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Matsumura K, Yamamoto Y, Yoshimura K, Miyatake T. Effect of temperature on sexual size dimorphism during the developmental period in the broad-horned flour beetle. J Therm Biol 2024; 124:103962. [PMID: 39217677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Adult size in numerous insects is strongly dependent on temperature. In several cases, a temperature-size rule is observed in which developmental temperature and adult size tradeoff. Although several previous studies have demonstrated the temperature-size rule, only a few have explored the relationship between developmental temperature and weapon traits or sexual size dimorphism. This study was conducted to investigate the size of the broad-horned flour beetle Gnatocerus cornutus when it was developed under different temperatures. G. cornutus males possess weapon traits for male-male combat and exhibit sexual size dimorphism in other morphological traits. Results showed that male weapon size and body size complied with the temperature-size rule. Furthermore, the extent of sex dimorphism in genae width, a weapon-supportive trait, were larger at lower temperatures. Our findings suggest that the temperature-size rule also influences the size of sexual traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentarou Matsumura
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuto Yamamoto
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kaito Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Environmental Life, Natural and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyatake
- Graduate School of Environmental Life, Natural and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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2
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Dantzer B. Frank Beach Award Winner: The centrality of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in dealing with environmental change across temporal scales. Horm Behav 2023; 150:105311. [PMID: 36707334 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding if and how individuals and populations cope with environmental change is an enduring question in evolutionary ecology that has renewed importance given the pace of change in the Anthropocene. Two evolutionary strategies of coping with environmental change may be particularly important in rapidly changing environments: adaptive phenotypic plasticity and/or bet hedging. Adaptive plasticity could enable individuals to match their phenotypes to the expected environment if there is an accurate cue predicting the selective environment. Diversifying bet hedging involves the production of seemingly random phenotypes in an unpredictable environment, some of which may be adaptive. Here, I review the central role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoids (GCs) in enabling vertebrates to cope with environmental change through adaptive plasticity and bet hedging. I first describe how the HPA axis mediates three types of adaptive plasticity to cope with environmental change (evasion, tolerance, recovery) over short timescales (e.g., 1-3 generations) before discussing how the implications of GCs on phenotype integration may depend upon the timescale under consideration. GCs can promote adaptive phenotypic integration, but their effects on phenotypic co-variation could also limit the dimensions of phenotypic space explored by animals over longer timescales. Finally, I discuss how organismal responses to environmental stressors can act as a bet hedging mechanism and therefore enhance evolvability by increasing genetic or phenotypic variability or reducing patterns of genetic and phenotypic co-variance. Together, this emphasizes the crucial role of the HPA axis in understanding fundamental questions in evolutionary ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, MI 48109 Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, MI 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Baraldi S, Rigato E, Fusco G. Growth Regulation in the Larvae of the Lepidopteran Pieris brassicae: A Field Study. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14020167. [PMID: 36835736 PMCID: PMC9965483 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Size and shape are important determinants of fitness in most living beings. Accordingly, the capacity of the organism to regulate size and shape during growth, containing the effects of developmental disturbances of different origin, is considered a key feature of the developmental system. In a recent study, through a geometric morphometric analysis on a laboratory-reared sample of the lepidopteran Pieris brassicae, we found evidence of regulatory mechanisms able to restrain size and shape variation, including bilateral fluctuating asymmetry, during larval development. However, the efficacy of the regulatory mechanism under greater environmental variation remains to be explored. Here, based on a field-reared sample of the same species, by adopting identical measurements of size and shape variation, we found that the regulatory mechanisms for containing the effects of developmental disturbances during larval growth in P. brassicae are also effective under more natural environmental conditions. This study may contribute to better characterization of the mechanisms of developmental stability and canalization and their combined effects in the developmental interactions between the organism and its environment.
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4
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Diaz-Torres E, Muñoz-Nava LM, Nahmad M. Coupling cell proliferation rates to the duration of recruitment controls final size of the Drosophila wing. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221167. [PMID: 36476003 PMCID: PMC9554725 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ growth driven by cell proliferation is an exponential process. As a result, even small variations in proliferation rates, when integrated over a relatively long developmental time, will lead to large differences in size. How organs robustly control their final size despite perturbations in cell proliferation rates throughout development is a long-standing question in biology. Using a mathematical model, we show that in the developing wing of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, variations in proliferation rates of wing-committed cells are inversely proportional to the duration of cell recruitment, a differentiation process in which a population of undifferentiated cells adopt the wing fate by expressing the selector gene, vestigial. A time-course experiment shows that vestigial-expressing cells increase exponentially while recruitment takes place, but slows down when recruitable cells start to vanish, suggesting that undifferentiated cells may be driving proliferation of wing-committed cells. When this observation is incorporated in our model, we show that the duration of cell recruitment robustly determines a final wing size even when cell proliferation rates of wing-committed cells are perturbed. Finally, we show that this control mechanism fails when perturbations in proliferation rates affect both wing-committed and recruitable cells, providing an experimentally testable hypothesis of our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Diaz-Torres
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Luis Manuel Muñoz-Nava
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Marcos Nahmad
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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5
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Cobham AE, Neumann B, Mirth CK. Maintaining robust size across environmental conditions through plastic brain growth dynamics. Open Biol 2022; 12:220037. [PMID: 36102061 PMCID: PMC9471992 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ growth is tightly regulated across environmental conditions to generate an appropriate final size. While the size of some organs is free to vary, others need to maintain constant size to function properly. This poses a unique problem: how is robust final size achieved when environmental conditions alter key processes that regulate organ size throughout the body, such as growth rate and growth duration? While we know that brain growth is ‘spared’ from the effects of the environment from humans to fruit flies, we do not understand how this process alters growth dynamics across brain compartments. Here, we explore how this robustness in brain size is achieved by examining differences in growth patterns between the larval body, the brain and a brain compartment—the mushroom bodies—in Drosophila melanogaster across both thermal and nutritional conditions. We identify key differences in patterns of growth between the whole brain and mushroom bodies that are likely to underlie robustness of final organ shape. Further, we show that these differences produce distinct brain shapes across environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansa E Cobham
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brent Neumann
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christen K Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Nogueira Alves A, Oliveira MM, Koyama T, Shingleton A, Mirth CK. Ecdysone coordinates plastic growth with robust pattern in the developing wing. eLife 2022; 11:72666. [PMID: 35261337 PMCID: PMC8947767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals develop in unpredictable, variable environments. In response to environmental change, some aspects of development adjust to generate plastic phenotypes. Other aspects of development, however, are buffered against environmental change to produce robust phenotypes. How organ development is coordinated to accommodate both plastic and robust developmental responses is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the steroid hormone ecdysone coordinates both plasticity of organ size and robustness of organ pattern in the developing wings of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Using fed and starved larvae that lack prothoracic glands, which synthesize ecdysone, we show that nutrition regulates growth both via ecdysone and via an ecdysone-independent mechanism, while nutrition regulates patterning only via ecdysone. We then demonstrate that growth shows a graded response to ecdysone concentration, while patterning shows a threshold response. Collectively, these data support a model where nutritionally regulated ecdysone fluctuations confer plasticity by regulating disc growth in response to basal ecdysone levels and confer robustness by initiating patterning only once ecdysone peaks exceed a threshold concentration. This could represent a generalizable mechanism through which hormones coordinate plastic growth with robust patterning in the face of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander Shingleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Christen K Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Bonfini A, Dobson AJ, Duneau D, Revah J, Liu X, Houtz P, Buchon N. Multiscale analysis reveals that diet-dependent midgut plasticity emerges from alterations in both stem cell niche coupling and enterocyte size. eLife 2021; 10:64125. [PMID: 34553686 PMCID: PMC8528489 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is the primary interface between an animal and food, but how it adapts to qualitative dietary variation is poorly defined. We find that the Drosophila midgut plastically resizes following changes in dietary composition. A panel of nutrients collectively promote gut growth, which sugar opposes. Diet influences absolute and relative levels of enterocyte loss and stem cell proliferation, which together determine cell numbers. Diet also influences enterocyte size. A high sugar diet inhibits translation and uncouples intestinal stem cell proliferation from expression of niche-derived signals, but, surprisingly, rescuing these effects genetically was not sufficient to modify diet’s impact on midgut size. However, when stem cell proliferation was deficient, diet’s impact on enterocyte size was enhanced, and reducing enterocyte-autonomous TOR signaling was sufficient to attenuate diet-dependent midgut resizing. These data clarify the complex relationships between nutrition, epithelial dynamics, and cell size, and reveal a new mode of plastic, diet-dependent organ resizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonfini
