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Chen C, Lifset ET, Han Y, Roy A, Hogarth M, Moore AA, Farcas E, Weibel N. Screen or No Screen? Lessons Learnt from a Real-World Deployment Study of Using Voice Assistants With and Without Touchscreen for Older Adults. ASSETS. ANNUAL ACM CONFERENCE ON ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 2023:52. [PMID: 39086515 PMCID: PMC11290471 DOI: 10.1145/3597638.3608378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
While voice user interfaces offer increased accessibility due to hands-free and eyes-free interactions, older adults often have challenges such as constructing structured requests and perceiving how such devices operate. Voice-first user interfaces have the potential to address these challenges by enabling multimodal interactions. Standalone voice + touchscreen Voice Assistants (VAs), such as Echo Show, are specific types of devices that adopt such interfaces and are gaining popularity. However, the affordances of the additional touchscreen for older adults are unknown. Through a 40-day real-world deployment with older adults living independently, we present a within-subjects study (N = 16; age M = 82.5, SD = 7.77, min. = 70, max. = 97) to understand how a built-in touchscreen might benefit older adults during device setup, conducting self-report diary survey, and general uses. We found that while participants appreciated the visual outputs, they still preferred to respond via speech instead of touch. We identified six design implications that can inform future innovations of senior-friendly VAs for managing healthcare and improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ella T Lifset
- Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yichen Han
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Arkajyoti Roy
- Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael Hogarth
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alison A Moore
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Emilia Farcas
- Qualcomm Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nadir Weibel
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Prochnow T, Curran LS, Amo C, Patterson MS. Bridging the Built and Social Environments: A Systematic Review of Studies Investigating Influences on Physical Activity. J Phys Act Health 2023; 20:438-459. [PMID: 36997160 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this review was to examine articles assessing aspects of the built and social environment simultaneously, and how these environments influence physical activity (PA). A thorough review of studies is needed to identify patterns across studies and gaps for future research and practice. METHODS To be included, articles needed to contain: (1) self-report or objective measure of PA; (2) a measure of the built environment; (3) a measure of the social environment; and (4) an analysis between built environment, social environment, and PA. A systematic literature search of 4358 articles resulted in 87 articles. RESULTS Several populations were present within the sample including various age groups and different countries. As previously established, the built environment and social environment were consistently associated with PA; however, mediating factors between these 2 layers were less clear. Further, there was a lack of longitudinal and experimental study designs. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a need for longitudinal and experimental designs with validated and granular measures. As communities recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, a thorough understanding of how built environment factors enhance or detract from social connectedness and how this reciprocal relationship impacts PA behavior is needed for future policy, environment, and systematic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Prochnow
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,USA
| | - Laurel S Curran
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,USA
| | - Christina Amo
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,USA
| | - Meg S Patterson
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,USA
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Arguello D, Rogers E, Denmark GH, Lena J, Goodro T, Anderson-Song Q, Cloutier G, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Castaneda-Sceppa C, John D. Companion: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial to Test an Integrated Two-Way Communication and Near-Real-Time Sensing System for Detecting and Modifying Daily Inactivity among Adults >60 Years-Design and Protocol. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23042221. [PMID: 36850822 PMCID: PMC9965440 DOI: 10.3390/s23042221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Supervised personal training is most effective in improving the health effects of exercise in older adults. Yet, low frequency (60 min, 1-3 sessions/week) of trainer contact limits influence on behavior change outside sessions. Strategies to extend the effect of trainer contact outside of supervision and that integrate meaningful and intelligent two-way communication to provide complex and interactive problem solving may motivate older adults to "move more and sit less" and sustain positive behaviors to further improve health. This paper describes the experimental protocol of a 16-week pilot RCT (N = 46) that tests the impact of supplementing supervised exercise (i.e., control) with a technology-based behavior-aware text-based virtual "Companion" that integrates a human-in-the-loop approach with wirelessly transmitted sensor-based activity measurement to deliver behavior change strategies using socially engaging, contextually salient, and tailored text message conversations in near-real-time. Primary outcomes are total-daily and patterns of habitual physical behaviors after 16 and 24 weeks. Exploratory analyses aim to understand Companion's longitudinal behavior effects, its user engagement and relationship to behavior, and changes in cardiometabolic and cognitive outcomes. Our findings may allow the development of a more scalable hybrid AI Companion to impact the ever-growing public health epidemic of sedentariness contributing to poor health outcomes, reduced quality of life, and early death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Arguello
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ethan Rogers
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grant H. Denmark
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - James Lena
- Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Troy Goodro
- Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Quinn Anderson-Song
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gregory Cloutier
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Dinesh John
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Van Camp CM, Batchelder SR, Irwin Helvey C. Individual heart rate assessment and bout analysis of vigorous physical activity in children. J Appl Behav Anal 2022; 55:782-798. [PMID: 35475546 PMCID: PMC9321606 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Children should engage in 1 hr/day of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) that results in increased heart rates (HRs) (CDC, 2022). However, precise individualized HR criteria for MVPA are not provided, and it is unclear whether observed behaviors classified as MVPA are associated with elevated HRs indicative of MVPA. The current study replicated an individualized heart rate assessment (IHRA) for identifying MVPA HR zones in children (Van Camp et al., 2021). We then evaluated whether engaging in vigorous PA (VPA) for half of the session resulted in HRs indicative of VPA for at least half of the session when children engaged in running for 30, 60, 90, and 120 s bouts. Individual differences were observed during the IHRA. During the bout analysis, HRs were not within VPA zones for 50% of the session. However, HRs were within moderate PA (MPA) zones, with 30 s bouts producing the highest percentages of MPA.
