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Kumar RMS, Ramesh SV, Sun Z, Thankappan S, Nulu NPC, Binodh AK, Kalaipandian S, Srinivasan R. Capsicum chinense Jacq.-derived glutaredoxin (CcGRXS12) alters redox status of the cells to confer resistance against pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV-I). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:108. [PMID: 38557872 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The CcGRXS12 gene protects plants from cellular oxidative damage that are caused by both biotic and abiotic stresses. The protein possesses GSH-disulphide oxidoreductase property but lacks Fe-S cluster assembly mechanism. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small, ubiquitous and multi-functional proteins. They are present in different compartments of plant cells. A chloroplast targeted Class I GRX (CcGRXS12) gene was isolated from Capsicum chinense during the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) infection. Functional characterization of the gene was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana transgenic plants transformed with native C. chinense GRX (Nb:GRX), GRX-fused with GFP (Nb:GRX-GFP) and GRX-truncated for chloroplast sequences fused with GFP (Nb:Δ2MGRX-GFP). Overexpression of CcGRXS12 inhibited the PMMoV-I accumulation at the later stage of infection, accompanied with the activation of salicylic acid (SA) pathway pathogenesis-related (PR) transcripts and suppression of JA/ET pathway transcripts. Further, the reduced accumulation of auxin-induced Glutathione-S-Transferase (pCNT103) in CcGRXS12 overexpressing lines indicated that the protein could protect the plants from the oxidative stress caused by the virus. PMMoV-I infection increased the accumulation of pyridine nucleotides (PNs) mainly due to the reduced form of PNs (NAD(P)H), and it was high in Nb:GRX-GFP lines compared to other transgenic lines. Apart from biotic stress, CcGRXS12 protects the plants from abiotic stress conditions caused by H2O2 and herbicide paraquat. CcGRXS12 exhibited GSH-disulphide oxidoreductase activity in vitro; however, it was devoid of complementary Fe-S cluster assembly mechanism found in yeast. Overall, this study proves that CcGRXS12 plays a crucial role during biotic and abiotic stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Saravana Kumar
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - S V Ramesh
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671 124, India
| | - Z Sun
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Sugitha Thankappan
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Asish Kanakaraj Binodh
- Center for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Ramachandran Srinivasan
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
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Obrecht A, Paneque M. Unraveling the Role of AtSRT2 in Energy Metabolism, Stress Responses, and Gene Expression during Osmotic Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:711. [PMID: 38475557 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Sirtuins participate in chromatin remodeling and gene expression regulation during stress responses. They are the only deacetylases that couple the cellular NAD+-dependent energy metabolism with transcriptional regulation. They catalyze the production of nicotinamide, inhibiting sirtuin 2 (SIR2) activity in vivo. The SIR2 homolog, AtSRT2, deacetylates non-histone proteins associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism. To date, AtSRT2 mechanisms during stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana remain unclear. The transduction of mitochondrial metabolic signals links the energy status to transcriptional regulation, growth, and stress responses. These signals induce changes by regulating nuclear gene expression. The present study aimed to determine the role of SRT2 and its product nicotinamide in the development of A. thaliana and the expression of osmotic stress-response genes. Leaf development was greater in srt2+ plants than in the wild type, indicating that SET2 plays a role in energy metabolism. Treatment with polyethylene glycol activated and inhibited gene expression in srt2- and srt2+ lines, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that SRT2-stimulated plant growth and repressed signaling are associated with osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Obrecht
- Doctoral Program in Biotechnology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Lib. Bdo. O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11.315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Manuel Paneque
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11.315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile
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Huang Y, Liu Q, Jibrin M, Mou Z, Dufault N, Li Y, Zhang S. Evaluating Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide for Its Effects on Halo Blight of Snap Bean. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:675-681. [PMID: 35881875 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1126-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halo blight, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, is one of the major bacterial diseases on snap bean in Florida, and the outbreaks of this disease have occurred more often in recent years. Current management of this disease primarily depends on application of fixed copper-based bactericides but climate change and resistance development in the pathogen populations still cause hardship for management of this disease, especially in south Florida. In this study, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) was evaluated in the greenhouse for its potential to reduce halo blight on snap bean. When NAD+ at 5 mM was applied by soil drench, foliar spray, or leaf infiltration, NAD+ significantly (P < 0.05) reduced disease severity of halo blight on snap bean compared with the untreated control. When NAD+ was applied by leaf infiltration, among the tested concentrations, NAD+ at 0.5 to 1.0 mM was most effective in decreasing halo blight disease. NAD+ at 2.5 mM applied as a foliar spray in rotation with Kocide 3000 (copper hydroxide) at 0.5 mg/ml further reduced disease severity compared with Kocide 3000 alone. In the in vitro study, no inhibitory effects of NAD+ were detected on the bacterial pathogen P. syringae pv. phaseolicola. Results of real-time PCR showed that the defense-related genes PR1, AZI1, EDS1, SARD1, PDF1.2, and PAL1 were upregulated in the NAD+ treatment. Taken together, these data indicated that NAD+ significantly suppressed halo blight on snap bean, and application of NAD+ has the potential in management of this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Homestead, FL 33031
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32601
| | - Qingchun Liu
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Homestead, FL 33031
| | - Mustafa Jibrin
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Homestead, FL 33031
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32601
| | - Nicholas Dufault
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32601
| | - Yuncong Li
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Homestead, FL 33031
| | - Shouan Zhang
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Homestead, FL 33031
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32601
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Zu Y, Miyagi A, Hashida SN, Ishikawa T, Yamaguchi M, Kawai-Yamada M. Loss of chloroplast-localized NAD kinase causes ROS stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:97-106. [PMID: 36367584 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast-localized NAD kinase (NADK2) is responsible for the production of NADP+, which is an electron acceptor in the linear electron flow of photosynthesis. The Arabidopsis T-DNA-inserted mutant of NADK2 (nadk2) showed delayed growth and pale-green leaves under continuous light conditions. Under short-day conditions (8 h light / 16 h dark), the nadk2 mutant showed more severe growth inhibition.The genomic fragment containing the promoter and coding region of NADK2 complemented the phenotypes of nadk2 obtained under continuous light and short-day conditions. The nadk2 mutant produced higher amounts of H2O2 and O2-, which were reduced in the complementary line. Under short-day conditions, the nadk2 mutant accumulated more H2O2 than under continuous light conditions. The accumulation of ascorbate and up-regulation of the PDF1.2 and PR1 genes indicated that the nadk2 mutant is under ROS stress and responding to keep its living activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zu
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama-City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama-City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
- Graduate School of Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-Machi, , Tsuruoka-Shi, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Hashida
- Sustainable Systems Research Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Chemistry Research Division, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama-City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama-City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama-City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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Alipour S, Wojciechowska N, Bujarska-Borkowska B, Kalemba EM. Distinct redox state regulation in the seedling performance of Norway maple and sycamore. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:83-96. [PMID: 36385674 PMCID: PMC9831958 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Norway maple and sycamore, two Acer genus species, have an important ecological value and different sensitivity to stressing factors being currently aggravated by climate change. Seedling growth is postulated to be the main barrier for successful plant establishment under the climate change scenarios. Therefore, the differences in redox regulation during the seedling performance of Norway maple and sycamore were investigated. Seeds of the two Acer species exhibited an identical high germination capacity, whereas seedling emergence was higher in sycamores. PCA analyses revealed that there is more diversification in the leaf characteristics than roots. Norway maple displayed a higher chlorophyll content index (CCI) with a similar leaf mass whereas sycamore seedlings exhibited a higher normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), higher water content, higher root biomass and higher shoot height. Based on NDVI, sycamore seedlings appeared as very healthy plants, whereas Norway maple seedlings displayed a moderate healthy phenotype. Therefore, redox basis of seedling performance was investigated. The total pool of glutathione was four times higher in sycamore leaves than in Norway maple leaves and was reflected in highly reduced half-cell reduction potential of glutathione. Sycamore leaves contained more ascorbate because the content of its reduced form (AsA) was twice as high as in Norway maple. Therefore, the AsA/DHA ratio was balanced in sycamore leaves, reaching 1, and was halved in Norway maple leaves. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate content was twice as high in sycamore leaves than in Norway maples; however, its reduced form (NADPH) was predominant in Norway maple seedlings. Norway maple leaves exhibited the highest anabolic and catabolic redox charge. The higher reduction capacity and the activity of NADPH-dependent reductases in Norway maple leaves possibly resulted in higher CCI, whereas the larger root system contributed to higher NDVI in sycamore. The different methods of controlling redox parameters in Acer seedlings grown at controlled conditions provided here can be useful in understanding how tree species can cope with a changing environment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Alipour
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Natalia Wojciechowska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62035, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Marzena Kalemba
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62035, Kórnik, Poland.
