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Dawid M, Pich K, Mlyczyńska E, Respekta-Długosz N, Wachowska D, Greggio A, Szkraba O, Kurowska P, Rak A. Adipokines in pregnancy. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:172-269. [PMID: 38797542 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive success consists of a sequential events chronology, starting with the ovum fertilization, implantation of the embryo, placentation, and cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, endocrinology, or metabolic changes, which taken together finally conduct the birth of healthy offspring. Currently, many factors are known that affect the regulation and proper maintenance of pregnancy in humans, domestic animals, or rodents. Among the determinants of reproductive success should be distinguished: the maternal microenvironment, genes, and proteins as well as numerous pregnancy hormones that regulate the most important processes and ensure organism homeostasis. It is well known that white adipose tissue, as the largest endocrine gland in our body, participates in the synthesis and secretion of numerous hormones belonging to the adipokine family, which also may regulate the course of pregnancy. Unfortunately, overweight and obesity lead to the expansion of adipose tissue in the body, and its excess in both women and animals contributes to changes in the synthesis and release of adipokines, which in turn translates into dramatic changes during pregnancy, including those taking place in the organ that is crucial for the proper progress of pregnancy, i.e. the placenta. In this chapter, we are summarizing the current knowledge about levels of adipokines and their role in the placenta, taking into account the physiological and pathological conditions of pregnancy, e.g. gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, or intrauterine growth restriction in humans, domestic animals, and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Respekta-Długosz
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominka Wachowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Greggio
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliwia Szkraba
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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Witmer NH, Linzer CR, Boudreau RL. Fndc5 is translated from an upstream ATG start codon and cleaved to produce irisin myokine precursor protein in humans and mice. Cell Metab 2024; 36:879-881. [PMID: 38471509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Witmer et al. provide genomic and molecular evidence to demonstrate that Fndc5 (irisin myokine precursor protein) is translated in humans from an overlooked upstream ATG codon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Witmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Connor R Linzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ryan L Boudreau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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3
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Shimonty A, Pin F, Prideaux M, Peng G, Huot J, Kim H, Rosen CJ, Spiegelman BM, Bonewald LF. Deletion of FNDC5/irisin modifies murine osteocyte function in a sex-specific manner. eLife 2024; 12:RP92263. [PMID: 38661340 PMCID: PMC11045224 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Irisin, released from exercised muscle, has been shown to have beneficial effects on numerous tissues but its effects on bone are unclear. We found significant sex and genotype differences in bone from wildtype (WT) mice compared to mice lacking Fndc5 (knockout [KO]), with and without calcium deficiency. Despite their bone being indistinguishable from WT females, KO female mice were partially protected from osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic bone resorption when allowed to lactate or when placed on a low-calcium diet. Male KO mice have more but weaker bone compared to WT males, and when challenged with a low-calcium diet lost more bone than WT males. To begin to understand responsible molecular mechanisms, osteocyte transcriptomics was performed. Osteocytes from WT females had greater expression of genes associated with osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic bone resorption compared to WT males which had greater expression of genes associated with steroid and fatty acid metabolism. Few differences were observed between female KO and WT osteocytes, but with a low-calcium diet, the KO females had lower expression of genes responsible for osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic resorption than the WT females. Male KO osteocytes had lower expression of genes associated with steroid and fatty acid metabolism, but higher expression of genes associated with bone resorption compared to male WT. In conclusion, irisin plays a critical role in the development of the male but not the female skeleton and protects male but not female bone from calcium deficiency. We propose irisin ensures the survival of offspring by targeting the osteocyte to provide calcium in lactating females, a novel function for this myokine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gang Peng
- Indiana UniversityIndianapolisUnited States
| | | | - Hyeonwoo Kim
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejonRepublic of Korea
| | | | | | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Indiana UniversityIndianapolisUnited States
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndianapolisUnited States
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4
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Ali NH, Alhamdan NA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Elekhnawy E, Batiha GES. Irisin/PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway in Parkinson's disease: truth under the throes. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1985-1995. [PMID: 37819389 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered one of the most common neurodegenerative brain diseases which involves the deposition of α-synuclein. Irisin hormone, a newly discovered adipokine, has a valuable role in diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the possible role of the irisin hormone in PD neuropathology. Irisin hormone has a neuroprotective effect against the development and progression of various neurodegenerative disorders by increasing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Irisin hormone has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidative impacts, thereby reducing the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and the progression of neuroinflammation. Irisin-induced PGC-1α could potentially prevent α-synuclein-induced dopaminergic injury, neuroinflammation, and neurotoxicity in PD. Inhibition of NF-κB by irisin improves PGC-1α and FNDC5 signaling pathway with subsequent attenuation of PD neuropathology. Therefore, the irisin/PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway could prevent dopaminergic neuronal injury. In conclusion, the irisin hormone has a neuroprotective effect through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant impacts with the amelioration of brain BDNF levels. Further preclinical and clinical studies are recommended in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourah Ahmad Alhamdan
- Department of Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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5
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Shimonty A, Pin F, Prideaux M, Peng G, Huot JR, Kim H, Rosen CJ, Spiegelman BM, Bonewald LF. Deletion of FNDC5/Irisin modifies murine osteocyte function in a sex-specific manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.06.565774. [PMID: 37986762 PMCID: PMC10659274 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Irisin, released from exercised muscle, has been shown to have beneficial effects on numerous tissues but its effects on bone are unclear. We found significant sex and genotype differences in bone from wildtype (WT) mice compared to mice lacking Fndc5 (KO), with and without calcium deficiency. Despite their bone being indistinguishable from WT females, KO female mice were partially protected from osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic bone resorption when allowed to lactate or when placed on a low-calcium diet. Male KO mice have more but weaker bone compared to WT males, and when challenged with a low-calcium diet lost more bone than WT males. To begin to understand responsible molecular mechanisms, osteocyte transcriptomics was performed. Osteocytes from WT females had greater expression of genes associated with osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic bone resorption compared to WT males which had greater expression of genes associated with steroid and fatty acid metabolism. Few differences were observed between female KO and WT osteocytes, but with a low calcium diet, the KO females had lower expression of genes responsible for osteocytic osteolysis and osteoclastic resorption than the WT females. Male KO osteocytes had lower expression of genes associated with steroid and fatty acid metabolism, but higher expression of genes associated with bone resorption compared to male WT. In conclusion, irisin plays a critical role in the development of the male but not the female skeleton and protects male but not female bone from calcium deficiency. We propose irisin ensures the survival of offspring by targeting the osteocyte to provide calcium in lactating females, a novel function for this myokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Shimonty
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
| | - Matt Prideaux
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
| | - Gang Peng
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Medicine and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
| | - Joshua R Huot
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
| | - Hyeonwoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, ME, 04074, Scarborough, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, MA, 02115, Boston, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, IN, 46202, Indianapolis
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Wang S, Hu S, Pan Y. The emerging roles of irisin in vascular calcification. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1337995. [PMID: 38405155 PMCID: PMC10884194 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1337995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a common accompanying pathological change in many chronic diseases, which is caused by calcium deposition in the blood vessel wall and leads to abnormal blood vessel function. With the progress of medical technology, the diagnosis rate of vascular calcification has explosively increased. However, due to its mechanism's complexity, no effective drug can relieve or even reverse vascular calcification. Irisin is a myogenic cytokine regulating adipose tissue browning, energy metabolism, glucose metabolism, and other physiological processes. Previous studies have shown that irisin could serve as a predictor for vascular calcification, and protect against hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and other risk factors for vascular calcification. In terms of mechanism, it improves vascular endothelial dysfunction and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells. All the above evidence suggests that irisin plays a predictive and protective role in vascular calcification. In this review, we summarize the association of irisin to the related risk factors for vascular calcification and mainly explore the role of irisin in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First People’s Hospital of Wenling (The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University), Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siwang Hu
- The Orthopaedic Center, The First People’s Hospital of Wenling (The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University), Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuping Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yuhuan Second People’s Hospital, Yuhuan, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Rahmati M, Haffner M, Lee MA, Leach JK, Saiz AM. The critical impact of traumatic muscle loss on fracture healing: Basic science and clinical aspects. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:249-258. [PMID: 37990953 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal trauma, specifically fractures, is a leading cause of patient morbidity and disability worldwide. In approximately 20% of cases with fracture and related traumatic muscle loss, bone healing is impaired leading to fracture nonunion. Over the past few years, several studies have demonstrated that bone and the surrounding muscle tissue interact not only anatomically and mechanically but also through biochemical pathways and mediators. Severe damage to the surrounding musculature at the fracture site causes an insufficiency in muscle-derived osteoprogenitor cells that are crucial for fracture healing. As an endocrine tissue, skeletal muscle produces many myokines that act on different bone cells, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells. Investigating how muscle influences fracture healing at cellular, molecular, and hormonal levels provides translational therapeutic solutions to this clinical challenge. This review provides an overview about the contributions of surrounding muscle tissue in directing fracture healing. The focus of the review is on describing the interactions between bone and muscle in both healthy and fractured environments. We discuss current progress in identifying the bone-muscle molecular pathways and strategies to harness these pathways as cues for accelerating fracture healing. In addition, we review the existing challenges and research opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahmati
