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Li H, Liu D, Li K, Wang Y, Zhang G, Qi L, Xie K. Pancreatic stellate cells and the interleukin family: Linking fibrosis and immunity to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 30:159. [PMID: 38994764 PMCID: PMC11258612 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive form of cancer with a low survival rate. A successful treatment strategy should not be limited to targeting cancer cells alone, but should adopt a more comprehensive approach, taking into account other influential factors. These include the extracellular matrix (ECM) and immune microenvironment, both of which are integral components of the tumor microenvironment. The present review describes the roles of pancreatic stellate cells, differentiated cancer‑associated fibroblasts and the interleukin family, either independently or in combination, in the progression of precursor lesions in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and PDAC. These elements contribute to ECM deposition and immunosuppression in PDAC. Therapeutic strategies that integrate interleukin and/or stromal blockade for PDAC immunomodulation and fibrogenesis have yielded inconsistent results. A deeper comprehension of the intricate interplay between fibrosis, and immune responses could pave the way for more effective treatment targets, by elucidating the mechanisms and causes of ECM fibrosis during PDAC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Donglian Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Kaishu Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Gengqiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qi
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Keping Xie
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
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Liu Q, Zhu X, Guo S. From pancreas to lungs: The role of immune cells in severe acute pancreatitis and acute lung injury. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1351. [PMID: 39023414 PMCID: PMC11256889 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a potentially lethal inflammatory pancreatitis condition that is usually linked to multiple organ failure. When it comes to SAP, the lung is the main organ that is frequently involved. Many SAP patients experience respiratory failure following an acute lung injury (ALI). Clinicians provide insufficient care for compounded ALI since the underlying pathophysiology is unknown. The mortality rate of SAP patients is severely impacted by it. OBJECTIVE The study aims to provide insight into immune cells, specifically their roles and modifications during SAP and ALI, through a comprehensive literature review. The emphasis is on immune cells as a therapeutic approach for treating SAP and ALI. FINDINGS Immune cells play an important role in the complicated pathophysiology ofSAP and ALI by maintaining the right balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Immunomodulatory drugs now in the market have low thepeutic efficacy because they selectively target one immune cell while ignoring immune cell interactions. Accurate management of dysregulated immune responses is necessary. A critical initial step is precisely characterizing the activity of the immune cells during SAP and ALI. CONCLUSION Given the increasing incidence of SAP, immunotherapy is emerging as a potential treatment option for these patients. Interactions among immune cells improve our understanding of the intricacy of concurrent ALI in SAP patients. Acquiring expertise in these domains will stimulate the development of innovative immunomodulation therapies that will improve the outlook for patients with SAP and ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral ResuscitationBeijingChina
| | - Xiaomei Zhu
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral ResuscitationBeijingChina
| | - Shubin Guo
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral ResuscitationBeijingChina
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Lin Y, Pu S, Wang J, Wan Y, Wu Z, Guo Y, Feng W, Ying Y, Ma S, Meng XJ, Wang W, Liu L, Xia Q, Yang X. Pancreatic STAT5 activation promotes Kras G12D-induced and inflammation-induced acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and pancreatic cancer. Gut 2024:gutjnl-2024-332225. [PMID: 38955401 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2024-332225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy because it is often diagnosed at a late-stage. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is a transcription factor implicated in the progression of various cancer types. However, its role in KRAS-driven pancreatic tumourigenesis remains unclear. DESIGN We performed studies with LSL-Kras G12D; Ptf1a-Cre ERT (KCERT) mice or LSL-KrasG12D; LSL-Trp53R172H ; Pdx1-Cre (KPC) mice crossed with conditional disruption of STAT5 or completed deficiency interleukin (IL)-22. Pancreatitis was induced in mice by administration of cerulein. Pharmacological inhibition of STAT5 on PDAC prevention was studied in the orthotopic transplantation and patient-derived xenografts PDAC model, and KPC mice. RESULTS The expression and phosphorylation of STAT5 were higher in human PDAC samples than control samples and high levels of STAT5 in tumour cells were associated with a poorer prognosis. The loss of STAT5 in pancreatic cells substantially reduces the KRAS mutation and pancreatitis-derived acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) and PDAC lesions. Mechanistically, we discovered that STAT5 binds directly to the promoters of ADM mediators, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1β and HNF4α. Furthermore, STAT5 plays a crucial role in maintaining energy metabolism in tumour cells during PDAC progression. IL-22 signalling induced by chronic inflammation enhances KRAS-mutant-mediated STAT5 phosphorylation. Deficiency of IL-22 signalling slowed the progression of PDAC and ablated STAT5 activation. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings identified pancreatic STAT5 activation as a key downstream effector of oncogenic KRAS signalling that is critical for ADM initiation and PDAC progression, highlighting its potential therapeutic vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Lin
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital; Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Pu
- Pain Management Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of general surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqi Wan
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital; Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital; Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxue Feng
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital; Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ying
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Jun Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Digestive Diseases Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gut Microecology and Associated Major Diseases Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuguang Yang
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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Yang H, Cao R, Zhou F, Wang B, Xu Q, Li R, Zhang C, Xu H. The role of Interleukin-22 in severe acute pancreatitis. Mol Med 2024; 30:60. [PMID: 38750415 PMCID: PMC11097471 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) begins with premature activation of enzymes, promoted by the immune system, triggering a potential systemic inflammatory response that leads to organ failure with increased mortality and a bleak prognosis. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine that may have a significant role in SAP. IL-22, a member of the IL-10 cytokine family, has garnered growing interest owing to its potential tissue-protective properties. Recently, emerging research has revealed its specific effects on pancreatic diseases, particularly SAP. This paper provides a review of the latest knowledge on the role of IL-22 and its viability as a therapeutic target in SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ruofan Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - ChunHua Zhang
- Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250117, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China.
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China.
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Fu X, Xiu Z, Xu Q, Yue R, Xu H. Interleukin-22 Alleviates Caerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis by Activating AKT/mTOR Pathway. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:1691-1700. [PMID: 38466463 PMCID: PMC11098937 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common acute abdominal disorders; due to the lack of specific treatment, the treatment of acute pancreatitis, especially serious acute pancreatitis (SAP), is difficult and challenging. We will observe the changes of Interleukin -22 levels in acute pancreatitis animal models, and explore the mechanism of Interleukin -22 in acute pancreatitis. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the potential protective effect of Interleukin -22 on caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and to explore its mechanism. METHODS Blood levels of amylase and lipase and Interleukin -22 were assessed in mice with acute pancreatitis. In animal model and cell model of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, the mRNA levels of P62 and Beclin-1 were determined using PCR, and the protein expression of P62, LC3-II, mTOR, AKT, p-mTOR, and p-AKT were evaluated through Western blot analysis. RESULTS Interleukin -22 administration reduced blood amylase and lipase levels and mitigated tissue damage in acute pancreatitis mice model. Interleukin -22 inhibited the relative mRNA levels of P62 and Beclin-1, and the Interleukin -22 group showed a decreased protein expression of LC3-II and P62 and the phosphorylation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, we obtained similar results in the cell model of acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSION This study suggests that Interleukin -22 administration could alleviate pancreatic damage in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. This effect may result from the activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway, leading to the inhibition of autophagy. Consequently, Interleukin -22 shows potential as a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjuan Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Gastroenterology Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Zhigang Xiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Rui Yue
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Public Health Clinic Center, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.
