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Zammit F, Seront E. Neurological Adverse Events Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Practical Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:501. [PMID: 38675461 PMCID: PMC11053462 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in cancer therapy has brought attention to their associated neurotoxicities, termed neurological immune-related adverse events (n-irAEs). Despite their relatively rare incidence, n-irAEs pose a significant risk, potentially leading to severe, long-lasting disabilities or even fatal outcomes. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of n-irAEs, focusing on their recognition and management. The review addresses a spectrum of n-irAEs, encompassing myositis, myasthenia gravis, various neuropathies, and central nervous system complications, such as encephalitis, meningitis, and demyelinating diseases. The key features of n-irAEs are emphasized in this review, including their early onset after initiation of ICIs, potential association with non-neurological irAEs and/or concurrent oncological response, the significance of ruling out other etiologies, and the expected improvement upon discontinuation of ICIs and/or immunosuppression. Furthermore, this review delves into considerations for ICI re-challenge and the intricate nature of n-irAEs within the context of pre-existing autoimmune and paraneoplastic syndromes. It underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the pivotal role of severity grading in guiding treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Seront
- Institut Roi Albert II, Department of Medical Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
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2
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Chan W, Cao YM, Zhao X, Schrom EC, Jia D, Song J, Sibener LV, Dong S, Fernandes RA, Bradfield CJ, Smelkinson M, Kabat J, Hor JL, Altan-Bonnet G, Garcia KC, Germain RN. TCR ligand potency differentially impacts PD-1 inhibitory effects on diverse signaling pathways. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20231242. [PMID: 37796477 PMCID: PMC10555889 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade revolutionized cancer therapy, but we still lack a quantitative, mechanistic understanding of how inhibitory receptors affect diverse signaling pathways. To address this issue, we developed and applied a fluorescent intracellular live multiplex signal transduction activity reporter (FILMSTAR) system to analyze PD-1-induced suppressive effects. These studies identified pathways triggered solely by TCR or requiring both TCR and CD28 inputs. Using presenting cells differing in PD-L1 and CD80 expression while displaying TCR ligands of distinct potency, we found that PD-1-mediated inhibition primarily targets TCR-linked signals in a manner highly sensitive to peptide ligand quality. These findings help resolve discrepancies in existing data about the site(s) of PD-1 inhibition in T cells while emphasizing the importance of neoantigen potency in controlling the effects of checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waipan Chan
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuqi M. Cao
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward C. Schrom
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dongya Jia
- Immunodynamics Group, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian Song
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leah V. Sibener
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shen Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Clinton J. Bradfield
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margery Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- Immunodynamics Group, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ronald N. Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Joseph GJ, Johnson DB, Johnson RW. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in bone metastasis: Clinical challenges, toxicities, and mechanisms. J Bone Oncol 2023; 43:100505. [PMID: 37842554 PMCID: PMC10568292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the field of anti-cancer therapy over the last decade; they provide durable clinical responses against tumors by inhibiting immune checkpoint proteins that canonically regulate the T cell-mediated immune response. Despite their success in many primary tumors and soft tissue metastases, ICIs function poorly in patients with bone metastases, and these patients do not have the same survival benefit as patients with the same primary tumor type (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer [NSCLC], urothelial, renal cell carcinoma [RCC], etc.) that has not metastasized to the bone. Additionally, immune-related adverse events including rheumatologic and musculoskeletal toxicities, bone loss, and increased fracture risk develop after treatment with ICIs. There are few preclinical studies that investigate the interplay of the immune system in bone metastases; however, the current literature suggests a role for CD8+ T cells and myeloid cell subsets in bone homeostasis. As such, this review focuses on findings from the clinical and pre-clinical studies that have investigated immune checkpoint blockade in the bone metastatic setting and highlights the need for more comprehensive investigations into the relationship between immune cell subsets, ICIs, and the bone-tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenyth J. Joseph
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas B. Johnson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachelle W. Johnson
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Ahsan T, Shoily SS, Ahmed T, Sajib AA. Role of the redox state of the Pirin-bound cofactor on interaction with the master regulators of inflammation and other pathways. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289158. [PMID: 38033031 PMCID: PMC10688961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent cellular stress induced perpetuation and uncontrolled amplification of inflammatory response results in a shift from tissue repair toward collateral damage, significant alterations of tissue functions, and derangements of homeostasis which in turn can lead to a large number of acute and chronic pathological conditions, such as chronic heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Keeping the vital role of balanced inflammation in maintaining tissue integrity in mind, the way to combating inflammatory diseases may be through identification and characterization of mediators of inflammation that can be targeted without hampering normal body function. Pirin (PIR) is a non-heme iron containing protein having two different conformations depending on the oxidation state of the iron. Through exploration of the Pirin interactome and using molecular docking approaches, we identified that the Fe2+-bound Pirin directly interacts with BCL3, NFKBIA, NFIX and SMAD9 with more resemblance to the native binding pose and higher affinity than the Fe3+-bound form. In addition, Pirin appears to have a function in the regulation of inflammation, the transition between the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways, and the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, Pirin signaling appears to have a critical role in tumor invasion and metastasis, as well as metabolic and neuro-pathological complications. There are regulatory variants in PIR that can influence expression of not only PIR but also other genes, including VEGFD and ACE2. Disparity exists between South Asian and European populations in the frequencies of variant alleles at some of these regulatory loci that may lead to differential occurrence of Pirin-mediated pathogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim Ahsan
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabrina Samad Shoily
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnim Ahmed
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ashfaqur Sajib
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint blockade has improved the outcomes of patients with various malignancies, yet a majority do not benefit or develop resistance. To address this unmet need, efforts across the field are targeting additional coinhibitory receptors, costimulatory proteins, and intracellular mediators that could prevent or bypass anti-PD1 resistance mechanisms. The CD28 costimulatory pathway is necessary for antigen-specific T cell activation, though prior CD28 agonists did not translate successfully to clinic due to toxicity. Casitas B lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a downstream, master regulator of both CD28 and CTLA-4 signaling. This E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates both innate and adaptive immune cells, ultimately promoting an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in the absence of CD28 costimulation. Recent advances in pharmaceutical screening and computational biology have enabled the development of novel platforms to target this once 'undruggable' protein. These platforms include DNA encoded library screening, allosteric drug targeting, small-interfering RNA inhibition, CRISPR genome editing, and adoptive cell therapy. Both genetic knock-out models and Cbl-b inhibitors have been shown to reverse immunosuppression in the TME, stimulate cytotoxic T cell activity, and promote tumor regression, findings augmented with PD1 blockade in experimental models. In translating Cbl-b inhibitors to clinic, we propose specific gene expression profiles that may identify patient populations most likely to benefit. Overall, novel Cbl-b inhibitors provide antigen-specific immune stimulation and are a promising therapeutic tool in the field of immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Augustin
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riyue Bao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Simulated Microgravity Disrupts Nuclear Factor κB Signaling and Impairs Murine Dendritic Cell Phenotype and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021720. [PMID: 36675236 PMCID: PMC9865583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During spaceflights, astronauts face different forms of stress (e.g., socio-environmental and gravity stresses) that impact physiological functions and particularly the immune system. In this context, little is known about the effect of such stress on dendritic cells (DCs). First, we showed that hypergravity, but not chronic ultra-mild stress, a socio-environmental stress, induced a less mature phenotype characterized by a decreased expression of MHCII and co-stimulatory molecules. Next, using the random positioning machine (RPM), we studied the direct effects of simulated microgravity on either splenic DCs or Flt-3L-differentiated bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs). Simulated microgravity was found to reduce the BM-conventional DC (cDC) and splenic cDC activation/maturation phenotype. Consistent with this, BMDCs displayed a decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines when exposed to microgravity compared to the normogravity condition. The induction of a more immature phenotype in microgravity than in control DCs correlated with an alteration of the NFκB signaling pathway. Since the DC phenotype is closely linked to their function, we studied the effects of microgravity on DCs and found that microgravity impaired their ability to induce naïve CD4 T cell survival, proliferation, and polarization. Thus, a deregulation of DC function is likely to induce immune deregulation, which could explain the reduced efficiency of astronauts' immune response.