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Rainham DG, Bennett M, Blanchard CM, Kirk SFL, Rehman L, Stone M, Stevens D. Parents and Children Should Be More Active Together to Address Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behaviours. Front Public Health 2022; 10:633111. [PMID: 35462818 PMCID: PMC9024119 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.633111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing rates of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours among children and the youth are important determinants of chronic disease. Supporting children's participation in organised physical activities like sports has been promoted as a public health strategy to increase physical activity. Evidence shows that successful interventions are family-focused, although research on how parental eating and physical activity behaviours influence children's behaviours is deficient. In this commentary, we argue that interventions for countering physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours should include greater focus on home and social environments, specifically the influence and involvement of parents, siblings, and friends in supporting these health behaviours. We conclude that the design of interventions to prevent chronic diseases in children should also consider more carefully the conditions in which the behaviours of children and their parents occur. This means encouraging parents and children to be active together to address physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours, while being mindful of unintended consequences of focusing on one behaviour over another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Rainham
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Healthy Populations Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Daniel G Rainham
| | | | - Christopher M Blanchard
- Healthy Populations Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sara FL Kirk
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Healthy Populations Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Laurene Rehman
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Michelle Stone
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Healthy Populations Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Daniel Stevens
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Dunton GF, Wang WL, Intille SS, Dzubur E, Ponnada A, Hedeker D. How acute affect dynamics impact longitudinal changes in physical activity among children. J Behav Med 2022; 45:451-460. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-022-00282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kininmonth AR, Schrempft S, Smith A, Dye L, Lawton C, Fisher A, Llewellyn C, Fildes A. The Home Environment Interview and associations with energy balance behaviours and body weight in school-aged children - a feasibility, reliability, and validity study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:167. [PMID: 34949200 PMCID: PMC8698661 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The home environment is thought to influence children's weight trajectories. However, few studies utilise composite measures of the home environment to examine associations with energy balance behaviours and weight. The present study aimed to adapt and update a comprehensive measure of the obesogenic home environment previously developed for pre-schoolers, and explore associations with school-aged children's energy balance behaviours and weight. METHODS Families from the Gemini cohort (n = 149) completed the Home Environment Interview (HEI) via telephone when their children were 12 years old. The HEI comprises four composite scores: one for each domain (food, activity and media) of the environment, as well as a score for the overall obesogenic home environment. The primary caregiver also reported each child's height and weight (using standard scales and height charts), diet, physical activity and sedentary screen-based behaviours. A test-retest sample (n = 20) of caregivers completed the HEI a second time, 7-14 days after the initial interview, to establish test-retest reliability. RESULTS Children (n = 298) living in 'higher-risk' home environments (a 1 unit increase in the HEI obesogenic risk score) were less likely to consume fruits (OR; 95% CI = 0.40; 0.26-0.61, p < 0.001), and vegetables (0.30; 0.18-0.52, p < 0.001), and more likely to consume energy-dense snack foods (1.71; 1.08-2.69, p = 0.022), convenience foods (2.58; 1.64-4.05, p < 0.001), and fast foods (3.09; 1.90-5.04, p < 0.001). Children living in more obesogenic home environments also engaged in more screen-time (β (SE) = 4.55 (0.78), p < 0.001), spent more time playing video games (β (SE) = 1.56 (0.43), p < 0.001), and were less physically active (OR; 95% CI = 0.57; 0.40-0.80, p < 0.01). Additionally, there was a positive association between higher-risk overall home environment composite score and higher BMI-SDS (β (SE) = 0.23 (0.09), p < 0.01). This finding was mirrored for the home media composite (β (SE) = 0.12 (0.03), p < 0.001). The individual home food and activity composite scores were not associated with BMI-SDS. CONCLUSION Findings reveal associations between the overall obesogenic home environment and dietary intake, activity levels and screen-based sedentary behaviours, as well as BMI in 12 year olds. These findings suggest that the home environment, and in particular the home media environment, may be an important target for obesity prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Schrempft
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Smith
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Dye
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Clare Lawton
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | | - Alison Fildes
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Kracht CL, Beyl RA, Maher JP, Katzmarzyk PT, Staiano AE. Adolescents' sedentary time, affect, and contextual factors: An ecological momentary assessment study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:53. [PMID: 33858416 PMCID: PMC8047569 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few adolescents achieve sufficient levels of physical activity, and many are spending most of their time in sedentary behavior. Affective response following sedentary time may influence motivation to remain sedentary. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a real-time data capture methodology that can be used to identify factors influencing sedentary time, such as the context of the home setting, and resulting affective state within a free-living setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between context at home and adolescent sedentary time, and the relationship of sedentary time and subsequent affect. METHODS Adolescents (n = 284; 10-16 y) participated in an EMA study that used random, interval-based sampling methods. Adolescents each received 22 unannounced surveys over 7-days through a smartphone application. One survey was randomly sent within each 2-h time-period. These time-periods occurred between 4:00 pm-8:00 pm on weekdays and 8:00 am-8:00 pm on the weekend. This 15-question survey included a series of questions on context (indoors/outdoors, alone/not alone) and positive affect. Adolescents concurrently wore an accelerometer at the hip, and the 30-min bout of accelerometry data prior to each survey was used in analyses. Mixed-effect location scale models were used to examine the association between context at home and sedentary time (stage 1) and the adjusted sedentary time and positive affect (stage 2), with each model adjusted for covariates. RESULTS Adolescents were 12.6 ± 1.9 y of age on average, about half were White (58%), and engaged in high levels of sedentary behavior during the 30 min prior to the survey (21.4 ± 6.8 min). Most surveys occurred when adolescents were with others (59%) and indoors (88%). In Stage 1, both being alone and being indoors at home were positively associated with sedentary time (p < 0.001 for both). In Stage 2, adjusted sedentary time was not related to positive affect. Age was negatively related to positive affect (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Both contextual factors, being alone and indoors at home, were related to additional time spent sedentary compared to being with someone or outdoors. After adjustment, sedentary time was not related to subsequent positive affect, indicating other factors may be related to adolescent's positive affect in home settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Kracht
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Robbie A Beyl
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Jaclyn P Maher
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, 1408 Walker Ave., Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Amanda E Staiano
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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Maher JP, Rebar AL, Dunton GF. The influence of context stability on physical activity and sedentary behaviour habit and behaviour: An ecological momentary assessment study. Br J Health Psychol 2021; 26:861-881. [PMID: 33502088 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to empirically test the theoretical propositions that habit for and level of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) should be associated with degree of context stability of those behaviours. DESIGN Older adults (N = 104) completed a 10-day EMA protocol and continuous accelerometer monitoring. METHODS As part of the EMA protocol older adults answered 6 EMA prompts per day to assess current behaviour as well as social and physical contexts of behaviour. Temporal context was determined via time stamps of EMA questionnaires. Context stability was calculated as the reversed entropy scores of the contexts (physical, social, temporal, behavioural [i.e., type]) of PA and SB weighted for total frequency of context prompts. Habit for PA and SB (operationalized as self-reported behavioural automaticity) was assessed via baseline questionnaire. An ActivPAL monitor was worn to assess average daily time spent in moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA, and SB, and number of sit-to-stand transitions. RESULTS More stable physical contexts for physical activity predicted more MVPA (β = 10.22) and more stable social contexts for sitting predicted more SB (β = 1.36). More variety of time people tended to report engaging in SB, the more SB engaged in (β = -13.76). No context stability scores predicted light PA, sit-to-stand transitions, or habit. CONCLUSIONS Although context stability was related to behaviour, this did not appear to be explained by habit, as habit did not differ by the degree of context stability surrounding bouts of PA or SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn P Maher
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda L Rebar
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Hou X, Liu JM, Tang ZY, Ruan B, Cao XY. The Gender Difference in Association between Home-Based Environment and Different Physical Behaviors of Chinese Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218120. [PMID: 33153172 PMCID: PMC7663369 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the home-based physical activity (PA) environmental characteristics, and different types of physical behavior level of adolescents in different genders, and explore the impact of different domains of home-based PA environmental factors on different physical behaviors of adolescents in different genders. Methods: Five hundred forty-four adolescents aged from 12 to 18 years old (males: n = 358, females: n = 186) and their parents were analyzed in this cross-sectional survey. The volume of various physical behaviors of all adolescent subjects were measured by the ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer, and the level in different domains of home-based environmental characteristics were assessed by the Gattshall’s home-based PA environment questionnaire, which was answered by adolescents’ parents. The difference in the volume of different physical behaviors was examined using Kruskal–Wallis analysis. The difference in home physical environment and home social environment for adolescents was examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multiple linear regression analysis in the adjusted model was used to evaluate the influence of different home-based PA environmental domains (PA availability, PA accessibility, Parental role-modeling of PA, and Parental policies around PA) on different physical behaviors (sedentary behavior, SB; light-intensity physical activity, LPA; and moderate-vigorous physical activity, MVPA) of adolescents (boys and girls). Results: The volume of LPA and MVPA, the score of PA accessibility in the home physical environment, and the score of home social environment of boys are significantly higher than those of girls, while the SB volume of boys is significantly lower than that of girls. The PA availability, the parents’ role-modeling of PA in same-sex parent–child dyads, and the parents’ policies around PA in opposite-sex parent–child dyads are significantly associated with adolescents’ decreased SB and increased LPA and MVPA. Conclusion: There is significant gender difference in adolescents’ physical behaviors and home-based environmental characteristics, as well as in the association between adolescents’ physical behaviors and their home-based environment. The PA availability, the parents’ role-modeling of PA in same-sex parent–child dyads, and the parents’ policies around PA in opposite-sex parent–child dyads can significantly promote adolescents’ healthy physical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hou
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.H.); (Z.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.C.)
| | - Jing-Min Liu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.H.); (Z.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zheng-Yan Tang
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.H.); (Z.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.C.)
| | - Bing Ruan
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Xu-Yao Cao
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (X.H.); (Z.-Y.T.); (X.-Y.C.)