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Max Haffner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mark A Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Kent Leach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Augustine M Saiz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Wang L, Kulthinee S, Slate-Romano J, Zhao T, Shanmugam H, Dubielecka PM, Zhang LX, Qin G, Zhuang S, Chin YE, Zhao TC. Inhibition of integrin alpha v/beta 5 mitigates the protective effect induced by irisin in hemorrhage. Exp Mol Pathol 2023; 134:104869. [PMID: 37690529 PMCID: PMC10939993 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2023.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irisin plays an important role in regulating tissue stress, cardiac function, and inflammation. Integrin αvβ5 was recently identified as a receptor for irisin to elicit its physiologic function. It remains unknown whether integrin αvβ5 is required for irisin's function in modulating the physiologic response to hemorrhage. The objective of this study is to examine if integrin αvβ5 contributes to the effects of irisin during the hemorrhagic response. METHODS Hemorrhage was induced in mice by achieving a mean arterial blood pressure of 35-45 mmHg for one hour, followed by two hours of resuscitation. Irisin (0.5 μg/kg) was administrated to assess its pharmacologic effects in hemorrhage. Cilengitide, a cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide (cRGDyK) which is an inhibitor of integrin αvβ5, or control RGDS (1 mg/kg) was administered with irisin. In another cohort of mice, the irisin-induced protective effect was examined after knocking down integrin β5 with nanoparticle delivery of integrin β5 sgRNA using CRSIPR/Cas-9 gene editing. Cardiac function and hemodynamics were measured using echocardiography and femoral artery catheterization, respectively. Systemic cytokine releases were measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histological analyses were used to determine tissue damage in myocardium, skeletal muscles, and lung tissues. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was carried out to assess apoptosis in tissues. RESULTS Hemorrhage induced reduction of integrin αvβ5 in skeletal muscles and repressed recovery of cardiac performance and hemodynamics. Irisin treatment led to significantly improved cardiac function, which was abrogated by treatment with Cilengitide or knockdown of integrin β5. Furthermore, irisin resulted in a marked suppression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), muscle edema, and inflammatory cells infiltration in myocardium and skeletal muscles, which was attenuated by Cilengitide or knockdown of integrin β5. Irisin-induced reduction of apoptosis in the myocardium, skeletal muscles, and lung, which were attenuated by either the inhibition of integrin αvβ5, or knockdown of integrin β5. CONCLUSION Integrin αvβ5 plays an important role for irisin in modulating the protective effect during hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, USA
| | - Supaporn Kulthinee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, USA
| | - John Slate-Romano
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, USA
| | | | - Hamsa Shanmugam
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, USA
| | - Patrycja M Dubielecka
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ling X Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, USA; Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Kim E, Kim H, Jedrychowski MP, Bakiasi G, Park J, Kruskop J, Choi Y, Kwak SS, Quinti L, Kim DY, Wrann CD, Spiegelman BM, Tanzi RE, Choi SH. Irisin reduces amyloid-β by inducing the release of neprilysin from astrocytes following downregulation of ERK-STAT3 signaling. Neuron 2023; 111:3619-3633.e8. [PMID: 37689059 PMCID: PMC10840702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
A pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein in the brain. Physical exercise has been shown to reduce Aβ burden in various AD mouse models, but the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Irisin, an exercise-induced hormone, is the secreted form of fibronectin type-III-domain-containing 5 (FNDC5). Here, using a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model of AD, we show that irisin significantly reduces Aβ pathology by increasing astrocytic release of the Aβ-degrading enzyme neprilysin (NEP). This is mediated by downregulation of ERK-STAT3 signaling. Finally, we show that integrin αV/β5 acts as the irisin receptor on astrocytes required for irisin-induced release of astrocytic NEP, leading to clearance of Aβ. Our findings reveal for the first time a cellular and molecular mechanism by which exercise-induced irisin attenuates Aβ pathology, suggesting a new target pathway for therapies aimed at the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hyeonwoo Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark P Jedrychowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grisilda Bakiasi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph Park
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jane Kruskop
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Younjung Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sang Su Kwak
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luisa Quinti
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christiane D Wrann
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Wang J, Zhao YT, Zhang LX, Dubielecka PM, Qin G, Chin YE, Gower AC, Zhuang S, Liu PY, Zhao TC. Irisin deficiency exacerbates diet-induced insulin resistance and cardiac dysfunction in type II diabetes in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1085-C1096. [PMID: 37694285 PMCID: PMC10635657 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00232.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological conditions, metabolism, and survival. We and others have demonstrated that irisin contributes critically to modulation of insulin resistance and the improvement of cardiac function. However, whether the deletion of irisin will regulate cardiac function and insulin sensitivity in type II diabetes remains unclear. We utilized the CRISPR/Cas-9 genome-editing system to delete irisin globally in mice and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type II diabetes model. We found that irisin deficiency did not result in developmental abnormality during the adult stage, which illustrates normal cardiac function and insulin sensitivity assessed by glucose tolerance test in the absence of stress. The ultrastructural analysis of the transmission electronic microscope (TEM) indicated that deletion of irisin did not change the morphology of mitochondria in myocardium. Gene expression profiling showed that several key signaling pathways related to integrin signaling, extracellular matrix, and insulin-like growth factors signaling were coordinately downregulated by deletion of irisin. However, when mice were fed a high-fat diet and chow food for 16 wk, ablation of irisin in mice exposed to HFD resulted in much more severe insulin resistance, metabolic derangements, profound cardiac dysfunction, and hypertrophic response and remodeling as compared with wild-type control mice. Taken together, our results indicate that the loss of irisin exacerbates insulin resistance, metabolic disorders, and cardiac dysfunction in response to HFD and promotes myocardial remodeling and hypertrophic response. This evidence reveals the molecular evidence and the critical role of irisin in modulating insulin resistance and cardiac function in type II diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY By utilizing the CRISPR/Cas-9 genome-editing system and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type II diabetes model, our results provide direct evidence showing that the loss of irisin exacerbates cardiac dysfunction and insulin resistance while promoting myocardial remodeling and a hypertrophic response in HFD-induced diabetes. This study provides new insight into understanding the molecular evidence and the critical role of irisin in modulating insulin resistance and cardiac function in type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yu Tina Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ling X Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Patrycja M Dubielecka
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Translation Medicine Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Adam C Gower
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Paul Y Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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11
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Cobb T, Hwang I, Soukar M, Namkoong S, Cho US, Safdar M, Kim M, Wessells RJ, Lee JH. Iditarod, a Drosophila homolog of the Irisin precursor FNDC5, is critical for exercise performance and cardiac autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220556120. [PMID: 37722048 PMCID: PMC10523451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220556120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian FNDC5 encodes a protein precursor of Irisin, which is important for exercise-dependent regulation of whole-body metabolism. In a genetic screen in Drosophila, we identified Iditarod (Idit), which shows substantial protein homology to mouse and human FNDC5, as a regulator of autophagy acting downstream of Atg1/Atg13. Physiologically, Idit-deficient flies showed reduced exercise performance and defective cold resistance, which were rescued by exogenous expression of Idit. Exercise training increased endurance in wild-type flies, but not in Idit-deficient flies. Conversely, Idit is induced upon exercise training, and transgenic expression of Idit in wild-type flies increased endurance to the level of exercise trained flies. Finally, Idit deficiency prevented both exercise-induced increase in cardiac Atg8 and exercise-induced cardiac stress resistance, suggesting that cardiac autophagy may be an additional mechanism by which Idit is involved in the adaptive response to exercise. Our work suggests an ancient role of an Iditarod/Irisin/FNDC5 family of proteins in autophagy, exercise physiology, and cold adaptation, conserved throughout metazoan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Cobb
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Irene Hwang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Michael Soukar
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sim Namkoong
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Uhn-Soo Cho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Maryam Safdar
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Myungjin Kim
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert J Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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12
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Weng Y, Zhang Y, Wang D, Wang R, Xiang Z, Shen S, Wang H, Wu X, Wen Y, Wang Y. Exercise-induced irisin improves follicular dysfunction by inhibiting IRE1α-TXNIP/ROS-NLRP3 pathway in PCOS. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:151. [PMID: 37525261 PMCID: PMC10388501 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive production of androgen drives oxidative stress (OS) and inflammasome activation in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). Therefore, the induced follicular developmental disorder is the major cause of infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Exercise-induced upregulation of irisin is capable of regulating metabolism by reducing OS and inflammation. Exercise has been shown to alleviate a range of PCOS symptoms, including maintaining a normal menstrual cycle, in several clinical trials. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and primary ovarian cells were treated with two different androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), to simulate a hyperandrogenic environment, followed by eight weeks of exercise training and irisin intervention. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tissue inflammation and fibrosis were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, western blot, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) probe detection, immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemistry, and Sirius red staining. RESULTS Exercise for eight weeks improved polycystic ovarian morphology and decreased the levels of inflammation, OS, and fibrosis in PCOS rats. Hyperandrogen increased ROS production in ovarian cells by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and activating the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)/ROS-NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway, further enhancing the levels of inflammation. Irisin suppressed the expression of IRE1α and its downstream targets, thus improving the ovarian dysfunction of PCOS rats induced by hyperandrogen. CONCLUSION Exercise can alleviate various phenotypes of PCOS rats induced by DHEA, and its therapeutic effect may be mediated by secreting beneficial myokines. IRE1α may be an important target of irisin for reducing OS and inflammation, thereby improving ovarian fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yaling Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Daojuan Wang