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Adam J Dobson
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Duneau
- Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), Toulouse, France.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jonathan Revah
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Xi Liu
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Philip Houtz
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
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8
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Castori M. Deconstructing and reconstructing joint hypermobility on an evo-devo perspective. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:2537-2544. [PMID: 33668066 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint hypermobility is a common characteristic in humans. Its non-casual association with various musculoskeletal complaints is known and currently defined "the spectrum". It includes hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD). hEDS is recognized by a set of descriptive criteria, while HSD is the background diagnosis for individuals not fulfilling these criteria. Little is known about the aetiopathogenesis of the spectrum. It may be interpreted as a complex trait according to the integration model. Particularly, the spectrum is common in the general population, affects morphology, presents extreme clinical variability and is characterized by marked sex bias without a clear Mendelian or hormonal explanation. Joint hypermobility and the other hEDS systemic criteria are intended as qualitative derivatives of continuous traits of normal morphological variability. The need for a minimum set of criteria for hEDS diagnosis implies a tendency to co-vary of these underlying continuous traits. In evolutionary biology, such a co-variation (i.e. integration) is driven by multiple forces, including genetic, developmental, functional and environmental/acquired interactors. The aetiopathogenesis of the spectrum may be resolved by a deeper understanding of phenotypic variability, which superimposes on normal morphological variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Castori
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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9
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Different diets can affect attractiveness of Drosophila melanogaster males via changes in wing morphology. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Fusco G, Rigato E, Springolo A. Size and shape regulation during larval growth in the lepidopteran Pieris brassicae. Evol Dev 2020; 23:46-60. [PMID: 33300666 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By adopting a longitudinal study design and through geometric morphometrics methods, we investigated size and shape regulation in the head capsule during the larval development of the cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae under laboratory conditions. We found evidence of size regulation by compensatory growth, although not equally effective in all larval stages. Size compensation is not attained through the regulation of developmental timing, but rather through the modulation of per-time growth rate. As for the shape, neither the variance of the symmetric component of shape, nor the level of fluctuating asymmetry show any evidence of increase across stages, either at the population or individual level, which is interpreted as a mark of ontogenetic shape regulation. In addition, also the geometry of individual asymmetry is basically conserved across stages. While providing specific documentation on the ontogeny of size and shape variation in this insect, this study may contribute to a more general understanding of developmental regulation and its influence on phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fusco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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11
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Organisms show an incredibly diverse array of body and organ shapes that are both unique to their taxon and important for adapting to their environment. Achieving these specific shapes involves coordinating the many processes that transform single cells into complex organs, and regulating their growth so that they can function within a fully-formed body.
Main text
Conceptually, body and organ shape can be separated in two categories, although in practice these categories need not be mutually exclusive. Body shape results from the extent to which organs, or parts of organs, grow relative to each other. The patterns of relative organ size are characterized using allometry. Organ shape, on the other hand, is defined as the geometric features of an organ’s component parts excluding its size. Characterization of organ shape is frequently described by the relative position of homologous features, known as landmarks, distributed throughout the organ. These descriptions fall into the domain of geometric morphometrics.
Conclusion
In this review, we discuss the methods of characterizing body and organ shape, the developmental programs thought to underlie each, highlight when and how the mechanisms regulating body and organ shape might overlap, and provide our perspective on future avenues of research.
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12
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Texada MJ, Koyama T, Rewitz K. Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control. Genetics 2020; 216:269-313. [PMID: 33023929 PMCID: PMC7536854 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development of adults with proper size and proportions, which is important for survival and reproduction. In animals, adult body size is determined by the rate and duration of juvenile growth, which are influenced by the environment. In nutrient-scarce environments in which more time is needed for growth, the juvenile growth period can be extended by delaying maturation, whereas juvenile development is rapidly completed in nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires the integration of environmental cues with developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure that maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue growth has occurred to reach a proper adult size. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway is the primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids and insulin-like growth factors are the main systemic regulators of growth and maturation in animals. We discuss recent findings in Drosophila melanogaster showing that cell-autonomous environment and growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR and other growth-regulatory pathways, that converge on insulin and steroid relay centers are responsible for adjusting systemic growth, and development, in response to external and internal conditions. In addition to this, proper organ growth is also monitored and coordinated with whole-body growth and the timing of maturation through modulation of steroid signaling. This coordination involves interorgan communication mediated by Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 in response to tissue growth status. Together, these multiple nutritional and developmental cues feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling insulin and steroid signaling, serving as checkpoints at which developmental progression toward maturation can be delayed. This review focuses on these mechanisms by which external and internal conditions can modulate developmental growth and ensure proper adult body size, and highlights the conserved architecture of this system, which has made Drosophila a prime model for understanding the coordination of growth and maturation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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Vea IM, Shingleton AW. Network-regulated organ allometry: The developmental regulation of morphological scaling. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e391. [PMID: 32567243 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Morphological scaling relationships, or allometries, describe how traits grow coordinately and covary among individuals in a population. The developmental regulation of scaling is essential to generate correctly proportioned adults across a range of body sizes, while the mis-regulation of scaling may result in congenital birth defects. Research over several decades has identified the developmental mechanisms that regulate the size of individual traits. Nevertheless, we still have poor understanding of how these mechanisms work together to generate correlated size variation among traits in response to environmental and genetic variation. Conceptually, morphological scaling can be generated by size-regulatory factors that act directly on multiple growing traits (trait-autonomous scaling), or indirectly via hormones produced by central endocrine organs (systemically regulated scaling), and there are a number of well-established examples of such mechanisms. There is much less evidence, however, that genetic and environmental variation actually acts on these mechanisms to generate morphological scaling in natural populations. More recent studies indicate that growing organs can themselves regulate the growth of other organs in the body. This suggests that covariation in trait size can be generated by network-regulated scaling mechanisms that respond to changes in the growth of individual traits. Testing this hypothesis, and one of the main challenges of understanding morphological scaling, requires connecting mechanisms elucidated in the laboratory with patterns of scaling observed in the natural world. This article is categorized under: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M Vea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander W Shingleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Ho CH, Treisman JE. Specific Isoforms of the Guanine-Nucleotide Exchange Factor dPix Couple Neuromuscular Synapse Growth to Muscle Growth. Dev Cell 2020; 54:117-131.e5. [PMID: 32516570 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developmental growth requires coordination between the growth rates of individual tissues and organs. Here, we examine how Drosophila neuromuscular synapses grow to match the size of their target muscles. We show that changes in muscle growth driven by autonomous modulation of insulin receptor signaling produce corresponding changes in synapse size, with each muscle affecting only its presynaptic motor neuron branches. This scaling growth is mechanistically distinct from synaptic plasticity driven by neuronal activity and requires increased postsynaptic differentiation induced by insulin receptor signaling in muscle. We identify the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor dPix as an effector of insulin receptor signaling. Alternatively spliced dPix isoforms that contain a specific exon are necessary and sufficient for postsynaptic differentiation and scaling growth, and their mRNA levels are regulated by insulin receptor signaling. These findings define a mechanism by which the same signaling pathway promotes both autonomous muscle growth and non-autonomous synapse growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Hei Ho
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jessica E Treisman
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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15
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Chauhan N, Shrivastava NK, Agrawal N, Shakarad MN. Wing patterning in faster developing Drosophila is associated with high ecdysone titer and wingless expression. Mech Dev 2020; 163:103626. [PMID: 32526278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
'Developmental robustness' is the ability of biological systems to maintain a stable phenotype despite genetic, environmental or physiological perturbations. In holometabolous insects, accurate patterning and development is guaranteed by alignment of final gene expression patterns in tissues at specific developmental stage such as molting and pupariation, irrespective of individual rate of development. In the present study, we used faster developing Drosophila melanogaster populations that show reduction of ~22% in egg to adult development time. Flies from the faster developing population exhibit phenotype constancy, although significantly small in size. The reduction in development time in faster developing flies is possibly due to coordination between higher ecdysteroid release and higher expression of developmental genes. The two together might be ensuring appropriate pattern formation and early exit at each development stage in the populations selected for faster pre-adult development compared to their ancestral controls. We report that apart from plasticity in the rate of pattern progression, alteration in the level of gene expression may be responsible for pattern integrity even under reduced development time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Chauhan
- Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | | | - Namita Agrawal
- Fly Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Mallikarjun N Shakarad
- Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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16
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Maier D, Nagel AC, Preiss A. Genetic interactions between Protein Kinase D and Lobe mutants during eye development of Drosophila melanogaster. Hereditas 2019; 156:37. [PMID: 31889943 PMCID: PMC6924039 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-019-0113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Drosophila, the development of the fly eye involves the activity of several, interconnected pathways that first define the presumptive eye field within the eye anlagen, followed by establishment of the dorso-ventral boundary, and the regulation of growth and apoptosis. In Lobe (L) mutant flies, parts of the eye or even the complete eye are absent because the eye field has not been properly defined. Manifold genetic interactions indicate that L influences the activity of several signalling pathways, resulting in a conversion of eye tissue into epidermis, and in the induction of apoptosis. As information on the molecular nature of the L mutation is lacking, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still an enigma. Results We have identified Protein Kinase D (PKD) as a strong modifier of the L mutant phenotype. PKD belongs to the PKC/CAMK class of Ser/Thr kinases that have been involved in diverse cellular processes including stress resistance and growth. Despite the many roles of PKD, Drosophila PKD null mutants are without apparent phenotype apart from sensitivity to oxidative stress. Here we report an involvement of PKD in eye development in the sensitized genetic background of Lobe. Absence of PKD strongly enhanced the dominant eye defects of heterozygous L2 flies, and decreased their viability. Moreover, eye-specific overexpression of an activated isoform of PKD considerably ameliorated the dominant L2 phenotype. This genetic interaction was not allele specific but similarly seen with three additional, weaker L alleles (L1, L5, LG), demonstrating its specificity. Conclusions We propose that PKD-mediated phosphorylation is involved in underlying processes causing the L phenotype, i.e. in the regulation of growth, the epidermal transformation of eye tissue and apoptosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Maier
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik (240A), Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anja C Nagel
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik (240A), Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anette Preiss
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik (240A), Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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17
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Springolo A, Rigato E, Fusco G. Larval growth and allometry in the cabbage butterfly
Pieris brassicae
(Lepidoptera: Pieridae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Nijhout HF, Best JA, Reed MC. Systems biology of robustness and homeostatic mechanisms. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 11:e1440. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet A. Best
- Department of Mathematics Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Michael C. Reed
- Department of Mathematics Duke University Durham North Carolina
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19
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Abstract
How the organ size is adjusted to the proper size during development and how organs know that they reach the original size during regeneration remain long-standing questions. Based on studies using multiple model organisms and approaches for over 20 years, a consensus has been established that the Hippo pathway plays crucial roles in controlling organ size and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Given the significance of these processes, the dysregulation of the Hippo pathway has also implicated various diseases, such as tissue degeneration and cancer. By regulating the downstream transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ, the Hippo pathway coordinates cell proliferation and apoptosis in response to a variety of signals including cell contact inhibition, polarity, mechanical sensation and soluble factors. Since the core components and their functions of the Hippo pathway are evolutionarily conserved, this pathway serves as a global regulator of organ size control. Therefore, further investigation of the regulatory mechanisms will provide physiological insights to better understand tissue homeostasis. In this review, the historical developments and current understandings of the regulatory mechanism of Hippo signaling pathway are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantae Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Departement of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
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20
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Vollmer J, Casares F, Iber D. Growth and size control during development. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170190. [PMID: 29142108 PMCID: PMC5717347 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of organs are characteristic for each species. Even when organisms develop to different sizes due to varying environmental conditions, such as nutrition, organ size follows species-specific rules of proportionality to the rest of the body, a phenomenon referred to as allometry. Therefore, for a given environment, organs stop growth at a predictable size set by the species's genotype. How do organs stop growth? How can related species give rise to organs of strikingly different size? No definitive answer has been given to date. One of the major models for the studies of growth termination is the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. Therefore, this review will focus mostly on work carried out in Drosophila to try to tease apart potential mechanisms and identify routes for further investigation. One general rule, found across the animal kingdom, is that the rate of growth declines with developmental time. Therefore, answers to the problem of growth termination should explain this seemingly universal fact. In addition, growth termination is intimately related to the problems of robustness (i.e. precision) and plasticity in organ size, symmetric and asymmetric organ development, and of how the ‘target’ size depends on extrinsic, environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Vollmer
- D-BSSE, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Casares
- CABD, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-JA, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Dagmar Iber