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Lan WP, Guo W, Zhou X, Li Z. Research trends on traditional Chinese medicine and acute pancreatitis: A bibliometric analysis from 2007 to mid-2023. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25659. [PMID: 38455538 PMCID: PMC10918020 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a unique medical system of historic significance, holding substantial influence within China and beyond. In recent years, the efficacy of TCM in treating acute pancreatitis has been substantiated. Despite over two decades of development in this domain, a bibliometric analysis illustrating TCM's role in acute pancreatitis remains scarce. OBJECTIVE This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of findings in the field of acute pancreatitis and TCM using machine learning and text-analyzing methodologies. The intent is to provide scientific and intuitive support to researchers and clinicians. METHODS We searched the Web of Science Core Collection database for publications and related literature from 2007 to mid-2023. Tools such as Excel, Citespace V, and Vosviewer were utilized for bibliometric analysis. That included assessing published and cited counts, co-authorship mapping, co-citation analysis, burst detection, and keyword analysis. RESULTS The study revealed a fluctuating growth trend in the number of publications and citations since 2007. As many as 147 institutions from 13 countries, with a total of 756 authors, have published 202 papers in 76 academic journals. Sichuan University in China and Tang Wenfu have been recognized as the most influential national institution and author. The most frequently published journal is "Pancreas", while the most cited is the "World Journal of Gastroenterology". Commonly used single herbs in this field include Baicalin, Emodin, Rhubarb, and Salvia miltiorrhizae. Frequently used herbal formulations include Da chengqi decoction, Chaiqin chengqi decoction, and Qing yi decoction. Current research hotspots primarily surround concepts like hmgb1, nf-kappab, nfr2, oxidative stress, exosomes, nlrp3, pyroptosis, etc. Potential future research themes could relate to pharmacology, reducing hmgb1, inflammatory response, cell activation, Qing Yi-decoction, etc. This review holds significant guiding importance for clinical and scientific research into TCM treatment for acute pancreatitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-peng Lan
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Digestive System Diseases of Luzhou city, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, 646000, China
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Wen Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Digestive System Diseases of Luzhou city, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, 646000, China
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Digestive System Diseases of Luzhou city, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, 646000, China
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Digestive System Diseases of Luzhou city, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, 646000, China
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
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Liu L, Li X, Chen Y, Li YZ, Liu Z, Duan Y, Chen Y. Interleukin-22 promotes proliferation and reverses LPS-induced apoptosis and steroidogenesis attenuation in human ovarian granulosa cells: implications for polycystic ovary syndrome pathogenesis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2023; 36:2253347. [PMID: 37661176 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2253347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin 22 (IL-22) plays a role in inflammatory diseases. However, whether IL-22 affects the function of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) and its relationship with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)remains unclear. METHODS We investigated the level of IL-22 in human follicular fluid using ELISA. The expression and localization of the IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1) in GCs were investigated by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The proliferation of KGN cells (human GCs line) was assessed by CCK-8 assay and EdU assay after treatment with recombinant human IL-22 (rhIL-22) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. Apoptotic proteins and steroidogenic genes were detected by western blotting. RESULTS ELISA's results showed that compared with the control group, PCOS patients showed lower expression of IL-22 in follicular fluid. Immunofluorescence showed that IL-22R1 is expressed and localized in human granulosa cell membranes. IL-22 promoted cell proliferation and reversed LPS-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. IL-22 alone did not affect apoptotic or steroidogenic protein expression, however, it reversed LPS-induced apoptosis via downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and restoration of LPS-downregulated StAR, CYP11A1, and CYP19A1 expression. Western blotting confirmed that IL-22 activated the JAK2/STAT3 signaling. CONCLUSION IL-22 promotes cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and regulates KGN cell steroidogenesis confronted with LPS, and decreased IL-22 may be involved in the development of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Zhe Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhan Duan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Fu X, Xiu Z, Xu H. Interleukin-22 and acute pancreatitis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35695. [PMID: 37933011 PMCID: PMC10627694 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, and it is divided into 3 types according to its severity:mild acute pancreatitis, moderately severe acute pancreatitis, and severe acute pancreatitis. The mortality in severe acute pancreatitis is approximately 15% to 30% due to multiorgan dysfunction and the lack of specific treatment. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the Interleukin-10 family, and it can activate several downstream signaling pathways by binding to its receptor complex, thus it is involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Some studies have reported the elevated level of IL-22 in patients with AP, which suggests IL-22 may be involved in the pathogenesis of AP. And many studies have shown that IL-22 had a protective effect against AP. This article reviews the characteristics and mechanism of IL-22 and its role in AP to provide insight into the treatment of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjuan Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Gastroenterology center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Zhigang Xiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Ma Z, Xie W, Luo T, Hu Z, Hua J, Zhou J, Yang T, Wang W, Song Z, Yu X, Xu J, Shi S. Exosomes from TNF-α preconditioned human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit the autophagy of acinar cells of severe acute pancreatitis via shuttling bioactive metabolites. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:257. [PMID: 37594573 PMCID: PMC11073291 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a common critical disease of the digestive system, with high mortality and a lack of effective prevention and treatment measures. Despite mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation having the potential to treat SAP, its clinical application prospect is limited, and the mechanism is unclear. Here, we reveal the therapeutic role of exosomes from TNF-α-preconditioned human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (HUCMSCs) in attenuating SAP and show that it is partly dependent on exosomal metabolites. Bioactive metabolomics analysis showed that 48 metabolites be significantly differentially expressed between the two groups (Exo-Ctrl group versus Exo-TNF-α group). Then, the further functional experiments indicated that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol could be a key molecule mediating the therapeutic effect of TNF-α-preconditioned HUCMSCs. The animal experiments showed that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in the pancreatic tissue and inhibited acinar cell autophagy in a rat model of SAP. Mechanistically, we revealed that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol activated the mTOR pathway to inhibit acinar cell autophagy and alleviate SAP. In summary, our study demonstrated that exosomes from TNF-α-preconditioned HUMSCs inhibit the autophagy of acinar cells of SAP by shuttling 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol and inhibiting the mTOR pathway. This study revealed the vital role and therapeutic potential of metabolite-derived exosomes in SAP, providing a new promising method to prevent and therapy SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Ma
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Wangcheng Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Tingyi Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhengyu Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Tingsong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenshun Song
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Stojanovic B, Jovanovic IP, Stojanovic MD, Jovanovic M, Vekic B, Milosevic B, Cvetkovic A, Spasic M, Stojanovic BS. The Emerging Roles of the Adaptive Immune Response in Acute Pancreatitis. Cells 2023; 12:1495. [PMID: 37296616 PMCID: PMC10253175 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an abrupt, variable inflammatory condition of the pancreas, potentially escalating to severe systemic inflammation, rampant pancreatic necrosis, and multi-organ failure. Its complex pathogenesis involves an intricate immune response, with different T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, TFH, Treg, and CD8+ T cells) and B cells playing pivotal roles. Early T cell activation initiates the AP development, triggering cytokines associated with the Th1 response, which stimulate macrophages and neutrophils. Other T cell phenotypes contribute to AP's pathogenesis, and the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines influences its progression. Regulatory T and B cells are crucial for moderating the inflammatory response and promoting immune tolerance. B cells further contribute through antibody production, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. Understanding these immune cells' roles in AP could aid in developing new immunotherapies to enhance patient outcomes. However, further research is required to define these cells' precise roles in AP and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Stojanovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.S.)
| | - Ivan P. Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Marina Jovanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Berislav Vekic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.S.)
| | - Bojan Milosevic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.S.)
| | - Aleksandar Cvetkovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.S.)
| | - Marko Spasic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.S.)
| | - Bojana S. Stojanovic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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11
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Kamata K, Hara A, Minaga K, Yoshikawa T, Kurimoto M, Sekai I, Okai N, Omaru N, Masuta Y, Otsuka Y, Takada R, Takamura S, Kudo M, Strober W, Watanabe T. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibits the development of experimental autoimmune pancreatitis through IL-22-mediated signaling pathways. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 212:uxad040. [PMID: 37166987 PMCID: PMC10243912 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor expressed in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Activation of the AhR by xenobiotics, microbial metabolites, and natural substances induces immunoregulatory responses. Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a chronic fibroinflammatory disorder of the pancreas driven by autoimmunity. Although AhR activation generally suppresses pathogenic autoimmune responses, the roles played by the AhR in AIP have been poorly defined. In this study, we examined how AhR activation affected the development of experimental AIP caused by the activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells producing IFN-α and IL-33. Experimental AIP was induced in MRL/MpJ mice by repeated injections of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Activation of the AhR by indole-3-pyruvic acid and indigo naturalis, which were supplemented in the diet, inhibited the development of experimental AIP, and these effects were independent of the activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells producing IFN-α and IL-33. Interaction of indole-3-pyruvic acid and indigo naturalis with AhRs robustly augmented the production of IL-22 by pancreatic islet α cells. The blockade of IL-22 signaling pathways completely canceled the beneficial effects of AhR ligands on experimental AIP. Serum IL-22 concentrations were elevated in patients with type 1 AIP after the induction of remission with prednisolone. These data suggest that AhR activation suppresses chronic fibroinflammatory reactions that characterize AIP via IL-22 produced by pancreatic islet α cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akane Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoe Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikue Sekai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natsuki Okai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Omaru
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Masuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Takada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhang WQ, Liu XY, Zhang Q, Mao T, Li XY. Immune cells and immune cell-targeted therapy in chronic pancreatitis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1151103. [PMID: 36969002 PMCID: PMC10034053 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1151103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, studies have attempted to understand the immune cells and mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) by constructing a model of CP. Based on these studies, the innate immune response is a key factor in disease pathogenesis and inflammation severity. Novel mechanisms of crosstalk between immune and non-immune pancreatic cells, such as pancreatic stellate cells (PSC), have also been explored. Immune cells, immune responses, and signaling pathways in CP are important factors in the development and progression of pancreatitis. Based on these mechanisms, targeted therapy may provide a feasible scheme to stop or reverse the progression of the disease in the future and provide a new direction for the treatment of CP. This review summarizes the recent advances in research on immune mechanisms in CP and the new advances in treatment based on these mechanisms.