- Department of Pain, Medical School, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shanmei Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical School, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaoke Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Yanting Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-Tech Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Zuo C, Ma X, Ye C, Zheng Z, Bo S. Acute and chronic functional and traditional resistance training improve muscular fitness in young males via the AMPK/PGC-1α/irisin signaling pathway. Environ Health Prev Med 2023; 28:69. [PMID: 37967946 PMCID: PMC10654215 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.23-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of acute and chronic resistance training of varying intensities on molecular responses and their association with muscular fitness in a cohort of young males who participated in this intervention study. METHODS Young males (19-28 years) with no prior training experience underwent a six-week program consisting of two distinct modalities of resistance training. The participants were randomly divided into a functional resistance training group (FRT; n = 9; participants performed 4-5 sets of 20 repetitions maximum (RM) at 40% 1RM) or a traditional resistance training group (TRT; n = 9; participants performed 4-5 sets of 12 RM at 70% 1RM). Both protocols entailed training three days per week for six weeks. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after an acute bout of training, and after the six-week training program to determine alterations in molecular responses. Muscular fitness analysis and anthropometric measurements were conducted before and after the six-week training program. RESULTS After the six-week training program, the lean body mass of participants in both TRT and FRT groups was significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas body fat percentage and fat mass were significantly decreased solely in the FRT group (p < 0.05). All muscular fitness variables were significantly increased in both groups (p < 0.01), with no difference between the two groups. Additionally, in the TRT group, serum levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were significantly increased following acute training and six weeks of resistance training, whereas in the FRT group, no significant increase in serum levels of AMPK was observed. In both groups, serum levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), irisin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 were significantly increased. Moreover, myostatin was significantly decreased following acute training and six weeks of resistance training (p < 0.05), with no difference between the two groups. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between barbell back squat and certain molecular variables. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study indicates that acute and chronic resistance training of varying intensities are effective changing molecular responses, the chronic FRT and TRT improve muscular fitness in young males through the AMPK/PGC-1α/irisin signaling pathway. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2200059775 (11/05/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwen Zuo
- Air Force Medical Center of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100142, China
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chaoqun Ye
- Air Force Medical Center of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhiyang Zheng
- Air Force Medical Center of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100142, China
- Beijing Sports University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shumin Bo
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, China
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Nogueira Godinho WD, Vasconcelos Filho FSL, Pinto DV, Alves JO, Nascimento TDS, de Aguiar ID, Silva Almeida GN, Ceccatto VM, Soares PM. High-Intense Interval Training Prevents Cognitive Impairment And Increases The Expression Of Muscle Genes Fndc5 And Ppargc1a In A Rat Model Of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:CAR-EPUB-128075. [PMID: 36503461 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221207103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, whose main histopathological landmark is the accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain. OBJECTIVE It is well known that exercise is a neuroprotective factor and that muscles produce and release myokines that exert endocrine effects in inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Thus, this work intends to establish the relationship between the benefits of exercise through the chronic training of HIIT on cognitive damage induced by the Alzheimer's model by the injection of β amyloid 1-42. METHODS For this purpose, forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary Sham (SS), Trained Sham (ST), Sedentary Alzheimer's (AS), and Trained Alzheimer's (AT). Animals were submitted to stereotactic surgery and received a hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 or a saline solution. Seven days after surgery, twelve days of treadmill adaptation followed by five maximal running tests (MRT) and fifty-five days of HIIT, rats underwent the Morris water maze test. The animals were then euthanized, and their gastrocnemius muscle tissue was extracted to analyze the Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), PPARG Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARGC1A), and Integrin subunit beta 5 (ITGB5-R) expression by qRT-PCR in addition to cross-sectional areas. RESULTS The HIIT prevents the cognitive deficit induced by the infusion of amyloid β 1-42 (p<0.0001), causes adaptation of muscle fibers (p<0.0001), modulates the gene expression of FNDC5 (p<0.01), ITGB5 (p<0.01) and PPARGC1A (p<0.01), and induces an increase in peripheral protein expression of FNDC5 (p<0.005). CONCLUSION Thus, we conclude that HIIT can prevent cognitive damage induced by the infusion of Aβ1-42, constituting a non-pharmacological tool that modulates important genetic and protein pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Sérgio Lopes Vasconcelos Filho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará
- Coordenadoria de Esporte e Cultura do Movimento, Pró-Reitoria de Cultura, Universidade Federal do Cariri
| | - Daniel Vieira Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará
| | - Juliana Osório Alves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará
| | | | - Isabele Dutra de Aguiar
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará
| | - Guilherme Nizan Silva Almeida
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará
| | - Vânia Marilande Ceccatto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará
| | - Paula Matias Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará
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Chen G, Zhou Y, Yu X, Wang J, Luo W, Pang M, Tong J. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals SNPs and Candidate Genes Related to Growth and Body Shape in Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:1138-1147. [PMID: 36350467 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Growth is an economically important trait in bighead carp and other aquaculture species that affects production efficiency. Interestingly, the head of the bighead carp has a high market value in China; therefore, it is important to study the genetic bases of both growth and body shape traits. A genome-wide association study was performed based on 2b-RAD sequencing of 776 individuals to identify SNPs associated with growth and body shape traits, including body weight, body length, body height, and deheaded body length. In total, 26 significant and 19 suggestive SNPs were identified, and more than half of these significant SNPs were clustered in LG16. Two LGs (LG16 and LG21) contained QTLs associated with body weight. Fourteen SNPs of LG16 and two LG21 SNPs were found to be associated with body length. For body height, 12 significantly associated SNPs were identified in LG16. Additionally, 12 SNPs of LG16 and 3 SNPs of LG21 were found to be associated with deheaded body length. Forty-three genes were significantly or suggestively associated with body shape/growth traits based on GWAS results, 18 of which were candidate genes for all BW, BL, BH, and DBL traits. One of these genes, fndc5b, was selected for further analyses. Association analysis revealed that one SNP (g.245 C > T) in the introns of fndc5b was significantly associated with growth-related traits in growth-extreme samples. The mRNA levels of fndc5b in the brains of the lightweight group were significantly higher than those of the heavy-weight group. This study helps to reveal the genetic structure of growth and body development in fish and provides candidate genes for future molecular marker-assisted selection for fast growth and better body conformation in bighead carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaomu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Junru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Weiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Meixia Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jingou Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
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16
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Kan T, He Z, Du J, Xu M, Cui J, Han X, Tong D, Li H, Yan M, Yu Z. Irisin promotes fracture healing by improving osteogenesis and angiogenesis. J Orthop Translat 2022; 37:37-45. [PMID: 36196152 PMCID: PMC9513699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteogenesis and angiogenesis are important for bone fracture healing. Irisin is a muscle-derived monokine that is associated with bone formation. Methods To demonstrate the effect of irisin on bone fracture healing, closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were produced in 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Irisin was administrated intraperitoneally every other day after surgery, fracture healing was assessed by using X-rays. Bone morphometry of the fracture callus were assessed by using micro-computed tomography. Femurs of mice from each group were assessed by the three-point bending testing. Effect of irisin on osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells in vitro was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining. Angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were evaluated by qRT-PCR, migration tests, and tube formation assays. Results Increased callus formation, mineralization and tougher fracture healing were observed in the irisin-treated group than in the control group, indicating the better fracture callus healing due to Irisin treatment. The vessel surface and vessel volume fraction of the callus also increased in the irisin-treated group. The expression of BMP2, CD31, and VEGF in callus were enhanced in the irisin-treated group. In mouse bone mesenchymal stem cells, irisin promoted ALP expression and mineralization, and increased the expression of osteogenic genes, including OSX, Runx2, OPG, ALP, OCN and BMP2. Irisin also promoted HUVEC migration and tube formation. Expression of angiogenic genes, including ANGPT1, ANGPT2, VEGFb, CD31, FGF2, and PDGFRB in HUVECs were increased by irisin. Conclusion All the results indicate irisin can promote fracture healing through osteogenesis and angiogenesis. These findings help in the understanding of muscle–bone interactions during fracture healing. The Translational Potential of this Article Irisin was one of the most important monokine secreted by skeletal muscle. Studies have found that irisin have anabolic effect one bone remodeling through affecting osteocyte and osteoblast. Based on our study, irisin could promote bone fracture healing by increasing bone mass and vascularization, which provide a potential usage of irisin to promote fracture healing and improve clinical outcomes.