- D-BSSE, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Scieuzo C, Nardiello M, Salvia R, Pezzi M, Chicca M, Leis M, Bufo SA, Vinson SB, Rao A, Vogel H, Falabella P. Ecdysteroidogenesis and development in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Focus on PTTH-stimulated pathways. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:57-67. [PMID: 29454612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-embryonic development and molting in insects are regulated by endocrine changes, including prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysone secretion by the prothoracic glands (PGs). In Lepidoptera, two pathways are potentially involved in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/TOR). We investigated the potential roles of both these pathways in Heliothis virescens ecdysteroidogenesis. We identified putative proteins belonging to MAPK and PI3K/Akt/TOR signaling cascades, using transcriptomic analyses of PGs from last (fifth) instar larvae. Using western blots, we measured the phosphorylation of 4E-BP and S6K proteins, the main targets of TOR, following the in vitro exposure of PGs to brain extract containing PTTH (hereafter referred to as PTTH) and/or the inhibitors of MAPK (U0126), PI3K (LY294002) or TOR (rapamycin). Next, we measured ecdysone production, under the same experimental conditions, by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). We found that in Heliothis virescens last instar larvae, both pathways modulated PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis. Finally, we analyzed the post-embryonic development of third and fourth instar larvae fed on diet supplemented with rapamycin, in order to better understand the role of the TOR pathway in larval growth. When rapamycin was added to the diet of larvae, the onset of molting was delayed, the growth rate was reduced and abnormally small larvae/pupae with high mortality rates resulted. In larvae fed on diet supplemented with rapamycin, the growth of PGs was suppressed, and ecdysone production and secretion were inhibited. Overall, the in vivo and in vitro results demonstrated that, similarly to Bombyx mori, MAPK and PI3K/Akt/TOR pathways are involved in PTTH signaling-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis, and indicated the important role of TOR protein in H. virescens systemic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Marisa Nardiello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Marco Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Milvia Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Marilena Leis
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - S Bradleigh Vinson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA
| | - Asha Rao
- Department of Biology, 3258 Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
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22
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Ahmad M, Keebaugh ES, Tariq M, Ja WW. Evolutionary responses of Drosophila melanogaster under chronic malnutrition. Front Ecol Evol 2018; 6. [PMID: 31286000 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila species have successfully spread and adapted to diverse climates across the globe. For D. melanogaster, rotting vegetative matter provides the primary substrate for mating and oviposition, and also acts as a nutritional resource for developing larvae and adult flies. The transitory nature of decaying vegetation exposes D. melanogaster to rapidly changing nutrient availability. As evidenced by their successful global spread, flies are capable of dealing with fluctuating nutritional reserves within their respective ecological niches. Therefore, D. melanogaster populations might contain standing genetic variation to support survival during periods of nutrient scarcity. The natural history and genetic tractability of D. melanogaster make the fly an ideal model for studies on the genetic basis of resistance to nutritional stress. We review artificial selection studies on nutritionally-deprived D. melanogaster and summarize the phenotypic outcomes of selected animals. Many of the reported evolved traits phenocopy mutants of the nutrient-sensing PI3K/Akt pathway. Given that the PI3K/Akt pathway is also responsive to acute nutritional stress, the PI3K/Akt pathway might underlie traits evolved under chronic nutritional deprivation. Future studies that directly test for the genetic mechanisms driving evolutionary responses to nutritional stress will take advantage of the ease in manipulating fly nutrient availability in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Biology, SBA School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA.,Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Erin S Keebaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA.,Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Biology, SBA School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - William W Ja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA.,Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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23
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Abstract
In his classic book On Growth and Form, D'Arcy Thompson discussed the necessity of a physical and mathematical approach to understanding the relationship between growth and form. The past century has seen extraordinary advances in our understanding of biological components and processes contributing to organismal morphogenesis, but the mathematical and physical principles involved have not received comparable attention. The most obvious entry of physics into morphogenesis is via tissue mechanics. In this Review, we discuss the fundamental role of mechanical interactions between cells induced by growth in shaping a tissue. Non-uniform growth can lead to accumulation of mechanical stress, which in the context of two-dimensional sheets of tissue can specify the shape it assumes in three dimensions. A special class of growth patterns - conformal growth - does not lead to the accumulation of stress and can generate a rich variety of planar tissue shapes. Conversely, mechanical stress can provide a regulatory feedback signal into the growth control circuit. Both theory and experiment support a key role for mechanical interactions in shaping tissues and, via mechanical feedback, controlling epithelial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Boris I Shraiman
- Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
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24
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Kumar JP. The fly eye: Through the looking glass. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:111-123. [PMID: 28856763 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing eye-antennal disc of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied for more than a century, and it has been used as a model system to study diverse processes, such as tissue specification, organ growth, programmed cell death, compartment boundaries, pattern formation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. The findings that have come out of these studies have informed our understanding of basic developmental processes as well as human disease. For example, the isolation of a white-eyed fly ultimately led to a greater appreciation of the role that sex chromosomes play in development, sex determination, and sex linked genetic disorders. Similarly, the discovery of the Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase pathway not only revealed how the fate of the R7 photoreceptor is selected but it also helped our understanding of how disruptions in similar biochemical pathways result in tumorigenesis and cancer onset. In this article, I will discuss some underappreciated areas of fly eye development that are fertile for investigation and are ripe for producing exciting new breakthroughs. The topics covered here include organ shape, growth control, inductive signaling, and right-left symmetry. Developmental Dynamics 247:111-123, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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25
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Romero-Pozuelo J, Demetriades C, Schroeder P, Teleman AA. CycD/Cdk4 and Discontinuities in Dpp Signaling Activate TORC1 in the Drosophila Wing Disc. Dev Cell 2017; 42:376-387.e5. [PMID: 28829945 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating animal tissue size during development are unclear. This question has been extensively studied in the Drosophila wing disc. Although cell growth is regulated by the kinase TORC1, no readout exists to visualize TORC1 activity in situ in Drosophila. Both the cell cycle and the morphogen Dpp are linked to tissue growth, but whether they regulate TORC1 activity is not known. We develop here an anti-phospho-dRpS6 antibody that detects TORC1 activity in situ. We find, unexpectedly, that TORC1 activity in the wing disc is patchy. This is caused by elevated TORC1 activity at the cell cycle G1/S transition due to CycD/Cdk4 phosphorylating TSC1/2. We find that TORC1 is also activated independently of CycD/Cdk4 when cells with different levels of Dpp signaling or Brinker protein are juxtaposed. We thereby characterize the spatial distribution of TORC1 activity in a developing organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Romero-Pozuelo
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constantinos Demetriades
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Phillip Schroeder
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurelio A Teleman
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Piper MDW, Soultoukis GA, Blanc E, Mesaros A, Herbert SL, Juricic P, He X, Atanassov I, Salmonowicz H, Yang M, Simpson SJ, Ribeiro C, Partridge L. Matching Dietary Amino Acid Balance to the In Silico-Translated Exome Optimizes Growth and Reproduction without Cost to Lifespan. Cell Metab 2017; 25:610-621. [PMID: 28273481 PMCID: PMC5355364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Balancing the quantity and quality of dietary protein relative to other nutrients is a key determinant of evolutionary fitness. A theoretical framework for defining a balanced diet would both reduce the enormous workload to optimize diets empirically and represent a breakthrough toward tailoring diets to the needs of consumers. Here, we report a simple and powerful in silico technique that uses the genome information of an organism to define its dietary amino acid requirements. We show for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that such "exome-matched" diets are more satiating, enhance growth, and increase reproduction relative to non-matched diets. Thus, early life fitness traits can be enhanced at low levels of dietary amino acids that do not impose a cost to lifespan. Exome matching also enhanced mouse growth, indicating that it can be applied to other organisms whose genome sequence is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D W Piper
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | | - Eric Blanc
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Andrea Mesaros
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Köln 50931, Germany
| | - Samantha L Herbert
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Paula Juricic
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Köln 50931, Germany
| | - Xiaoli He
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Ilian Atanassov
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Köln 50931, Germany
| | | | - Mingyao Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Carlos Ribeiro
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Köln 50931, Germany.