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13
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Meng YX, Zhao R, Huo LJ. Interleukin-22 alleviates alcohol-associated hepatic fibrosis, inhibits autophagy, and suppresses the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2023; 47:448-458. [PMID: 36799106 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated hepatic fibrosis is a widespread liver disease with no effective treatment. Recent studies have indicated that interleukin-22 (IL-22) can ameliorate alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the mechanism underlying the role of IL-22 in alcohol-associated hepatic fibrosis remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of IL-22 in a mouse model of alcohol-associated hepatic fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Alcohol-associated hepatic fibrosis was induced by feeding male C57BL/6J mice with a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing 4% ethyl alcohol for 8 weeks and injecting them with 5% tetrachloromethane (CCl4 ) intraperitoneally for the last 4 weeks. During the last 4 weeks, IL-22 was also administered. We investigated the role of IL-22 in autophagy and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway using a 3-methyladenine intraperitoneal injection in the mice treated with IL-22. The effects of IL-22 on alcohol-associated hepatic fibrosis, autophagy-related gene expression, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR activity were assessed using histopathology, biochemical analysis, transmission electron microscopy, quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. RESULTS Mice treated with ethanol and CCl4 displayed distinct liver injuries, including hepatocyte necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hepatic fibrosis, which were substantially attenuated by IL-22 treatment. In addition, we found that IL-22 regulated the expression of autophagy-related genes and inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, as evidenced by the reduction in p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR expression after IL-22 treatment. CONCLUSIONS IL-22 exerts a marked protective effect against alcohol-associated hepatic fibrosis. Its effect may be partly related to the alteration of autophagy-related gene expression and inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Meng
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li-Juan Huo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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14
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Identification of Key Biomarkers Associated with Immunogenic Cell Death and Their Regulatory Mechanisms in Severe Acute Pancreatitis Based on WGCNA and Machine Learning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033033. [PMID: 36769358 PMCID: PMC9918120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of programmed cell death with a strong sense of inflammatory detection, whose powerful situational awareness can cause the reactivation of aberrant immunity. However, the role of ICD in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has yet to be investigated. This study aims to explore the pivotal genes associated with ICD in SAP and how they relate to immune infiltration and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in order to provide a theoretical foundation for further, in-depth mechanistic studies. We downloaded GSE194331 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The use of differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis; weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis allowed us to identify a total of three ICD-related hub genes (LY96, BCL2, IFNGR1) in SAP. Furthermore, single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) demonstrated that hub genes are closely associated with the infiltration of specific immune cells, the activation of immune pathways and the metabolism of SCFAs (especially butyrate). These findings were validated through the analysis of gene expression patterns in both clinical patients and rat animal models of SAP. In conclusion, the first concept of ICD in the pathogenesis of SAP was proposed in our study. This has important implications for future investigations into the pro-inflammatory immune mechanisms mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the late stages of SAP.
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15
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ATG7-enhanced impaired autophagy exacerbates acute pancreatitis by promoting regulated necrosis via the miR-30b-5p/CAMKII pathway. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:211. [PMID: 35256590 PMCID: PMC8901675 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to explore whether and how impaired autophagy could modulate calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII)-regulated necrosis in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP). Wistar rats and AR42J cells were used for AP modeling. When indicated, genetic regulation of CAMKII or ATG7 was performed prior to AP induction. AP-related necrotic injury was positively regulated by the incubation level of CAMKII. ATG7 positively modulated the level of CAMKII and necrosis following AP induction, indicating that there might be a connection between impaired autophagy and CAMKII-regulated necrosis in the pathogenesis of AP. microRNA (miR)-30b-5p was predicted and then verified as the upstream regulator of CAMKII mRNA in our setting of AP. Given that the level of miR-30b-5p was negatively correlated with the incubation levels of ATG7 after AP induction, a rescue experiment was performed and indicated that the miR-30b-5p mimic compromised ATG7 overexpression-induced upregulation of CAMKII-regulated necrosis after AP induction. In conclusion, our results indicate that ATG7-enhanced impaired autophagy exacerbates AP by promoting regulated necrosis via the miR-30b-5p/CAMKII pathway.