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17
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Zhu B, Wang B, Zhao C, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Lin J, Zhao R. Irisin Regulates Cardiac Responses to Exercise in Health and Diseases: a Narrative Review. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 16:430-442. [PMID: 36036861 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has been recognized as an important non-pharmacological approach for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanisms of exercise in promoting cardiovascular health remain unclear. Exercise generates cardiac benefits via stimulating muscle to secret hundreds of myokines that directly enter circulation and target heart tissue. Therefore, inter-organ communication between skeletal muscle and heart may be one important regulating pattern, and such communication can occur through secretion of molecules, frequently known as myokines. Irisin, a newly identified myokine, is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and secreted by the stimulation of exercise. Recently, accumulating evidence focusing on the interaction between irisin and cardiac function has been reported. This review highlights the molecular signaling by which irisin regulates the benefits of exercise on cardiac function both in physiological and pathological process, and discusses the clinical potential of irisin in treating heart diseases. Exercise generates various cardiovascular benefits through stimulating skeletal muscle to secrete irisin. The exercise "hormone" irisin, both produced by exercise or recombinant form, exerts therapeutic effects in a group of cardiovascular disorders including heart failure, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and hypertension. However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain ambiguous.This review highlights the most up-to-date findings to bridge the gap between exercise, irisin and cardiovascular diseases, and discusses the potential clinical prospect of irisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishu Zhu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanxin Wang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yalan Zhou
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Lin
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Slate-Romano JJ, Yano N, Zhao TC. Irisin reduces inflammatory signaling pathways in inflammation-mediated metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 552:111676. [PMID: 35569582 PMCID: PMC10084474 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is an exercise induced myokine first shown to induce the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) which increases energy expenditure, improves glucose tolerance, and reduces insulin resistance. Among irisin's involvement in lipid homeostasis, osteoblast proliferation, and muscle growth, it also acts as a mediator of many inflammatory pathways throughout the body. This review aims to describe the role of irisin in inflammatory processes and understand how targeting irisin can alter the inflammatory response in metabolic syndrome (MetS). The mechanisms involved in irisin's anti-inflammatory functions include reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, reducing macrophage proliferation, inducing alternatively activated (M2-type) macrophage polarization, inhibiting pathways of increased vascular permeability, and preventing the formation of inflammasomes. While there are some contradictory results, most studies found reduced levels of irisin in MetS and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Irisin treatment of cells exposed to inflammatory stimuli ameliorates the inflammatory response and promotes cellular viability. Numerous methods have been studied to increase plasma irisin levels including dietary, behavioral, and pharmaceutical. Further investigation is necessary to understand how irisin can be targeted for disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Slate-Romano
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University School of Medicine, 222 Richmond St. Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Naohiro Yano
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St. Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, 593 Eddy St. Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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19
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Balakrishnan R, Thurmond DC. Mechanisms by Which Skeletal Muscle Myokines Ameliorate Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4636. [PMID: 35563026 PMCID: PMC9102915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body and secretes circulating factors, including myokines, which are involved in various cellular signaling processes. Skeletal muscle is vital for metabolism and physiology and plays a crucial role in insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Myokines have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions, serving as critical regulators of myogenic differentiation, fiber-type switching, and maintaining muscle mass. Myokines have profound effects on energy metabolism and inflammation, contributing to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic diseases. Myokines have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity, thereby improving glucose disposal and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Many myokines have now been identified, and research on myokine signaling mechanisms and functions is rapidly emerging. This review summarizes the current state of the field regarding the role of myokines in tissue cross-talk, including their molecular mechanisms, and their potential as therapeutic targets for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debbie C. Thurmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Kang H, Lin CY, Fan Y. Applying exercise-mimetic engineered skeletal muscle model to interrogate the adaptive response of irisin to mechanical force. iScience 2022; 25:104135. [PMID: 35434556 PMCID: PMC9010619 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise induces the secretion of irisin from contractile muscle into circulation; however, the adaptive response of irisin to mechanical stimulus in skeletal muscle in vitro remains numerously unknown. In an effort to investigate whether irisin is inducible in vitro, we developed a bioreactor consisting of a retractable mechanical force controller and a conditional tissue culture system. Upon this model, a distinguished surge of irisin was detected in stretched myotubes as cyclic strain initiated, and the surge was able to be stalled by knocking out FNDC5. Intriguingly, increased irisin secretory is associated with the shifts of MyHC isoforms from anaerobic type to aerobic type in myotubes. We further revealed that PGC-1α1 and PGC-1α4 mRNAs expression, rather than PGC-1α2 and PGC-1α3, contributed to the generation of irisin in myotubes during cyclic strain. Lastly, combined with co-culturing MC3T3 osteoblasts, we demonstrated the bioactivity of generated irisin, promoting the osteogenic differentiation. Irisin is producible in an exercise-mimetic engineered skeletal muscle model Enhanced irisin production in response to a long-term cyclic stretch PGC-1α1 and PGC-1α4 mRNAs expression contributed to the generation of irisin Demonstration that induced irisin in our model regulating osteoblasts as native ways
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Key laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongyan Kang
- Key laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Key laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.,Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.,School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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21
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He W, Tang Y, Li C, Zhang X, Huang S, Tan B, Yang Z. Exercise Enhanced Cardiac Function in Mice With Radiation-Induced Heart Disease via the FNDC5/Irisin-Dependent Mitochondrial Turnover Pathway. Front Physiol 2021; 12:739485. [PMID: 34899376 PMCID: PMC8660102 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.739485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the development of radiation therapy (RT) techniques, concern regarding the serious and irreversible heart injury induced by RT has grown due to the lack of early intervention measures. Although exercise can act as an effective and economic nonpharmacologic strategy to combat fatigue and improve quality of life for cancer survivors, limited data on its application in radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) and the underlying molecular mechanism are available. Methods: Fifteen young adult male mice were enrolled in this study and divided into 3 groups (including exercised RIHD group, sedentary RIHD group, and controls; n =5 samples/group). While the mice in the control group were kept in cages without irradiation, those in the exercised RIHD group underwent 3weeks of aerobic exercise on the treadmill after radiotherapy. At the end of the 3rd week following RT, FNDC5/irisin expression, cardiac function, aerobic fitness, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial turnover in the myocardium were assessed to identify the protective role of exercise in RIHD and investigate the potential mechanism. Results: While sedentary RIHD group had impaired cardiac function and aerobic fitness than controls, the exercised RIHD mice had improved cardiac function and aerobic fitness, elevated ATP production and the mitochondrial protein content, decreased mitochondrial length, and increased formation of mitophagosomes compared with sedentary RIHD mice. These changes were accompanied by the elevated expression of FNDC5/irisin, a fission marker (DRP1) and mitophagy markers (PINK1 and LC3B) in exercised RIHD group than that of sedentary RIHD group, but the expression of biogenesis (TFAM) and fusion (MFN2) markers was not significantly changed. Conclusion: Exercise could enhance cardiac function and aerobic fitness in RIHD mice partly through an autocrine mechanism via FNDC5/irisin, in which autophagy was selectively activated, suggesting that FNDC5/irisin may act as an intervening target to prevent the development of RIHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang He
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghong Tang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunping Huang
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Benxu Tan
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Oncology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Exercise mimetics: harnessing the therapeutic effects of physical activity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:862-879. [PMID: 34103713 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise mimetics are a proposed class of therapeutics that specifically mimic or enhance the therapeutic effects of exercise. Increased physical activity has demonstrated positive effects in preventing and ameliorating a wide range of diseases, including brain disorders such as Alzheimer disease and dementia, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways associated with the beneficial effects of physical activity, focusing on effects on brain function and cognitive enhancement. Emerging therapeutic targets and strategies for the development of exercise mimetics, particularly in the field of central nervous system disorders, as well as the associated opportunities and challenges, are discussed.