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Wang K, Wen D, Xu X, Zhao R, Jiang F, Yuan S, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Li Q. Extracellular matrix stiffness-The central cue for skin fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1132353. [PMID: 36968277 PMCID: PMC10031116 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1132353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin fibrosis is a physiopathological process featuring the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), which is the main architecture that provides structural support and constitutes the microenvironment for various cellular behaviors. Recently, increasing interest has been drawn to the relationship between the mechanical properties of the ECM and the initiation and modulation of skin fibrosis, with the engagement of a complex network of signaling pathways, the activation of mechanosensitive proteins, and changes in immunoregulation and metabolism. Simultaneous with the progression of skin fibrosis, the stiffness of ECM increases, which in turn perturbs mechanical and humoral homeostasis to drive cell fate toward an outcome that maintains and enhances the fibrosis process, thus forming a pro-fibrotic "positive feedback loop". In this review, we highlighted the central role of the ECM and its dynamic changes at both the molecular and cellular levels in skin fibrosis. We paid special attention to signaling pathways regulated by mechanical cues in ECM remodeling. We also systematically summarized antifibrotic interventions targeting the ECM, hopefully enlightening new strategies for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongsheng Wen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feipeng Jiang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengqin Yuan
- School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yifan Zhang, ; Ya Gao, ; Qingfeng Li,
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yifan Zhang, ; Ya Gao, ; Qingfeng Li,
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yifan Zhang, ; Ya Gao, ; Qingfeng Li,
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Rush-Kittle J, Gámez-Díaz L, Grimbacher B. Inborn errors of immunity associated with defects of self-tolerance checkpoints: The CD28 family. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13886. [PMID: 36564875 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the causes of inborn errors of immunity is immune dysregulation. The inability of the immune system to regulate the extent of its activity has several deleterious effects, including autoimmunity, recurrent infections, and malignancy. In recent years, many proteins in the CD28 family - CD28, ICOS, CTLA-4, PD-1, and BTLA - have come into the focus of several research areas for their consequential role in the upregulation or downregulation of the immune response. In this review, we will discuss the structure and function of these proteins, as well as provide an overview of the clinical picture of patients with genetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrell Rush-Kittle
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Dölz M, Hasiuk M, Gagnon JD, Kornete M, Marone R, Bantug G, Kageyama R, Hess C, Ansel KM, Seyres D, Roux J, Jeker LT. Forced expression of the non-coding RNA miR-17∼92 restores activation and function in CD28-deficient CD4 + T cells. iScience 2022; 25:105372. [PMID: 36388982 PMCID: PMC9646923 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD28 provides the prototypical costimulatory signal required for productive T-cell activation. Known molecular consequences of CD28 costimulation are mostly based on studies of protein signaling molecules. The microRNA cluster miR-17∼92 is induced by T cell receptor stimulation and further enhanced by combined CD28 costimulation. We demonstrate that transgenic miR-17∼92 cell-intrinsically largely overcomes defects caused by CD28 deficiency. Combining genetics, transcriptomics, bioinformatics, and biochemical miRNA:mRNA interaction maps we empirically validate miR-17∼92 target genes that include several negative regulators of T cell activation. CD28-deficient T cells exhibit derepressed miR-17∼92 target genes during activation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ablation of the miR-17∼92 targets Pten and Nrbp1 in naive CD28-/- CD4+ T cells differentially increases proliferation and expression of the activation markers CD25 and CD44, respectively. Thus, we propose that miR-17∼92 constitutes a central mediator for T cell activation, integrating signals by the TCR and CD28 costimulation by dampening multiple brakes that prevent T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Dölz
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation Immunology & Nephrology, Basel University Hospital, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marko Hasiuk
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation Immunology & Nephrology, Basel University Hospital, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John D. Gagnon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mara Kornete
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Romina Marone
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation Immunology & Nephrology, Basel University Hospital, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Glenn Bantug
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robin Kageyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christoph Hess
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine – CITIID, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - K. Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Denis Seyres
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation Immunology & Nephrology, Basel University Hospital, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas T. Jeker
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation Immunology & Nephrology, Basel University Hospital, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Mazinani M, Rahbarizadeh F. CAR-T cell potency: from structural elements to vector backbone components. Biomark Res 2022; 10:70. [PMID: 36123710 PMCID: PMC9487061 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, in which a patient’s own T lymphocytes are engineered to recognize and kill cancer cells, has achieved remarkable success in some hematological malignancies in preclinical and clinical trials, resulting in six FDA-approved CAR-T products currently available in the market. Once equipped with a CAR construct, T cells act as living drugs and recognize and eliminate the target tumor cells in an MHC-independent manner. In this review, we first described all structural modular of CAR in detail, focusing on more recent findings. We then pointed out behind-the-scene elements contributing to CAR expression and reviewed how CAR expression can be drastically affected by the elements embedded in the viral vector backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mazinani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran. .,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Veytia-Bucheli JI, Alvarado-Velázquez DA, Possani LD, González-Amaro R, Rosenstein Y. The Ca 2+ Channel Blocker Verapamil Inhibits the In Vitro Activation and Function of T Lymphocytes: A 2022 Reappraisal. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071478. [PMID: 35890372 PMCID: PMC9324055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ channel blockers (CCBs) are commonly used to treat different cardiovascular conditions. These drugs disrupt the intracellular Ca2+ signaling network, inhibiting numerous cellular functions in different cells, including T lymphocytes. We explored the effect of the CCB verapamil on normal human peripheral blood T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Cells were activated by ligating CD3 or CD3/CD28 in the presence or absence of verapamil, and the expression of activation-induced cell surface molecules (CD25, CD40L, CD69, PD-1, and OX40), cell proliferation, and cytokine release were assessed by flow cytometry. Verapamil exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the expression of all the activation-induced cell surface molecules tested. In addition, verapamil diminished T cell proliferation induced in response to CD3/CD28 stimulation. Likewise, the production of Th1/Th17 and Th2 cytokines was also reduced by verapamil. Our data substantiate a potent in vitro suppressive effect of verapamil on T lymphocytes, a fact that might be relevant in patients receiving CCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Veytia-Bucheli
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (J.I.V.-B.); (D.A.A.-V.); (L.D.P.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 615, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Den Alejandro Alvarado-Velázquez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (J.I.V.-B.); (D.A.A.-V.); (L.D.P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Lourival Domingos Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (J.I.V.-B.); (D.A.A.-V.); (L.D.P.)