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16
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Bai J, Bai J, Yang M. Interleukin-22 Attenuates Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Intestinal Mucosa Injury in Mice via STAT3 Activation. Gut Liver 2021; 15:771-781. [PMID: 33495423 PMCID: PMC8444107 DOI: 10.5009/gnl20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is an important cytokine maintaining homeostasis at barrier surfaces. In this study, the role of IL-22 in acute pancreatitis-associated intestinal injury was further explored. Methods Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) was induced by administration of L-arginine in Balb/c mice at different time gradients. Histopathological examinations were made in both the pancreas and small intestine. Furthermore, recombinant murine IL-22 (rIL-22) was administrated to L-arginine-induced SAP mice by intraperitoneal injection. The mRNA levels of IL-22R1, Reg-IIIβ, Reg-IIIγ, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL were detected in the small intestine by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels of total and phosphorylated STAT3 were assessed via Western blot. Results Compared with normal control group, 72 hours of L-arginine exposure induced the most characteristic histopathological changes of SAP, evidenced by pathological changes and serum amylase levels. Meanwhile, significant pancreatitis-associated intestinal mucosa injury was also observed. The gene expression levels of antimicrobial proteins Reg-IIIβ, Reg-IIIγ and anti-apoptosis proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL were downregulated in small intestine. Furthermore, Larginine- induced SAP was attenuated by rIL-22 treatment. Importantly, pancreatitis-associated intestinal mucosa injury was also ameliorated, reflected by improved pathological changes and significant increase in gene expression levels of Reg-IIIβ, Reg-IIIγ, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Consistently, serum amylase levels and mortality were decreased in mice treated with rIL-22. Mechanistically, the upregulated expressions of these protective genes were achieved by activating STAT3. Conclusions Exogenous rIL-22 attenuates L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis and intestinal mucosa injury in mice, via activating STAT3 signaling pathway and enhancing the expression of antimicrobial peptides and antiapoptotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Bai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyun Bai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Dayi Primary Education Group, Shanghai, China
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17
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Kandikattu HK, Venkateshaiah SU, Mishra A. Chronic Pancreatitis and the Development of Pancreatic Cancer. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:1182-1210. [PMID: 32324526 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200423095700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a fibro-inflammatory disorder of the pancreas that can occur acutely or chronically as a result of the activation of digestive enzymes that damage pancreatic cells, which promotes inflammation. Chronic pancreatitis with persistent fibro-inflammation of the pancreas progresses to pancreatic cancer, which is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths across the globe. Pancreatic cancer involves cross-talk of inflammatory, proliferative, migratory, and fibrotic mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the role of cytokines in the inflammatory cell storm in pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer and their role in the activation of SDF1α/CXCR4, SOCS3, inflammasome, and NF-κB signaling. The aberrant immune reactions contribute to pathological damage of acinar and ductal cells, and the activation of pancreatic stellate cells to a myofibroblast-like phenotype. We summarize several aspects involved in the promotion of pancreatic cancer by inflammation and include a number of regulatory molecules that inhibit that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth K Kandikattu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Sathisha U Venkateshaiah
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Anil Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
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18
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Saxton RA, Henneberg LT, Calafiore M, Su L, Jude KM, Hanash AM, Garcia KC. The tissue protective functions of interleukin-22 can be decoupled from pro-inflammatory actions through structure-based design. Immunity 2021; 54:660-672.e9. [PMID: 33852830 PMCID: PMC8054646 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) acts on epithelial cells to promote tissue protection and regeneration, but can also elicit pro-inflammatory effects, contributing to disease pathology. Here, we engineered a high-affinity IL-22 super-agonist that enabled the structure determination of the IL-22-IL-22Rα-IL-10Rβ ternary complex to a resolution of 2.6 Å. Using structure-based design, we systematically destabilized the IL-22-IL-10Rβ binding interface to create partial agonist analogs that decoupled downstream STAT1 and STAT3 signaling. The extent of STAT bias elicited by a single ligand varied across tissues, ranging from full STAT3-biased agonism to STAT1/3 antagonism, correlating with IL-10Rβ expression levels. In vivo, this tissue-selective signaling drove tissue protection in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract without inducing local or systemic inflammation, thereby uncoupling these opposing effects of IL-22 signaling. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the cytokine pleiotropy and illustrate how differential receptor expression levels and STAT response thresholds can be synthetically exploited to endow pleiotropic cytokines with enhanced functional specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Saxton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lukas T Henneberg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marco Calafiore