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23
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Li Y, Sun X, Bai Y, Ji Y, Ren H, Yu X, Yan Y, He X, Dong Y, Zhang L, Luo X, Wang H. Vitellogenin 2 promotes muscle development and stimulates the browning of white fat. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:22985-23003. [PMID: 34609951 PMCID: PMC8544334 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eggs are rich in nutrients and contain a lot of protein. Although eggs have proved to accelerate the growth of C2C12 cells, the regulatory and mechanism of fertilized egg yolk extract (FEYE) on skeletal muscle development and fat metabolism remains unclearly. The mice were treated with FEYE by gavage for 24 d, we found that FEYE can inhibit the expression of skeletal muscle atrophy genes such as MSTN and Murf-1, and up-regulate the expression levels of MYOD, MYOG and Irisin. In addition, the treatment of FEYE induced UCP1 and PGC1α high expression in WAT, thereby causing WAT browning reaction. In order to confirm the composition of FEYE, we performed protein full spectrum identification (LC MS/MS) analysis and found the most enriched component is vitellogenin 2 (VTG2). Therefore, we added the recombinant protein VTG2 to C2C12 cells and found that VTG2 promoted the proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells. After that, we further proved that VTG2 inhibited the expression of MSTN and improved the expression of MYOD and Irisin. Finally, the dual luciferase test proved that VTG2 directly inhibited the transcriptional activity of MSTN. Our results conclude that FEYE inhibits the expression of MSTN in muscle tissues by delivering VTG2, thereby promoting skeletal muscle development, and can also promote the expression level of FNDC5 in serum. Then, FNDC5 acts on the fat through the serum, stimulating the browning reaction of white adipocytes. Therefore, VTG2 can be used to stop muscle consumption, improve skeletal muscle aging, and prevent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yun Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yunyan Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Huawei Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xiuju Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yi Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yanjun Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.,Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaomao Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
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Turgut B, Mercan K, Ilhan N, Semih Aydogan S. Evaluation of Serum Concentration of the Myokine Irisin (FNDC5) in Patients with Age-Related. BEYOGLU EYE JOURNAL 2021; 6:180-184. [PMID: 35005513 PMCID: PMC8697044 DOI: 10.14744/bej.2021.52533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the serum irisin level of patients with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and compared it with that of healthy individuals. METHODS The serum irisin level of 15 healthy controls (Group 1) and 15 dry ARMD patients (Group 2) and 15 wet ARMD patients (Group 3) were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and compared. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age or gender (p>0.05). The mean serum irisin levels of Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 were 25.81±24.04 ng/mL, 22.93±19.05 ng/mL, and 12.38±8.16 ng/mL, respectively. Although the mean irisin level in the wet ARMD patients was lower than that of the control and dry ARMD groups, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that the serum irisin level in ARMD patients is not different from that of healthy individuals. Studies of larger groups that examine the irisin level in the vitreous and neovascular membranes will further elucidate any role in the pathogenesis of ARMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Turgut
- Department of Ophthalmology, Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Kadir Mercan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Private Sevgi Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nevin Ilhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
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Kornel A, Den Hartogh DJ, Klentrou P, Tsiani E. Role of the Myokine Irisin on Bone Homeostasis: Review of the Current Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9136. [PMID: 34502045 PMCID: PMC8430535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly dynamic tissue that is constantly adapting to micro-changes to facilitate movement. When the balance between bone building and resorption shifts more towards bone resorption, the result is reduced bone density and mineralization, as seen in osteoporosis or osteopenia. Current treatment strategies aimed to improve bone homeostasis and turnover are lacking in efficacy, resulting in the search for new preventative and nutraceutical treatment options. The myokine irisin, since its discovery in 2012, has been shown to play an important role in many tissues including muscle, adipose, and bone. Evidence indicate that irisin is associated with increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption, leading to reduced risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. In addition, low serum irisin levels have been found in individuals with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Irisin targets key signaling proteins, promoting osteoblastogenesis and reducing osteoclastogenesis. The present review summarizes the existing evidence regarding the effects of irisin on bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kornel
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.K.); (D.J.D.H.)
| | - Danja J. Den Hartogh
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.K.); (D.J.D.H.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.K.); (D.J.D.H.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
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Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on soleus muscle fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, myonectin and glucose transporter type 4 gene expressions: a study on the diabetic rat model. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6123-6129. [PMID: 34374894 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in fibronectin type-III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), myonectin, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) leads to a decrease in diabetes; meanwhile, exercise training can affect these factors. The result regarding the comparison between the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and that of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) is confusing. Thus, the present study investigated the comparative effects of HIIT and MICT on soleus muscle FNDC5, myonectin, and GLUT4 gene expressions in the diabetic rat model. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy-two male Wistar rats (weight 200 g ± 20) were randomly and equally assigned to six groups: control-healthy, MICT-healthy, HIIT-healthy, control-diabetes, MICT-diabetes, and HIIT-diabetes. At the first level, Streptozotocin (STZ) was utilized to induce diabetes in rats (at a dose of 55 mg/kg). After that, the training groups performed HIIT and MICT programs on the rodent treadmill for 6 weeks (five-session/week). Twenty-four hours after the last intervention, soleus muscle was removed, and sent to a research facility for future examinations. HIIT and MICT increased the muscle FNDC5, myonectin, and GLUT4 gene expression compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The type of training had no significant effect on the FNDC5 (P > 0.05), while the MICT program induced a greater increase in the myonec ztin and GLUT4 compared to the HIIT program (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, a positive relationship between all variables was observed. CONCLUSIONS Exercise training has a beneficial effect on diabetes conditions via the effect of FNDC5, myonectin, and GLUT4. Due to the correlation between myonectin and GLUT4 shown in the present study, physical activity may alter myonectin through its effect on GLUT requiring further investigation by subsequent studies.
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Maak S, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Erickson HP. Progress and Challenges in the Biology of FNDC5 and Irisin. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:436-456. [PMID: 33493316 PMCID: PMC8284618 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2002, a transmembrane protein-now known as FNDC5-was discovered and shown to be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a study in 2012 proposed that, in response to exercise, the ectodomain of skeletal muscle FNDC5 was cleaved, traveled to white adipose tissue, and induced browning. The wasted energy of this browning raised the possibility that this myokine, named irisin, might mediate some beneficial effects of exercise. Since then, more than 1000 papers have been published exploring the roles of irisin. A major interest has been on adipose tissue and metabolism, following up the major proposal from 2012. Many studies correlating plasma irisin levels with physiological conditions have been questioned for using flawed assays for irisin concentration. However, experiments altering irisin levels by injecting recombinant irisin or by gene knockout are more promising. Recent discoveries have suggested potential roles of irisin in bone remodeling and in the brain, with effects potentially related to Alzheimer's disease. We discuss some discrepancies between research groups and the mechanisms that are yet to be determined. Some important questions raised in the initial discovery of irisin, such as the role of the mutant start codon of human FNDC5 and the mechanism of ectodomain cleavage, remain to be answered. Apart from these specific questions, a promising new tool has been developed-mice with a global or tissue-specific knockout of FNDC5. In this review, we critically examine the current knowledge and delineate potential solutions to resolve existing ambiguities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Shokrollahi B, Shang JH, Saadati N, Ahmad HI, Yang CY. Reproductive roles of novel adipokines apelin, visfatin, and irisin in farm animals. Theriogenology 2021; 172:178-186. [PMID: 34175524 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The adipose tissue has a substantial impact on reproduction in mammals, specifically in females. As an energy depository organ, it is precisely associated with the reproductive success of mammals. Adipose tissue secretes many single molecules that are called 'adipokines' which mainly act as endocrine hormones. Adipokines homeostasis is fundamental to energy regulation, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The endocrine function of adipokines is influential for the long-term control of energy metabolism and performs an important function in metabolic state and fertility modulation. During the last years, new roles for adipokines have been appearing in the field of fertility. The adipokines have functions in reproduction at levels of the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the gonads in humans, rodents, and other animals. Normal levels of adipokines are indispensable to protect the integrity of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-gonadal axis, regular ovulatory processes, and successful embryo implantation. Leptin and adiponectin are the most studied adipokines, but also the novel adipokines; apelin, visfatin, and irisin are important adipokines having several functions within the reproductive tract. Due to the known and unknown effects of these novel adipokines in the reproduction of farm animals, in this review, we will highlight the reproductive functions of apelin, visfatin, and irisin and summarize the known reproductive effects in farm animals to introduce the gaps for future studies in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borhan Shokrollahi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jiang-Hua Shang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Nazila Saadati
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Kurdistan province, Iran
| | - Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Chun-Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530001, China
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The Role of Irisin in Cancer Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061479. [PMID: 34204674 PMCID: PMC8231117 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin (Ir) is an adipomyokine that is involved in the regulation of metabolic processes. It also influences processes related to inflammation, including cancer. Initially, Ir was considered a hormone secreted by skeletal muscles in response to physical exercise. Further studies showed that Ir is also present in other healthy tissues, organs, and plasma. It influences the change in phenotype of white adipose tissue (WAT) into brown adipose tissue (BAT). It increases mitochondrial biogenesis and affects the expression of thermogenin (UCP1). This adipomyokine has also been found in many tumor tissues and in the serum of cancer patients. Studies are underway to determine the association between Ir and carcinogenesis. It has been confirmed that Ir inhibits in vitro proliferation, migration, and invasion. It is involved in the inhibition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, Ir affects the expression of the transcription factor Snail, which is involved in EMT, and inhibits transcription of the gene encoding E-cadherin, which is characteristic of epithelial-derived cells. Many studies have been performed to determine the role of Ir in physiological and pathological processes. Further detailed studies should determine more precisely the effect of Ir on the body in health and disease.