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Russell MA, Gajos JM. Annual Research Review: Ecological momentary assessment studies in child psychology and psychiatry. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:376-394. [PMID: 31997358 PMCID: PMC8428969 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancements in mobile phone technology allow the study of children and adolescents' everyday lives like never before. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) uses these advancements to allow in-depth measurements of links between context, behavior, and physiology in youths' everyday lives. FINDINGS A large and diverse literature now exists on using EMA to study mental and behavioral health among youth. Modern EMA methods are built on a rich tradition of idiographic inquiry focused on the intensive study of individuals. Studies of child and adolescent mental and behavioral health have used EMA to characterize lived experience, document naturalistic within-person processes and individual differences in these processes, measure familiar constructs in novel ways, and examine temporal order and dynamics in youths' everyday lives. CONCLUSIONS Ecological momentary assessment is feasible and reliable for studying the daily lives of youth. EMA can inform the development and augmentation of traditional and momentary intervention. Continued research and technological development in mobile intervention design and implementation, EMA-sensor integration, and complex real-time data analysis are needed to realize the potential of just-in-time adaptive intervention, which may allow researchers to reach high-risk youth with intervention content when and where it is needed most.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie M. Gajos
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Alabama
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Drewnowski A, Buszkiewicz J, Aggarwal A, Rose C, Gupta S, Bradshaw A. Obesity and the Built Environment: A Reappraisal. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:22-30. [PMID: 31782242 PMCID: PMC6986313 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The built environment (BE) has been viewed as an important determinant of health. Numerous studies have linked BE exposure, captured using a variety of methods, to diet quality and to area prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. First-generation studies defined the neighborhood BE as the area around the home. Second-generation studies turned from home-centric to person-centric BE measures, capturing an individual's movements in space and time. Those studies made effective uses of global positioning system tracking devices and mobile phones, sometimes coupled with accelerometers and remote sensors. Activity space metrics explored travel paths, modes, and destinations to assess BE exposure that was both person and context specific. However, as measures of the contextual exposome have become ever more fine-grained and increasingly complex, connections to long-term chronic diseases with complex etiologies, such as obesity, are in danger of being lost. Furthermore, few studies on obesity and the BE have included intermediate energy balance behaviors, such as diet and physical activity, or explored the potential roles of social interactions or psychosocial pathways. Emerging survey-based applications that identify habitual destinations and associated travel patterns may become the third generation of tools to capture health-relevant BE exposures in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington
| | - James Buszkiewicz
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington
| | - Anju Aggarwal
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington
| | - Chelsea Rose
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Washington
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Washington
| | - Annie Bradshaw
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington
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Nordbø ECA, Raanaas RK, Nordh H, Aamodt G. Neighborhood green spaces, facilities and population density as predictors of activity participation among 8-year-olds: a cross-sectional GIS study based on the Norwegian mother and child cohort study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1426. [PMID: 31666049 PMCID: PMC6822450 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rapidly growing body of research suggests that qualities of the built environment can promote active living among children and youth. Nevertheless, shortcomings in the current evidence for understanding which built environment characteristics provide opportunities for taking part in activities in childhood remain. This study aimed to examine whether population density, green spaces, and facilities/amenities are associated with participation in leisure-time physical activity (PA), organized activities, and social activities with friends and peers in Norwegian 8-year-olds. METHODS Data from a sample of 23,043 children from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) were linked with geospatial data about the built environment. The questionnaire data reported by mothers provided information on the children's leisure activities. We computed exposure to neighborhood population density and access to green spaces and facilities/amenities within 800- and 5000-m radii of the participants' home addresses using geographic information systems. Associations were estimated using logistic regression models. RESULTS We found beneficial associations between having a park within 800-m and more leisure-time PA during the summer. Furthermore, children living in neighborhoods with higher proportions of green space participated in more PA during the winter. More densely populated areas and access to facilities were associated with participation in organized and social activities. Specifically, we observed that more playgrounds/sport fields in the neighborhood were the strongest and most consistent correlate of activity participation in Norwegian 8-year-olds by being related to more socialization with friends and peers. CONCLUSION This population-based study underscores the importance of access to a variety of venues and opportunities for different activities in the immediate neighborhood surroundings and in the greater community to support participation in physical activity and organized and social activities in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Charlott Andersson Nordbø
- Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- The Centre for Evidence-Based Public Health, A Joanna Briggs Institutes Affiliated Group, Ås, Norway
| | - Ruth Kjærsti Raanaas
- Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- The Centre for Evidence-Based Public Health, A Joanna Briggs Institutes Affiliated Group, Ås, Norway
| | - Helena Nordh
- Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Geir Aamodt
- Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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Associations between the Home Physical Environment and Children's Home-Based Physical Activity and Sitting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214178. [PMID: 31671849 PMCID: PMC6862192 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is important to understand the correlates of children's physical activity (PA) and sitting at home, where children spend significant time. The home social environment has an important influence; however, much less is known about the home physical environment. Therefore, the study aimed to assess relationships between the physical environment and children's sitting and PA at home. In total, 235 child-parent dyads were included in the analyses. Children spent 67% of their time at home sitting. Linear regression analyses examined associations between physical home environmental factors obtained via an audit and children's (55% girl, 10.2 ± 0.7) objective PA and sitting at home. Following adjustment for socio-demographics and social environmental factors, an open plan living area (OPLA), musical instrument accessibility and availability, and perceived house size were negatively and positively associated, whereas media equipment accessibility and availability was positively and negatively associated with sitting and standing, respectively. Additionally, an OPLA was positively associated with total and moderate-to-vigorous PA. Furthermore, sitting breaks were positively associated with objective garden size and negatively associated with digital TV. The physical home environment may have an important influence on children's sitting, standing and PA at home; therefore, interventions that target this environment are needed.
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Boettner B, Browning CR, Calder CA. Feasibility and Validity of Geographically Explicit Ecological Momentary Assessment With Recall-Aided Space-Time Budgets. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:627-645. [PMID: 31573764 PMCID: PMC6774631 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We employ data from the Adolescent Health and Development in Context Study-a representative sample of urban youth ages 11-17 in and around the Columbus, OH area-to investigate the feasibility and validity of smartphone-based geographically explicit ecological momentary assessment (GEMA). Age, race, household income, familiarity with smartphones, and self-control were associated with missing global positioning systems (GPS) coverage, whereas school day was associated with discordance between percent of time at home based on GPS-only versus recall-aided space-time budget data. Fatigue from protocol compliance increases missing GPS across the week, which results in more discordance. Although some systematic differences were observed, these findings offer evidence that smartphone-based GEMA is a viable method for the collection of activity space data on urban youth.
