤0.0003), greater daytime uMn with lower daytime BP (-3.5/-1.9 mm Hg; P≤0.0067), and greater nighttime uMn with higher nighttime BP (+2.9/+1.2 mm Hg; P≤0.046). In multivariable-adjusted analyses, significance (P≤0.030) was retained for the positive association of 24-hour and daytime diastolic BP with pMn and for systolic BP in relation to uMn at night. The association sizes for a 2-fold increment in the biomarkers amounting to 0.77 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.08-1.47 mm Hg), 0.97 (CI, 0.20-1.76) and 1.33 (CI, 0.20-2.50 mm Hg), respectively. In conclusion, there were positive associations between diastolic BP and pMn over 24 hours and during daytime and between systolic BP and uMn at night.

Key genes and co-expression modules involved in asthma pathogenesis

Machine learning and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) have been widely used due to its well-known accuracy in the biological field. However, due to the nature of a gene’s multiple functions, it is challenging to locate the exact genes involved in complex diseases such as asthma. In this study, we combined machine learning and WGCNA in order to analyze the gene expression data of asthma for better understanding of associated pathogenesis. Specifically, the role of machine learning is assigned to screen out the key genes in the asthma development, while the role of WGCNA is to set up gene co-expression network. Our results indicated that hormone secretion regulation, airway remodeling, and negative immune regulation, were all regulated by critical gene modules associated with pathogenesis of asthma progression. Overall, the method employed in this study helped identify key genes in asthma and their roles in the asthma pathogenesis.

DUX4 Signalling in the Pathogenesis of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a disabling inherited muscular disorder characterized by asymmetric, progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. Patients display widely variable disease onset and severity, and sometimes present with extra-muscular symptoms. There is a consensus that FSHD is caused by the aberrant production of the double homeobox protein 4 (DUX4) transcription factor in skeletal muscle. DUX4 is normally expressed during early embryonic development, and is then effectively silenced in all tissues except the testis and thymus. Its reactivation in skeletal muscle disrupts numerous signalling pathways that mostly converge on cell death. Here, we review studies on DUX4-affected pathways in skeletal muscle and provide insights into how understanding these could help explain the unique pathogenesis of FSHD.

Brain-Immune Alterations and Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in a Mouse Model of Paediatric Autoimmune Disorder Associated with Streptococcus: Exacerbation by Chronic Psychosocial Stress

Adverse psychosocial experiences have been shown to modulate individual responses to immune challenges and affect mitochondrial functions. The aim of this study was to investigate inflammation and immune responses as well as mitochondrial bioenergetics in an experimental model of Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS). Starting in adolescence (postnatal day 28), male SJL/J mice were exposed to five injections (interspaced by two weeks) with Group-A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (GAS) homogenate. Mice were exposed to chronic psychosocial stress, in the form of protracted visual exposure to an aggressive conspecific, for four weeks. Our results indicate that psychosocial stress exacerbated individual response to GAS administrations whereby mice exposed to both treatments exhibited altered cytokine and immune-related enzyme expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Additionally, they showed impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes IV and V, and reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by mitochondria and ATP content. These brain abnormalities, observed in GAS-Stress mice, were associated with blunted titers of plasma corticosterone. Present data support the hypothesis that challenging environmental conditions, in terms of chronic psychosocial stress, may exacerbate the long-term consequences of exposure to GAS processes through the promotion of central immunomodulatory and oxidative stress.

Drug stabilization in the gastrointestinal tract and potential applications in the colonic delivery of oral zein-based formulations

In recent years, various oral dosage forms using biomaterials have been developed to deliver drugs to the colon for therapy due to the advantages of local treatment and its ideal location for drug delivery. To achieve site-specific delivery, the complete drug should be released in the colon, while the drug must be protected or their delivery minimized in the stomach and small intestine. The use of natural or synthetic polymers has been reported for these purposes. The roles of zein in drug delivery have been identified with various types of formulations for improving bioavailability, controlled drug release and targeted delivery. Although zein has been demonstrated as a potential material for pharmaceutical applications, a review of zein in the gastrointestinal tract for stabilizing drug- and colon-specific delivery is still missing. In the present review, we aim to provide typical strategies for using zein in formulations to minimize drug release/ensure drug protection in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, effective fabrications or modifications for drug release in the colon will be highlighted. This primary resource of related methods of using zein in the gastrointestinal tract will advance technologies for using it as a natural polymer for drug delivery.