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Kopczewski T, Kuźniak E, Ciereszko I, Kornaś A. Alterations in Primary Carbon Metabolism in Cucumber Infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans: Local and Systemic Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012418. [PMID: 36293272 PMCID: PMC9603868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconfiguration of the primary metabolism is essential in plant–pathogen interactions. We compared the local metabolic responses of cucumber leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans (Psl) with those in non-inoculated systemic leaves, by examining the changes in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides pools, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates and activities/gene expression of carbohydrate metabolism-related enzymes, the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle-linked metabolite contents and enzyme activities. In the infected leaves, Psl induced a metabolic signature with an altered [NAD(P)H]/[NAD(P)+] ratio; decreased glucose and sucrose contents, along with a changed invertase gene expression; and increased glucose turnover and accumulation of raffinose, trehalose, and myo-inositol. The accumulation of oxaloacetic and malic acids, enhanced activities, and gene expression of fumarase and l-malate dehydrogenase, as well as the increased respiration rate in the infected leaves, indicated that Psl induced the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The changes in gene expression of ribulose-l,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large unit, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were compatible with a net photosynthesis decline described earlier. Psl triggered metabolic changes common to the infected and non-infected leaves, the dynamics of which differed quantitatively (e.g., malic acid content and metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate accumulation, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity) and those specifically related to the local or systemic response (e.g., changes in the sugar content and turnover). Therefore, metabolic changes in the systemic leaves may be part of the global effects of local infection on the whole-plant metabolism and also represent a specific acclimation response contributing to balancing growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kopczewski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
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Lu C, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Zhang M, Meng X, Li Y, Liu B, Yin Z, Liu H, Peng C, Li F, Yue Y, Hao M, Sui Y, Wang L, Cheng G, Liu J, Chu Z, Zhu C, Dong H, Ding X. Discovery of a novel nucleoside immune signaling molecule 2'-deoxyguanosine in microbes and plants. J Adv Res 2022; 46:1-15. [PMID: 35811061 PMCID: PMC10105077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beneficial microorganisms play essential roles in plant growth and induced systemic resistance (ISR) by releasing signaling molecules. Our previous study obtained the crude extract from beneficial endophyte Paecilomyces variotii, termed ZNC (ZhiNengCong), which significantly enhanced plant resistance to pathogen even at 100 ng/ml. However, the immunoreactive components of ZNC remain unclear. Here, we further identified one of the immunoreactive components of ZNC is a nucleoside 2'-deoxyguanosine (2-dG). OBJECTIVES This paper intends to reveal the molecular mechanism of microbial-derived 2'-deoxyguanosine (2-dG) in activating plant immunity, and the role of plant-derived 2-dG in plant immunity. METHODS The components of ZNC were separated using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and 2-dG is identified using a HPLC-mass spectrometry system (LC-MS). Transcriptome analysis and genetic experiments were used to reveal the immune signaling pathway dependent on 2-dG activation of plant immunity. RESULTS This study identified 2'-deoxyguanosine (2-dG) as one of the immunoreactive components from ZNC. And 2-dG significantly enhanced plant pathogen resistance even at 10 ng/ml (37.42 nM). Furthermore, 2-dG-induced resistance depends on NPR1, pattern-recognition receptors/coreceptors, ATP receptor P2K1 (DORN1), ethylene signaling but not salicylic acid accumulation. In addition, we identified Arabidopsis VENOSA4 (VEN4) was involved in 2-dG biosynthesis and could convert dGTP to 2-dG, and vne4 mutant plants were more susceptible to pathogens. CONCLUSION In summary, microbial-derived 2-dG may act as a novel immune signaling molecule involved in plant-microorganism interactions, and VEN4 is 2-dG biosynthesis gene and plays a key role in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qingbin Wang
- Shandong Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Taian 271018, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yanke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Min Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xuanlin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Baoyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chune Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Yingzhe Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Mingxia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yurong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guodong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hansong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
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Arabidopsis nitrate-induced aspartate oxidase gene expression is necessary to maintain metabolic balance under nitrogen nutrient fluctuation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:432. [PMID: 35534536 PMCID: PMC9085827 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate is a nutrient signal that regulates growth and development through NLP transcription factors in plants. Here we identify the L-aspartate oxidase gene (AO) necessary for de novo NAD+ biosynthesis as an NLP target in Arabidopsis. We investigated the physiological significance of nitrate-induced AO expression by expressing AO under the control of the mutant AO promoter lacking the NLP-binding site in the ao mutant. Despite morphological changes and severe reductions in fresh weight, the loss of nitrate-induced AO expression resulted in minimum effects on NAD(H) and NADP(H) contents, suggesting compensation of decreased de novo NAD+ biosynthesis by reducing the growth rate. Furthermore, metabolite profiling and transcriptome analysis revealed that the loss of nitrate-induced AO expression causes pronounced impacts on contents of TCA cycle- and urea cycle-related metabolites, gene expression profile, and their modifications in response to changes in the nitrogen nutrient condition. These results suggest that proper maintenance of metabolic balance requires the coordinated regulation of multiple metabolic pathways by NLP-mediated nitrate signaling in plants. NLP transcription factors directly regulate aspartate oxidase gene expression connected to multiple metabolic pathways in Arabidopsis in response to changes in the nitrogen nutrient condition.
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Liu J, Fakhar AZ, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM, Mukhtar MS. A TIReless battle: TIR domains in plant-pathogen interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:426-429. [PMID: 35177315 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing proteins are conserved across kingdoms, and their mechanistic understanding holds promise for basic plant biology and agriculture. Here, we discuss the novel enzymatic TIR domain functions of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) in cell death, and posit how TIR domain-containing effectors mechanistically subvert host immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ali Zeeshan Fakhar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Eastman S, Smith T, Zaydman MA, Kim P, Martinez S, Damaraju N, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt J, Clemente TE, Alfano JR, Guo M. A phytobacterial TIR domain effector manipulates NAD + to promote virulence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:890-904. [PMID: 34657283 PMCID: PMC9298051 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 type III effector HopAM1 suppresses plant immunity and contains a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain homologous to immunity-related TIR domains of plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors that hydrolyze nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) and activate immunity. In vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to determine if HopAM1 hydrolyzes NAD+ and if the activity is essential for HopAM1's suppression of plant immunity and contribution to virulence. HPLC and LC-MS were utilized to analyze metabolites produced from NAD+ by HopAM1 in vitro and in both yeast and plants. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and in planta inoculation assays were performed to determine HopAM1's intrinsic enzymatic activity and virulence contribution. HopAM1 is catalytically active and hydrolyzes NAD+ to produce nicotinamide and a novel cADPR variant (v2-cADPR). Expression of HopAM1 triggers cell death in yeast and plants dependent on the putative catalytic residue glutamic acid 191 (E191) within the TIR domain. Furthermore, HopAM1's E191 residue is required to suppress both pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity and promote P. syringae virulence. HopAM1 manipulates endogenous NAD+ to produce v2-cADPR and promote pathogenesis. This work suggests that HopAM1's TIR domain possesses different catalytic specificity than other TIR domain-containing NAD+ hydrolases and that pathogens exploit this activity to sabotage NAD+ metabolism for immune suppression and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Eastman
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
| | - Thomas Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
| | - Mark A. Zaydman
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMO63110USA
| | - Panya Kim
- The Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68588USA
| | - Samuel Martinez
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
| | - Neha Damaraju
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMO63130USA
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMO63110USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of GeneticsWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMO63110USA
| | - Thomas E. Clemente
- Department of Agriculture and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
| | - James R. Alfano
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
- The Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68588USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agriculture and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
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11
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Feitosa-Araujo E, da Fonseca-Pereira P, Knorr LS, Schwarzländer M, Nunes-Nesi A. NAD meets ABA: connecting cellular metabolism and hormone signaling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:16-28. [PMID: 34426070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NAD is a ubiquitous metabolic coenzyme. Although the role of NAD as a central redox shuttle remains of critical interest in plant metabolism, recent evidence indicates that NAD serves additional functions in signaling and regulation. A link with the plant stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has emerged on the basis of similar plant phenotypes following interference with NAD or ABA, especially in stomatal development, stomatal movements, responses to pathogens and abiotic stress insults, and seed germination. The association between NAD and ABA regulation appears specific and cannot be accounted for by pleiotropic interference. Here, we review the current picture of the NAD - ABA relationship, discuss emerging candidate mechanisms, and assess avenues to dissect interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Feitosa-Araujo
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lena S Knorr
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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NAD(P)H Drives the Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle and Abundance of Catalase in Developing Beech Seeds Differently in Embryonic Axes and Cotyledons. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10122021. [PMID: 34943124 PMCID: PMC8698623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
European beech is an important component of European lowland forests in terms of ecology, and produces irregular seeds categorized as intermediate due to their limited longevity. Removal of the excess of reactive oxygen species is crucial for redox homeostasis in growing plant tissues. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is detoxified via the plant-specific ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and enzymatically, mainly by catalase (CAT). The reduced and oxidized (redox) forms of ascorbate (AsA, DHA) and glutathione (GSH, GSSG) decreased during maturation as the content of redox forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH, NAD+) phosphate (NADPH, NADP+), cofactors of ascorbate–glutathione enzymes, declined and limited this cycle. The degree of oxidation of glutathione peaked at approximately 80%, at the exact time when the NADP content was the lowest and the NADPH/NADP+ ratio reached the highest values. The glutathione pool was reflected in changes in the NADP pool, both in embryonic axes (R2 = 0.61) and in cotyledons (R2 = 0.98). A large excess of NADPH was reported in embryonic axes, whereas cotyledons displayed more unified levels of NADP redox forms. As a result, anabolic redox charge and reducing power were higher in embryonic axes. CAT was recognized as two proteins, and the abundance of the 55 kDa protein was correlated with all redox forms of ascorbate, glutathione, NAD, and NADP, whereas the 37 kDa protein was oppositely regulated in embryonic axes and cotyledons. Here, we discuss the role of NAD(P) in the regulation of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle, catalase, and seed longevity concerning a putative role of NAD(P)H as a redox biomarker involved in predefining seed quality, because NAD(P)H-derived redox homeostasis was found to be better controlled in embryonic axes than cotyledons.