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Irisin Has a Protective Role against Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5570229. [PMID: 33997010 PMCID: PMC8096550 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5570229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The reduction in estrogen levels results in a decrease in bone density at menopause. Irisin is a myokine that modulates the benefits of exercise, which may include bone health. This study was planned to examine irisin's impact in preventing osteoporosis after ovariectomy. 4 groups of female albino rats (10 rats/group): control, sham-operated, ovariectomized (OVX-control), and OVX-irisin-treated. Serum levels of bone markers [osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), calcium (Ca++), phosphorus (P)], glucose, and insulin were being measured. Body mass index, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), dry and ash femur weight, and bone contents of Ca++ and P were investigated. The femur was examined histopathologically. The OVX-control group showed an increase in serum levels of OC, BALP, TRAP, calcium, phosphorus, BMI, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR (P < 0.05) and a reduction in dry and ash weight of the femur, the concentration of calcium and phosphorus content in bone ash (P < 0.05). The OVX-irisin-treated group exhibited a decrease in serum levels of OC, BALP and TRAP, calcium, phosphorus, BMI, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR (P < 0.05), and a rise in dry and ash weight of the femur, the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in bone ash (P < 0.05). Histological examination of the distal femur diaphysis of the OVX-irisin-treated group exhibited proper bone architecture and density compared with that of the OVX-control group. It is concluded that irisin treatment in the OVX rats safeguarded the regular bone architecture and normal levels of serum bone biomarkers. Irisin may be a possible novel target in the prohibition of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Ma C, Ding H, Deng Y, Liu H, Xiong X, Yang Y. Irisin: A New Code Uncover the Relationship of Skeletal Muscle and Cardiovascular Health During Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:620608. [PMID: 33597894 PMCID: PMC7882619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.620608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise not only produces beneficial effects on muscle itself via various molecular pathways, but also mediates the interaction between muscles and other organs in an autocrine/paracrine manner through myokines, which plays a positive role in maintaining overall health. Irisin, an exercise-derived myokine, has been found involved in the regulation of some cardiovascular diseases. However, the relationship between irisin and cardiovascular health is not fully elucidated and there are some divergences on the regulation of irisin by exercise. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the origin and physiology of irisin, describe the regulation of irisin by acute and chronic exercises, and discuss the divergences of the related research results. Importantly, we discuss the role of irisin as a biomarker in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and describe its treatment and molecular mechanism in some cardiovascular diseases. It is expected that irisin will be used as a therapeutic agent to combat cardiovascular diseases or other disorders caused by inactivity in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlian Ma
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haichao Ding
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuting Deng
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Liu
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoling Xiong
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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Pervin S, Reddy ST, Singh R. Novel Roles of Follistatin/Myostatin in Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Adipose Browning: Potential for Therapeutic Intervention in Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:653179. [PMID: 33897620 PMCID: PMC8062757 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.653179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health problem and a major risk factor for several metabolic conditions including dyslipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity develops from chronic imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Stimulation of cellular energy burning process has the potential to dissipate excess calories in the form of heat via the activation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in white and brown adipose tissues. Recent studies have shown that activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway significantly contributes to the development of obesity, and blockade or inhibition is reported to protect from obesity by promoting white adipose browning and increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. Identification of novel compounds that activate beige/brown adipose characteristics to burn surplus calories and reduce excess storage of fat are actively sought in the fight against obesity. In this review, we present recent developments in our understanding of key modulators of TGF-β signaling pathways including follistatin (FST) and myostatin (MST) in regulating adipose browning and brown adipose mass and activity. While MST is a key ligand for TGF-β family, FST can bind and regulate biological activity of several TGF-β superfamily members including activins, bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) and inhibins. Here, we review the literature supporting the critical roles for FST, MST and other proteins in modulating TGF-β signaling to influence beige and brown adipose characteristics. We further review the potential therapeutic utility of FST for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Pervin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Endocrinology, Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rajan Singh,
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Li H, Wang F, Yang M, Sun J, Zhao Y, Tang D. The Effect of Irisin as a Metabolic Regulator and Its Therapeutic Potential for Obesity. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:6572342. [PMID: 33790964 PMCID: PMC7997758 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6572342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem due to the imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. Irisin, a newly identified exercise-responsive myokine, which is produced by the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to combat obesity and obesity-related complications. Various studies in mice have shown that irisin could respond to systematic exercise training and promote white-to-brown fat transdifferentiation, but the role and function of irisin in humans are controversial. In this review, we systematically introduced and analyzed the factors that may contribute to these inconsistent results. Furthermore, we also described the potential anti-inflammatory properties of irisin under a variety of inflammatory conditions. Finally, the review discussed the existing unresolved issues and controversies about irisin, including the transcription of the irisin precursor FNDC5 gene in humans, the cleavage site of the yet unknown proteolytic enzyme that cleaves irisin from FNDC5, and the reliability of irisin levels measured with available detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Mu Yang
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Dongqi Tang
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
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Liu Y, Zhu C, Guo J, Chen Y, Meng C. The Neuroprotective Effect of Irisin in Ischemic Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:588958. [PMID: 33414714 PMCID: PMC7782245 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.588958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a PGC-1α-dependent myokine that causes increased energy expenditure by driving the development of white adipose tissue into brown fat-like tissue. Exercise can improve irisin levels and lead to its release into the blood. In ischemic stroke, neurons are always sensitive to energy supply; after a series of pathophysiological processes, reactive oxygen species that are detrimental to cell survival via mitochondrial dysfunction are generated in large quantities. As a protein associated with exercise, irisin can alleviate brain injury in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. It is thought that irisin can upregulate the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which protects nerve cells from injury during ischemic stroke. Furthermore, the release of irisin into the blood via exercise influences the mitochondrial dynamics crucial to maintaining the normal function of nerve cells. Consequently, we intended to summarize the known effects of irisin during ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yonghong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chaoyue Meng
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Canosa LF, Bertucci JI. Nutrient regulation of somatic growth in teleost fish. The interaction between somatic growth, feeding and metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111029. [PMID: 32941926 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the current knowledge on the regulation of the somatic growth axis and its interaction with metabolism and feeding regulation. The main endocrine and neuroendocrine factors regulating both the growth axis and feeding behavior will be briefly summarized. Recently discovered neuropeptides and peptide hormones will be mentioned in relation to feeding control as well as growth hormone regulation. In addition, the influence of nutrient and nutrient sensing mechanisms on growth axis will be highlighted. We expect that in this process gaps of knowledge will be exposed, stimulating future research in those areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabián Canosa
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tsai CL, Pai MC. Circulating levels of Irisin in obese individuals at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease: Correlations with amyloid-β, metabolic, and neurocognitive indices. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113013. [PMID: 33186636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is involved in various metabolic pathways and is suggested to be a potential agent capable of preventing onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ameliorating AD neuropathology and cognitive deficits. In the present study, the serum levels of Irisin and Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and the neurocognitive performance among obese individuals at genetic risk for AD were investigated. The correlations between Irisin and AD-related neuropathological and neurocognitive indices were also explored. Thirty-two individuals with a family history of AD (ADFH) and obesity (ADFH-obesity group) and 32 controls (ADFH-non-obesity group) were recruited. Circulating levels of Irisin, Aβ peptides, and metabolic biomarkers, as well as neurocognitive performance [e.g., behavior and brain even-related potentials (ERP)] were measured during a visuospatial working memory task. Although the ADFH-obesity group exhibited comparable reaction times, ERP N2 latency and amplitudes, and P3 latency as compared to the ADFH-non-obesity group when performing the cognitive task, they exhibited significantly lower rates of accuracy and smaller P3 amplitudes in the higher memory-load condition, even when controlling for the blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness co-variables. The serum levels of leptin, insulin, and glucose, and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the ADFH-obesity group relative to the ADFH-non-obesity group, but this was not the case for the levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. The Irisin levels approached between-group significance. Partial correlations adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness and blood pressure showed that Irisin levels were positively associated with neurophysiological (i.e., P3 amplitude) performance in the ADFH-obesity group. The Irisin levels were not significantly correlated with the levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. The present findings suggest that ADFH individuals with obesity exhibited neurocognitive deficits when performing the visuospatial working memory task, and serum Irisin levels could be one of the influencing factors. However, the relationship between the circulating levels of Irisin and Aβ peptides needs more evidence to support this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chyi Pai