Association between Malondialdehyde and Glutathione (L-gamma-Glutamyl-Cysteinyl-Glycine/GSH) Levels on Workers Exposed to Benzene in Indonesia

BACKGROUND

Chemicals that enter the body, especially benzene, will undergo a detoxification process. Unfortunately, at the detoxification process, sometimes benzene can produce free radicals. Free radical oxidation of lipids produces MDA compounds (malondialdehyde). To overcome these free radicals, the body will adapt to produce Glutathione (GSH) enzymes.

AIM

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between benzene concentration, MDA levels and glutathione enzymes in Shoe-Maker Home Industry workers exposed to benzene for more than 10 years.

METHODS

Measurement of benzene concentration using a gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). MDA levels used a modified spectrophotometric and GSH method of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test.

RESULT

The results showed that the majority of respondents had benzene concentrations still below the TLV value, mean of MDA levels were 6.94 mg/ml, while GSH was 4.54 mg/ml. Benzene concentration did not have a significant correlation with MDA and glutathione levels, whereas MDA levels had a strong correlation with glutathione levels (p = 0.000; r = -0.947).

CONCLUSION

Workers should always use PPE and always eat foods that contain lots of glutathione enzymes such as spinach or broccoli to reduce the impact of free radicals from benzene inhalation.

Secretion of IL-1β From Monocytes in Gout Is Redox Independent

The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays important roles in immunity but is also implicated in autoimmune disease. The most well-established mechanism of IL-1β secretion is via activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome which requires an initial priming signal followed by an activating signal. However, the precise mechanism by which the inflammasome is activated remains unclear. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process is contradictory, with some studies suggesting that ROS are crucial while others describe opposite effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of oxidative stress on IL-1β secretion. Gout is a disease driven solely by IL-1β secretion in response to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals which form during periods of hyperuricemia and thus presents an opportunity to study factors contributing to IL-1β secretion. Sera and monocytes were isolated from patients with gout to determine whether differences in antioxidant status could explain the susceptibility of these individuals to gout attacks. In addition, sera and monocytes were collected from patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) for comparison as this condition is associated with high levels of oxidative stress and disturbances in serum uric acid levels. There were differences in some aspects of antioxidant defenses in gout patients and these were mainly due to higher serum uric acid. Monocytes from gout patients were more responsive to priming, but not activation, of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, expression of the components of the NLRP3 inflammasome were unaffected by priming or activation of the inflammasome, nor were these expression levels differentially regulated in gout patients. Inhibition of ROS by N-Acetyl Cysteine inhibited TLR2-induced priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome, but had no effect on MSU-induced activation. Together these findings demonstrate that oxidative stress only affects priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome but does not influence activation.

B-glucans from Grifola frondosa and Ganoderma lucidum in breast cancer: an example of complementary and integrative medicine

Culinary and medicinal mushrooms are widely used in Asian countries, both as dietary supplements and as nutraceutical foods. They have recently become popular in Europe, as well, for their nutritional and health benefits. In particular, epidemiological studies conducted in Asia suggest that mushroom intake, together with other phytotherapy substances, protects against cancer, specifically gastrointestinal (GI) and breast cancers. Most of the data come from in vitro studies and in vivo experimental animal models. Therefore, in order to translate the updated knowledge to clinical research (i.e., from bench to bedside) a systematic translational research program should be initiated. Future randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of G. frondosa and G. lucidum on conventional treatment outcomes are warranted. The purpose of this review was to describe the emerging mechanisms of action of the mushrooms' anticancer functions which makes their use in clinical practice so promising. Clinical effects of mycotherapy (specifically, the use of Ganoderma lucidum and Grifola frondosa) on long-term survival, tumor response, host immune functions, inflammation, and QoL in cancer patients were also addressed. Adverse events associated with mycotherapy were also investigated. Emerging data point to a potential role of G. lucidum for modulating the carcinogenic potential of GI microbiota, which suggests a new complementary and integrated approach to breast cancer treatment.

The effectiveness of long-term course of Sterimar Mn nasal spray for treatment of the recurrence rates of acute allergic rhinitis in patients with chronic allergic rhinitis

Background

The "cost of illness" of the acute allergic rhinitis (AR) episodes in patients with chronic AR is very high in terms of therapy and quality of life. AR represents a worldwide health problem; despite the fact that many standardized treatments have been proposed and used, the recurrence rate of acute rhinitis episodes in springtime is always higher.

Materials and methods

Sixty consecutive patients (13 F and 17 M in group A, 15 F and 15 M in group B; p=0.60) with chronic AR were enrolled in this prospective, controlled clinical trial. Thirty patients were treated daily for the same 5 months of the following year (2013) with isotonic seawater nasal spray enriched with manganese (Sterimar Mn; 4 puffs/day), whereas 30 patients received only the standard care and were used as control group.