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13
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Pothiraj G, Hussain Z, Singh AK, Solanke AU, Aggarwal R, Ramesh R, Shanmugam V. Characterization of Fusarium Spp. Inciting Vascular Wilt of Tomato and Its Management by a Chaetomium-Based Biocontrol Consortium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748013. [PMID: 34868132 PMCID: PMC8640237 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Though the vascular wilt of tomato caused by the species of Fusarium is globally reported to be a complex disease in certain countries, for example, India, our studies indicated that the disease is caused by either Fusarium oxysporum f. spp. lycopersici (Fol) or Fusarium solani (FS) with the Fol being widely prevalent. In assessing the genetic diversity of 14 Fol strains representing the four Indian states by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) amplicons, the strains distinguished themselves into two major clusters showing no correlation with their geographic origin. In pot experiments under polyhouse conditions, the seed dressing and soil application of a talc-based formulation of a biocontrol treatment, TEPF-Sungal-1 (Pseudomonas putida) + S17TH (Trichoderma harzianum) + CG-A (Chaetomium globosum), which inhibited Fol, was equally effective like the cell suspensions and was even better than the fungicidal mixture (copper oxychloride-0.25% + carbendazim-0.1%) in promoting the crop growth (52.3%) and reducing vascular wilt incidence (75%) over the control treatment, despite the challenge of inoculation with a highly pathogenic TOFU-IHBT strain. This was associated with significant expressions of the defense genes, indicating the induction of host resistance by a biocontrol consortium. In field experiments on two locations, the bioconsortium was highly effective in recording maximum mean fruit yields (54.5 and 60%) and a minimum mean vascular wilt incidence (37.5%) in comparison to the untreated control. Thus, Chaetomium-based bioconsortium demonstrated consistency in its performance across the two experiments in 2 years under the two field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zakir Hussain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Rashmi Aggarwal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman Ramesh
- ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Goa, India
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14
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Regmi H, Abdelsamad N, DiGennaro P, Desaeger J. Potential of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) for management of root-knot nematode in tomato. J Nematol 2021; 53:e2021-94. [PMID: 34790900 PMCID: PMC8588725 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) has been shown to induce plant defense responses to different plant pathogens, including reducing northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, penetration and increasing plant mass in tomato. We wanted to further evaluate NAD that are effective against the more economically important species, M. incognita and whether NAD treatments of tomato seedlings in transplant trays can protect plants in the field. Different NAD concentrations (1 mM, 0.1 mM and 0.01 mM) and three application timings (pre; post; pre and post inoculation) were evaluated in growth room and greenhouse trials. The highest tested NAD concentration (1 mM) suppressed second-stage juveniles (J2) infection for all three application methods. Root gall ratings at 30 days after inoculation (DAI) were also suppressed by 1 mM NAD compared to the other two concentrations, and egg mass number was significantly suppressed for all concentrations and application timings compared to the non-treated control. The rate of 1 mM NAD for all three application timings also improved plant growth at 30 DAI. Long-term effects of 1 mM NAD (pre, pre + post, or post applications) on nematode infection, growth and yield of tomato were evaluated in two additional experiments. All NAD applications suppressed root galls after 60 days, but only the pre + post 1 mM NAD application suppressed gall severity at 105 days, as well as suppressed egg counts by 50% at 60 DAT. No significant difference in plant biomass and fruit yield after 105 days was observed among the treatments. Two field trials were conducted in spring and fall 2020 using tomato seedlings (cv. HM 1823) treated with two different NAD concentrations (1 mM and 5 mM in spring; 5 mM and 10 mM in fall) and transplanting seedlings in fumigated (chloropicrin ± 1,3-dichloropropene) and non-fumigated plastic-mulch beds. No significant impact of NAD in terms of reducing RKN severity or overall tomato growth and production was seen in fumigated beds, but in non-fumigated beds 5 mM NAD slightly increased early fruit yield in spring, and 10 mM NAD reduced root-knot soil populations in fall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homan Regmi
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (GCREC), Wimauma, FL, 33598
| | - Noor Abdelsamad
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Services (USDA-ARS), San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, 93648
| | - Peter DiGennaro
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Johan Desaeger
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (GCREC), Wimauma, FL, 33598
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15
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Smith EN, Schwarzländer M, Ratcliffe RG, Kruger NJ. Shining a light on NAD- and NADP-based metabolism in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1072-1086. [PMID: 34281784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pyridine nucleotides nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD(H)] and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NADP(H)] simultaneously act as energy transducers, signalling molecules, and redox couples. Recent research into photosynthetic optimisation, photorespiration, immunity, hypoxia/oxygen signalling, development, and post-harvest metabolism have all identified pyridine nucleotides as key metabolites. Further understanding will require accurate description of NAD(P)(H) metabolism, and genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors have recently become available for this purpose. Although these biosensors have begun to provide novel biological insights, their limitations must be considered and the information they provide appropriately interpreted. We provide a framework for understanding NAD(P)(H) metabolism and explore what fluorescent biosensors can, and cannot, tell us about plant biology, looking ahead to the pressing questions that could be answered with further development of these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK; Current address: Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Nicholas J Kruger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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16
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Suchard MS, Adu-Gyamfi CG, Cumming BM, Savulescu DM. Evolutionary Views of Tuberculosis: Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Catalyzed Nicotinamide Synthesis Reflects Shifts in Macrophage Metabolism: Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Reflects Altered Macrophage Metabolism During Tuberculosis Pathogenesis. Bioessays 2021; 42:e1900220. [PMID: 32301149 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in conversion of tryptophan to kynurenines, feeding de novo nicotinamide synthesis. IDO orchestrates materno-foetal tolerance, increasing human reproductive fitness. IDO mediates immune suppression through depletion of tryptophan required by T lymphocytes and other mechanisms. IDO is expressed by alternatively activated macrophages, suspected to play a key role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. Unlike its human host, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can synthesize tryptophan, suggesting possible benefit to the host from infection with the microbe. Intriguingly, nicotinamide analogues are used to treat TB. In reviewing this field, it is postulated that flux through the nicotinamide synthesis pathway reflects switching between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. The evolutionary cause of such shifts may be ancient mitochondrial behavior related to reproductive fitness. Evolutionary perspectives on the IDO pathway may elucidate why, after centuries of co-existence with the Tubercle bacillus, humans still remain susceptible to TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S Suchard
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa.,Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Clement G Adu-Gyamfi
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa.,Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | | | - Dana M Savulescu
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa
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17
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Roussin M, Salcedo SP. NAD+-targeting by bacteria: an emerging weapon in pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6315328. [PMID: 34223888 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a major cofactor in redox reactions in all lifeforms. A stable level of NAD+ is vital to ensure cellular homeostasis. Some pathogens can modulate NAD+ metabolism to their advantage and even utilize or cleave NAD+ from the host using specialized effectors known as ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins and NADases, leading to energy store depletion, immune evasion, or even cell death. This review explores recent advances in the field of bacterial NAD+-targeting toxins, highlighting the relevance of NAD+ modulation as an emerging pathogenesis strategy. In addition, we discuss the role of specific NAD+-targeting toxins in niche colonization and bacterial lifestyle as components of Toxin/Antitoxin systems and key players in inter-bacterial competition. Understanding the mechanisms of toxicity, regulation, and secretion of these toxins will provide interesting leads in the search for new antimicrobial treatments in the fight against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Roussin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Suzana P Salcedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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18
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Suchard MS, Savulescu DM. Nicotinamide pathways as the root cause of sepsis - an evolutionary perspective on macrophage energetic shifts. FEBS J 2021; 289:955-964. [PMID: 33686748 PMCID: PMC9545938 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Divergent pathways of macrophage metabolism occur during infection, notably switching between oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis (Warburg-like metabolism). Concurrently, macrophages shift between alternate and classical activation. A key enzyme upregulated in alternatively activated macrophages is indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which converts tryptophan to kynurenine for de novo synthesis of nicotinamide. Nicotinamide can be used to replenish cellular NAD+ supplies. We hypothesize that an insufficient cellular NAD+ supply is the root cause of metabolic shifts in macrophages. We assert that manipulation of nicotinamide pathways may correct deleterious immune responses. We propose evaluation of nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) and analogues, including isoniazid, nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside, as potential therapy for infectious causes of sepsis, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S Suchard
- Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dana M Savulescu
- Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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19
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Alipour S, Bilska K, Stolarska E, Wojciechowska N, Kalemba EM. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides are associated with distinct redox control of germination in Acer seeds with contrasting physiology. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245635. [PMID: 33503034 PMCID: PMC7840005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed germination is a complex process enabling plant reproduction. Germination was found to be regulated at the proteome, metabolome and hormonal levels as well as via discrete post-translational modification of proteins including phosphorylation and carbonylation. Redox balance is also involved but less studied. Acer seeds displaying orthodox and recalcitrant characteristics were investigated to determine the levels of redox couples of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) phosphate (NADP) and integrated with the levels of ascorbate and glutathione. NAD and NADP concentrations were higher in Norway maple seeds and exceptionally high at the germinated stage, being the most contrasting parameter between germinating Acer seeds. In contrast, NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios were higher in sycamore seeds, thus exhibiting higher reducing power. Despite distinct concentrations of ascorbate and glutathione, both seed types attained in embryonic axes and cotyledons had similar ratios of reduced/oxidized forms of ascorbate and half-cell reduction potential of glutathione at the germinated stage. Both species accomplished germination displaying different strategies to modulate redox status. Sycamore produced higher amounts of ascorbate and maintained pyridine nucleotides in reduced forms. Interestingly, lower NAD(P) concentrations limited the regeneration of ascorbate and glutathione but dynamically drove metabolic reactions, particularly in this species, and contributed to faster germination. We suggest that NAD(P) is an important player in regulating redox status during germination in a distinct manner in Norway maple and sycamore seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Alipour
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Karolina Bilska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Wojciechowska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, Poland
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20
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Wang S, Han J, Xia J, Hu Y, Shi L, Ren A, Zhu J, Zhao M. Overexpression of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (nmnat) increases the growth rate, Ca 2+ concentration and cellulase production in Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7079-7091. [PMID: 32632475 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identifying new and economical means to utilize diverse lignocellulosic biomass is an urgent task. Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known edible and medicinal basidiomycete with an excellent ability to degrade a wide range of cellulosic biomass, and its nutrient use efficiency is closely related to the activity of extracellular cellulase. Intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis is controlled in response to nutritional status, and NAD+ is an essential metabolite involved in diverse cellular processes. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) is a common enzyme in three NAD+ synthesis pathways. In this study, a homologous gene of nmnat was cloned from G. lucidum and two G. lucidum overexpression strains, OE::nmnat4 and OE::nmnat19, were constructed using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method. The G. lucidum nmnat overexpression strains showed obviously increased colony growth on different carbon sources, and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in the G. lucidum OE::nmnat4 and OE::nmnat19 strains were increased by 2.04- and 2.30-fold, respectively, compared with those in the wild-type (WT) strains. In the G. lucidum OE::nmnat4 and OE::nmnat19 strains, endo-β-glucanase (CMCase) activity increased by approximately 2.8- and 3-fold, while β-glucosidase (pNPGase) activity increased by approximately 1.9- and 2.1-fold, respectively, compared with the activity in the WT strains. Furthermore, overexpression of NAD+ synthesis pathways was found to elicit cellulase production by increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In summary, this study is the first to demonstrate that increased intracellular NAD+ contents through overexpression of the nmnat gene of NAD+ synthesis pathways may increase cellulase production by increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in G. lucidum. KEY POINTS: • The concentration of NAD+influences cellulase production in G. lucidum. • The concentration of NAD+influences the intracellular Ca2+concentration in G. lucidum. • The concentration of NAD+influences cellulase production by eliciting a change in intracellular Ca2+in G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Singh RR, Verstraeten B, Siddique S, Tegene AM, Tenhaken R, Frei M, Haeck A, Demeestere K, Pokhare S, Gheysen G, Kyndt T. Ascorbate oxidation activates systemic defence against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4271-4284. [PMID: 32242224 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is the major antioxidant buffer produced in the shoot tissue of plants. Previous studies on root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne graminicola)-infected rice (Oryza sativa) plants showed differential expression of AA-recycling genes, although their functional role was unknown. Our results confirmed increased dehydroascorbate (DHA) levels in nematode-induced root galls, while AA mutants were significantly more susceptible to nematode infection. External applications of ascorbate oxidase (AO), DHA, or reduced AA, revealed systemic effects of ascorbate oxidation on rice defence versus RKN, associated with a primed accumulation of H2O2 upon nematode infection. To confirm and further investigate these systemic effects, a transcriptome analysis was done on roots of foliar AO-treated plants, revealing activation of the ethylene (ET) response and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathways in roots, which was confirmed by hormone measurements. Activation of these pathways by methyl-JA, or ethephon treatment can complement the susceptibility phenotype of the rice Vitamin C (vtc1) mutant. Experiments on the jasmonate signalling (jar1) mutant or using chemical JA/ET inhibitors confirm that the effects of ascorbate oxidation are dependent on both the JA and ET pathways. Collectively, our data reveal a novel pathway in which ascorbate oxidation induces systemic defence against RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahid Siddique
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA, USA
| | | | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Bio Sciences; Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Frei
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Somnath Pokhare
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Bayless AM, Nishimura MT. Enzymatic Functions for Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor Domain Proteins in the Plant Immune System. Front Genet 2020; 11:539. [PMID: 32582284 PMCID: PMC7282519 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationally engineered improvements to crop plants will be needed to keep pace with increasing demands placed on agricultural systems by population growth and climate change. Engineering of plant immune systems provides an opportunity to increase yields by limiting losses to pathogens. Intracellular immune receptors are commonly used as agricultural disease resistance traits. Despite their importance, how intracellular immune receptors confer disease resistance is still unknown. One major class of immune receptors in dicots contains a Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domain. The mechanisms of TIR-containing proteins during plant immunity have remained elusive. The TIR domain is an ancient module found in archaeal, bacterial and eukaryotic proteins. In animals, TIR domains serve a structural role by generating innate immune signaling complexes. The unusual animal TIR-protein, SARM1, was recently discovered to function instead as an enzyme that depletes cellular NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to trigger axonal cell death. Two recent reports have found that plant TIR proteins also have the ability to cleave NAD+. This presents a new paradigm from which to consider how plant TIR immune receptors function. Here, we will review recent reports of the structure and function of TIR-domain containing proteins. Intriguingly, it appears that TIR proteins in all kingdoms may use similar enzymatic mechanisms in a variety of cell death and immune pathways. We will also discuss TIR structure–function hypotheses in light of the recent publication of the ZAR1 resistosome structure. Finally, we will explore the evolutionary context of plant TIR-containing proteins and their downstream signaling components across phylogenies and the functional implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Bayless
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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23
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Sattar S, Martinez MT, Ruiz AF, Hanna-Rose W, Thompson GA. Nicotinamide Inhibits Aphid Fecundity and Impacts Survival. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19709. [PMID: 31873103 PMCID: PMC6928209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM) alters behavior in C. elegans and Drosophila, serving as an agonist of TRPV channels affecting sensory neurons and mimicking the mode of action of insecticides used to control phloem-feeding insects. The impact of NAM on green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) behaviors was assessed in artificial diet assays and foliar applications to Arabidopsis plants. Aphids feeding on artificial diets supplemented with NAM impaired stylet movement causing feeding interruptions and ultimately starvation and death. Aphid feeding behaviors were negatively impacted on NAM sprayed plants at concentrations as low as 2.5 mM leading to increased mortality. In choice assays with NAM sprayed leaves aphids showed clear preference for untreated control leaves. NAM is an intermediate in the NAD salvage pathway that should accumulate in nicotinamidase (nic) mutants. LC-MS analysis showed NAM accumulates 60-fold in nic-1-1 Arabidopsis mutants as compared with Col-0. Aphid reproductive potential was significantly decreased on nic-1-1 mutant plants, resulting in a smaller colony size and arrested population development. The results support the hypothesis that dietary NAM causes behavioral changes in aphids, including altered feeding, reduced reproduction, and increased mortality. NAM is thought to bind to TRPV channels causing overstimulation of sensory neurons in the aphid feeding apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Sattar
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America.