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27
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Casasa S, Schwab DB, Moczek AP. Developmental regulation and evolution of scaling: novel insights through the study of Onthophagus beetles. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 19:52-60. [PMID: 28521943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scaling relationships play critical roles in defining biological shape, trait functionality, and species characteristics, yet the developmental basis of scaling and its evolution remain poorly resolved in most taxa. In the horned beetle genus Onthophagus, scaling relationships of most traits are largely comparable across many species, however, the morphology and scaling of horns, a recent evolutionary invention, has diversified dramatically, ranging from modestly to highly positively linear to more complex sigmoidal allometries. Through a series of transcriptomic screens and gene function assays, the doublesex, hedgehog, insulin, and serotonin signaling pathways have recently been implicated in the regulation of amplitude, slope, and threshold location of the highly sigmoidal horn allometry in O. taurus. These and other findings suggest that co-option of these pathways into the regulation of horn development may have been critical in the evolutionary transitions from isometric to positively allometric to sigmoidal allometries in Onthophagus, thereby contributing to the extraordinary diversification of one of the most species-rich genera in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Casasa
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East 3(rd) Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| | - Daniel B Schwab
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East 3(rd) Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East 3(rd) Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
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28
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Yin H, Bogorad RL, Barnes C, Walsh S, Zhuang I, Nonaka H, Ruda V, Kuchimanchi S, Nechev L, Akinc A, Xue W, Zerial M, Langer R, Anderson DG, Koteliansky V. RNAi-nanoparticulate manipulation of gene expression as a new functional genomics tool in the liver. J Hepatol 2016; 64:899-907. [PMID: 26658687 PMCID: PMC5381270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The Hippo pathway controls organ size through a negative regulation of the transcription co-activator Yap1. The overexpression of hyperactive mutant Yap1 or deletion of key components in the Hippo pathway leads to increased organ size in different species. Analysis of interactions of this pathway with other cellular signals corroborating organ size control is limited in part due to the difficulties associated with development of rodent models. METHODS Here, we develop a new model of reversible induction of the liver size in mice using siRNA-nanoparticles targeting two kinases of the Hippo pathway, namely, mammalian Ste20 family kinases 1 and 2 (Mst1 and Mst2), and an upstream regulator, neurofibromatosis type II (Nf2). RESULTS The triple siRNAs nanoparticle-induced hepatomegaly in mice phenocopies one observed with Mst1(-/-)Mst2(-/-) liver-specific depletion, as shown by extensive proliferation of hepatocytes and activation of Yap1. The simultaneous co-treatment with a fourth siRNA nanoparticle against Yap1 fully blocked the liver growth. Hippo pathway-induced liver enlargement is associated with p53 activation, evidenced by its accumulation in the nuclei and upregulation of its target genes. Moreover, injections of the triple siRNAs nanoparticle in p53(LSL/LSL) mice shows that livers lacking p53 expression grow faster and exceed the size of livers in p53 wild-type animals, indicating a role of p53 in controlling Yap1-induced liver growth. CONCLUSION Our data show that siRNA-nanoparticulate manipulation of gene expression can provide the reversible control of organ size in adult animals, which presents a new avenue for the investigation of complex regulatory networks in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roman L Bogorad
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Stephen Walsh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Iris Zhuang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hidenori Nonaka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Vera Ruda
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Akin Akinc
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- RNA Therapeutics Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Victor Koteliansky
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 143025, Russia; Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 119991, Russia.
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29
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Vollmer J, Fried P, Sánchez-Aragón M, Lopes CS, Casares F, Iber D. A quantitative analysis of growth control in the Drosophila eye disc. Development 2016; 143:1482-90. [PMID: 26965369 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The size and shape of organs is species specific, and even in species in which organ size is strongly influenced by environmental cues, such as nutrition or temperature, it follows defined rules. Therefore, mechanisms must exist to ensure a tight control of organ size within a given species, while being flexible enough to allow for the evolution of different organ sizes in different species. We combined computational modeling and quantitative measurements to analyze growth control in the Drosophila eye disc. We find that the area growth rate declines inversely proportional to the increasing total eye disc area. We identify two growth laws that are consistent with the growth data and that would explain the extraordinary robustness and evolutionary plasticity of the growth process and thus of the final adult eye size. These two growth laws correspond to very different control mechanisms and we discuss how each of these laws constrains the set of candidate biological mechanisms for growth control in the Drosophila eye disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Vollmer
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fried
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Max Sánchez-Aragón
- Department of Gene Regulation and Morphogenesis, CABD, CSIC and Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Campus UPO, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Carla S Lopes
- Department of Gene Regulation and Morphogenesis, CABD, CSIC and Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Campus UPO, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Fernando Casares
- Department of Gene Regulation and Morphogenesis, CABD, CSIC and Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Campus UPO, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstraße 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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30
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Vonesch SC, Lamparter D, Mackay TFC, Bergmann S, Hafen E. Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Novel Regulators of Growth in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005616. [PMID: 26751788 PMCID: PMC4709145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal size depends on the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association (GWA) analyses in humans have implied many genes in the control of height but suffer from the inability to control the environment. Genetic analyses in Drosophila have identified conserved signaling pathways controlling size; however, how these pathways control phenotypic diversity is unclear. We performed GWA of size traits using the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel of inbred, sequenced lines. We find that the top associated variants differ between traits and sexes; do not map to canonical growth pathway genes, but can be linked to these by epistasis analysis; and are enriched for genes and putative enhancers. Performing GWA on well-studied developmental traits under controlled conditions expands our understanding of developmental processes underlying phenotypic diversity. Genetic studies in Drosophila have elucidated conserved signaling pathways and environmental factors that together control organismal size. In humans, hundreds of genes are associated with height variation, but these associations have not been performed in a controlled environment. As a result we are still lacking an understanding of the mechanisms creating size variability within a species. Here, under carefully controlled environmental conditions, we identify naturally occurring genetic variants that are associated with size diversity in Drosophila. We identify a cluster of associations close to the kek1 locus, a well-characterized growth regulator, but otherwise find that most variants are located in or close to genes that do not belong to the conserved pathways but may interact with these in a biological network. We validate 33 novel growth regulatory genes that participate in diverse cellular processes, most notably cellular metabolism and cell polarity. This study is the first genome-wide association analysis of natural variants underlying size in Drosophila and our results complement the knowledge we have accumulated on this trait from mutational studies of single genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Lamparter
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Hafen
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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31
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Garelli A, Heredia F, Casimiro AP, Macedo A, Nunes C, Garcez M, Dias ARM, Volonte YA, Uhlmann T, Caparros E, Koyama T, Gontijo AM. Dilp8 requires the neuronal relaxin receptor Lgr3 to couple growth to developmental timing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8732. [PMID: 26510564 PMCID: PMC4640092 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How different organs in the body sense growth perturbations in distant tissues to coordinate their size during development is poorly understood. Here we mutate an invertebrate orphan relaxin receptor gene, the Drosophila Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 3 (Lgr3), and find body asymmetries similar to those found in insulin-like peptide 8 (dilp8) mutants, which fail to coordinate growth with developmental timing. Indeed, mutation or RNA intereference (RNAi) against Lgr3 suppresses the delay in pupariation induced by imaginal disc growth perturbation or ectopic Dilp8 expression. By tagging endogenous Lgr3 and performing cell type-specific RNAi, we map this Lgr3 activity to a new subset of CNS neurons, four of which are a pair of bilateral pars intercerebralis Lgr3-positive (PIL) neurons that respond specifically to ectopic Dilp8 by increasing cAMP-dependent signalling. Our work sheds new light on the function and evolution of relaxin receptors and reveals a novel neuroendocrine circuit responsive to growth aberrations. The orphan ligand Dilp8 has been shown to coordinate growth and developmental timing in Drosophila. Here, using Gal4 drivers and CRISPR/Cas9 approaches, Garelli et al. identify a role for relaxin-like receptor Lgr3 in regulating the Dilp8 developmental delay pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Garelli
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), CONICET and Universidad Nacional del Sur, Camino La Carrindanga km7, Bahía Blanca B8000 FWB, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Heredia
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Andreia P Casimiro
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Andre Macedo
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Catarina Nunes
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Marcia Garcez
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Angela R Mantas Dias
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Yanel A Volonte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), CONICET and Universidad Nacional del Sur, Camino La Carrindanga km7, Bahía Blanca B8000 FWB, Argentina
| | - Thomas Uhlmann
- Dualsystems Biotech AG, Grabenstrasse 11a, Schlieren CH-8952, Switzerland
| | - Esther Caparros
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Ctra. Alicante-Valencia, km 87, San Juan, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Development, Evolution and the Environment Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Alisson M Gontijo