Results

A 5 months course treatment with the nasal Sterimar Mn was able to decrease, significantly (p<0.001), the number of episodes of acute AR (6.33 episodes in the group of treated patients versus 9.33 episodes in control group). Also, the 5 months quality of life reduced over time (Visual Analogue Scale 5th month 9.90 in treated group versus Visual Analogue Scale 5th month 8.72 in control group: p<0.001) without the typical adverse effects of the AR standard care therapy.

Conclusion

This study shows the effectiveness of the use of Sterimar Mn for a 5 months therapy in terms of reduction of the number of episodes of acute AR and effectiveness of intrasubject improvement of Visual Analog Scale (quality of life).

Interactions of Gut Microbiota, Endotoxemia, Immune Function, and Diet in Exertional Heatstroke

Exertional heatstroke (EHS) is a medical emergency that cannot be predicted, requires immediate whole-body cooling to reduce elevated internal body temperature, and is influenced by numerous host and environmental factors. Widely accepted predisposing factors (PDF) include prolonged or intense exercise, lack of heat acclimatization, sleep deprivation, dehydration, diet, alcohol abuse, drug use, chronic inflammation, febrile illness, older age, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. The present review links these factors to the human intestinal microbiota (IM) and diet, which previously have not been appreciated as PDF. This review also describes plausible mechanisms by which these PDF lead to EHS: endotoxemia resulting from elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide (i.e., a structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria) and tissue injury from oxygen free radicals. We propose that recognizing the lifestyle and host factors which are influenced by intestine-microbial interactions, and modifying habitual dietary patterns to alter the IM ecosystem, will encourage efficient immune function, optimize the intestinal epithelial barrier, and reduce EHS morbidity and mortality.

Inhibition of Protein Glycation by Tiger Milk Mushroom [Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden] and Search for Potential Anti-diabetic Activity-Related Metabolic Pathways by Genomic and Transcriptomic Data Mining

Naturally occurring anti-glycation compounds have drawn much interest in recent years as they show potential in reducing or preventing the risk of chronic complications for diabetic patients. In this study, annotation of the genome–transcriptome data from tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus, syn. Lignosus rhinocerotis) to PlantCyc enzymes database identified transcripts that are related to anti-diabetic properties, and these include genes that are involved in carotenoid and abscisic acid biosynthesis as well as genes that code for glyoxalase I, catalase-peroxidases, and superoxide dismutases. The existence of these genes suggests that L. rhinocerus may contain bioactive compound(s) with anti-glycation properties that can be exploited for management of diabetic complications. A medium-molecular-weight (MMW) fraction which was obtained from a combination of cold water extraction and Sephadex^® G-50 (fine) gel filtration chromatography of L. rhinocerus sclerotia powder was demonstrated to exhibit potent anti-glycation activity. The fraction specifically inhibited the formation of N𝜀-(carboxymethyl)lysine, pentosidine, and other advanced glycation end-product (AGE) structures in a human serum albumin-glucose system, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.001 mg/ml, almost 520 times lower than that of the positive control, aminoguanidine hydrochloride (IC₅₀ = 0.52 mg/ml). Its ability to suppress protein glycation may be partly associated with its strong superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (10.16 ± 0.12 mmol TE/g). Our results suggest that the MMW fraction of L. rhinocerus shows potential to be developed into a potent glycation inhibitor for preventing AGE-mediated diabetic complications.

Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated Blueberries

The concentrations of 13 elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined in several samples of native (wild) naturally growing and cultivated blueberry fruits. The total metal contents after mineralization were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Reliability of the procedure was checked by the analysis of the certified reference materials Mixed Polish Herbs (INGT-MPH-2) and Leaves of Poplar (NCS DC 73350). In the fruits collected in the forest (wild blueberries), higher contents of Ca, Na, and Mg as well as Mn and Zn were observed. Similar levels of Cu, Cr, Fe, and Ni were detected in both wild-growing and cultivated plants. The significantly higher content of Fe and Cd in cultivated blueberries was connected with the content of these metals in soil samples collected from the same places. The metal extraction efficiency by hot water varied widely for the different blueberries (wild or cultivated) as well as their form (fresh or dried).