| | - Roberto González-Amaro
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico;
| | - Yvonne Rosenstein
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (J.I.V.-B.); (D.A.A.-V.); (L.D.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(777)-329-1606
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12
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López-Cantillo G, Urueña C, Camacho BA, Ramírez-Segura C. CAR-T Cell Performance: How to Improve Their Persistence? Front Immunol 2022; 13:878209. [PMID: 35572525 PMCID: PMC9097681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with T cells reprogrammed to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) has been highly successful in patients with hematological neoplasms. However, its therapeutic benefits have been limited in solid tumor cases. Even those patients who respond to this immunotherapy remain at risk of relapse due to the short-term persistence or non-expansion of CAR-T cells; moreover, the hostile tumor microenvironment (TME) leads to the dysfunction of these cells after reinfusion. Some research has shown that, in adoptive T-cell therapies, the presence of less differentiated T-cell subsets within the infusion product is associated with better clinical outcomes. Naive and memory T cells persist longer and exhibit greater antitumor activity than effector T cells. Therefore, new methods are being studied to overcome the limitations of this therapy to generate CAR-T cells with these ideal phenotypes. In this paper, we review the characteristics of T-cell subsets and their implications in the clinical outcomes of adoptive therapy with CAR-T cells. In addition, we describe some strategies developed to overcome the reduced persistence of CAR T-cells and alternatives to improve this therapy by increasing the expansion ability and longevity of modified T cells. These methods include cell culture optimization, incorporating homeostatic cytokines during the expansion phase of manufacturing, modulation of CAR-T cell metabolism, manipulating signaling pathways involved in T-cell differentiation, and strategies related to CAR construct designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina López-Cantillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ingeniería Celular y Molecular, Instituto Distrital de Ciencia Biotecnología e Innovación en Salud (IDCBIS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Urueña
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Cesar Ramírez-Segura
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ingeniería Celular y Molecular, Instituto Distrital de Ciencia Biotecnología e Innovación en Salud (IDCBIS), Bogotá, Colombia.,Instituto Distrital de Ciencia Biotecnología e Innovación en Salud (IDCBIS), Bogotá, Colombia
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13
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Cowles SC, Sheen A, Santollani L, Lutz EA, Lax BM, Palmeri JR, Freeman GJ, Wittrup KD. An affinity threshold for maximum efficacy in anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. MAbs 2022; 14:2088454. [PMID: 35924382 PMCID: PMC9354768 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2088454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) remain the most prevalent cancer immunotherapy both as a monotherapy and in combination with additional therapies. Despite the extensive success of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies in the clinic, the experimental relationship between binding affinity and functional potency for anti-PD-1 antibodies in vivo has not been reported. Anti-PD-1 antibodies with higher and lower affinity than nivolumab or pembrolizumab are entering the clinic and show varied preclinical efficacy. Here, we explore the role of broad-ranging affinity variation within a single lineage in a syngeneic immunocompetent mouse model. By developing a panel of murine anti-PD-1 antibodies with varying affinity (ranging from KD = 20 pM - 15 nM), we find that there is a threshold affinity required for maximum efficacy at a given dose in the treatment of the MC38 adenocarcinoma model with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling complements interpretation of the experimental results and highlights the direct relationship between dose, affinity, and PD-1 target saturation in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Cowles
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison Sheen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luciano Santollani
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emi A. Lutz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brianna M. Lax
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph R. Palmeri
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K. Dane Wittrup
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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The Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LEID Exhibits an Immunostimulant Effect by Boosting Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010110. [PMID: 35008536 PMCID: PMC8744989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the micro-immunotherapy medicine (MIM) 2LEID, both in vitro and in vivo, on several components of the innate and adaptive immune system. MIM increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages, and it augmented the expression of the activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR in NK cells and monocytes/macrophages, respectively. The effect of MIM was evaluated in a model of respiratory infection induced by influenza A virus administration to immunocompetent mice in which it was able to improve neutrophil recruitment within the lungs (p = 0.1051) and slightly increased the circulating levels of IgM (p = 0.1655). Furthermore, MIM stimulated the proliferation of CD3-primed T lymphocytes and decreased the secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in CD14+-derived macrophages. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were finally used to explore the effect of MIM on endothelial cells, in which it slightly increased the expression of immune-related markers such as HLA-I, CD137L, GITRL, PD-L1 and ICAM-1. In conclusion, the present study suggests that MIM might be a promising nonspecific (without antigen specificity) immunostimulant drug in preventing and early treating respiratory infections, but not only exclusively, as it would gently support several facets of the immune system and host defenses.
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15
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Lawton ML, Emili A. Mass Spectrometry-Based Phosphoproteomics and Systems Biology: Approaches to Study T Lymphocyte Activation and Exhaustion. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167318. [PMID: 34687714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes respond to extracellular cues and recognize and clear foreign bodies. These functions are tightly regulated by receptor-mediated intracellular signal transduction pathways and phosphorylation cascades resulting in rewiring of transcription, cell adhesion, and metabolic pathways, which leads to changes in downstream effector functions including cytokine secretion and target-cell killing. Given that these pathways become dysregulated in chronic diseases such as cancer, auto-immunity, diabetes, and persistent infections, mapping T cell signaling dynamics in normal and pathological states is central to understanding and modulating immune system behavior. Despite recent advances, there remains much to be learned from the study of T cell signaling at a systems level. The application of global phospho-proteomic profiling technology has the potential to provide unprecedented insights into the molecular networks that govern T cell function. These include capturing the spatiotemporal dynamics of the T cell responses as an ensemble of interacting components, rather than a static view at a single point in time. In this review, we describe innovative experimental approaches to study signaling mechanisms in the TCR, co-stimulatory receptors, synthetic signaling molecules such as chimeric antigen receptors, inhibitory receptors, and T cell exhaustion. Technical advances in mass spectrometry and systems biology frameworks are emphasized as these are poised to identify currently unknown functional relationships and dependencies to create causal predictive models that expand from the traditional narrow reductionist lens of singular components in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Lawton
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Emili
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Xing J, Liu W, Tang X, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. The Expression of CD28 and Its Synergism on the Immune Response of Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) to Thymus-Dependent Antigen. Front Immunol 2021; 12:765036. [PMID: 34858416 PMCID: PMC8631826 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD28 is well known as a critical T-cell costimulatory receptor involved in T cell activation by binding to its ligands. In this study, CD28 was cloned, and its expression profiles were characterized in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus); variations of CD28+ cells after being stimulated with different types of antigens and the function of the CD28 costimulatory pathway on T-cell activation were investigated in vitro. fCD28 consists of four exons and three introns, and the full-length cDNA of fCD28 was 675-bp encoded 224 amino acids. The conserved motif (121TFPPPF126) binding to the CD80/86 ligand exists in the Ig-superfamily homology domain. The high expression of fCD28 is in gills, PBLs, head kidney, and spleen. CD28+ cells were co-localized with CD4+ T lymphocytes but not on IgM+ B lymphocyte cells. Moreover, the expression of CD28 was significantly varied in flounder after being stimulated by keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) at both the transcriptional and cellular levels, while no significant differences were observed between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and the control group. Notably, treatment of PBLs cultured in vitro with CD28 molecule-specific antibody (anti-CD28 Abs) and PHA produced more cell colonies and stimulated the proliferation of cultured leukocytes compared to PHA stimulation alone and the control group, and a higher level of IL-2 was detected in the culture medium. Meanwhile, anti-CD28 Abs increased the percent of CD28+ cells (10.41 ± 1.35%), CD4+ T lymphocytes (18.32 ± 2.15%), and CD28+/CD4+ double-positive cells (6.24 ± 1.52%). This effect also resulted in significant variations in the genes of cell membrane-bound molecules, cytokines, and related signaling pathways in cultured leukocytes, with significant changes in the genes of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) in the early stages of culture, and the expression of other molecules increased over time. These results proved the localization of the CD28 molecule on T lymphocytes in flounder, and anti-CD28 may act as the B7 ligand involved in T cell activation after antigen stimulation. These data provide a basis for a more in-depth study of the mechanism of the CD28 costimulatory pathway in T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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17
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Pisibon C, Ouertani A, Bertolotto C, Ballotti R, Cheli Y. Immune Checkpoints in Cancers: From Signaling to the Clinic. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184573. [PMID: 34572799 PMCID: PMC8468441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is known to help fight cancers. Ten years ago, the first immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting CTLA4 was approved by the FDA to treat patients with metastatic melanoma. Since then, immune checkpoint therapies have revolutionized the field of oncology and the treatment of cancer patients. Numerous immune checkpoint inhibitors have been developed and tested, alone or in combination with other treatments, in melanoma and other cancers, with overall clear benefits to patient outcomes. However, many patients fail to respond or develop resistance to these treatments. It is therefore essential to decipher the mechanisms of action of immune checkpoints and to understand how immune cells are affected by signaling to be able to understand and overcome resistance. In this review, we discuss the signaling and effects of each immune checkpoint on different immune cells and their biological and clinical relevance. Restoring the functionality of T cells and their coordination with other immune cells is necessary to overcome resistance and help design new clinical immunotherapy strategies. In this respect, NK cells have recently been implicated in the resistance to anti-PD1 evoked by a protein secreted by melanoma, ITGBL1. The complexity of this network will have to be considered to improve the efficiency of future immunotherapies and may lead to the discovery of new immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pisibon
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (C.P.); (A.O.); (C.B.); (R.B.)
- INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Amira Ouertani
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (C.P.); (A.O.); (C.B.); (R.B.)
- INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (C.P.); (A.O.); (C.B.); (R.B.)
- INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Robert Ballotti
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (C.P.); (A.O.); (C.B.); (R.B.)
- INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Yann Cheli
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (C.P.); (A.O.); (C.B.); (R.B.)
- INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, 06200 Nice, France
- Correspondence:
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18
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Abstract
The immune and endocrine systems collectively control homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system ensures that values of essential factors and nutrients such as glucose, electrolytes and vitamins are maintained within threshold values. The immune system resolves local disruptions in tissue homeostasis, caused by pathogens or malfunctioning cells. The immediate goals of these two systems do not always align. The immune system benefits from optimal access to nutrients for itself and restriction of nutrient availability to all other organs to limit pathogen replication. The endocrine system aims to ensure optimal nutrient access for all organs, limited only by the nutrients stores that the body has available. The actual state of homeostatic parameters such as blood glucose levels represents a careful balance based on regulatory signals from the immune and endocrine systems. This state is not static but continuously adjusted in response to changes in the current metabolic needs of the body, the amount of resources it has available and the level of threats it encounters. This balance is maintained by the ability of the immune and endocrine systems to interact and co-regulate systemic metabolism. In context of metabolic disease, this system is disrupted, which impairs functionality of both systems. The failure of the endocrine system to retain levels of nutrients such as glucose within threshold values impairs functionality of the immune system. In addition, metabolic stress of organs in context of obesity is perceived by the immune system as a disruption in local homeostasis, which it tries to resolve by the excretion of factors which further disrupt normal metabolic control. In this chapter, we will discuss how the immune and endocrine systems interact under homeostatic conditions and during infection with a focus on blood glucose regulation. In addition, we will discuss how this system fails in the context of metabolic disease.
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19
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Kuijpers TJM, Kleinjans JCS, Jennen DGJ. From multi-omics integration towards novel genomic interaction networks to identify key cancer cell line characteristics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10542. [PMID: 34006939 PMCID: PMC8131752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease where cancer cells express epigenetic and transcriptomic mechanisms to promote tumor initiation, progression, and survival. To extract relevant features from the 2019 Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), a multi-layer nonnegative matrix factorization approach is used. We used relevant feature genes and DNA promoter regions to construct genomic interaction network to study gene-gene and gene-DNA promoter methylation relationships. Here, we identified a set of gene transcripts and methylated DNA promoter regions for different clusters, including one homogeneous lymphoid neoplasms cluster. In this cluster, we found different methylated transcription factors that affect transcriptional activation of EGFR and downstream interactions. Furthermore, the hippo-signaling pathway might not function properly because of DNA hypermethylation and low gene expression of both LATS2 and YAP1. Finally, we could identify a potential dysregulation of the CD28-CD86-CTLA4 axis. Characterizing the interaction of the epigenome and the transcriptome is vital for our understanding of cancer cell line behavior, not only for deepening insights into cancer-related processes but also for future disease treatment and drug development. Here we have identified potential candidates that characterize cancer cell lines, which give insight into the development and progression of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J M Kuijpers
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - J C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - D G J Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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20
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Bhatta A, Chan MA, Benedict SH. Transcription factor activation and protein phosphorylation patterns are distinct for CD28 and ICAM-1 co-stimulatory molecules. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152067. [PMID: 33582502 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined signaling differences between two co-stimulatory molecules, CD28 and ICAM-1 by analyzing transcription factors and proteins that are activated downstream of these co-stimulations. We observed that FAST-1, a crucial protein in the TGFβ signaling pathway, was activated by only ICAM-1 co-stimulation, and not by CD28. We also observed that receptor tyrosine kinases Csk, Dtk, FGFR1 and ROR2 were phosphorylated upon CD28 co-stimulation and IGF-1R, HGFR, MuSK and EphA8 were phosphorylated upon ICAM-1 co-stimulation. Together, these findings suggest that these two co-stimulators induce the activation of different sets of proteins, suggesting that each co-stimulatory molecule has its unique signaling profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Bhatta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
| | - Marcia A Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Stephen H Benedict
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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21
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Immunological status of peripheral blood is associated with prognosis in patients with bone and soft-tissue sarcoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:212. [PMID: 33510813 PMCID: PMC7836390 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising antitumor effects against certain types of cancer. However, specific immune-checkpoint inhibitors for patients with sarcoma have yet to be identified, whereas the immunological status of peripheral blood in patients with bone sarcoma and soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) remains unknown. In addition, it is unclear whether the immunological status from the peripheral blood could be used as a prognostic indicator. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the immunological status of peripheral blood samples derived from patients with bone sarcoma and STS. Immune monitoring was performed using the peripheral blood samples of 61 patients with no metastasis of high-grade sarcoma. A total of 25 patients with metastatic sarcoma were used for comparison. A total of 41 immune cell subsets were analyzed using multicolor-flow cytometry. The patients that did not have metastasis demonstrated higher quantities of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3)+ CD8+ T cells, which were significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) time, while higher quantities of NKG2D+ CD8+ T cells were significantly associated with improved DFS time. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the number of Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells was associated with lower DFS time. A significant association was also found between the number of M-MDSCs and progression-free survival (PFS) time in patients with metastasis. The results suggested the occurrence of immune surveillance, which indicated that the host immune reaction against cancer existed in patients with bone sarcoma and STS. Notably, a high number of M-MDSCs was associated with both DFS and PFS time, suggesting a strong prognostic value. The data suggested that the immune status of peripheral blood was associated with the prognosis in patients with sarcoma, as previously reported in patients with other cancer types. In summary, the results may assist with the development of novel strategies for sarcoma treatment, based on the use of biomarkers or immunotherapy.
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22
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Iranparast S, Tayebi S, Ahmadpour F, Yousefi B. Tumor-Induced Metabolism and T Cells Located in Tumor Environment. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:741-756. [PMID: 32691710 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200720010647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several subtypes of T cells are located in a tumor environment, each of which supplies their energy using different metabolic mechanisms. Since the cancer cells require high levels of glucose, the conditions of food poverty in the tumor environment can cause inactivation of immune cells, especially the T-effector cells, due to the need for glucose in the early stages of these cells activity. Different signaling pathways, such as PI3K-AKt-mTOR, MAPK, HIF-1α, etc., are activated or inactivated by the amount and type of energy source or oxygen levels that determine the fate of T cells in a cancerous environment. This review describes the metabolites in the tumor environment and their effects on the function of T cells. It also explains the signaling pathway of T cells in the tumor and normal conditions, due to the level of access to available metabolites and subtypes of T cells in the tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Iranparast
- Department of Immunology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Tayebi
- Department of Immunology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadpour
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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23
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Mohammadzadeh A. Co-inhibitory receptors, transcription factors and tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Meng X, Jing R, Qian L, Zhou C, Sun J. Engineering Cytoplasmic Signaling of CD28ζ CARs for Improved Therapeutic Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1046. [PMID: 32636832 PMCID: PMC7318076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells (CAR-T) have yielded impressive clinical outcomes in treating hematopoietic malignancies. However, relapses have occurred in a substantial number of patients and limited the development of CAR-T therapy. Most underlying reasons for these relapses can be attributed to poor persistence and rapid exhaustion of CAR-T cells in vivo. Despite multiple strategies having been developed, how to improve CAR-T persistence or resist exhaustion while maintaining sufficient cytotoxic functions is still a great challenge. Here we discuss engineering cytoplasmic signaling as an important strategy for CAR optimization. This review summarizes recent advances showing that the anti-tumor function of CAR-T cells can be improved by optimizing the CD3ζ domain or downstream signaling of CD28ζ CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Meng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruirui Jing
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liling Qian
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- School of Public Health and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Laboratory of Stem Cell and Immunotherapy Engineering, Hangzhou, China
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Guedan S, Madar A, Casado-Medrano V, Shaw C, Wing A, Liu F, Young RM, June CH, Posey AD. Single residue in CD28-costimulated CAR-T cells limits long-term persistence and antitumor durability. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3087-3097. [PMID: 32069268 PMCID: PMC7260017 DOI: 10.1172/jci133215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapies can eliminate relapsed and refractory tumors, but the durability of antitumor activity requires in vivo persistence. Differential signaling through the CAR costimulatory domain can alter the T cell metabolism, memory differentiation, and influence long-term persistence. CAR-T cells costimulated with 4-1BB or ICOS persist in xenograft models but those constructed with CD28 exhibit rapid clearance. Here, we show that a single amino acid residue in CD28 drove T cell exhaustion and hindered the persistence of CD28-based CAR-T cells and changing this asparagine to phenylalanine (CD28-YMFM) promoted durable antitumor control. In addition, CD28-YMFM CAR-T cells exhibited reduced T cell differentiation and exhaustion as well as increased skewing toward Th17 cells. Reciprocal modification of ICOS-containing CAR-T cells abolished in vivo persistence and antitumor activity. This finding suggests modifications to the costimulatory domains of CAR-T cells can enable longer persistence and thereby improve antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guedan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aviv Madar