- Integrative Biomedicine Laboratory, CEDOC-Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus do IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
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32
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Poullet N, Vielle A, Gimond C, Ferrari C, Braendle C. Evolutionarily divergent thermal sensitivity of germline development and fertility in hermaphroditicCaenorhabditisnematodes. Evol Dev 2015; 17:380-97. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaa Poullet
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, CNRS UMR7277; Parc Valrose; 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; UFR Sciences; 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
| | - Anne Vielle
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, CNRS UMR7277; Parc Valrose; 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; UFR Sciences; 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
| | - Clotilde Gimond
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, CNRS UMR7277; Parc Valrose; 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; UFR Sciences; 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
| | - Céline Ferrari
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, CNRS UMR7277; Parc Valrose; 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; UFR Sciences; 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
| | - Christian Braendle
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, CNRS UMR7277; Parc Valrose; 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; UFR Sciences; 06108 Nice cedex 02 France
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33
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Ben Amar M, Wu M, Trejo M, Atlan M. Morpho-elasticity of inflammatory fibrosis: the case of capsular contracture. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20150343. [PMID: 26446558 PMCID: PMC4614484 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory fibrosis is a wound-healing reaction of the immune system in mammals against aggression. After a signalling cascade, fibroblasts and potentially myofibroblasts make a stiff collagenous tissue inside the body that modifies the original healthy tissue. We focus here on the implant-induced fibrosis that aims to encapsulate the implant with a typical fibrous tissue called the capsule. Focusing on breast capsules, we aim to understand the mechanical properties of these tissues, to test the validity of fibre models that have been established in other contexts such as arteries. For this purpose, we perform force-extension experiments and show that mechanical constitutive laws of these tissues are especially difficult to derive, because models are sensitive to fibre orientation and dispersion, independently of the variation between individuals. In addition, fibre breakdown, and possibly remodelling, occur during the extension experiments. However, the high stiffness of the capsular tissue, compared with the healthy tissue, added to the fact that an inflammatory process has no reason to cease, is at the origin of large compressive stresses in vivo, which explains the pain and unaesthetic deformity. We evaluate the stresses responsible for the pain and the buckling instability, which have no reason to stop if the inflammation persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Ben Amar
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 91 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Min Wu
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 91 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Miguel Trejo
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), UMR CNRS 7636; PSL - ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael Atlan
- Hopital Tenon APHP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 3 rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
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Vallejo DM, Juarez-Carreño S, Bolivar J, Morante J, Dominguez M. A brain circuit that synchronizes growth and maturation revealed through Dilp8 binding to Lgr3. Science 2015; 350:aac6767. [PMID: 26429885 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Body-size constancy and symmetry are signs of developmental stability. Yet, it is unclear exactly how developing animals buffer size variation. Drosophila insulin-like peptide Dilp8 is responsive to growth perturbations and controls homeostatic mechanisms that coordinately adjust growth and maturation to maintain size within the normal range. Here we show that Lgr3 is a Dilp8 receptor. Through the use of functional and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate assays, we defined a pair of Lgr3 neurons that mediate homeostatic regulation. These neurons have extensive axonal arborizations, and genetic and green fluorescent protein reconstitution across synaptic partners show that these neurons connect with the insulin-producing cells and prothoracicotropic hormone-producing neurons to attenuate growth and maturation. This previously unrecognized circuit suggests how growth and maturation rate are matched and co-regulated according to Dilp8 signals to stabilize organismal size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Vallejo
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Juarez-Carreño
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Bolivar
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cadiz, Poligono Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Javier Morante
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Maria Dominguez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain.
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Smith BN, Ghazanfari AM, Bohm RA, Welch WP, Zhang B, Masly JP. A Flippase-Mediated GAL80/GAL4 Intersectional Resource for Dissecting Appendage Development in Drosophila. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2015; 5:2105-12. [PMID: 26276385 PMCID: PMC4592993 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.019810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila imaginal discs provide an ideal model to study processes important for cell signaling and cell specification, tissue differentiation, and cell competition during development. One challenge to understanding genetic control of cellular processes and cell interactions is the difficulty in effectively targeting a defined subset of cells in developing tissues in gene manipulation experiments. A recently developed Flippase-induced intersectional GAL80/GAL4 repression method incorporates several gene manipulation technologies in Drosophila to enable such fine-scale dissection in neural tissues. In particular, this approach brings together existing GAL4 transgenes, newly developed enhancer-trap flippase transgenes, and GAL80 transgenes flanked by Flippase recognition target sites. The combination of these tools enables gene activation/repression in particular subsets of cells within a GAL4 expression pattern. Here, we expand the utility of a large collection of these enhancer-trap flippase transgenic insertion lines by characterizing their expression patterns in third larval instar imaginal discs. We screened 521 different enhancer-trap flippase lines and identified 28 that are expressed in imaginal tissues, including two transgenes that show sex-specific expression patterns. Using a line that expresses Flippase in the wing imaginal disc, we demonstrate the utility of this intersectional approach for studying development by knocking down gene expression of a key member of the planar cell polarity pathway. The results of our experiments show that these enhancer-trap flippase lines enable fine-scale manipulation in imaginal discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | | | - Rudolf A Bohm
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas 78363
| | - William P Welch
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - John P Masly
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
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36
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Gotoh H, Hust JA, Miura T, Niimi T, Emlen DJ, Lavine LC. The Fat/Hippo signaling pathway links within-disc morphogen patterning to whole-animal signals during phenotypically plastic growth in insects. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1039-1045. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Gotoh
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya Japan
| | - James A. Hust
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Toru Miura
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya Japan
| | - Douglas J. Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana-Missoula; Montana
| | - Laura C. Lavine
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
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37
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Jalal M, Andersen T, Hessen DO. Temperature and developmental responses of body and cell size in Drosophila; effects of polyploidy and genome configuration. J Therm Biol 2015; 51:1-14. [PMID: 25965012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increased adult body size in Drosophila raised at lower temperatures could be attributed both to an increase in the cell volume and cell number. It is not clear, however, whether increased cell size is related to (or even caused by) increased nuclear volume and genome size (or configuration). Experiments with Drosophila melanogaster stocks (Oregon-R and w1118) raised at 16, 22, 24, and 28°C resulted in larger adult body and wing size with lower temperature, while eye size was less affected. The increase in wing size reflected an increase in cell size in both males and females of both stocks. The nucleus size, genome size, and DNA condensation of adult flies, embryos, and Schneider 2 cells (S2 cells, of larval origin) were estimated by flow cytometry. In both adult flies and S2 cells, both nucleus size and DNA condensation varied with temperature, while DNA content appears to be constant. From 12% to 18% of the somatic cells were tetraploid (4C) and 2-5% were octoploid (8C), and for the Oregon strain we observed an increase in the fraction of polyploid cells with decreasing temperature. The observed increase in body size (and wing size) at low temperatures could partly be linked with the cell size and DNA condensation, while corresponding changes in the haploid genome size were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Jalal
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Andersen
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag O Hessen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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38
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The FlyCatwalk: a high-throughput feature-based sorting system for artificial selection in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:317-27. [PMID: 25556112 PMCID: PMC4349086 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.013664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evolution is a powerful tool for investigating complex traits. Artificial selection can be applied for a specific trait and the resulting phenotypically divergent populations pool-sequenced to identify alleles that occur at substantially different frequencies in the extreme populations. To maximize the proportion of loci that are causal to the phenotype among all enriched loci, population size and number of replicates need to be high. These requirements have, in fact, limited evolution studies in higher organisms, where the time investment required for phenotyping is often prohibitive for large-scale studies. Animal size is a highly multigenic trait that remains poorly understood, and an experimental evolution approach may thus aid in gaining new insights into the genetic basis of this trait. To this end, we developed the FlyCatwalk, a fully automated, high-throughput system to sort live fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) based on morphometric traits. With the FlyCatwalk, we can detect gender and quantify body and wing morphology parameters at a four-old higher throughput compared with manual processing. The phenotyping results acquired using the FlyCatwalk correlate well with those obtained using the standard manual procedure. We demonstrate that an automated, high-throughput, feature-based sorting system is able to avoid previous limitations in population size and replicate numbers. Our approach can likewise be applied for a variety of traits and experimental settings that require high-throughput phenotyping.