| | - Mario T Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS, 39096, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| | - Andres F Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| | - Wendy Hanna-Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| | - Gary A Thompson
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
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24
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Decros G, Beauvoit B, Colombié S, Cabasson C, Bernillon S, Arrivault S, Guenther M, Belouah I, Prigent S, Baldet P, Gibon Y, Pétriacq P. Regulation of Pyridine Nucleotide Metabolism During Tomato Fruit Development Through Transcript and Protein Profiling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1201. [PMID: 31681351 PMCID: PMC6798084 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Central metabolism is the engine of plant biomass, supplying fruit growth with building blocks, energy, and biochemical cofactors. Among metabolic cornerstones, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is particularly pivotal for electron transfer through reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions, thus participating in a myriad of biochemical processes. Besides redox functions, NAD is now assumed to act as an integral regulator of signaling cascades involved in growth and environmental responses. However, the regulation of NAD metabolism and signaling during fruit development remains poorly studied and understood. Here, we benefit from RNAseq and proteomic data obtained from nine growth stages of tomato fruit (var. Moneymaker) to dissect mRNA and protein profiles that link to NAD metabolism, including de novo biosynthesis, recycling, utilization, and putative transport. As expected for a cofactor synthesis pathway, protein profiles failed to detect enzymes involved in NAD synthesis or utilization, except for nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NaPT) and nicotinamidase (NIC), which suggested that most NAD metabolic enzymes were poorly represented quantitatively. Further investigations on transcript data unveiled differential expression patterns during fruit development. Interestingly, among specific NAD metabolism-related genes, early de novo biosynthetic genes were transcriptionally induced in very young fruits, in association with NAD kinase, while later stages of fruit growth rather showed an accumulation of transcripts involved in later stages of de novo synthesis and in NAD recycling, which agreed with augmented NAD(P) levels. In addition, a more global overview of 119 mRNA and 78 protein significant markers for NAD(P)-dependent enzymes revealed differential patterns during tomato growth that evidenced clear regulations of primary metabolism, notably with respect to mitochondrial functions. Overall, we propose that NAD metabolism and signaling are very dynamic in the developing tomato fruit and that its differential regulation is certainly critical to fuel central metabolism linking to growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Department 2, Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Manuela Guenther
- Department 2, Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Isma Belouah
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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25
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Jubic LM, Saile S, Furzer OJ, El Kasmi F, Dangl JL. Help wanted: helper NLRs and plant immune responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:82-94. [PMID: 31063902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) proteins function as intracellular receptors in response to pathogens and activate effector-triggered immune responses (ETI). The activation of some sensor NLRs (sNLR) by their corresponding pathogen effector is well studied. However, the mechanisms by which the recently defined helper NLRs (hNLR) function to transduce sNLR activation into ETI-associated cell death and disease resistance remains poorly understood. We briefly summarize recent examples of sNLR activation and we then focus on hNLR requirements in sNLR-initiated immune responses. We further discuss how shared sequence homology with fungal self-incompatibility proteins and the mammalian mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (MLKL) proteins informs a plausible model for the structure and function of an ancient clade of plant hNLRs, called RNLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance M Jubic
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Svenja Saile
- ZMBP-Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Furzer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP-Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
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26
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Wang W, Singh SK, Li X, Sun H, Yang Y, Jiang M, Zi H, Liu R, Zhang H, Chu Z. Partial defoliation of Brachypodium distachyon plants grown in petri dishes under low light increases P and other nutrient levels concomitantly with transcriptional changes in the roots. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7102. [PMID: 31223535 PMCID: PMC6571136 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There have been few studies on the partial defoliation response of grass. It has been unclear how partial defoliation may affect roots at the levels of nutrient accumulation and transcriptional regulation. Hereby we report a comprehensive investigation on molecular impacts of partial defoliation by using a model grass species, Brachypodium distachyon. Results Our Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry analyses of B. distachyon revealed shoot- and root-specific accumulation patterns of a group of macronutrients including potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and micronutrients including Sodium (Na), iron (Fe), and Manganese (Mn). Meanwhile, our genome-wide profiling of gene expression patterns depicts transcriptional impacts on B. distachyon roots by cutting the aerial portion. The RNAseq analyses identified a total of 1,268 differentially expressed genes in B. distachyon with partial defoliation treatment. Our comprehensive analyses by means of multiple approaches, including Gene Ontology, InterPro and Pfam protein classification, KEGG pathways, and Plant TFDB, jointly highlight the involvement of hormone-mediated wounding response, primary and secondary metabolites, and ion homeostasis, in B. distachyon after the partial defoliation treatment. In addition, evidence is provided that roots respond to partial defoliation by modifying nutrient uptake and rhizosphere acidification rate, indicating that an alteration of the root/soil interaction occurs in response to this practice. Conclusions This study reveals how partial defoliation alters ion accumulation levels in shoots and roots, as well as partial defoliation-induced transcriptional reprogramming on a whole-genome scale, thereby providing insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the recovery process of grass after partial defoliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiwen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailing Zi
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science and FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoqing Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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27
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Abdelsamad N, Regmi H, Desaeger J, DiGennaro P. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide induced resistance against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla is based on increased tomato basal defense. J Nematol 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31088034 PMCID: PMC6930958 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2019-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) are among the most damaging pests to tomato production in the USA and worldwide, with yield losses ranging from 25 to 100%. Host resistance conferred by the Mi gene in tomato is effective against some species of RKN (e.g. M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria); however, there are virulent species and lines including M. hapla and M. eterolobii that break Mi-mediated resistance. Plant innate immunity is another possible form of defense against pathogen attack and is known to be induced by chemical elicitors. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is one such chemical elicitor that regulates plant defense responses to multiple biotic stresses. In this study, we investigated the role of NAD in the context of induced tomato innate immunity and RKN pathogenicity in two tomato cultivars; VFN and Rutgers, with and without Mi, respectively. Single soil drench application of NAD 24 hr before nematode inoculation significantly induced defense response pathways, reduced infective-juveniles penetration, number of galls, and increased plant mass in both cultivars. Importantly, we observed no direct toxic effects of NAD on nematode viability and infectivity. The results presented here suggest that NAD induces resistance against RKN pathogenicity likely through the accumulation of tomato basal defense responses rather than the direct effect on the infective-juveniles behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abdelsamad
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Florida , Gainesville
| | - H Regmi
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Florida , Gainesville ; Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida , Wimauma
| | - J Desaeger
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida , Wimauma
| | - P DiGennaro
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Florida , Gainesville
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28
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Decros G, Baldet P, Beauvoit B, Stevens R, Flandin A, Colombié S, Gibon Y, Pétriacq P. Get the Balance Right: ROS Homeostasis and Redox Signalling in Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1091. [PMID: 31620143 PMCID: PMC6760520 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant central metabolism generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are key regulators that mediate signalling pathways involved in developmental processes and plant responses to environmental fluctuations. These highly reactive metabolites can lead to cellular damage when the reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis becomes unbalanced. Whilst decades of research have studied redox homeostasis in leaves, fundamental knowledge in fruit biology is still fragmentary. This is even more surprising when considering the natural profusion of fruit antioxidants that can process ROS and benefit human health. In this review, we explore redox biology in fruit and provide an overview of fruit antioxidants with recent examples. We further examine the central role of the redox hub in signalling during development and stress, with particular emphasis on ascorbate, also referred to as vitamin C. Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the redox regulations that are linked to central metabolism and stress pathways will help to define novel strategies for optimising fruit nutritional quality, fruit production and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Decros
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Decros, ; Pierre Pétriacq,
| | - Pierre Baldet
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Amélie Flandin
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, Phenome-Emphasis, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Decros, ; Pierre Pétriacq,
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29
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Drenichev MS, Bennett M, Novikov RA, Mansfield J, Smirnoff N, Grant M, Mikhailov SN. A role for 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyladenosine in altering plant immunity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 157:128-134. [PMID: 30399495 PMCID: PMC6290457 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how, and the extent to which, phytopathogens reconfigure host metabolic pathways to enhance virulence is remarkably limited. Here we investigate the dynamics of the natural disaccharide nucleoside, 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyladenosine, in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000. 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyladenosine is a plant derived molecule that rapidly accumulates following delivery of P. syringae type III effectors to represent a major component of the infected leaf metabolome. We report the first synthesis of 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyladenosine using a method involving the condensation of a small excess of 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-three-O-benzoyl-β-ribofuranose activated with tin tetrachloride with 2',5'-di-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyladenosine in 1,2-dichloroethane with further removal of silyl and benzoyl protecting groups. Interestingly, application of synthetic 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyladenosine did not affect either bacterial multiplication or infection dynamics suggesting a major reconfiguration of metabolism during pathogenesis and a heavy metabolic burden on the infected plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Mark Bennett
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Roman A Novikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - John Mansfield
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Smirnoff
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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30