Age-Dependent Effects of Acute Alcohol Administration in the Hippocampal Phosphoproteome

Alcohol consumption during adolescence is deleterious to the developing brain and leads to persistent deficits in adulthood. Several results provide strong evidence for ethanol-associated alterations in glutamatergic signaling and impaired synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Protein phosphorylation is a well-known and well-documented mechanism in memory processes, but information on phosphoprotein alterations in hippocampus after ethanol exposure is limited. This study focuses on age-related changes in the hippocampal phosphoproteome after acute alcohol administration. We have compared the phosphoprotein expression in the hippocampus of adult and adolescent Wistar rats treated with a single dose of ethanol (5 g/kg i.p.), using a proteomic approach including phosphoprotein enrichment by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Our proteomic analysis revealed that 13 proteins were differentially affected by age, ethanol administration, or both. Most of these proteins are involved in neuroprotection and are expressed less in young rats treated with ethanol. We conclude that acute alcohol induces important changes in the expression of phosphoproteins in the hippocampus that could increase the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, especially when the alcohol exposure begins in adolescence.

Altered Metabolism of Blood Manganese Is Associated with Low Levels of Hemoglobin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Blood manganese (Mn) level has been reported to be higher in patients with anemia or iron deficiency. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between blood Mn level and anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A total of 334 patients with CKD who were not treated with dialysis were included in this study. Blood Mn level and serum markers regarding anemia, renal function, and nutrition were measured and analyzed. Median blood Mn level was 8.30 (interquartile range(IQR): 5.27-11.63) μg/L. Univariate linear regression showed that blood Mn level was correlated with age (β = -0.049, p < 0.001), smoking (β = -1.588, p = 0.009), hypertension (β = -1.470, p = 0.006), serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) (β = 0.025, p < 0.001), serum transferrin (β = 0.029, p < 0.001), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; β = 0.036, p < 0.001). Results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that beta coefficient of hemoglobin was 0.847 (p < 0.001) for blood Mn level in all participants after controlling for covariates, including gender, age, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and eGFR. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis with robust variance after adjusting for gender, age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, eGFR, and nutritional markers showed that higher blood Mn level (per 1 μg/L increase) was associated with decreased prevalence of anemia (PR 0.974, 95% CI: 0.957 to 0.992, p = 0.005). Taken together, our results demonstrate that blood Mn level is positively associated with hemoglobin level in CKD patients. This might provide important information in the understanding of the pathogenesis of CKD-related anemia.

Manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a role player in seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) antioxidant defense system and adaptive immune system

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a metaloenzyme that catalyzes dismutation of the hazardous superoxide radicals into less hazardous H₂O₂ and H₂O. Here, we identified a homolog of MnSOD from big belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis; HaMnSOD) and characterized its structural and functional features. HaMnSOD transcript possessed an open reading frame (ORF) of 672 bp which codes for a peptide of 223 amino acids. Pairwise alignment showed that HaMnSOD shared highest identity with rock bream MnSOD. Results of the phylogenetic analysis of HaMnSOD revealed a close proximity with rock bream MnSOD which was consistent with the result of homology alignment. The intense expression of HaMnSOD was observed in the ovary, followed by the heart and the brain. Further, immune related responses of HaMnSOD towards pathogenic stimulation were observed through bacterial and viral challenges. Highest HaMnSOD expression in response to stimulants Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) was observed in the late stage in the blood tissue. Xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay (XOD assay) indicated the ROS-scavenging ability of purified recombinant HaMnSOD (rHaMnSOD). The optimum conditions for the SOD activity of rHaMnSOD were pH 9 and the 25 °C. Collectively, the results obtained through the expressional analysis profiles and the functional assays provide insights into potential immune related and antioxidant roles of HaMnSOD in the big belly seahorse.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Activities of Agrimonia eupatoria L. Infusion

Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) (Ae) is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory and oxidative related diseases. Therefore, this study focuses on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of Ae infusion (AeI). Phenolic compounds characterization was achieved by HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS ⁿ . To evaluate antioxidant potential, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and SNAP assays were used. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of AeI was investigated in LPS-stimulated macrophages by measuring the NO production. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was validated using the mouse carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Peripheral and central analgesic potential was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests, respectively, as well as the formalin assay to assess both activities. The safety profile was disclosed in vitro and in vivo, using MTT and hematoxylin assays, respectively. Vitexin, quercetin O-galloyl-hexoside, and kaempferol O-acetyl-hexosyl-rhamnoside were referred to in this species for the first time. AeI and mainly AePF (Ae polyphenolic fraction) showed a significant antiradical activity against all tested radicals. Both AeI and AePF decreased NO levels in vitro, AePF being more active than AeI. In vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were verified for both samples at concentrations devoid of toxicity. Agrimony infusion and, mainly, AePF are potential sources of antiradical and anti-inflammatory polyphenols.