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39
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Buchmann A, Alber M, Zartman JJ. Sizing it up: The mechanical feedback hypothesis of organ growth regulation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Callier V, Shingleton AW, Brent CS, Ghosh SM, Kim J, Harrison JF. The role of reduced oxygen in the developmental physiology of growth and metamorphosis initiation in Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 216:4334-40. [PMID: 24259256 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.093120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rearing oxygen level is known to affect final body size in a variety of insects, but the physiological mechanisms by which oxygen affects size are incompletely understood. In Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster, the larval size at which metamorphosis is initiated largely determines adult size, and metamorphosis is initiated when larvae attain a critical mass. We hypothesized that oxygen effects on final size might be mediated by oxygen effects on the critical weight and the ecdysone titers, which regulate growth rate and the timing of developmental transitions. Our results showed that oxygen affected critical weight, the basal ecdysone titers and the timing of the ecdysone peak, providing clear evidence that oxygen affected growth rate and developmental rate. Hypoxic third instar larvae (10% oxygen) exhibited a reduced critical weight, slower growth rate, delayed pupariation, elevated baseline ecdysone levels and a delayed ecdysone peak that occurred at a lower larval mass. Hyperoxic larvae exhibited increased basal ecdysone levels, but no change in critical weight compared with normoxic larvae and no significant change in timing of pupariation. Previous studies have shown that nutrition is crucial for regulating growth rate and the timing of developmental transitions. Here we show that oxygen level is one of multiple cues that together regulate adult size and the timing and dynamics of growth, developmental rate and ecdysone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Callier
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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41
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Callier V, Nijhout HF. Plasticity of insect body size in response to oxygen: integrating molecular and physiological mechanisms. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 1:59-65. [PMID: 32846731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxia-induced reduction of body size in Drosophila and Manduca is ideal for understanding the mechanisms of body size plasticity. The mechanisms of size regulation are well-studied in these species, and the molecular mechanisms of oxygen sensing are also well-characterized. What is missing is the connection between oxygen sensing and the mechanisms that regulate body size in standard conditions. Oxygen functions both as a substrate for metabolism to produce energy and as a signaling molecule that activates specific cellular signaling networks. Hypoxia affects metabolism in a passive, generalized manner. Hypoxia also induces the activation of targeted signaling pathways, which may mediate the reduction in body size, or alternatively, compensate for the metabolic perturbations and attenuate the reduction in size. These alternative hypotheses await testing. Both perspectives-metabolism and information-are necessary to understand how oxygen affects body size.
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42
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Oliveira MM, Shingleton AW, Mirth CK. Coordination of wing and whole-body development at developmental milestones ensures robustness against environmental and physiological perturbations. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004408. [PMID: 24945255 PMCID: PMC4063698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development produces correctly patterned tissues under a wide range of conditions that alter the rate of development in the whole body. We propose two hypotheses through which tissue patterning could be coordinated with whole-body development to generate this robustness. Our first hypothesis states that tissue patterning is tightly coordinated with whole-body development over time. The second hypothesis is that tissue patterning aligns at developmental milestones. To distinguish between our two hypotheses, we developed a staging scheme for the wing imaginal discs of Drosophila larvae using the expression of canonical patterning genes, linking our scheme to three whole-body developmental events: moulting, larval wandering and pupariation. We used our scheme to explore how the progression of pattern changes when developmental time is altered either by changing temperature or by altering the timing of hormone synthesis that drives developmental progression. We found the expression pattern in the wing disc always aligned at moulting and pupariation, indicating that these key developmental events represent milestones. Between these milestones, the progression of pattern showed greater variability in response to changes in temperature and alterations in physiology. Furthermore, our data showed that discs from wandering larvae showed greater variability in patterning stage. Thus for wing disc patterning, wandering does not appear to be a developmental milestone. Our findings reveal that tissue patterning remains robust against environmental and physiological perturbations by aligning at developmental milestones. Furthermore, our work provides an important glimpse into how the development of individual tissues is coordinated with the body as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M. Oliveira
- Development, Evolution and the Environment Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexander W. Shingleton
- Dept. of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Dept. of Biology, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christen K. Mirth
- Development, Evolution and the Environment Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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43
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Fusco G, Hong PS, Hughes NC. Positional specification in the segmental growth pattern of an early arthropod. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133037. [PMID: 24573851 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In many arthropods, there is a change in relative segment size during post-embryonic development, but how segment differential growth is produced is little known. A new dataset of the highest quality specimens of the 429 Myr old trilobite Aulacopleura koninckii provides an unparalleled opportunity to investigate segment growth dynamics and its control in an early arthropod. Morphometric analysis across nine post-embryonic stages revealed a growth gradient in the trunk of A. koninckii. We contrastively tested different growth models referable to two distinct hypotheses of growth control for the developing trunk: (i) a segment-specific control, with individual segments having differential autonomous growth progression, and (ii) a regional control, with segment growth depending on their relative position along the main axis. We show that the trunk growth pattern of A. koninckii was consistent with a regional growth control producing a continuous growth gradient that was stable across all developmental stages investigated. The specific posterior-to-anterior decaying shape of the growth gradient suggests it deriving from the linear transduction of a graded signal, similar to those commonly provided by morphogens. A growth control depending on a form of positional specification, possibly realized through the linear interpretation of a graded signal, may represent the primitive condition for arthropod differential growth along the main body axis, from which the diverse and generally more complex forms of growth control in subsequent arthropods have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fusco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, , Padova 35131, Italy, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, , 151747 Seoul, Korea, Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, , Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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44
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Vafopoulou X, Steel CGH. Synergistic induction of the clock protein PERIOD by insulin-like peptide and prothoracicotropic hormone in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera): implications for convergence of hormone signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2014; 5:41. [PMID: 24600396 PMCID: PMC3928625 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that release of the cerebral neurohormones, bombyxin (an insulin-like peptide, ILP) and prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) from the brain have strong circadian rhythms, driven by master clock cells in the brain. These neurohormone rhythms synchronize the photosensitive brain clock with the photosensitive peripheral clock in the cells of the prothoracic glands (PGs), in which both regulate steroidogenesis. Here, using immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we show these neurohormones likely act on clock cells in the brain and PGs by regulating expression of PERIOD (PER) protein. PER is severely reduced in the nuclei of all clock cells in continuous light, but on transfer of tissues to darkness in vitro, it is rapidly induced. A 4h pulse of either PTTH or ILPs to brain and PGs in vitro both rapidly and highly significantly induce PER in the nuclei of clock cells. Administration of both neurohormones together induces more PER than does either alone and even more than does transfer to darkness, at least in PG cells. These are clearly non-steroidogenic actions of these peptides. In the peripheral oscillators salivary gland (SG) and fat body cells, neither bombyxin nor PTTH nor darkness induced PER, but a combination of both bombyxin and PTTH induced PER. Thus, PTTH and ILPs exert synergistic actions on induction of PER in both clock cells and peripheral oscillators, implying their signaling pathways converge, but in different ways in different cell types. We infer clock cells are able to integrate light cycle information with internal signals from hormones.
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Wnt6 is required for maxillary palp formation in Drosophila. BMC Biol 2013; 11:104. [PMID: 24090348 PMCID: PMC3854539 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wnt6 is an evolutionarily ancient member of the Wnt family. In Drosophila, Wnt6 loss-of-function animals have not yet been reported, hence information about fly Wnt6 function is lacking. In wing discs, Wnt6 is expressed at the dorsal/ventral boundary in a pattern similar to that of wingless, an important regulator of wing size. To test whether Wnt6 also contributes towards wing size regulation, we generated Wnt6 knockout flies. Results Wnt6 knockout flies are viable and have no obvious defect in wing size or planar cell polarity. Surprisingly, Wnt6 knockouts lack maxillary palps. Interestingly, Wnt6 is absent from the genome of hemipterans, correlating with the absence of maxillary palps in these insects. Conclusions Wnt6 is important for maxillary palp development in Drosophila, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that loss of Wnt6 may also have led to loss of maxillary palps on an evolutionary time scale.