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Henwood BF, Redline B, Dzubur E, Madden DR, Rhoades H, Dunton GF, Rice E, Semborski S, Tang Q, Intille SS. Investigating Health Risk Environments in Housing Programs for Young Adults: Protocol for a Geographically Explicit Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e12112. [PMID: 30632969 PMCID: PMC6329898 DOI: 10.2196/12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Young adults who experience homelessness are exposed to environments that contribute to risk behavior. However, few studies have examined how access to housing may affect the health risk behaviors of young adults experiencing homelessness. Objective This paper describes the Log My Life study that uses an innovative, mixed-methods approach based on geographically explicit ecological momentary assessment (EMA) through cell phone technology to understand the risk environment of young adults who have either enrolled in housing programs or are currently homeless. Methods For the quantitative arm, study participants age 18-27 respond to momentary surveys via a smartphone app that collects geospatial information repeatedly during a 1-week period. Both EMAs (up to 8 per day) and daily diaries are prompted to explore within-day and daily variations in emotional affect, context, and health risk behavior, while also capturing infrequent risk behaviors such as sex in exchange for goods or services. For the qualitative arm, a purposive subsample of participants who indicated engaging in risky behaviors are asked to complete an in-depth qualitative interview using an interactive, personalized geospatial map rendering of EMA responses. Results Recruitment began in June of 2017. To date, 170 participants enrolled in the study. Compliance with EMA and daily diary surveys was generally high. In-depth qualitative follow-ups have been conducted with 15 participants. We expect to recruit 50 additional participants and complete analyses by September of 2019. Conclusions Mixing the quantitative and qualitative arms in this study will provide a more complete understanding of differences in risk environments between homeless and housed young adults. Furthermore, this approach can improve recall bias and enhance ecological validity. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/12112
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Henwood
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brian Redline
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Danielle R Madden
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Harmony Rhoades
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eric Rice
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sara Semborski
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qu Tang
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephen S Intille
- College of Computer and Information Science and Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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Dzubur E, Huh J, Maher JP, Intille SS, Dunton GF. Response patterns and intra-dyadic factors related to compliance with ecological momentary assessment among mothers and children. Transl Behav Med 2018; 8:233-242. [PMID: 29381785 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a real-time sampling strategy that may address limitations in health research, such as the inability to examine how processes unfold on a daily basis. However, EMA studies are prone to limited data availability due to difficulties in implementing sophisticated protocols and systematic non-compliance with prompts, resulting in biased estimates and limited statistical power. The objectives of this study were to describe the availability of data, to examine response patterns, and to analyze factors related to EMA prompt compliance in a dyadic EMA study with mothers and children. Participants (N = 404) each received up to eight EMA prompts (i.e., audible pings) per day for a total of 7 days. Each EMA survey consisted of items assessing affect, perceived stress, and social context. Participants responded to approximately 80% (range: 3.4%-100%) of prompted EMA surveys, and completed 92.6% of surveys once started. Mothers and children identifying as Hispanic, as well as mothers in lower-income households, were less likely to comply with any given EMA prompt. Participant dyads were more likely to comply with prompts when they were together. Understanding factors related to systematic EMA prompt non-compliance is an important step to reduce the likelihood of biased estimates and improve statistical power. Socioeconomic factors may impede mothers' compliance with EMA protocols. Furthermore, mothers' presence and involvement may enhance children's compliance with EMA protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldin Dzubur
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaclyn P Maher
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Stephen S Intille
- College of Computer and Information Science & Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Public open space characteristics influencing adolescents’ use and physical activity: A systematic literature review of qualitative and quantitative studies. Health Place 2018; 51:158-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Saunders RP, Dowda M, Mciver K, McDonald SM, Pate RR. Physical and Social Contexts of Physical Activity Behaviors of Fifth and Seventh Grade Youth. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2018; 88:122-131. [PMID: 29333648 PMCID: PMC6599639 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to characterize the temporal, social, and physical contexts for physical activities commonly reported in a diverse cohort of 753 boys and girls from fifth to seventh grade. METHODS Data were obtained from a multilevel longitudinal study, the Transitions and Activity Changes in Kids. The Physical Activity Choices instrument assessed previous 5-day participation in specific physical activities and their temporal, social, and physical contexts. Mixed model repeated measure analyses of variance and multinomial analyses examined sex differences and change over time. RESULTS Fifth grade boys and girls reported participation in similar activities at similar frequencies, which declined significantly by seventh grade. One temporal pattern, playing with younger children, changed over time from "both inside/outside" to "outside" school. Boys and females reported more activities performed in class/team groups over time. Most activities took place primarily at home for all participants in both grades. CONCLUSIONS Boys and girls reported declines in the variety and frequency of activities from fifth to seventh grade. There were sex-specific patterns in physical activities and groups; however, all participants reported home as the primary location and a shift to class/team groups over time. Schools are well-positioned to provide additional physical activity opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth P Saunders
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Marsha Dowda
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Kerry Mciver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Samantha M McDonald
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208
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Heron KE, Everhart RS, McHale SM, Smyth JM. Using Mobile-Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) Methods With Youth: A Systematic Review and Recommendations. J Pediatr Psychol 2017; 42:1087-1107. [PMID: 28475765 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods are increasingly used in social and health sciences, but the feasibility and best practices for using EMA with youth are not yet clear. We conducted a systematic review of studies that used self-report EMA methods with youth; the goal was to identify common approaches and challenges to implementation and develop recommendations for future research. We examined 54 peer-reviewed papers that reported on 24 unique studies. Papers were evaluated using a standardized, three-dimensional coding scheme focused on the following: (1) sample characteristics; (2) EMA data collection methods (sampling duration, frequency, hardware/software); (3) study implementation methods (technical/logistical challenges, training participants, compliance). Overall, the research suggests EMA can be successfully implemented with youth (age ∼ ≥7) from diverse backgrounds, but protocol adaptations may be necessary for younger children. Study design and implementation challenges and recommendations for research on youth are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Heron
- Old Dominion University
- Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Norfolk, VA, USA
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21
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Ponnada A, Haynes C, Maniar D, Manjourides J, Intille S. Microinteraction Ecological Momentary Assessment Response Rates: Effect of Microinteractions or the Smartwatch? PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM ON INTERACTIVE, MOBILE, WEARABLE AND UBIQUITOUS TECHNOLOGIES 2017; 1:92. [PMID: 30198012 PMCID: PMC6128356 DOI: 10.1145/3130957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mobile-based ecological-momentary-assessment (EMA) is an in-situ measurement methodology where an electronic device prompts a person to answer questions of research interest. EMA has a key limitation: interruption burden. Microinteraction-EMA(μEMA) may reduce burden without sacrificing high temporal density of measurement. In μEMA, all EMA prompts can be answered with 'at a glance' microinteractions. In a prior 4-week pilot study comparing standard EMA delivered on a phone (phone-EMA) vs. μEMA delivered on a smartwatch (watch-μEMA), watch-μEMA demonstrated higher response rates and lower perceived burden than phone-EMA, even when the watch-μEMA interruption rate was 8 times more than phone-EMA. A new 4-week dataset was gathered on smartwatch-based EMA (i.e., watch-EMA with 6 back-to-back, multiple-choice questions on a watch) to compare whether the high response rates of watch-μEMA previously observed were a result of using microinteractions, or due to the novelty and accessibility of the smartwatch. No statistically significant differences in compliance, completion, and first-prompt response rates were observed between phone-EMA and watch-EMA. However, watch-μEMA response rates were significantly higher than watch-EMA. This pilot suggests that (1) the high compliance and low burden previously observed in watch-μEMA is likely due to the microinteraction question technique, not simply the use of the watch versus the phone, and that (2) compliance with traditional EMA (with long surveys) may not improve simply by moving survey delivery from the phone to a smartwatch.