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Victoria Casado-Medrano
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolyn Shaw
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Wing
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Regina M. Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Avery D. Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Thakar MS, Kearl TJ, Malarkannan S. Controlling Cytokine Release Syndrome to Harness the Full Potential of CAR-Based Cellular Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1529. [PMID: 32076597 PMCID: PMC7006459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-based therapies offer a promising, targeted approach to effectively treat relapsed or refractory B cell malignancies. However, the treatment-related toxicity defined as cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) often develops in patients, and if uncontrolled, can be fatal. Grading systems have now been developed to further characterize and objectify clinical findings in order to provide algorithm-based guidance on CRS-related treatment decisions. The pharmacological treatments associated with these algorithms suppress inflammation through a variety of mechanisms and are paramount to improving the safety profile of CAR-based therapies. However, fatalities are still occurring, and there are downsides to these treatments, including the possibility of disrupting CAR-T cell persistence. This review article will describe the clinical presentation and current management of CRS, and through our now deeper understanding of downstream signaling pathways, will provide a molecular framework to formulate new hypotheses regarding clinical applications to contain proinflammatory cytokines responsible for CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Tyce J Kearl
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Center of Excellence in Prostate Cancer, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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27
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Liao P, Wang H, Tang YL, Tang YJ, Liang XH. The Common Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Signaling Molecules in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2457. [PMID: 31708918 PMCID: PMC6819372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are closely linked with immunosuppression, accompanied by complex immune cell functional activities. The abnormal competition between costimulatory and coinhibitory signal molecules plays an important role in the malignant progression of HNSCC. This review will summarize the features of costimulatory molecules (including CD137, OX40 as well as CD40) and coinhibitory molecules (including CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG3, and TIM3), analyze the underlying mechanism behind these molecules' regulation of the progression of HNSCC, and introduce the clinic application. Vaccines, such as those targeting STING while working synergistically with monoclonal antibodies, are also discussed. A deep understanding of the tumor immune landscape will help find new and improved tumor immunotherapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haofan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Islam SMS, Byun HO, Choi B, Sohn S. Inhibition of CD83 Alleviates Systemic Inflammation in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Induced Behçet's Disease Model Mouse. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:5761392. [PMID: 31582900 PMCID: PMC6754941 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5761392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is an autoinflammatory disease that can lead to life- and sight-threating complications. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells that can regulate multiple inflammatory pathways. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of the DC stimulatory molecule CD83 with BD. Frequencies of costimulatory molecules expressing DCs in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were measured by flow cytometry (FACS). The severity of symptoms in HSV-1-induced BD symptomatic mice was also assessed. Frequencies of CD83-positive cells were significantly increased in mice exhibiting BD symptoms, compared to those in asymptomatic mice. Abatacept, a CD80/86 blocker, significantly decreased the frequencies of CD83-positive cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. BD symptomatic mice treated with Abatacept showed gradual reduction in the severity score of symptoms. Intraperitoneal injection of CD83 siRNA significantly reduced the frequencies of CD83-positive cells in PBL and peritoneal macrophages. After CD83 siRNA injection, BD symptoms of mice were improved and disease severity was decreased. Discontinuation of CD83 siRNA deteriorated symptoms while readministration of CD83 siRNA again improved BD symptoms of mice. These results clearly indicate the involvement of CD83-expressing cells in the inflammatory symptoms of BD. Therefore, CD83 might be useful as a therapeutic target for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Shamsul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ok Byun
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bunsoon Choi
- Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyang Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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29
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Seamans BN, Pellechio SL, Capria AL, Agyingi SE, Morenikeji OB, Ojurongbe O, Thomas BN. Genetic diversity of CD14, CD28, CTLA-4 and ICOS gene promoter polymorphism in African and American sickle cell disease. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:930-936. [PMID: 31474499 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Variable immune response to external stimuli remains a major concern in sickle cell disease (SCD), with such responses predicted to be contributors to disease pathogenesis. Elucidating the diversity of host genes contributing to immune response would assist to clarify differing outcomes among and between disease groups. We hypothesize that there is a significant interethnic diversity in the CD14 (rs2569190), CD28 (rs35593994), CTLA-4 (rs5742909) and ICOS (rs4404254) gene polymorphisms among and between SCD groups. We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms of the 4 loci among African and African American SCD and control groups and between SCD groups. In all, 375 individuals from Mali (145 SCD and 230 controls) and 700 DNA samples from the United States (321 SCD and 379 controls) were subjected to a PCR-RFLP assay. We found no intraethnic difference in genotypic and allelic frequencies of the 4 loci among Africans and African Americans, potentially significant in disease association studies, including a similar observation for interethnic frequencies of CD28, CTLA-4 and ICOS genes, but not CD14. The CD14 (rs2569190) gene promoter demonstrated a significant difference (p < 0.02) between African and African American SCD groups, with the mutant variant (-159 T/T) more frequent (p < 0.0002) in African American SCD (38.9% versus 26.2%). The higher frequency of CD14 mutants among African Americans without an accompanying defect in CD28, CTLA-4 and ICOS diversity possibly indicates a defective innate response, driven by CD14, is untethered to downstream T cell differentiation or effector function. Additionally, we show that CD28 (rs35593994) mutant variants have no impact on T cell differentiation, as the ICOS gene provides an alternative pathway to override this impairment. We conclude that in spite of the defect in CD14, T cell selection and differentiation is unimpeded and a robust adaptive immune response initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Seamans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Summer L Pellechio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Anna L Capria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Smith E Agyingi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Olanrewaju B Morenikeji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria.
| | - Bolaji N Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
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30
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Wensveen FM, Šestan M, Turk Wensveen T, Polić B. 'Beauty and the beast' in infection: How immune-endocrine interactions regulate systemic metabolism in the context of infection. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:982-995. [PMID: 31106860 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune and endocrine systems ensure two vital functions in the body. The immune system protects us from lethal pathogens, whereas the endocrine system ensures proper metabolic function of peripheral organs by regulating systemic homeostasis. These two systems were long thought to operate independently. The immune system uses cytokines and immune receptors, whereas the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate metabolism. However, recent findings show that the immune and endocrine systems closely interact, especially regarding regulation of glucose metabolism. In response to pathogen encounter, cytokines modify responsiveness of peripheral organs to endocrine signals, resulting in altered levels of blood hormones such as insulin, which promotes the ability of the body to fight infection. Here we provide an overview of recent literature describing various mechanisms, which the immune system utilizes to modify endocrine regulation of systemic metabolism. Moreover, we will describe how these immune-endocrine interactions derail in the context of obesity. From a clinical perspective we will elaborate how infection and obesity aggravate the development of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2 in humans. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of immune-induced changes in systemic metabolism following infection, with a focus on regulation of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marko Šestan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tamara Turk Wensveen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical hospital center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
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31
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Rodríguez-Jorge O, Kempis-Calanis LA, Abou-Jaoudé W, Gutiérrez-Reyna DY, Hernandez C, Ramirez-Pliego O, Thomas-Chollier M, Spicuglia S, Santana MA, Thieffry D. Cooperation between T cell receptor and Toll-like receptor 5 signaling for CD4 + T cell activation. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/577/eaar3641. [PMID: 30992399 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells recognize antigens through their T cell receptors (TCRs); however, additional signals involving costimulatory receptors, for example, CD28, are required for proper T cell activation. Alternative costimulatory receptors have been proposed, including members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, such as TLR5 and TLR2. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying a potential costimulatory role for TLR5, we generated detailed molecular maps and logical models for the TCR and TLR5 signaling pathways and a merged model for cross-interactions between the two pathways. Furthermore, we validated the resulting model by analyzing how T cells responded to the activation of these pathways alone or in combination, in terms of the activation of the transcriptional regulators CREB, AP-1 (c-Jun), and NF-κB (p65). Our merged model accurately predicted the experimental results, showing that the activation of TLR5 can play a similar role to that of CD28 activation with respect to AP-1, CREB, and NF-κB activation, thereby providing insights regarding the cross-regulation of these pathways in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otoniel Rodríguez-Jorge
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México.,Escuela de Estudios Superiores de Axochiapan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62951 Axochiapan, México
| | - Linda A Kempis-Calanis
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Wassim Abou-Jaoudé
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Darely Y Gutiérrez-Reyna
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Céline Hernandez
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Oscar Ramirez-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Morgane Thomas-Chollier
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Maria A Santana
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México.
| | - Denis Thieffry
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.