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Koyama T, Mendes CC, Mirth CK. Mechanisms regulating nutrition-dependent developmental plasticity through organ-specific effects in insects. Front Physiol 2013; 4:263. [PMID: 24133450 PMCID: PMC3783933 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition, via the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IIS)/Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway, can provide a strong molding force for determining animal size and shape. For instance, nutrition induces a disproportionate increase in the size of male horns in dung and rhinoceros beetles, or mandibles in staghorn or horned flour beetles, relative to body size. In these species, well-fed male larvae produce adults with greatly enlarged horns or mandibles, whereas males that are starved or poorly fed as larvae bear much more modest appendages. Changes in IIS/TOR signaling plays a key role in appendage development by regulating growth in the horn and mandible primordia. In contrast, changes in the IIS/TOR pathway produce minimal effects on the size of other adult structures, such as the male genitalia in fruit flies and dung beetles. The horn, mandible and genitalia illustrate that although all tissues are exposed to the same hormonal environment within the larval body, the extent to which insulin can induce growth is organ specific. In addition, the IIS/TOR pathway affects body size and shape by controlling production of metamorphic hormones important for regulating developmental timing, like the steroid molting hormone ecdysone and sesquiterpenoid hormone juvenile hormone. In this review, we discuss recent results from Drosophila and other insects that highlight mechanisms allowing tissues to differ in their sensitivity to IIS/TOR and the potential consequences of these differences on body size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyama
- Development, Evolution and the Environment Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras, Portugal
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Ghosh SM, Testa ND, Shingleton AW. Temperature-size rule is mediated by thermal plasticity of critical size in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130174. [PMID: 23595269 PMCID: PMC3652456 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most ectotherms show an inverse relationship between developmental temperature and body size, a phenomenon known as the temperature-size rule (TSR). Several competing hypotheses have been proposed to explain its occurrence. According to one set of views, the TSR results from inevitable biophysical effects of temperature on the rates of growth and differentiation, whereas other views suggest the TSR is an adaptation that can be achieved by a diversity of mechanisms in different taxa. Our data reveal that the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, obeys the TSR using a novel mechanism: reduction in critical size at higher temperatures. In holometabolous insects, attainment of critical size initiates the hormonal cascade that terminates growth, and hence, Drosophila larvae appear to instigate the signal to stop growth at a smaller size at higher temperatures. This is in contrast to findings from another holometabolous insect, Manduca sexta, in which the TSR results from the effect of temperature on the rate and duration of growth. This contrast suggests that there is no single mechanism that accounts for the TSR. Instead, the TSR appears to be an adaptation that is achieved at a proximate level through different mechanisms in different taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa M Ghosh
- Department of Zoology: Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Holst B, Madsen KL, Jansen AM, Jin C, Rickhag M, Lund VK, Jensen M, Bhatia V, Sørensen G, Madsen AN, Xue Z, Møller SK, Woldbye D, Qvortrup K, Huganir R, Stamou D, Kjærulff O, Gether U. PICK1 deficiency impairs secretory vesicle biogenesis and leads to growth retardation and decreased glucose tolerance. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001542. [PMID: 23630454 PMCID: PMC3635866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two lipid membrane sculpting BAR domain proteins, PICK1 and ICA69, play a key role early in the biogenesis of peptide hormone secretory vesicles and are critical for normal growth and metabolic homeostasis. Secretory vesicles in endocrine cells store hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and insulin before their release into the bloodstream. The molecular mechanisms governing budding of immature secretory vesicles from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and their subsequent maturation remain unclear. Here, we identify the lipid binding BAR (Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs) domain protein PICK1 (protein interacting with C kinase 1) as a key component early in the biogenesis of secretory vesicles in GH-producing cells. Both PICK1-deficient Drosophila and mice displayed somatic growth retardation. Growth retardation was rescued in flies by reintroducing PICK1 in neurosecretory cells producing somatotropic peptides. PICK1-deficient mice were characterized by decreased body weight and length, increased fat accumulation, impaired GH secretion, and decreased storage of GH in the pituitary. Decreased GH storage was supported by electron microscopy showing prominent reduction in secretory vesicle number. Evidence was also obtained for impaired insulin secretion associated with decreased glucose tolerance. PICK1 localized in cells to immature secretory vesicles, and the PICK1 BAR domain was shown by live imaging to associate with vesicles budding from the TGN and to possess membrane-sculpting properties in vitro. In mouse pituitary, PICK1 co-localized with the BAR domain protein ICA69, and PICK1 deficiency abolished ICA69 protein expression. In the Drosophila brain, PICK1 and ICA69 co-immunoprecipitated and showed mutually dependent expression. Finally, both in a Drosophila model of type 2 diabetes and in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice, we observed up-regulation of PICK1 mRNA expression. Our findings suggest that PICK1, together with ICA69, is critical during budding of immature secretory vesicles from the TGN and thus for vesicular storage of GH and possibly other hormones. The data link two BAR domain proteins to membrane remodeling processes in the secretory pathway of peptidergic endocrine cells and support an important role of PICK1/ICA69 in maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Regulated secretion of peptide hormones, such as growth hormone (GH) and insulin, represents a fundamental process in controlling physiological homeostasis. In endocrine cells, hormone-containing vesicles bud from the Golgi apparatus to enable storage and regulated release into the blood stream. Here we show that two proteins with a lipid membrane-shaping BAR domain, PICK1 and ICA69, work together in the pituitary gland and the pancreas to facilitate the budding of early secretory vesicle from the Golgi apparatus. The physiological significance of our findings was borne out by showing that mice and Drosophila flies lacking the PICK1 encoding gene have marked growth retardation. PICK1-deficient mice showed increased fat accumulation, reduced body weight and length, as well as reduced glucose clearance from the blood stream. Consistent with these findings, we observed a severe reduction in GH storage in the pituitary and impaired secretion of both insulin and GH in response to physiological stimuli. Finally, we found that PICK1 expression levels were raised in a fly model of type 2 diabetes and in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. These results indicate that alteration of PICK1 expression might play a role in pathophysiological processes of metabolic diseases and/or in a protective compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Holst
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (BH); (OK); (UG)
| | - Kenneth L. Madsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna M. Jansen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chunyu Jin
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Rickhag
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktor K. Lund
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Jensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vikram Bhatia
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BioNano Laboratory, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Sørensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas N. Madsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhichao Xue
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siri K. Møller
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Woldbye
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BioNano Laboratory, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Kjærulff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (BH); (OK); (UG)
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (BH); (OK); (UG)
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Doumpas N, Ruiz-Romero M, Blanco E, Edgar B, Corominas M, Teleman AA. Brk regulates wing disc growth in part via repression of Myc expression. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:261-8. [PMID: 23337628 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating tissue size represent an unsolved puzzle in developmental biology. One signalling pathway controlling growth of the Drosophila wing is Dpp. Dpp promotes growth by repression of the transcription factor Brk. The transcriptional targets of Brk that control cell growth and proliferation, however, are not yet fully elucidated. We report here a genome-wide ChIP-Seq of endogenous Brk from wing imaginal discs. We identify the growth regulator Myc as a target of Brk and show that repression of Myc and of the miRNA bantam explains a significant fraction of the growth inhibition caused by Brk. This work sheds light on the effector mechanisms by which Dpp signalling controls tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Doumpas
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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