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Abstract
Theories explaining why individuals participate in physical activity often do not take into account within-person variation or dynamic patterns of change. Time-intensive methods such as Ecological Momentary Assessment are more conducive to capturing time- and spatially-varying explanatory factors and intraindividual fluctuations than traditional methods and thus may yield new insights into the prediction and modeling of physical activity behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Fridlund Dunton
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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23
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Shiyko MP, Perkins S, Caldwell L. Feasibility and adherence paradigm to ecological momentary assessments in urban minority youth. Psychol Assess 2017; 29:926-934. [PMID: 28080107 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
All adolescents in general, including ethnic and racial minorities, report high levels of cell phone use, making mobile technology a useful tool for assessment and intervention. Known health and education disparities based on minority status motivated us to conduct an in-depth investigation regarding feasibility of and adherence to the ecological momentary assessment (EMA) research protocol, studying daily life of urban minority youth. In addition, this paper presents a methodological approach to conceptualizing and reporting adherence in EMA studies. The sample was comprised of 126 youth (41.3% boys; 40.5% 7th and 59.5% 8th graders; 75.4% African American, and 20.6% Hispanic) who carried a mobile phone for 10 days, including 2 weekends and reported on activities, moods, and attitudes. Mean level of adherence was 81% for momentary and 93.8% for daily assessments; it decreased over time and was higher during the week compared to weekends. Adherence was lower on days when participants reported high levels of negative affect and on days when they were engaged in physical activities. Our findings underscore the importance of differentiating between human and technology-related factors when computing adherence rates and portray adherence as a complex and dynamic construct that can vary across individuals. Specific study recommendations and methodological discussion provide guidelines for designing future studies. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya P Shiyko
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University
| | - Seth Perkins
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University
| | - Linda Caldwell
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, Pennsylvania State University
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Intille S, Haynes C, Maniar D, Ponnada A, Manjourides J. μEMA: Microinteraction-based Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) Using a Smartwatch. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ... ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING . UBICOMP (CONFERENCE) 2016; 2016:1124-1128. [PMID: 30238088 PMCID: PMC6143290 DOI: 10.1145/2971648.2971717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a method of in situ data collection for assessment of behaviors, states, and contexts. Questions are prompted during everyday life using an individual's mobile device, thereby reducing recall bias and increasing validity over other self-report methods such as retrospective recall. We describe a microinteraction-based EMA method ("micro" EMA, or μEMA) using smartwatches, where all EMA questions can be answered with a quick glance and a tap - nearly as quickly as checking the time on a watch. A between-subjects, 4-week pilot study was conducted where μEMA on a smartwatch (n=19) was compared with EMA on a phone (n=14). Despite an ≈8 times increase in the number of interruptions, μEMA had a significantly higher compliance rate, completion rate, and first prompt response rate, and μEMA was perceived as less distracting. The temporal density of data collection possible with μEMA could prove useful in ubiquitous computing studies.
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Maher JP, Dzubur E, Huh J, Intille S, Dunton GF. Within-Day Time-Varying Associations Between Behavioral Cognitions and Physical Activity in Adults. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 38:423-434. [PMID: 27634288 PMCID: PMC9015818 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2016-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study used time-varying effect modeling to examine time-of-day differences in how behavioral cognitions predict subsequent physical activity (PA). Adults (N = 116) participated in three 4-day "bursts" of ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Participants were prompted with eight EMA questionnaires per day assessing behavioral cognitions (i.e., intentions, self-efficacy, outcome expectations) and wore an accelerometer during waking hours. Subsequent PA was operationalized as accelerometer-derived minutes of moderate- or vigorousintensity PA in the 2 hr following the EMA prompt. On weekdays, intentions positively predicted subsequent PA in the morning (9:25 a.m.-11:45 a.m.) and in the evening (8:15 p.m.-10:00 p.m.). Self-efficacy positively predicted subsequent PA on weekday evenings (7:35 p.m.-10:00 p.m.). Outcome expectations were unrelated to subsequent PA on weekdays. On weekend days, behavior cognitions and subsequent PA were unrelated regardless of time of day. This study identifies windows of opportunity and vulnerability for motivation-based PA interventions aiming to deliver intervention content within the context of adults' daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jimi Huh
- 1 University of Southern California
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Zach S, Raviv T, Meckel Y. Using information communication technologies (ICTs) for motivating female adolescents to exercise/run in their leisure time. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Van Hecke L, Deforche B, Van Dyck D, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Veitch J, Van Cauwenberg J. Social and Physical Environmental Factors Influencing Adolescents' Physical Activity in Urban Public Open Spaces: A Qualitative Study Using Walk-Along Interviews. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155686. [PMID: 27214385 PMCID: PMC4877089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most previous studies examining physical activity in Public Open Spaces (POS) focused solely on the physical environment. However, according to socio-ecological models the social environment is important as well. The aim of this study was to determine which social and physical environmental factors affect adolescents' visitation and physical activity in POS in low-income neighbourhoods. Since current knowledge on this topic is limited, especially in Europe, qualitative walk-along interviews were used to obtain detailed and context-specific information. Participants (n = 30, aged 12-16 years, 64% boys) were recruited in POS in low-income neighbourhoods in Brussels, Ghent and Antwerp (Belgium). Participants were interviewed while walking in the POS with the interviewer. Using this method, the interviewer could observe and ask questions while the participant was actually experiencing the environment. All audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analysed using Nvivo 10 software and thematic analysis was used to derive categories and subcategories using a grounded theory approach. The most important subcategories that were supportive of visiting POS and performing physical activity in POS were; accessibility by foot/bicycle/public transport, located close to home/school, presence of (active) friends and family, cleanliness of the POS and features, availability of sport and play facilities, large open spaces and beautiful sceneries. The most important subcategories that were unsupportive of visiting POS and physical activity in POS were; presence of undesirable users (drug users, gangs and homeless people), the behaviour of other users and the cleanliness of the POS and features. Social factors appeared often more influential than physical factors, however, it was the combination of social and physical factors that affected adolescents' behaviour in POS. Easily accessible POS with high quality features in the proximity of adolescents' home or school may stimulate physical activity, if adolescents also experience a safe and familiar social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linde Van Hecke
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Physical activity, nutrition and health research unit, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Benedicte Deforche
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Physical activity, nutrition and health research unit, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delfien Van Dyck
- Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jenny Veitch
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jelle Van Cauwenberg
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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Real-Time Associations Between Engaging in Leisure and Daily Health and Well-Being. Ann Behav Med 2016; 49:605-15. [PMID: 25724635 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-015-9694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engagement in leisure has a wide range of beneficial health effects. Yet, this evidence is derived from between-person methods that do not examine the momentary within-person processes theorized to explain leisure's benefits. PURPOSE This study examined momentary relationships between leisure and health and well-being in daily life. METHODS A community sample (n = 115) completed ecological momentary assessments six times a day for three consecutive days. At each measurement, participants indicated if they were engaging in leisure and reported on their mood, interest/boredom, and stress levels. Next, participants collected a saliva sample for cortisol analyses. Heart rate was assessed throughout the study. RESULTS Multilevel models revealed that participants had more positive and less negative mood, more interest, less stress, and lower heart rate when engaging in leisure than when not. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest multiple mechanisms explaining leisure's effectiveness, which can inform leisure-based interventions to improve health and well-being.