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Alferez FM, Gerberich KM, Li JL, Zhang Y, Graham JH, Mou Z. Exogenous Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Induces Resistance to Citrus Canker in Citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1472. [PMID: 30356715 PMCID: PMC6189366 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a universal electron carrier that participates in important intracellular metabolic reactions and signaling events. Interestingly, emerging evidence in animals indicates that cellular NAD can be actively or passively released into the extracellular space, where it is processed or perceived by ectoenzymes or cell-surface receptors. We have recently shown in Arabidopsis thaliana that exogenous NAD induces defense responses, that pathogen infection leads to release of NAD into the extracellular space at concentrations sufficient for defense activation, and that depletion of extracellular NAD (eNAD) by transgenic expression of the human NAD-hydrolyzing ectoenzyme CD38 inhibits plant immunity. We therefore hypothesize that, during plant-microbe interactions, NAD is released from dead or dying cells into the extracellular space where it interacts with adjacent naïve cells' surface receptors, which in turn activate downstream immune signaling. However, it is currently unknown whether eNAD signaling is unique to Arabidopsis or the Brassicaceae family. In this study, we treated citrus plants with exogenous NAD+ and tested NAD+-induced transcriptional changes and disease resistance. Our results show that NAD+ induces profound transcriptome changes and strong resistance to citrus canker, a serious citrus disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). Furthermore, NAD+-induced resistance persists in new flushes emerging after removal of the tissues previously treated with NAD+. Finally, NAD+ treatment primes citrus tissues, resulting in a faster and stronger induction of multiple salicylic acid pathway genes upon subsequent Xcc infection. Taken together, these results indicate that exogenous NAD+ is able to induce immune responses in citrus and suggest that eNAD may also be an elicitor in this woody plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M. Alferez
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL, United States
| | - Kayla M. Gerberich
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - James H. Graham
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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31
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Hashida SN, Miyagi A, Nishiyama M, Yoshida K, Hisabori T, Kawai-Yamada M. Ferredoxin/thioredoxin system plays an important role in the chloroplastic NADP status of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:947-960. [PMID: 29920827 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
NADP is a key electron carrier for a broad spectrum of redox reactions, including photosynthesis. Hence, chloroplastic NADP status, as represented by redox status (ratio of NADPH to NADP+ ) and pool size (sum of NADPH and NADP+ ), is critical for homeostasis in photosynthetic cells. However, the mechanisms and molecules that regulate NADP status in chloroplasts remain largely unknown. We have now characterized an Arabidopsis mutant with imbalanced NADP status (inap1), which exhibits a high NADPH/NADP+ ratio and large NADP pool size. inap1 is a point mutation in At2g04700, which encodes the catalytic subunit of ferredoxin/thioredoxin reductase. Upon illumination, inap1 demonstrated earlier increases in NADP pool size than the wild type did. The mutated enzyme was also found in vitro to inefficiently reduce m-type thioredoxin, which activates Calvin cycle enzymes, and NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase to export reducing power to the cytosol. Accordingly, Calvin cycle metabolites and amino acids diminished in inap1 plants. In addition, inap1 plants barely activate NADP-malate dehydrogenase, and have an altered redox balance between the chloroplast and cytosol, resulting in inefficient nitrate reduction. Finally, mutants deficient in m-type thioredoxin exhibited similar light-dependent NADP dynamics as inap1. Collectively, the data suggest that defects in ferredoxin/thioredoxin reductase and m-type thioredoxin decrease the consumption of NADPH, leading to a high NADPH/NADP+ ratio and large NADP pool size. The data also suggest that the fate of NADPH is an important influence on NADP pool size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Nosuke Hashida
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646, Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maho Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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32
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Gakière B, Fernie AR, Pétriacq P. More to NAD + than meets the eye: A regulator of metabolic pools and gene expression in Arabidopsis. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:86-95. [PMID: 29309893 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery more than a century ago, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is recognised as a fascinating cornerstone of cellular metabolism. This ubiquitous energy cofactor plays vital roles in metabolic pathways and regulatory processes, a fact emphasised by the essentiality of a balanced NAD+ metabolism for normal plant growth and development. Research on the role of NAD in plants has been predominantly carried out in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) with emphasis on the redox properties and cellular signalling functions of the metabolite. This review examines the current state of knowledge concerning how NAD can regulate both metabolic pools and gene expression in Arabidopsis. Particular focus is placed on recent studies highlighting the complexity of metabolic regulations involving NAD, more particularly in the mitochondrial compartment, and of signalling roles with respect to interactions with environmental fluctuations most specifically those involving plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Gakière
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630 Rue Noetzlin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France; Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Univ. ParisSaclay, Bâtiment 630 Rue Noetzlin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom; UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux & Université de Bordeaux, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Hao J, Pétriacq P, de Bont L, Hodges M, Gakière B. Characterization of l-aspartate oxidase from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 271:133-142. [PMID: 29650151 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The flavoprotein l-aspartate oxidase (LASPO) is the first enzyme of the de novo biosynthetic pathway of NAD+ in plants. Although LASPO is considered pivotal to maintain NAD+ homeostasis, it has not been hitherto characterized in plants. Here, the cDNA encoding the LASPO from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (AtLASPO, At5g14760) has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli for subsequent enzyme characterization. The purified AtLASPO enzyme displayed a Km of 0.79 mM for l-aspartate and a kcat of 0.25 s-1. We could further detect an l-aspartate: fumarate oxidoreductase activity of the recombinant plant enzyme. In addition, results indicated that NADP+ but not NAD+, and even more strongly NADH, inhibited AtLASPO at physiological concentrations by competing with the flavin for binding to the apoprotein. LASPO optimal pH and temperature, as well as plastidial pyridine nucleotide concentrations may contribute to an increased NAD+ production in planta. Moreover, in Arabidopsis thaliana AtLASPO gene expression exhibited a clear correlation between LASPO activity and NAD+ levels, thus demonstrating that plant LASPO catalyzes a key metabolic step of NAD+ synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Hao
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Rue Noetzlin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Rue Noetzlin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France; UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, 33883, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Linda de Bont
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Rue Noetzlin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Michael Hodges
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Rue Noetzlin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Rue Noetzlin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France; Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Rue Noetzlin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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Poltronieri P, Čerekovic N. Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) in Biological Systems. CHALLENGES 2018; 9:3. [DOI: 10.3390/challe9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
NAD+ has emerged as a crucial element in both bioenergetic and signaling pathways since it acts as a key regulator of cellular and organism homeostasis. NAD+ is a coenzyme in redox reactions, a donor of adenosine diphosphate-ribose (ADPr) moieties in ADP-ribosylation reactions, a substrate for sirtuins, a group of histone deacetylase enzymes that use NAD+ to remove acetyl groups from proteins; NAD+ is also a precursor of cyclic ADP-ribose, a second messenger in Ca++ release and signaling, and of diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) and oligoadenylates (oligo2′-5′A), two immune response activating compounds. In the biological systems considered in this review, NAD+ is mostly consumed in ADP-ribose (ADPr) transfer reactions. In this review the roles of these chemical products are discussed in biological systems, such as in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria. In the review, two types of ADP-ribosylating enzymes are introduced as well as the pathways to restore the NAD+ pools in these systems.
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Li BB, Wang X, Tai L, Ma TT, Shalmani A, Liu WT, Li WQ, Chen KM. NAD Kinases: Metabolic Targets Controlling Redox Co-enzymes and Reducing Power Partitioning in Plant Stress and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:379. [PMID: 29662499 PMCID: PMC5890153 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
NAD(H) and NADP(H) are essential co-enzymes which dominantly control a number of fundamental biological processes by acting as reducing power and maintaining the intracellular redox balance of all life kingdoms. As the only enzymes that catalyze NAD(H) and ATP to synthesize NADP(H), NAD Kinases (NADKs) participate in many essential metabolic reactions, redox sensitive regulation, photosynthetic performance and also reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis of cells and therefore, play crucial roles in both development and stress responses of plants. NADKs are highly conserved enzymes in amino acid sequences but have multiple subcellular localization and diverse functions. They may function as monomers, dimers or multimers in cells but the enzymatic properties in plants are not well elucidated yet. The activity of plant NADK is regulated by calcium/calmodulin and plays crucial roles in photosynthesis and redox co-enzyme control. NADK genes are expressed in almost all tissues and developmental stages of plants with specificity for different members. Their transcripts can be greatly stimulated by a number of environmental factors such as pathogenic attack, irritant applications and abiotic stress treatments. Using transgenic approaches, several studies have shown that NADKs are involved in chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthetic efficiency, oxidative stress protection, hormone metabolism and signaling regulation, and therefore contribute to the growth regulation and stress tolerance of plants. In this review, the enzymatic properties and functional mechanisms of plant NADKs are thoroughly investigated based on literature and databases. The results obtained here are greatly advantageous for further exploration of NADK function in plants.
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Miwa A, Sawada Y, Tamaoki D, Yokota Hirai M, Kimura M, Sato K, Nishiuchi T. Nicotinamide mononucleotide and related metabolites induce disease resistance against fungal phytopathogens in Arabidopsis and barley. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6389. [PMID: 28743869 PMCID: PMC5526872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), is known to act as a functional molecule in animals, whereas its function in plants is largely unknown. In this study, we found that NMN accumulated in barley cultivars resistant to phytopathogenic fungal Fusarium species. Although NMN does not possess antifungal activity, pretreatment with NMN and related metabolites enhanced disease resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Arabidopsis leaves and flowers and in barley spikes. The NMN-induced Fusarium resistance was accompanied by activation of the salicylic acid-mediated signalling pathway and repression of the jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent signalling pathways in Arabidopsis. Since NMN-induced disease resistance was also observed in the SA-deficient sid2 mutant, an SA-independent signalling pathway also regulated the enhanced resistance induced by NMN. Compared with NMN, NAD and NADP, nicotinamide pretreatment had minor effects on resistance to F. graminearum. Constitutive expression of the NMNAT gene, which encodes a rate-limiting enzyme for NAD biosynthesis, resulted in enhanced disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Thus, modifying the content of NAD-related metabolites can be used to optimize the defence signalling pathways activated in response to F. graminearum and facilitates the control of disease injury and mycotoxin accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Miwa
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tamaoki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934, Japan.