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32
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Fernandes EDS, Lorena VMDB, Sales IRF, Albuquerque MCPDA, Gomes YDM, Costa VMA, Souza VMOD. Maternal schistosomiasis: IL-2, IL-10 and regulatory T lymphocytes to unrelated antigen in adult offspring mice. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:546-549. [PMID: 30133643 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0338-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated IL-10, IL-2 and regulatory T cells (Treg), in response to ovalbumin (OA), in offspring from schistosomotic mouse mothers. METHODS We used animals born (BIM) or suckled (SIM) from infected mothers; and mice born/suckled from infected (BSIM) or non-infected mothers (CONTROL). After OA+adjuvant immunization, spleen cells were cultured, with or without OA, and doubly marked for cytometry. RESULTS BIM showed fewer CD4+/IL-2+ and more B220+/IL-10+ cells, whereas the SIM group showed increased Treg frequency. BSIM had fewer B220+/IL-10+ and Treg cells. CONCLUSIONS Separately, gestation or nursing induced immunosuppressive cells in infected mothers, but improved anti-OA immunity when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica de Souza Fernandes
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Mônica Camelo Pessoa de Azevedo Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Yara de Miranda Gomes
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Laboratório de Imunologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Vlaudia Maria Assis Costa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Valdênia Maria Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
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33
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Barberis M, Helikar T, Verbruggen P. Simulation of Stimulation: Cytokine Dosage and Cell Cycle Crosstalk Driving Timing-Dependent T Cell Differentiation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:879. [PMID: 30116196 PMCID: PMC6083814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering an appropriate protective response against invading agents is crucial to the effectiveness of human innate and adaptive immunity. Pathogen recognition and elimination requires integration of a myriad of signals from many different immune cells. For example, T cell functioning is not qualitatively, but quantitatively determined by cellular and humoral signals. Tipping the balance of signals, such that one of these is favored or gains advantage on another one, may impact the plasticity of T cells. This may lead to switching their phenotypes and, ultimately, modulating the balance between proliferating and memory T cells to sustain an appropriate immune response. We hypothesize that, similar to other intracellular processes such as the cell cycle, the process of T cell differentiation is the result of: (i) pleiotropy (pattern) and (ii) magnitude (dosage/concentration) of input signals, as well as (iii) their timing and duration. That is, a flexible, yet robust immune response upon recognition of the pathogen may result from the integration of signals at the right dosage and timing. To investigate and understand how system's properties such as T cell plasticity and T cell-mediated robust response arise from the interplay between these signals, the use of experimental toolboxes that modulate immune proteins may be explored. Currently available methodologies to engineer T cells and a recently devised strategy to measure protein dosage may be employed to precisely determine, for example, the expression of transcription factors responsible for T cell differentiation into various subtypes. Thus, the immune response may be systematically investigated quantitatively. Here, we provide a perspective of how pattern, dosage and timing of specific signals, called interleukins, may influence T cell activation and differentiation during the course of the immune response. We further propose that interleukins alone cannot explain the phenotype variability observed in T cells. Specifically, we provide evidence that the dosage of intercellular components of both the immune system and the cell cycle regulating cell proliferation may contribute to T cell activation, differentiation, as well as T cell memory formation and maintenance. Altogether, we envision that a qualitative (pattern) and quantitative (dosage) crosstalk between the extracellular milieu and intracellular proteins leads to T cell plasticity and robustness. The understanding of this complex interplay is crucial to predict and prevent scenarios where tipping the balance of signals may be compromised, such as in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Barberis
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomáš Helikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Paul Verbruggen
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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34
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Sun H, Bi R, Liu P, Nolan LK, Lamont SJ. Combined analysis of primary lymphoid tissues' transcriptomic response to extra-intestinal Escherichia coli (ExPEC) infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:99-106. [PMID: 26710679 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), constitutes an animal health and a potential zoonotic risk. Most studies focus on the response of a single tissue to APEC infection. Understanding interactions among lymphoid tissues is of importance in controlling APEC infection. Therefore, we studied bone marrow, bursa, and thymus transcriptomes because of these tissues' crucial roles in development of pre-lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells, respectively. Using lesion scores of liver, pericardium, and air sacs, infected birds were classified as either resistant or susceptible. Little difference in gene expression was detected in resistant birds in bone marrow versus bursa or thymus, while there were large differences between tissues in susceptible birds. Phagosome, lysosome and cytokine interactions were strongly enhanced in thymus versus bone marrow in susceptible birds, and T cell receptor (TCR), cell cycle, and p53 signaling were significantly decreased. B cell receptor (BCR) was also significantly suppressed in bursa versus bone marrow in susceptible birds. This research provides novel insights into the complex developmental changes in gene expression occurring across the primary lymphoid organs and, therefore, serves as a foundation to understanding the cellular and molecular basis of host resistance to APEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ran Bi
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Lisa K Nolan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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35
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Porciello N, Tuosto L. CD28 costimulatory signals in T lymphocyte activation: Emerging functions beyond a qualitative and quantitative support to TCR signalling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 28:11-9. [PMID: 26970725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD28 is one of the most important co-stimulatory receptors necessary for full T lymphocyte activation. By binding its cognate ligands, B7.1/CD80 or B7.2/CD86, expressed on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells (APC), CD28 initiates several signalling cascades, which qualitatively and quantitatively support T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. More recent data evidenced that human CD28 can also act as a TCR-independent signalling unit, by delivering specific signals, which regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines. Despite the enormous progresses made in identifying the mechanisms and molecules involved in CD28 signalling properties, much remains to be elucidated, especially in the light of the functional differences observed between human and mouse CD28. In this review we provide an overview of the current mechanisms and molecules through which CD28 support TCR signalling and highlight recent findings on the specific signalling motifs that regulate the unique pro-inflammatory activity of human CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Porciello
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Jabri B, Abadie V. IL-15 functions as a danger signal to regulate tissue-resident T cells and tissue destruction. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:771-83. [PMID: 26567920 PMCID: PMC5079184 DOI: 10.1038/nri3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this Opinion article, we discuss the function of tissues as a crucial checkpoint for the regulation of effector T cell responses, and the notion that interleukin-15 (IL-15) functions as a danger molecule that communicates to the immune system that the tissue is under attack and poises it to mediate tissue destruction. More specifically, we propose that expression of IL-15 in tissues promotes T helper 1 cell-mediated immunity and provides co-stimulatory signals to effector cytotoxic T cells to exert their effector functions and drive tissue destruction. Therefore, we think that IL-15 contributes to tissue protection by promoting the elimination of infected cells but that when its expression is chronically dysregulated, it can promote the development of complex T cell-mediated disorders associated with tissue destruction, such as coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bana Jabri
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery (KCBD), Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Valérie Abadie
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, University of Montreal, and the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