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Engel SG, Crosby RD, Thomas G, Bond D, Lavender JM, Mason T, Steffen KJ, Green DD, Wonderlich SA. Ecological Momentary Assessment in Eating Disorder and Obesity Research: a Review of the Recent Literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:37. [PMID: 26893235 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of the etiology and maintenance of eating disorders and obesity continues to be far from complete. Similarly, our understanding of determinants of both successful and unsuccessful weight loss surgery is also quite limited. While a number of research methodologies have been applied to these areas, one methodology that has recently seen a rise in popularity is the use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA). EMA allows one to study a variety of variables of interest in the natural environment. The study of eating disorders, obesity, and bariatric surgery has all been conducted using EMA recently. The current study is a review of these areas and summarizes the recent literature (past 3 years) in eating disorders, obesity, and bariatric surgery using EMA methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA. .,University of North Dakota School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Ross D Crosby
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA.,University of North Dakota School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Graham Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Alpert Medical School/The Miriam Hospital, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dale Bond
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Alpert Medical School/The Miriam Hospital, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Tyler Mason
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kristine J Steffen
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA.,School of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Dan D Green
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Stephen A Wonderlich
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA.,University of North Dakota School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Loveday A, Sherar LB, Sanders JP, Sanderson PW, Esliger DW. Technologies That Assess the Location of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e192. [PMID: 26245157 PMCID: PMC4705371 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The location in which physical activity and sedentary behavior are performed can provide valuable behavioral information, both in isolation and synergistically with other areas of physical activity and sedentary behavior research. Global positioning systems (GPS) have been used in physical activity research to identify outdoor location; however, while GPS can receive signals in certain indoor environments, it is not able to provide room- or subroom-level location. On average, adults spend a high proportion of their time indoors. A measure of indoor location would, therefore, provide valuable behavioral information. Objective This systematic review sought to identify and critique technology which has been or could be used to assess the location of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Methods To identify published research papers, four electronic databases were searched using key terms built around behavior, technology, and location. To be eligible for inclusion, papers were required to be published in English and describe a wearable or portable technology or device capable of measuring location. Searches were performed up to February 4, 2015. This was supplemented by backward and forward reference searching. In an attempt to include novel devices which may not yet have made their way into the published research, searches were also performed using three Internet search engines. Specialized software was used to download search results and thus mitigate the potential pitfalls of changing search algorithms. Results A total of 188 research papers met the inclusion criteria. Global positioning systems were the most widely used location technology in the published research, followed by wearable cameras, and radio-frequency identification. Internet search engines identified 81 global positioning systems, 35 real-time locating systems, and 21 wearable cameras. Real-time locating systems determine the indoor location of a wearable tag via the known location of reference nodes. Although the type of reference node and location determination method varies between manufacturers, Wi-Fi appears to be the most popular method. Conclusions The addition of location information to existing measures of physical activity and sedentary behavior will provide important behavioral information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Loveday
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
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Monroe CM, Thompson DL, Bassett DR, Fitzhugh EC, Raynor HA. Usability of Mobile Phones in Physical Activity–Related Research: A Systematic Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2015.1044141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Liao Y, Intille SS, Dunton GF. Using ecological momentary assessment to understand where and with whom adults' physical and sedentary activity occur. Int J Behav Med 2015; 22:51-61. [PMID: 24639067 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-014-9400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), a real-time self-report strategy, to describe the physical and social contexts of adults' physical activity and sedentary activity during their everyday lives and to determine whether these patterns and relationships differ for men and women. METHODS Data from 114 adults were collected through mobile phones across 4 days. Eight electronic EMA surveys were randomly prompted each day asking about current activities (e.g., physical or sedentary activity), physical and social contexts, and perceived outdoor environmental features (e.g., greenness/vegetation, safety, and traffic). All participants also wore accelerometers during this period to objectively measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary activity. RESULTS Home was the most common physical context for EMA-reported physical and sedentary activity. Most of these activities occurred when participants were alone. When alone, the most commonly EMA-reported physical activity and sedentary activity was walking and reading/using computer, respectively. When in outdoor home locations (e.g., yard and driveway) women demonstrated higher levels of MVPA, whereas men demonstrated higher levels of MVPA when in outdoor park settings (ps < .05). Men but not women demonstrated higher levels of MVPA in settings with a greater degree of perceived greenness and vegetation (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS The current study shows how EMA via mobile phones and accelerometers can be combined to offer an innovative approach to assess the contexts of adults' daily physical and sedentary activity. Future studies could consider utilizing this method in more representative samples to gather context-specific information to inform the development of physical activity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liao
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
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Dunton GF, Liao Y, Dzubur E, Leventhal AM, Huh J, Gruenewald T, Margolin G, Koprowski C, Tate E, Intille S. Investigating within-day and longitudinal effects of maternal stress on children's physical activity, dietary intake, and body composition: Protocol for the MATCH study. Contemp Clin Trials 2015; 43:142-54. [PMID: 25987483 PMCID: PMC4861058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parental stress is an understudied factor that may compromise parenting practices related to children's dietary intake, physical activity, and obesity. However, studies examining these associations have been subject to methodological limitations, including cross-sectional designs, retrospective measures, a lack of stress biomarkers, and the tendency to overlook momentary etiologic processes occurring within each day. This paper describes the recruitment, data collection, and data analytic protocols for the MATCH (Mothers And Their Children's Health) study, a longitudinal investigation using novel real-time data capture strategies to examine within-day associations of maternal stress with children's physical activity and dietary intake, and how these effects contribute to children's obesity risk. In the MATCH study, 200 mothers and their 8 to 12 year-old children are participating in 6 semi-annual assessment waves across 3 years. At each wave, measures for mother-child dyads include: (a) real-time Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) of self-reported daily psychosocial stressors (e.g., work at a job, family demands), feeling stressed, perceived stress, parenting practices, dietary intake, and physical activity with time and location stamps; (b) diurnal salivary cortisol patterns, accelerometer-monitored physical activity, and 24-hour dietary recalls; (c) retrospective questionnaires of sociodemographic, cultural, family, and neighborhood covariates; and (d) height, weight, and waist circumference. Putative within-day and longitudinal effects of maternal stress on children's dietary intake, physical activity, and body composition will be tested through multilevel modeling and latent growth curve models, respectively. The results will inform interventions that help mothers reduce the negative effects of stress on weight-related parenting practices and children's obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA.
| | - Yue Liao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Tara Gruenewald
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Gayla Margolin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Carol Koprowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Eleanor Tate
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Stephen Intille
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
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Smith AL, Troped PJ, McDonough MH, DeFreese JD. Youth perceptions of how neighborhood physical environment and peers affect physical activity: a focus group study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015; 12:80. [PMID: 26091859 PMCID: PMC4487508 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-015-0246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is need for a youth-informed conceptualization of how environmental and social neighborhood contexts influence physical activity. We assessed youths’ perceptions of their neighborhood physical and peer environments as affecting physical activity. Methods Thirty-three students (20 girls; ages 12-14 years) participated in focus groups about the physical environment and peers within their neighborhoods, and their understanding of how they affect physical activity. Results Inductive analysis identified themes of access (e.g., to equipment); aesthetics; physical and social safety; peer proximity and behavior (e.g., bullying); adult support or interference; and adult boundary setting. Participants also identified interconnections among themes, such as traffic shaping parent boundary setting and, in turn, access to physical spaces and peers. Conclusions Young adolescents view neighborhoods in ways similar to and different from adults. Examining physical and social environments in tandem, while mindful of how adults shape and youth perceive these environments, may enhance understanding of youth physical activity behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W. Circle Drive, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Philip J Troped
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Meghan H McDonough
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Purdue University, 800 W. Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - J D DeFreese
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Tandon P, Grow HM, Couch S, Glanz K, Sallis JF, Frank LD, Saelens BE. Physical and social home environment in relation to children's overall and home-based physical activity and sedentary time. Prev Med 2014; 66:39-44. [PMID: 24887496 PMCID: PMC4125450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the obesity epidemic, it is critical to understand factors associated with youth physical activity and sedentary behavior at home, where youth spend significant time. We examined relationships between these child behaviors and home environment factors. METHODS Data were obtained from 713 children aged 6 to 11 in Washington and California 2007-2009. Multivariate regression analyses controlling for socio-demographics examined associations between parent-reported home environment factors and child's accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time, overall and at home, and parent-reported child screen time. RESULTS Children averaged 47.2% of time at home, which included 43.6% and 46.4% of overall MVPA and sedentary behavior, respectively. Parental support for physical activity and having a basketball hoop were positively associated with MVPA and negatively associated with sedentary behavior. Combined parental support and a basketball hoop was associated with even higher MVPA. Children with fewer bedroom media devices and more fixed play equipment had lower overall sedentary behavior and screen time than either factor alone. Findings were similar regardless of weight status. CONCLUSIONS Physical and social home environment variables, especially when combined, were related to more child MVPA and less sedentary behavior. Results support addressing multiple home environment factors in childhood obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Tandon
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, M/S CW8-6, PO Box 5371, Seattle, WA 98145, USA; University of Washington, Box 354920, Seattle, WA 98115-8160, USA.