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37
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Wang C, Zhou M, Zhang X, Yao J, Zhang Y, Mou Z. A lectin receptor kinase as a potential sensor for extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in Arabidopsis thaliana. eLife 2017; 6:e25474. [PMID: 28722654 PMCID: PMC5560858 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) participates in intracellular and extracellular signaling events unrelated to metabolism. In animals, purinergic receptors are required for extracellular NAD+ (eNAD+) to evoke biological responses, indicating that eNAD+ may be sensed by cell-surface receptors. However, the identity of eNAD+-binding receptors still remains elusive. Here, we identify a lectin receptor kinase (LecRK), LecRK-I.8, as a potential eNAD+ receptor in Arabidopsis. The extracellular lectin domain of LecRK-I.8 binds NAD+ with a dissociation constant of 436.5 ± 104.8 nM, although much higher concentrations are needed to trigger in vivo responses. Mutations in LecRK-I.8 inhibit NAD+-induced immune responses, whereas overexpression of LecRK-I.8 enhances the Arabidopsis response to NAD+. Furthermore, LecRK-I.8 is required for basal resistance against bacterial pathogens, substantiating a role for eNAD+ in plant immunity. Our results demonstrate that lectin receptors can potentially function as eNAD+-binding receptors and provide direct evidence for eNAD+ being an endogenous signaling molecule in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Mingqi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Jin Yao
- Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, United States
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
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Guérard F, de Bont L, Gakière B, Tcherkez G. Evaluation and application of a targeted SPE-LC-MS method for quantifying plant hormones and phenolics in Arabidopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:624-634. [PMID: 32480593 DOI: 10.1071/fp16300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Application of metabolomics techniques to plant physiology is now considerable, and LC-MS is often being used for non-targeted, semi-quantitative analysis of effects caused by mutations or environmental conditions. However, examination of signalling metabolites like hormones require absolute rather than semi-quantitative quantitation, since their effect in planta is strongly dependent upon concentration. Further, plant hormones belong to different chemical classes and thus simultaneous quantitation remains highly challenging. Here we present an LC-MS method that allows the simultaneous absolute quantitation of six hormone families as well as selected phenolics. The technique requires solid phase extraction with a sulfonated cation exchange phase before analysis, and use calibration curves instead of isotopically labelled standards, which are indeed not commercially available for many hormonal molecules. The use of the total signal (including adducts) rather than a single quantifying mass appears to be crucial to avoid quantification errors because the ion distribution between adducts is found to be concentration-dependent. The different hormones considered appear to have contrasted ionisation efficiency due to their physical properties. However, the relatively low variability and the satisfactory response to standard additions show that the technique is accurate and reproducible. It is applied to Arabidopsis plants subjected to water stress, using either the wild-type or lines with altered NAD biosynthesis causing changes in salicylate signalling and phenylpropanoid levels. As expected, analyses show an increase in abscisic acid upon water stress and a consistent modification of phenolic compounds (including salicylate) in mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Guérard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Linda de Bont
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Shidore T, Broeckling CD, Kirkwood JS, Long JJ, Miao J, Zhao B, Leach JE, Triplett LR. The effector AvrRxo1 phosphorylates NAD in planta. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006442. [PMID: 28628666 PMCID: PMC5491322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of plants and animals employ type III secreted effectors to suppress innate immunity. Most characterized effectors work through modification of host proteins or transcriptional regulators, although a few are known to modify small molecule targets. The Xanthomonas type III secreted avirulence factor AvrRxo1 is a structural homolog of the zeta toxin family of sugar-nucleotide kinases that suppresses bacterial growth. AvrRxo1 was recently reported to phosphorylate the central metabolite and signaling molecule NAD in vitro, suggesting that the effector might enhance bacterial virulence on plants through manipulation of primary metabolic pathways. In this study, we determine that AvrRxo1 phosphorylates NAD in planta, and that its kinase catalytic sites are necessary for its toxic and resistance-triggering phenotypes. A global metabolomics approach was used to independently identify 3'-NADP as the sole detectable product of AvrRxo1 expression in yeast and bacteria, and NAD kinase activity was confirmed in vitro. 3'-NADP accumulated upon transient expression of AvrRxo1 in Nicotiana benthamiana and in rice leaves infected with avrRxo1-expressing strains of X. oryzae. Mutation of the catalytic aspartic acid residue D193 abolished AvrRxo1 kinase activity and several phenotypes of AvrRxo1, including toxicity in yeast, bacteria, and plants, suppression of the flg22-triggered ROS burst, and ability to trigger an R gene-mediated hypersensitive response. A mutation in the Walker A ATP-binding motif abolished the toxicity of AvrRxo1, but did not abolish the 3'-NADP production, virulence enhancement, ROS suppression, or HR-triggering phenotypes of AvrRxo1. These results demonstrate that a type III effector targets the central metabolite and redox carrier NAD in planta, and that this catalytic activity is required for toxicity and suppression of the ROS burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teja Shidore
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Corey D. Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Jay S. Kirkwood
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - John J. Long
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Jiamin Miao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Bingyu Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Jan E. Leach
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Lindsay R. Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Hill LJ, Williams AC. Meat Intake and the Dose of Vitamin B 3 - Nicotinamide: Cause of the Causes of Disease Transitions, Health Divides, and Health Futures? Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917704662. [PMID: 28579801 PMCID: PMC5419340 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917704662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat and vitamin B3 - nicotinamide - intake was high during hunter-gatherer times. Intake then fell and variances increased during and after the Neolithic agricultural revolution. Health, height, and IQ deteriorated. Low dietary doses are buffered by 'welcoming' gut symbionts and tuberculosis that can supply nicotinamide, but this co-evolved homeostatic metagenomic strategy risks dysbioses and impaired resistance to pathogens. Vitamin B3 deficiency may now be common among the poor billions on a low-meat diet. Disease transitions to non-communicable inflammatory disorders (but longer lives) may be driven by positive 'meat transitions'. High doses of nicotinamide lead to reduced regulatory T cells and immune intolerance. Loss of no longer needed symbiotic 'old friends' compounds immunological over-reactivity to cause allergic and auto-immune diseases. Inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumers and loss of methyl groups or production of toxins may cause cancers, metabolic toxicity, or neurodegeneration. An optimal dosage of vitamin B3 could lead to better health, but such a preventive approach needs more equitable meat distribution. Some people may require personalised doses depending on genetic make-up or, temporarily, when under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Hill
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Pétriacq P, de Bont L, Genestout L, Hao J, Laureau C, Florez-Sarasa I, Rzigui T, Queval G, Gilard F, Mauve C, Guérard F, Lamothe-Sibold M, Marion J, Fresneau C, Brown S, Danon A, Krieger-Liszkay A, Berthomé R, Ribas-Carbo M, Tcherkez G, Cornic G, Pineau B, Gakière B, De Paepe R. Photoperiod Affects the Phenotype of Mitochondrial Complex I Mutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:434-455. [PMID: 27852950 PMCID: PMC5210746 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant mutants for genes encoding subunits of mitochondrial complex I (CI; NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase), the first enzyme of the respiratory chain, display various phenotypes depending on growth conditions. Here, we examined the impact of photoperiod, a major environmental factor controlling plant development, on two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CI mutants: a new insertion mutant interrupted in both ndufs8.1 and ndufs8.2 genes encoding the NDUFS8 subunit and the previously characterized ndufs4 CI mutant. In the long day (LD) condition, both ndufs8.1 and ndufs8.2 single mutants were indistinguishable from Columbia-0 at phenotypic and biochemical levels, whereas the ndufs8.1 ndufs8.2 double mutant was devoid of detectable holo-CI assembly/activity, showed higher alternative oxidase content/activity, and displayed a growth retardation phenotype similar to that of the ndufs4 mutant. Although growth was more affected in ndufs4 than in ndufs8.1 ndufs8.2 under the short day (SD) condition, both mutants displayed a similar impairment of growth acceleration after transfer to LD compared with the wild type. Untargeted and targeted metabolomics showed that overall metabolism was less responsive to the SD-to-LD transition in mutants than in the wild type. The typical LD acclimation of carbon and nitrogen assimilation as well as redox-related parameters was not observed in ndufs8.1 ndufs8 Similarly, NAD(H) content, which was higher in the SD condition in both mutants than in Columbia-0, did not adjust under LD We propose that altered redox homeostasis and NAD(H) content/redox state control the phenotype of CI mutants and photoperiod acclimation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pétriacq
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Linda de Bont
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Lucie Genestout
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Jingfang Hao
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Constance Laureau
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Touhami Rzigui
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Guillaume Queval
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Caroline Mauve
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Florence Guérard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Marlène Lamothe-Sibold
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Jessica Marion
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Chantal Fresneau
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Spencer Brown
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Antoine Danon
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Richard Berthomé
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbo
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Gabriel Cornic
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Bernard Pineau
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.);
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.);
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.);
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.);
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.);
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.);
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.);
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
| | - Rosine De Paepe
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (P.P., L.d.B., L.G., J.H., G.Q., A.D., B.P., B.G., R.D.P.)
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (C.L., T.R., C.F., G.C.)
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterranies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 7122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain (I.F.-S., M.R.-C.)
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France (F.Gi., C.M., F.Gu., M.L.-S., B.G.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Gif, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (J.M., S.B.)
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus de Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.-L.)
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 441/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2594, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France (R.B.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (G.T.); and
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom S10 2TN (P.P.)