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Sanmamed MF, Pastor F, Rodriguez A, Perez-Gracia JL, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Jure-Kunkel M, Melero I. Agonists of Co-stimulation in Cancer Immunotherapy Directed Against CD137, OX40, GITR, CD27, CD28, and ICOS. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:640-55. [PMID: 26320067 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are considered the main effector players in the immune response against tumors. Full activation of T and NK lymphocytes requires the coordinated participation of several surface receptors that meet their cognate ligands through structured transient cell-to-cell interactions known as immune synapses. In the case of T cells, the main route of stimulation is driven by antigens as recognized in the form of short polypeptides associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen-presenting molecules. However, the functional outcome of T-cell stimulation towards clonal expansion and effector function acquisition is contingent on the contact of additional surface receptor-ligand pairs and on the actions of cytokines in the milieu. While some of those interactions are inhibitory, others are activating and are collectively termed co-stimulatory receptors. The best studied belong to either the immunoglobulin superfamily or the tumor necrosis factor-receptor (TNFR) family. Co-stimulatory receptors include surface moieties that are constitutively expressed on resting lymphocytes such as CD28 or CD27 and others whose expression is induced upon recent previous antigen priming, ie, CD137, GITR, OX40, and ICOS. Ligation of these glycoproteins with agonist antibodies actively conveys activating signals to the lymphocyte. Those signals, acting through a potentiation of the cellular immune response, give rise to anti-tumor effects in mouse models. Anti-CD137 antibodies are undergoing clinical trials with evidence of clinical activity and anti-OX40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induce interesting immunomodulation effects in humans. Antibodies anti-CD27 and GITR have recently entered clinical trials. The inherent dangers of these immunomodulation strategies are the precipitation of excessive systemic inflammation or/and invigorating silent autoimmunity. Agonist antibodies, recombinant forms of the natural ligands, and polynucleotide-based aptamers constitute the pharmacologic tools to manipulate such receptors. Preclinical data suggest that the greatest potential of these agents is achieved in combined treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Sanmamed
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Fernando Pastor
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodriguez
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Merida I, Andrada E, Gharbi SI, Avila-Flores A. Redundant and specialized roles for diacylglycerol kinases and in the control of T cell functions. Sci Signal 2015; 8:re6. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Strazza M, Azoulay-Alfaguter I, Dun B, Baquero-Buitrago J, Mor A. CD28 inhibits T cell adhesion by recruiting CAPRI to the plasma membrane. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2871-7. [PMID: 25637021 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD28 is a coreceptor expressed on T lymphocytes. Signaling downstream of CD28 promotes multiple T cell functions such as proliferation, survival, and cytokine secretion. Adhesion to APCs is another function of T cells; however, little is known with regard to the role of CD28 in this process. Our previous studies have shown that CD28 inhibits T cell adhesion, but the underlying mechanism that mediates this process remains unknown. In the present study we discovered that signaling downstream of CD28 resulted in inhibition of Rap1 activity and decreased LFA-1-mediated adhesion. We showed that this was regulated by the recruitment of calcium-promoted Ras inactivator (CAPRI), a GTPase-activating protein, to the plasma membrane downstream of CD28 signaling. CAPRI trafficking to the plasma membrane was secondary to calcium influx and was mediated by its C2A and C2B domains. We conclude that CD28 inhibits Rap1-mediated adhesion by recruiting the protein CAPRI to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Strazza
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Bryan Dun
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Adam Mor
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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40
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Laky K, Evans S, Perez-Diez A, Fowlkes BJ. Notch signaling regulates antigen sensitivity of naive CD4+ T cells by tuning co-stimulation. Immunity 2015; 42:80-94. [PMID: 25607460 PMCID: PMC4314725 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses begin when naive CD4(+) T cells engage peptide+major histocompatibility complex class II and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Notch signaling can influence effector functions in differentiated CD4(+) T helper and T regulatory cells. Whether and how ligand-induced Notch signaling influences the initial priming of CD4(+) T cells has not been addressed. We have found that Delta Like Ligand 4 (DLL4)-induced Notch signaling potentiates phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling downstream of the T cell receptor+CD28, allowing naive CD4(+) T cells to respond to lower doses of antigen. In vitro, DLL4-deficient APCs were less efficient stimulators of CD4(+) T cell activation, metabolism, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. With deletion of DLL4 from CD11c(+) APCs in vivo, these deficits translated to an impaired ability to mount an effective CD4(+)-dependent anti-tumor response. These data implicate Notch signaling as an important regulator of adaptive immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptor Cross-Talk
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/immunology
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Tumor Burden/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Laky
- T Cell Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharron Evans
- T Cell Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ainhoa Perez-Diez
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - B J Fowlkes
- T Cell Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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41
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Harder T, Guttek K, Philipsen L, Simeoni L, Schraven B, Reinhold D. Selective targeting of transforming growth factor-beta1 into TCR/CD28 signalling plasma membrane domains silences T cell activation. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:74. [PMID: 25482031 PMCID: PMC4258951 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ1 (Transforming Growth Factor-beta1) is a versatile regulator of T cell immune responses. Depending on its context in the immunological environment, TGFβ1 guides T cells toward specific activation programs including TH17 and regulatory T cell activities. Moreover, TGFβ signals function in immune homeostasis by directly attenuating T cell effector activities. We uncovered a novel context under which TGFβ1 stringently and reversibly silences activation responses of resting human T cells to TCR/CD28 stimulating surfaces: Using ligand-presenting beads, TGFβ1 and TCR/CD28-activating signals were directed into defined plasma membrane domains of T cells. Selective targeting of TGFβ1 cytokine into TCR/CD28 signalling plasma membrane domains held back early response of TCR-proximal tyrosine phosphorylation and bead engulfment at activation sites. Consequently, downstream induction of proliferation and cytokine secretion were stringently attenuated. After extended incubation with TGFβ1-presenting beads, silenced T cells became receptive again to activation by renewed TCR/CD28-stimuli, indicating that the unresponsive state of T cells was reverted and did not reflect long-lasting anergy or decrease in T cell viability. These findings outline a new strategy of physically linking TGFβ1 and TCR-activating functions for the treatment of disease and pathological conditions which are caused by unwanted T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Harder
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, Magdeburg, D 39120, Germany.
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42
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Thaker YR, Schneider H, Rudd CE. TCR and CD28 activate the transcription factor NF-κB in T-cells via distinct adaptor signaling complexes. Immunol Lett 2014; 163:113-9. [PMID: 25455592 PMCID: PMC4286576 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CD28 and TCR receptors use independent pathways to regulate NF-κB activation in T-cells. CD28 mediated NF-κB activation is dependent on the YMN-FM site for GRB-2 adaptor binding. The adaptors ADAP and SKAP1 are dispensable for direct CD28 activation of NF-κB. TCR driven NF-κB activation requires adaptor ADAP expression.
The transcription factor NF-κB is needed for the induction of inflammatory responses in T-cells. Whether its activation by the antigen-receptor and CD28 is mediated by the same or different intracellular signaling pathways has been unclear. Here, using T-cells from various knock-out (Cd28−/−, adap−/−) and knock-in (i.e. Cd28 Y-170F) mice in conjunction with transfected Jurkat T-cells, we show that the TCR and CD28 use distinct pathways to activate NF-κB in T-cells. Anti-CD28 ligation alone activated NF-κB in primary and Jurkat T-cells as measured by NF-κB reporter and EMSA assays. Anti-CD28 also activated NF-κB normally in primary T-cells from adap−/− mice, while anti-CD3 stimulation required the adaptor ADAP. Over-expression of ADAP or its binding partner SKAP1 failed to enhance anti-CD28 activation of NF-κB, while ADAP greatly increased anti-CD3 induced NF-κB activity. By contrast, CD28 activation of NF-κB depended on GRB-2 binding to CD28 as seen in CD28 deficient Jurkat T-cells reconstituted with the CD28 YMN-FM mutant, and in primary T-cells from CD28 Y170F mutant knock-in mice. CD28 associated with GRB-2, and GRB-2 siRNA impaired CD28 NF-κB activation. GRB-2 binding partner and guanine nucleotide exchange factor, VAV1, greatly enhanced anti-CD28 driven activation of NF-κB. Further, unlike in the case of anti-CD28, NF-κB activation by anti-CD3 and its cooperation with ADAP was strictly dependent on LAT expression. Overall, we provide evidence that CD28 and the TCR complex regulate NF-κB via different signaling modules of GRB-2/VAV1 and LAT/ADAP pathways respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youg Raj Thaker
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
| | - Helga Schneider
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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43
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Flies DB, Han X, Higuchi T, Zheng L, Sun J, Ye JJ, Chen L. Coinhibitory receptor PD-1H preferentially suppresses CD4⁺ T cell-mediated immunity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1966-75. [PMID: 24743150 DOI: 10.1172/jci74589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation is regulated by the interactions of surface receptors with stimulatory and inhibitory ligands. Programmed death-1 homolog (PD-1H, also called VISTA) is a member of the CD28 family of proteins and has been shown to act as a coinhibitory ligand on APCs that suppress T cell responses. Here, we determined that PD-1H functions as a coinhibitory receptor for CD4⁺ T cells. CD4⁺ T cells in mice lacking PD-1H exhibited a dramatically increased response to antigen stimulation. Furthermore, delivery of a PD-1H-specific agonist mAb directly inhibited CD4⁺ T cell activation both in vitro and in vivo, validating a coinhibitory function of PD-1H. In a murine model of acute hepatitis, administration of a PD-1H agonist mAb suppressed CD4⁺ T cell-mediated acute inflammation. PD-1H-deficient animals were highly resistant to tumor induction in a murine brain glioma model, and depletion of CD4⁺ T cells, but not CD8⁺ T cells, promoted tumor formation. Together, our findings suggest that PD-1H has potential as a target of immune modulation in the treatment of human inflammation and malignancies.