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan
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Li J, Xie S, Guo L, Jiang J, Chen H. Irisin: linking metabolism with heart failure. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:6003-6014. [PMID: 33194010 PMCID: PMC7653625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The heart is an organ with extremely high energy expenditure, and cardiac performance is consistent with its metabolic level. Under pathological situations, the heart adjusts its metabolic pattern through mitochondrial regulation and substrate selection to maintain energy homeostasis. Heart failure is associated with impaired cardiac energy production, transduction or utilization. Reduced exercise tolerance, skeletal muscle dystrophy and even cardiac cachexia are commonly found in patients with advanced heart failure. Irisin is a newly identified myokine and is mainly secreted by skeletal muscles after exercise. Irisin regulates metabolism and plays essential roles in the development of metabolic diseases. The heart is another abundant source of irisin synthesis and secretion other than skeletal muscle. However, the functions of irisin in the heart have not been completely elucidated. This review introduces the current understanding of the physiological role of irisin, alteration of irisin levels in heart failure, possible mechanisms of irisin in metabolic remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy, and perspectives of irisin serving as a novel target in the management of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Susu Xie
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Murphy RM, Watt MJ, Febbraio MA. Metabolic communication during exercise. Nat Metab 2020; 2:805-816. [PMID: 32747791 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of nutrient sensing, delivery, uptake and utilization is essential for maintaining cellular, tissue and whole-body homeostasis. Such synchronization can be achieved only if metabolic information is communicated between the cells and tissues of the entire organism. During intense exercise, the metabolic demand of the body can increase approximately 100-fold. Thus, exercise is a physiological state in which intertissue communication is of paramount importance. In this Review, we discuss the physiological processes governing intertissue communication during exercise and the molecules mediating such cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Nie Y, Dai B, Guo X, Liu D. Cleavage of FNDC5 and insights into its maturation process. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 510:110840. [PMID: 32360564 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
FNDC5 corresponds to an irisin precursor that increases with exercise. Studies suggest that irisin mediates beneficial effects in adipose tissues, skeletal muscle, bone, and brain. However, the cleavage and maturation processes of FNDC5 have not been clearly identified. This study aimed to show that the signal peptide and transmembrane domain of FNDC5 were associated with the secretion of its ectodomain. Localization studies identified the signal peptide that was responsible for endoplasmic reticulum targeting activity of nascent FNDC5 and showed that the FNDC5 ectodomain corresponding to irisin could be transported across the membrane by a transmembrane domain. Analysis of cleavage constructs revealed that the ectodomain of FNDC5 could be cleaved from its signal peptide and transmembrane attachment. Genetic ablation of the signal peptide cleavage site blocked N-glycosylation of FNDC5. Identification of the FNDC5 maturation process should facilitate our understanding of irisin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China.
| | - Dongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China.
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40
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Zhang D, Tan X, Tang N, Huang F, Chen Z, Shi G. Review of Research on the Role of Irisin in Tumors. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:4423-4430. [PMID: 32547073 PMCID: PMC7245464 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s245178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a newly discovered exercise-induced cytokine, produced by the proteolytic hydrolysis of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). Irisin is widely distributed in the human body and is involved in the browning of white adipose tissue, improving insulin resistance, improving cognitive function, and regulating bone metabolism. Recent studies have shown that irisin concentration is elevated in a variety of tumor tissues as compared with that in normal tissues. However, irisin has different effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells in breast cancer, lung cancer, and liver cancer through various mechanisms. Irisin plays an important role in the occurrence, development, and metastasis of different tumors, suggesting that irisin can be used as a potential target for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, studying the expression and function of irisin in tumors may be of great significance for the prevention and treatment of tumors. This article reviews the research progress on the role of irisin in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Chengyang District People's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Chengyang District People's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hernia Surgery, Qianxinan People's Hospital, Xingyi 562400, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengyin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Chengyang District People's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjun Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Zhang J, Yang J, Yang N, Ma J, Lu D, Dong Y, Liang H, Liu D, Cang M. Dlgap1 negatively regulates browning of white fat cells through effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:39. [PMID: 32169116 PMCID: PMC7068870 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01230-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a metabolic imbalance characterized by excessive deposition of white fat. The browning of white fat can effectively treat obesity and related diseases. Although Dlgap1 (Discs, Large (Drosophila) Homolog-Associated Protein 1) is suspected to have an effect on this process, no empirical evidence is available. Methods To understand the role of Dlgap1, we cultured white and brown fat cells, then performed overexpression and knockout experiments. Results We found that Dlgap1 overexpression in brown adipocytes inhibits brown-fat-related gene expression, promotes white-fat-related genes, while also increasing brown-adipocyte proliferation and apoptosis. However, the gene overexpression has no effect on brown adipocyte maturation. Knocking out Dlgap1 in white fat cells promotes the expression and inhibition of brown-fat-related and white-fat-related genes, respectively. Additionally, the knockout inhibits white fat cell proliferation and apoptosis, while also promoting their maturation. Conclusions Dlgap1 negatively regulates the browning of white adipocytes by influencing cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Jianfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Datong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yanhua Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Dongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Ming Cang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China. .,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China.
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Albrecht E, Schering L, Buck F, Vlach K, Schober HC, Drevon CA, Maak S. Irisin: Still chasing shadows. Mol Metab 2020; 34:124-135. [PMID: 32180552 PMCID: PMC7033458 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Considerable uncertainty remains regarding the veracity of measuring myokine irisin more than seven years after its original description. Unresolved issues include the nature of transcription of the irisin precursor fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) gene across species, the reliability of irisin levels measured with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and the overall validity of the recently published reference values for human serum measured with quantitative mass spectrometry. We utilized multiple species and measures to evaluate the robustness of commonly used reagents and methods for reporting irisin. Methods Amplification of cDNA was used to assess the FNDC5 transcript patterns in humans and mice. The specificity and sensitivity of different irisin antibodies were examined via western blotting. Quantification of circulating native irisin was conducted with mass spectrometry using an absolute quantification peptide for irisin. Results We show that there is a greater transcript diversity of human FNDC5 than currently annotated, but no indication of the expression of transcripts leading to a truncated form of irisin. Available irisin antibodies still bind to patterns of unspecific serum proteins, which compromise reliable measurements of irisin with ELISAs. Absolute quantification of irisin with labeled peptides by mass spectrometry is an advanced method but requires a multi-step sample preparation introducing uncontrollable variations in the measurement. Conclusion Our data represent an explicit warning against measuring circulating irisin using available methods. Measuring irisin is akin to chasing shadows. Transcription pattern of the host FNDC5 gene is not conserved from mouse to human. Irisin antibodies detect neither circulating irisin nor FNDC5 in humans and mice. Sample preparation impairs exact quantification of irisin by mass spectrometry. Results on irisin levels in humans and mice are still unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Schering
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Friedrich Buck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Vlach
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Municipal Hospital Suedstadt Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans-Christof Schober
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Municipal Hospital Suedstadt Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Abstract
Bone and skeletal muscle are integrated organs and their coupling has been considered mainly a mechanical one in which bone serves as attachment site to muscle while muscle applies load to bone and regulates bone metabolism. However, skeletal muscle can affect bone homeostasis also in a non-mechanical fashion, i.e., through its endocrine activity. Being recognized as an endocrine organ itself, skeletal muscle secretes a panel of cytokines and proteins named myokines, synthesized and secreted by myocytes in response to muscle contraction. Myokines exert an autocrine function in regulating muscle metabolism as well as a paracrine/endocrine regulatory function on distant organs and tissues, such as bone, adipose tissue, brain and liver. Physical activity is the primary physiological stimulus for bone anabolism (and/or catabolism) through the production and secretion of myokines, such as IL-6, irisin, IGF-1, FGF2, beside the direct effect of loading. Importantly, exercise-induced myokine can exert an anti-inflammatory action that is able to counteract not only acute inflammation due to an infection, but also a condition of chronic low-grade inflammation raised as consequence of physical inactivity, aging or metabolic disorders (i.e., obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus). In this review article, we will discuss the effects that some of the most studied exercise-induced myokines exert on bone formation and bone resorption, as well as a brief overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of myokines during the onset pathological conditions characterized by the development a systemic low-grade inflammation, such as sarcopenia, obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gomarasca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy; Gdańsk University of Physical Education & Sport, Gdańsk, Pomorskie, Poland.