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42
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Hashida SN, Itami T, Takahara K, Hirabayashi T, Uchimiya H, Kawai-Yamada M. Increased Rate of NAD Metabolism Shortens Plant Longevity by Accelerating Developmental Senescence in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2427-2439. [PMID: 27590711 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
NAD is a well-known co-enzyme that mediates hundreds of redox reactions and is the basis of various processes regulating cell responses to different environmental and developmental cues. The regulatory mechanism that determines the amount of cellular NAD and the rate of NAD metabolism remains unclear. We created Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing the NAD synthase (NADS) gene that participates in the final step of NAD biosynthesis. NADS overexpression enhanced the activity of NAD biosynthesis but not the amounts of NAD+, NADH, NADP+ or NADPH. However, the amounts of some intermediates were elevated, suggesting that NAD metabolism increased. The NAD redox state was greatly facilitated by an imbalance between NAD generation and degradation in response to bolting. Metabolite profiling and transcriptional analysis revealed that the drastic modulation of NAD redox homeostasis increased tricarboxylic acid flux, causing the ectopic generation of reactive oxygen species. Vascular bundles suffered from oxidative stress, leading to a malfunction in amino acid and organic acid transportation that caused early wilting of the flower stalk and shortened plant longevity, probably due to malnutrition. We concluded that the mechanism regulating the balance between NAD synthesis and degradation is important in the systemic plant response to developmental cues during the growth-phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Nosuke Hashida
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences (IMCB), The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Taketo Itami
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences (IMCB), The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takahara
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences (IMCB), The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirabayashi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences (IMCB), The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uchimiya
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (IEST), Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Department of Environmental Science and Human Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-0825, Japan
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43
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Pétriacq P, Ton J, Patrit O, Tcherkez G, Gakière B. NAD Acts as an Integral Regulator of Multiple Defense Layers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1465-1479. [PMID: 27621425 PMCID: PMC5100754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pyridine nucleotides, such as NAD, are crucial redox carriers and have emerged as important signaling molecules in stress responses. Previously, we have demonstrated in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that the inducible NAD-overproducing nadC lines are more resistant to an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst-AvrRpm1), which was associated with salicylic acid-dependent defense. Here, we have further characterized the NAD-dependent immune response in Arabidopsis. Quinolinate-induced stimulation of intracellular NAD in transgenic nadC plants enhanced resistance against a diverse range of (a)virulent pathogens, including Pst-AvrRpt2, Dickeya dadantii, and Botrytis cinerea Characterization of the redox status demonstrated that elevated NAD levels induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression of redox marker genes of the cytosol and mitochondrion. Using pharmacological and reverse genetics approaches, we show that NAD-induced ROS production functions independently of NADPH oxidase activity and light metabolism but depends on mitochondrial respiration, which was increased at higher NAD. We further demonstrate that NAD primes pathogen-induced callose deposition and cell death. Mass spectrometry analysis reveals that NAD simultaneously induces different defense hormones and that the NAD-induced metabolic profiles are similar to those of defense-expressing plants after treatment with pathogen-associated molecular patterns. We thus conclude that NAD triggers metabolic profiles rather similar to that of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and discuss how signaling cross talk between defense hormones, ROS, and NAD explains the observed resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pétriacq
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom (P.P., J.T.);
- AgroParisTech, 75121 Paris cedex 05, France (O.P.);
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia (G.T.); and
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (B.G.)
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom (P.P., J.T.)
- AgroParisTech, 75121 Paris cedex 05, France (O.P.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia (G.T.); and
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (B.G.)
| | - Oriane Patrit
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom (P.P., J.T.)
- AgroParisTech, 75121 Paris cedex 05, France (O.P.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia (G.T.); and
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (B.G.)
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom (P.P., J.T.)
- AgroParisTech, 75121 Paris cedex 05, France (O.P.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia (G.T.); and
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (B.G.)
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom (P.P., J.T.)
- AgroParisTech, 75121 Paris cedex 05, France (O.P.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia (G.T.); and
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (B.G.)
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Pétriacq P, Tcherkez G, Gakière B. Pyridine nucleotides induce changes in cytosolic pools of calcium in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1249082. [PMID: 27767383 PMCID: PMC5157894 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1249082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
NAD is a pyridine nucleotide that is involved in cell metabolism and signaling of plant growth and stress. Recently, we reported on the multifaceted nature of NAD-inducible immunity in Arabidopsis. We identified NAD as an integral regulator of multiple defense layers such as production of ROS, deposition of callose, stimulation of cell death and modulation of defense metabolism including the defense hormones SA, JA and ABA, and other defense-associated metabolites. Altogether, NAD-induced immune effects confer resistance to diverse pathogenic microbes. Our addendum to this work further demonstrates an impact of NAD on the cytosolic calcium pool, a well-known component of early plant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pétriacq
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Evry, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Pétriacq P, Ton J, Patrit O, Tcherkez G, Gakière B. NAD Acts as an Integral Regulator of Multiple Defense Layers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27621425 PMCID: PMC5074631 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyridine nucleotides, such as NAD, are crucial redox carriers and have emerged as important signaling molecules in stress responses. Previously, we have demonstrated in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that the inducible NAD-overproducing nadC lines are more resistant to an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst-AvrRpm1), which was associated with salicylic acid-dependent defense. Here, we have further characterized the NAD-dependent immune response in Arabidopsis. Quinolinate-induced stimulation of intracellular NAD in transgenic nadC plants enhanced resistance against a diverse range of (a)virulent pathogens, including Pst-AvrRpt2, Dickeya dadantii, and Botrytis cinerea Characterization of the redox status demonstrated that elevated NAD levels induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression of redox marker genes of the cytosol and mitochondrion. Using pharmacological and reverse genetics approaches, we show that NAD-induced ROS production functions independently of NADPH oxidase activity and light metabolism but depends on mitochondrial respiration, which was increased at higher NAD. We further demonstrate that NAD primes pathogen-induced callose deposition and cell death. Mass spectrometry analysis reveals that NAD simultaneously induces different defense hormones and that the NAD-induced metabolic profiles are similar to those of defense-expressing plants after treatment with pathogen-associated molecular patterns. We thus conclude that NAD triggers metabolic profiles rather similar to that of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and discuss how signaling cross talk between defense hormones, ROS, and NAD explains the observed resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pétriacq
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom (P.P., J.T.);
- AgroParisTech, 75121 Paris cedex 05, France (O.P.);
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia (G.T.); and
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (B.G.)
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom (P.P., J.T.)
- AgroParisTech, 75121 Paris cedex 05, France (O.P.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia (G.T.); and
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (B.G.)
| | - Oriane Patrit
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom (P.P., J.T.)
- AgroParisTech, 75121 Paris cedex 05, France (O.P.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia (G.T.); and
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (B.G.)
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom (P.P., J.T.)
- AgroParisTech, 75121 Paris cedex 05, France (O.P.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia (G.T.); and
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (B.G.)
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- biOMICS Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom (P.P., J.T.)
- AgroParisTech, 75121 Paris cedex 05, France (O.P.)
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia (G.T.); and
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (B.G.)
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An C, Ding Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Mou Z. Elongator Plays a Positive Role in Exogenous NAD-Induced Defense Responses in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:396-404. [PMID: 26926998 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-16-0005-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular NAD is emerging as an important signal molecule in animal cells, but its role in plants has not been well-established. Although it has been shown that exogenous NAD(+) activates defense responses in Arabidopsis, components in the exogenous NAD(+)-activated defense pathway remain to be fully discovered. In a genetic screen for mutants insensitive to exogenous NAD(+) (ien), we isolated a mutant named ien2. Map-based cloning revealed that IEN2 encodes ELONGATA3 (ELO3)/AtELP3, a subunit of the Arabidopsis Elongator complex, which functions in multiple biological processes, including histone modification, DNA (de)methylation, and transfer RNA modification. Mutations in the ELO3/AtELP3 gene compromise exogenous NAD(+)-induced expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326, and transgenic expression of the coding region of ELO3/AtELP3 in elo3/Atelp3 restores NAD(+) responsiveness to the mutant plants, demonstrating that ELO3/AtELP3 is required for exogenous NAD(+)-induced defense responses. Furthermore, mutations in genes encoding the other five Arabidopsis Elongator subunits (ELO2/AtELP1, AtELP2, ELO1/AtELP4, AtELP5, and AtELP6) also compromise exogenous NAD(+)-induced PR gene expression and resistance to P. syringae pv. maculicola ES4326. These results indicate that the Elongator complex functions as a whole in exogenous NAD(+)-activated defense signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfu An
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Yezhang Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
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Shen Y, Wei W, Zhou DX. Histone Acetylation Enzymes Coordinate Metabolism and Gene Expression. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:614-621. [PMID: 26440431 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Histone lysine acetylation is well known for being important in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have uncovered a plethora of acetylated proteins involved in important metabolic pathways, such as photosynthesis and respiration in plants. Enzymes involved in histone acetylation and deacetylation are being identified as regulators of acetylation of metabolic enzymes. Importantly, key metabolites, such as acetyl-CoA and NAD(+), are involved in protein acetylation and deacetylation processes, and their cellular levels may regulate the activity of histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and deacetylases (HDAC). Further research is required to determine whether and how HATs and HDACs sense cellular metabolite signals to control gene expression and metabolic enzyme activity through lysine acetylation and deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shen
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), University Paris-sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of interdisciplinary Scientific Research, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao-Xiu Zhou
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), University Paris-sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France.
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