| | - H Mollie Grow
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, M/S CW8-6, PO Box 5371, Seattle, WA 98145, USA; University of Washington, Box 354920, Seattle, WA 98115-8160, USA.
| | - Sarah Couch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 363B French Building East, 3202 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0394, USA.
| | - Karen Glanz
- Schools of Medicine and Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 801 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - James F Sallis
- University of California, San Diego, 3900 Fifth Avenue, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
| | - Lawrence D Frank
- University of British Columbia, Schools of Population and Public Health and Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Room 360B, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Brian E Saelens
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, M/S CW8-6, PO Box 5371, Seattle, WA 98145, USA; University of Washington, Box 354920, Seattle, WA 98115-8160, USA.
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Using ecological momentary assessment to evaluate current physical activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:915172. [PMID: 25126580 PMCID: PMC4122013 DOI: 10.1155/2014/915172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of ecological momentary assessment in evaluating physical activity among children, adolescents, and adults. It also determines whether ecological momentary assessment fulfills the criteria of validity, reliability, objectivity, norms, and standardization applied to the tools used for the evaluation of physical activity. Methods. The EBSCO-CINHAL, Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed, and SPORTDiscuss databases were reviewed in December 2012 for articles associated with EMA. Results. Of the 20 articles examined, half (10) used electronic methods for data collection, although various methods were used, ranging from pen and paper to smartphone applications. Ten studies used objective monitoring equipment. Nineteen studies were performed over 4 days. While the validity of the EMA method was discussed in 18 studies, only four found it to be objective. In all cases, the EMA procedures were precisely documented and confirmed to be feasible. Conclusions. Ecological momentary assessment is a valid, reliable, and feasible approach to evaluate activity and sedentary behavior. Researchers should be aware that while ecological momentary assessment offers many benefits, it simultaneously imposes many limitations which should be considered when studying physical activity.
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van Loon J, Frank LD, Nettlefold L, Naylor PJ. Youth physical activity and the neighbourhood environment: Examining correlates and the role of neighbourhood definition. Soc Sci Med 2014; 104:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dunton GF, Dzubur E, Kawabata K, Yanez B, Bo B, Intille S. Development of a smartphone application to measure physical activity using sensor-assisted self-report. Front Public Health 2014; 2:12. [PMID: 24616888 PMCID: PMC3937780 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the known advantages of objective physical activity monitors (e.g., accelerometers), these devices have high rates of non-wear, which leads to missing data. Objective activity monitors are also unable to capture valuable contextual information about behavior. Adolescents recruited into physical activity surveillance and intervention studies will increasingly have smartphones, which are miniature computers with built-in motion sensors. Methods: This paper describes the design and development of a smartphone application (“app”) called Mobile Teen that combines objective and self-report assessment strategies through (1) sensor-informed context-sensitive ecological momentary assessment (CS-EMA) and (2) sensor-assisted end-of-day recall. Results: The Mobile Teen app uses the mobile phone’s built-in motion sensor to automatically detect likely bouts of phone non-wear, sedentary behavior, and physical activity. The app then uses transitions between these inferred states to trigger CS-EMA self-report surveys measuring the type, purpose, and context of activity in real-time. The end of the day recall component of the Mobile Teen app allows users to interactively review and label their own physical activity data each evening using visual cues from automatically detected major activity transitions from the phone’s built-in motion sensors. Major activity transitions are identified by the app, which cues the user to label that “chunk,” or period, of time using activity categories. Conclusion: Sensor-driven CS-EMA and end-of-day recall smartphone apps can be used to augment physical activity data collected by objective activity monitors, filling in gaps during non-wear bouts and providing additional real-time data on environmental, social, and emotional correlates of behavior. Smartphone apps such as these have potential for affordable deployment in large-scale epidemiological and intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Fridlund Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Keito Kawabata
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Brenda Yanez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Bin Bo
- College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Stephen Intille
- College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA ; Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA
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Locations of joint physical activity in parent-child pairs based on accelerometer and GPS monitoring. Ann Behav Med 2014; 45 Suppl 1:S162-72. [PMID: 23011914 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-012-9417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental factors may play an important role in influencing children's physical activity levels. PURPOSE This cross-sectional study sought to describe the locations of joint physical activity among parents and children. METHODS Parent-child pairs (N = 291) wore an Actigraph GT2M accelerometer and GlobalSat BT-335 global positioning systems (GPS) device over the same 7-day period. Children were ages 8-14 years. Joint behavior was defined by a linear separation distance of less than 50 m between parent and child. Land use classifications were assigned to GPS datapoints. RESULTS Joint physical activity was spread across residential locations (35 %), and commercial venues (24 %), and open spaces/parks (20 %). Obese children and parents performed less joint physical activity in open spaces/parks than under/normal weight children and parents (ps < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Understanding where joint parent-child physical activity naturally occurs may inform location-based interventions to promote these behaviors.
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Schoeppe S, Duncan MJ, Badland HM, Oliver M, Browne M. Associations between children's independent mobility and physical activity. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:91. [PMID: 24476363 PMCID: PMC3932047 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Independent mobility describes the freedom of children to travel and play in public spaces without adult supervision. The potential benefits for children are significant such as social interactions with peers, spatial and traffic safety skills and increased physical activity. Yet, the health benefits of independent mobility, particularly on physical activity accumulation, are largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate associations of children’s independent mobility with light, moderate-to-vigorous, and total physical activity accumulation. Methods In 2011 - 2012, 375 Australian children aged 8-13 years (62% girls) were recruited into a cross-sectional study. Children’s independent mobility (i.e. independent travel to school and non-school destinations, independent outdoor play) and socio-demographics were assessed through child and parent surveys. Physical activity intensity was measured objectively through an Actiheart monitor worn on four consecutive days. Associations between independent mobility and physical activity variables were analysed using generalized linear models, accounting for clustered sampling, Actiheart wear time, socio-demographics, and assessing interactions by sex. Results Independent travel (walking, cycling, public transport) to school and non-school destinations were not associated with light, moderate-to-vigorous and total physical activity. However, sub-analyses revealed a positive association between independent walking and cycling (excluding public transport) to school and total physical but only in boys (b = 36.03, p < 0.05). Frequent independent outdoor play (three or more days per week) was positively associated with light and total physical activity (b = 29.76, p < 0.01 and b = 32.43, p = 0.03, respectively). No significant associations were found between independent outdoor play and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. When assessing differences by sex, the observed significant associations of independent outdoor play with light and total physical activity remained in girls but not in boys. All other associations showed no significant differences by sex. Conclusions Independent outdoor play may boost children’s daily physical activity levels, predominantly at light intensity. Hence, facilitating independent outdoor play could be a viable intervention strategy to enhance physical activity in children, particularly in girls. Associations between independent travel and physical activity are inconsistent overall and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schoeppe
- Central Queensland University, School of Human, Health and Social Sciences, Centre for Physical Activity Studies, Building 18, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton QLD 4702, Australia.