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44
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Santos PDA, Lorena VMB, Fernandes É, Sales IRF, Albuquerque MCP, Gomes Y, Costa VMA, Souza VMO. Maternal schistosomiasis alters costimulatory molecules expression in antigen-presenting cells from adult offspring mice. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:62-7. [PMID: 24657585 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adult offspring of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice showed alterations in immunity to a heterologous antigen, ovalbumin (OA). Prior breastfeeding induced increased production of anti-OA antibodies, while pregnancy impaired it. Here, we investigated the expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the adult offspring of S. mansoni-infected mothers in response to OA. Newborn mice were divided into three groups: animals Born Infected Mothers (BIM) suckled by non-infected mothers; animals from non-infected mothers Suckled Infected Mothers (SIM); and another group of mice born from and suckled by non-infected mothers (CONTROL). The adult offspring were immunized with subcutaneous OA+adjuvant, and 3-8days following immunization, double labeling was performed (CD45R/B220 or CD11c and CD80, CD86, CD40 or HLA-DR) on spleen cells. In comparison to the CONTROL group, an early increased frequency of CD40+/CD80+ B cells was observed in SIM mice (p<0.001/p<0.05), but no alteration of CD11c+ cells was observed. In contrast, in BIM mice, the frequency of CD86+/CD11c+ cells (p<0.05) and CD40+/CD80+/CD86+ B cells (p<0.01/p<0.01/p<0.05) was drastically reduced. In conclusion, previous suckling by S. mansoni-infected mothers enabled improved antigen presentation by B cells in adult offspring, whereas gestation in these mothers imprinted offspring with weak antigen presentation by APCs during the immune response to a non-related antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia d'Emery Alves Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Fernandes
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Iana Rafaela Fernandes Sales
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mônica Camelo Pessoa Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Tropical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Yara Gomes
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (CPqAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Vlaudia Maria Assis Costa
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Tropical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Valdênia Maria Oliveira Souza
- Laboratory of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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45
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Yan F, Cai L, Hui Y, chen S, Meng H, Huang Z. Tolerogenic dendritic cells suppress murine corneal allograft rejection by modulating CD28/CTLA-4 expression on regulatory T cells. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:835-48. [PMID: 24604878 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology; Jinling Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210002 China
- Department of Ophthalmology; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Yannian Hui
- Department of Ophthalmology; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Suihua chen
- Department of Ophthalmology; Jinling Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210002 China
| | - Hao Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
- Department of Ophthalmology; NO.313 Hospital; Hulu Dao China
| | - Zhenping Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology; Jinling Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210002 China
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46
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Ruckwardt TJ, Malloy AMW, Morabito KM, Graham BS. Quantitative and qualitative deficits in neonatal lung-migratory dendritic cells impact the generation of the CD8+ T cell response. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003934. [PMID: 24550729 PMCID: PMC3923758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD103+ and CD11b+ populations of CD11c+MHCIIhi murine dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to carry antigens from the lung through the afferent lymphatics to mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN). We compared the responses of these two DC populations in neonatal and adult mice following intranasal infection with respiratory syncytial virus. The response in neonates was dominated by functionally-limited CD103+ DCs, while CD11b+ DCs were diminished in both number and function compared to adults. Infecting mice at intervals through the first three weeks of life revealed an evolution in DC phenotype and function during early life. Using TCR transgenic T cells with two different specificities to measure the ability of CD103+ DC to induce epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses, we found that neonatal CD103+ DCs stimulate proliferation in a pattern distinct from adult CD103+ DCs. Blocking CD28-mediated costimulatory signals during adult infection demonstrated that signals from this costimulatory pathway influence the hierarchy of the CD8+ T cell response to RSV, suggesting that limited costimulation provided by neonatal CD103+ DCs is one mechanism whereby neonates generate a distinct CD8+ T cell response from that of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allison M. W. Malloy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn M. Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Abstract
Mechanical forces have key roles in regulating activation of T cells and coordination of the adaptive immune response. A recent example is the ability of T cells to sense the rigidity of an underlying substrate through the T-cell receptor (TCR) coreceptor CD3 and CD28, a costimulation signal essential for cell activation. In this report, we show that these two receptor systems provide complementary functions in regulating the cellular forces needed to test the mechanical properties of the extracellular environment. Traction force microscopy was carried out on primary human cells interacting with micrometer-scale elastomer pillar arrays presenting activation antibodies to CD3 and/or CD28. T cells generated traction forces of 100 pN on arrays with both antibodies. By providing one antibody or the other in solution instead of on the pillars, we show that force generation is associated with CD3 and the TCR complex. Engagement of CD28 increases traction forces associated with CD3 through the signaling pathway involving PI3K, rather than providing additional coupling between the cell and surface. Force generation is concentrated to the cell periphery and associated with molecular complexes containing phosphorylated Pyk2, suggesting that T cells use processes that share features with integrin signaling in force generation. Finally, the ability of T cells to apply forces through the TCR itself, rather than the CD3 coreceptor, was tested. Mouse cells expressing the 5C.C7 TCR exerted traction forces on pillars presenting peptide-loaded MHCs that were similar to those with α-CD3, suggesting that forces are applied to antigen-presenting cells during activation.
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48
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Abstract
T cell activation is a key event in the adaptive immune response and vital to the generation of both cellular and humoral immunity. Activation is required not only for effective CD4 T cell responses but also to provide help for B cells and the generation of cytotoxic T cell responses. Unsurprisingly, impaired T cell activation results in infectious pathology, whereas dysregulated activation can result in autoimmunity. The decision to activate is therefore tightly regulated and the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway represents this apical decision point at the molecular level. In particular, CTLA-4 (CD152) is an essential checkpoint control for autoimmunity; however, the molecular mechanism(s) by which CTLA-4 achieves its regulatory function are not well understood, especially how it functionally intersects with the CD28 pathway. In this chapter, we review the established molecular and cellular concepts relating to CD28 and CTLA-4 biology, and attempt to integrate these by discussing the transendocytosis of ligands as a new model of CTLA-4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagoje Soskic
- School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiezheng Hou
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Immunosuppression by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists is mediated through inhibition of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 channels in T cells. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:820-31. [PMID: 24344200 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01273-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ion channels that play an important role in neuronal development, plasticity, and excitotoxicity. NMDAR antagonists are neuroprotective in animal models of neuronal diseases, and the NMDAR open-channel blocker memantine is used to treat Alzheimer's disease. In view of the clinical application of these pharmaceuticals and the reported expression of NMDARs in immune cells, we analyzed the drug's effects on T-cell function. NMDAR antagonists inhibited antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity of T cells and the migration of the cells toward chemokines. These activities correlated with a reduction in T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced Ca(2+) mobilization and nuclear localization of NFATc1, and they attenuated the activation of Erk1/2 and Akt. In the presence of antagonists, Th1 effector cells produced less interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), whereas Th2 cells produced more IL-10 and IL-13. However, in NMDAR knockout mice, the presumptive expression of functional NMDARs in wild-type T cells was inconclusive. Instead, inhibition of NMDAR antagonists on the conductivity of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 potassium channels was found. Hence, NMDAR antagonists are potent immunosuppressants with therapeutic potential in the treatment of immune diseases, but their effects on T cells have to be considered in that Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 channels are their major effectors.
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50
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Størvold GL, Landskron J, Strozynski M, Arntzen MØ, Koehler CJ, Kalland ME, Taskén K, Thiede B. Quantitative profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation revealed changes in the activity of the T cell receptor signaling pathway upon cisplatin-induced apoptosis. J Proteomics 2013; 91:344-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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