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Tang L, Tong Y, Zhang F, Chen G, Zhang YC, Jobin J, Tong N. The association of circulating irisin with metabolic risk factors in Chinese adults: a cross-sectional community-based study. BMC Endocr Disord 2019; 19:147. [PMID: 31881940 PMCID: PMC6935078 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-019-0479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin is a myokine that leads to increased energy expenditure by stimulating the browning of white adipose tissue. We aimed to investigate the association of serum irisin levels with metabolic parameters in middle aged Chinese population. METHODS The study was based on a cross-sectional analysis of data from 524 nondiabetic subjects aged 40~65. All participants were recruited from a screening survey for Metabolic Syndrome in a community in Southwest China, including 294 subjects categorized as overweight (defined as BMI≧25 kg/m2) and 230 subjects as normal control (defined as 18.5≦BMI < 25 kg/m2). Serum irisin concentration was quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship of irisin with metabolic factors was determined by Pearson correlation. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze the association of irisin with insulin resistance. Logistic regression was performed to assess the association of irisin with odds of overweight. RESULTS Serum irisin levels were significantly lower in nondiabetic overweight subjects compared with control (11.46 ± 4.11vs14.78 ± 7.03 μg/mL, p = 0.02). Circulating irisin was positively correlated with quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI, r = 0.178, p = 0.045) and triglycerides (r = 0.149, p = 0.022); while irisin was negatively correlated with waist circumference (WC, r = - 0.185, p = 0.037), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, r = - 0.176, p = 0.047), fasting insulin (r = - 0.2, p = 0.024), serum creatinine (r = - 0.243, p = 0.006), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, r = - 0.189, p = 0.033). Multiple linear regression showed that irisin was inversely associated with HOMA-IR (β = - 0.342 ± 0.154, p = 0.029). Higher irisin was associated with decreased odds of being overweight (OR = 0.281, β = - 1.271, p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS We found that serum irisin levels were lower in overweight subjects. Moreover, serum irisin levels were inversely correlated with adverse metabolic parameters including WC, WHR, creatinine, HOMA-IR and fasting insulin, suggesting that irisin may play a role in obesity related insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuzhen Tong
- Brescia University College, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Guilin Chen
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun Cong Zhang
- College of medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John Jobin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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The influence of concurrent training intensity on serum irisin and abdominal fat in postmenopausal women. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2019; 18:166-173. [PMID: 31975984 PMCID: PMC6970417 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2019.90810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Menopause seems to be among the factors related to the development of prediabetes and central obesity. Conversely, physical activity may have a major role in reducing metabolic syndrome in women of postmenopausal age. Material and methods Forty-eight postmenopausal active and sedentary women within the ages of 45-65 years were randomized to four groups: 1) high-intensity concurrent interval exercise (HCI; n = 15), 2) moderate-intensity continuous concurrent exercise (MCC; n = 14), 3) control daily active (CDA; n = 10), and 4) control sedentary (COS; n = 9). The subjects in the preceding training groups exercised three times per week for 50-65 min/session with high/moderate concurrent exercise for 10 weeks. The levels of serum irisin, insulin sensitivity, abdominal fat distribution (visceral and subcutaneous), and total abdominal fat were measured at baseline and post-test. Results This study showed that the HCI group had a significantly increased serum irisin (p< 0.001), stimulated favorable alterations in insulin sensitivity status (p = 0.003), and significantly decreased subcutaneous, visceral and, total abdominal fat (p< 0.001). Also, the insulin sensitivity status was significantly increased (p = 0.01) and subcutaneous abdominal fat significantly decreased in the MCC group (p = 0.018). However, this study’s results did not find a considerable correlation between insulin sensitivity, irisin level, weight loss and abdominal fat distribution. Conclusions High-intensity concurrent exercise has a greater influence on improving most metabolic-related parameters than moderate-intensity concurrent exercise.
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Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 promotes proliferation and differentiation of goat adipose-derived stem cells. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:351-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Beige Fat, Adaptive Thermogenesis, and Its Regulation by Exercise and Thyroid Hormone. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030057. [PMID: 31370146 PMCID: PMC6783838 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While it is now understood that the proper expansion of adipose tissue is critically important for metabolic homeostasis, it is also appreciated that adipose tissues perform far more functions than simply maintaining energy balance. Adipose tissue performs endocrine functions, secreting hormones or adipokines that affect the regulation of extra-adipose tissues, and, under certain conditions, can also be major contributors to energy expenditure and the systemic metabolic rate via the activation of thermogenesis. Adipose thermogenesis takes place in brown and beige adipocytes. While brown adipocytes have been relatively well studied, the study of beige adipocytes has only recently become an area of considerable exploration. Numerous suggestions have been made that beige adipocytes can elicit beneficial metabolic effects on body weight, insulin sensitivity, and lipid levels. However, the potential impact of beige adipocyte thermogenesis on systemic metabolism is not yet clear and an understanding of beige adipocyte development and regulation is also limited. This review will highlight our current understanding of beige adipocytes and select factors that have been reported to elicit the development and activation of thermogenesis in beige cells, with a focus on factors that may represent a link between exercise and 'beiging', as well as the role that thyroid hormone signaling plays in beige adipocyte regulation.
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Bai Y, Bi H, Li L, Li J, Yu X, Ren H, Li Y, Ji Y, Li H, Wang H. Effects of myostatin deficiency on PGC-1α and FNDC5 expression in three different murine muscle types. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:323-329. [PMID: 30777303 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a key negative regulator of muscle growth and development. Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles were isolated from MSTN knockout (MSTN-∕-) and control mice to investigate the effect of knocking out MSTN on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 1 coactivator (PGC-1α)-III and fibronectin domain 5 (FNDC5) expression. Various molecular biology techniques were used to analyze the changes in PGC-1α-FNDC5 in different muscle types from MSTN-∕- mice. The expression levels of PGC-1α and FNDC5 in the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles of MSTN-∕- mice differed from those in the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles of normal mice. This study revealed that knocking out MSTN resulted in inconsistent PGC-1α and FNDC5 expression in specific muscles. It proved for the first time that MSTN deletion attenuated the expression of PGC-1α and FNDC5 in three different murine muscle types. MSTN deletion may have additional effects on the status ofFNDC5 expression. Further research, however, is needed to confirm this conclusion.
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El Haddad H, Sedrak H, Naguib M, Yousief E, Ibrahim DR, Abdel Samie RM, Hamdy A. Irisin level in type 2 diabetic patients and its relation to glycemic control and diabetic complications. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-019-00717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Cao RY, Zheng H, Redfearn D, Yang J. FNDC5: A novel player in metabolism and metabolic syndrome. Biochimie 2019; 158:111-116. [PMID: 30611879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Half a decade ago, transmembrane protein fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) was found to be cleaved as a novel myokine irisin, which burst into prominence for browning of white adipose tissue during exercise. However, FNDC5, the precursor of irisin, has been paid relatively little attention compared with irisin despite evidence that FNDC5 is associated with the metabolic syndrome, which accounts for one-fourth of the world's adult population and contributes to diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Besides N-terminal and C-terminal sequences, the FNDC5 protein contains an irisin domain and a short transmembrane region. FNDC5 has shown to be widely distribute in different tissues and is highly expressed in heart, brain, liver, and skeletal muscle. Clinical studies have demonstrated that FNDC5 is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and dysregulation of FNDC5 will lead to systemic metabolism imbalance and the onset of metabolic disorders. Growing evidence has suggested that FNDC5 gene polymorphisms are related to health and disease in different human populations. Additionally, FNDC5 has been found relevant to the regulation of metabolism and metabolic syndrome through diverse upstream and downstream signaling pathways in experimental studies. The present review summarizes the characteristics, clinical significance, and molecular mechanisms of FNDC5 in metabolic syndrome and proposes a novel concept that FNDC5 is activated by forming a putative ligand-receptor complex. Knowledge about the role of FNDC5 may be translated into drug development and clinical applications for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Cao
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University/Shanghai Clinical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 966 Middle Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Hongchao Zheng
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University/Shanghai Clinical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 966 Middle Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Damian Redfearn
- Department of Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Jian Yang
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University/Shanghai Clinical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 966 Middle Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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