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Multimethod analyses of discretionary time use and health behaviors among urban low-income African-American adolescents: a pilot study. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2013; 34:589-98. [PMID: 24131882 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0b013e3182a5d297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this pilot study was to examine the relations between discretionary time (DT) social context, health behaviors (dietary intake and physical activity), and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of urban low-income African-American early adolescents. METHODS Multiple methods were used, including accelerometers, 24-hour dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements, and Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Participants included 9 boys (mean = 12.9 years) and 16 girls (mean = 12.9 years). Sixteen participants were at a healthy weight (10 girls and 6 boys), and 9 were overweight or obese (5 girls and 3 boys). RESULTS Eighth graders had higher BMI z scores, engaged in less healthful eating during DT, and spent less time in vigorous exercise in DT than sixth graders. Participants spent the majority of DT with siblings, which was associated with increased light physical activity as measured by accelerometers. The ESM data suggested that adolescents engaged in increased physical activity and decreased sedentary activity when with peers but increased sedentary activity when with parents. Increased percentage of DT spent with parents was associated with increased daily fat intake. Data also indicate high consumption of unhealthy foods across all DT social contexts and activities. CONCLUSIONS Peers may provide a protective social context with regard to obesity-related health behaviors. Targeting changes in health behaviors during the middle school years may be an effective means of decreasing obesity risk among urban African-American adolescents. Interventions for urban African-American early adolescents may benefit from facilitating physical activity with peers and targeting change in family health behaviors.
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A place for play? The influence of the home physical environment on children's physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:99. [PMID: 23958282 PMCID: PMC3765081 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The home environment is an important influence on the sedentary behaviour and physical activity of children, who have limited independent mobility and spend much of their time at home. This article reviews the current evidence regarding the influence of the home physical environment on the sedentary behaviour and physical activity of children aged 8–14 years. A literature search of peer reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2011 resulted in 38 observational studies (21 with activity outcomes, 23 with sedentary outcomes) and 11 experimental studies included in the review. The most commonly investigated behavioural outcomes were television watching and moderate to vigorous physical activity. Media equipment in the home and to a lesser extent the bedroom were positively associated with children’s sedentary behaviour. Physical activity equipment and the house and yard were not associated with physical activity, although environmental measures were exclusively self-reported. On the other hand, physical activity equipment was inversely associated with sedentary behaviours in half of studies. Observational studies that investigated the influence of the physical and social environment within the home space, found that the social environment, particularly the role of parents, was important. Experimental studies that changed the home physical environment by introducing a television limiting device successfully decreased television viewing, whereas the influence of introducing an active video game on activity outcomes was inconsistent. Results highlight that the home environment is an important influence on children’s sedentary behaviour and physical activity, about which much is still unknown. While changing or controlling the home physical environment shows promise for reducing screen based sedentary behaviour, further interventions are needed to understand the broader impact of these changes. Future studies should prioritise investigating the influence of the home physical environment, and its interaction with the social environment, on objectively measured sedentary time and home context specific behaviours, ideally including technologies that allow objective measures of the home space.
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Dunton GF, Huh J, Leventhal AM, Riggs N, Hedeker D, Spruijt-Metz D, Pentz MA. Momentary assessment of affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in children. Health Psychol 2013; 33:255-63. [PMID: 23668846 DOI: 10.1037/a0032640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most research on the interplay of affective and physical feelings states with physical activity in children has been conducted under laboratory conditions and fails to capture intraindividual covariation. The current study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to bidirectionally examine how affective and physical feeling states are related to objectively measured physical activity taking place in naturalistic settings during the course of children's everyday lives. METHODS Children (N = 119, ages 9-13 years, 52% male, 32% Hispanic) completed 8 days of EMA monitoring, which measured positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), feeling tired, and feeling energetic up to 7 times per day. EMA responses were time-matched to accelerometer assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in the 30 min before and after each EMA survey. RESULTS Higher ratings of feeling energetic and lower ratings of feeling tired were associated with more MVPA in the 30 min after the EMA prompt. More MVPA in the 30 min before the EMA prompt was associated with higher ratings of PA and feeling energetic and lower ratings of NA. Between-subjects analyses indicated that mean hourly leisure-time MVPA was associated with less intraindividual variability in PA and NA. CONCLUSIONS Physical feeling states predict subsequent physical activity levels, which in turn, predict subsequent affective states in children. Active children demonstrated higher positive and negative emotional stability. Although the strength of these associations were of modest magnitude and their clinical relevance is unclear, understanding the antecedents to and consequences of physical activity may have theoretical and practical implications for the maintenance and promotion of physical activity and psychological well-being in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Nathaniel Riggs
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois
| | | | - Mary Ann Pentz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
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Dunton GF, Intille SS, Wolch J, Pentz MA. Children's perceptions of physical activity environments captured through ecological momentary assessment: a validation study. Prev Med 2012; 55:119-21. [PMID: 22659225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate whether children's perceptions of physical activity (PA) settings correspond with (1) parents' perceptions of neighborhood characteristics (convergent construct validity) and (2) children's level of PA in those settings (concurrent criterion validity). METHODS Low-to-middle income, ethnically-diverse children (N=108) (ages 9-13) living in Southern California participated in 8 days of EMA during non-school time. EMA measured current activity type (e.g., sports/exercise, TV watching) and perceptions of the current setting (i.e., vegetation, traffic, safety). The Neighborhood Environment Walkability Survey (NEWS) assessed parents' perceptions of neighborhood characteristics. EMA responses were time-matched to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (measured by accelerometer) in the 30 min before and after each EMA survey. Data were collected in 2009-2010. RESULTS Children's perceptions of vegetation and traffic in PA settings corresponded with parents' perceptions of the aesthetics (OR=2.21, 95% CI=1.04-4.73) and traffic (OR=2.64, 95% CI=1.31-5.30) in neighborhood environment, respectively. MVPA minutes were higher in settings perceived by children to have less traffic (β=3.47, p<.05). CONCLUSIONS This work provides initial support for the construct and criterion validity of EMA-based measures of children's perceptions of their PA environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA.
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Dunton GF, Intille SS, Wolch J, Pentz MA. Investigating the impact of a smart growth community on the contexts of children's physical activity using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Health Place 2012; 18:76-84. [PMID: 22243909 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This quasi-experimental research used Ecological Momentary Assessment with electronic surveys delivered through mobile phones to determine whether children change the type of contexts (i.e., settings) where they engage in physical activity after a recent move to a smart growth (SG) community in the U.S. as compared to children living in conventional low-to-medium density U.S. suburban communities (controls). SG vs. control children engaged in a greater proportion of physical activity bouts with friends, a few blocks from home, and at locations to which they walked. Over six months, the proportion of physical activity bouts reported at home (indoors) and in high traffic locations decreased among SG but not control children. Six-month increases in daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity did not significantly differ by group. Children might have altered the type of contexts where they engage in physical activity after moving to SG communities, yet more time may be necessary for these changes to impact overall physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve F Dunton
- University of Southern California, 200 Soto N. Street, 3rd floor, MC 9239 Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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