- Departments of Medicine, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, and Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leon Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan M Hanash
- Departments of Medicine, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, and Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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19
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Abdelhafez D, Aboelkomsan E, El Sadik A, Lasheen N, Ashur S, Elshimy A, Morcos GNB. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Ascorbic Acid and N-Acetylcysteine on TNF- α, IL 1 β, and NF- κβ Expressions in Acute Pancreatitis in Albino Rats. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:6229460. [PMID: 34697592 PMCID: PMC8541853 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6229460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a necrotic pancreatic inflammation associated with high mortality rate (up to 70%). Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated in pancreatic cellular regeneration, but still their effects are controversial. Therefore, the present study is aimed at examining the enrichment of the stem cells with ascorbic acid (AA) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and explore their combined action on the expression of the inflammatory cytokines: interleukin 1β (IL 1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-κβ (NF-κβ). A total of twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into four groups: the control group, cerulein group (to induce acute pancreatitis), BM-MSCs group, and combined BM-MSCs with AA and NAC group. Homing and proliferation of stem cells were revealed by the appearance of PKH26-labelled BM-MSCs in the islets of Langerhans. AA and NAC combination with BM-MSCs (group IV) was demonstrated to affect the expression of the inflammatory cytokines: IL 1β, TNF-α, and NF-κβ. In addition, improvement of the biochemical and histological parameters is represented in increasing body weight, normal blood glucose, and insulin levels and regeneration of the islet cells. Immunohistochemical studies showed an increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and decrease in caspase-3 reactions, detected markedly in group IV, after the marked distortion of the classic pancreatic lobular architecture was induced by cerulein. It could be concluded that treatment with BM-MSCs combined with antioxidants could provide a promising therapy for acute pancreatitis and improve the degeneration, apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammatory processes of the islets of Langerhans. TNF-α, IL 1β, and NF-κβ are essential biomarkers for the evaluation of MSC regenerative effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Abdelhafez
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | | | - Abir El Sadik
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha Lasheen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams and Galala Universities, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Ashur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal Elshimy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - George N. B. Morcos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, and Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, King Salman International University, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Zheng Z, Ding YX, Qu YX, Cao F, Li F. A narrative review of acute pancreatitis and its diagnosis, pathogenetic mechanism, and management. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:69. [PMID: 33553362 PMCID: PMC7859757 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease that can progress to severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), which increases the risk of death. AP is characterized by inappropriate activation of trypsinogen, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and destruction of secretory cells. Other contributing factors may include calcium (Ca2+) overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In addition, exosomes are also associated with pathophysiological processes of many human diseases and may play a biological role in AP. However, the pathogenic mechanism has not been fully elucidated and needs to be further explored to inform treatment. Recently, the treatment guidelines have changed; minimally invasive therapy is advocated more as the core multidisciplinary participation and "step-up" approach. The surgical procedures have gradually changed from open surgery to minimally invasive surgery that primarily includes percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD), endoscopy, small incision surgery, and video-assisted surgery. The current guidelines for the management of AP have been updated and revised in many aspects. The type of fluid to be used, the timing, volume, and speed of administration for fluid resuscitation has been controversial. In addition, the timing and role of nutritional support and prophylactic antibiotic therapy, as well as the timing of the surgical or endoscopic intervention, and the management of complications still have many uncertainties that could negatively impact the prognosis and patients' quality of life. Consequently, to inform clinicians about optimal treatment, we aimed to review recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of AP and its diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Xu Qu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Manandhar S, Sinha P, Ejiwale G, Bhatia M. Hydrogen Sulfide and its Interaction with Other Players in Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1315:129-159. [PMID: 34302691 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0991-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a vital role in human physiology and in the pathophysiology of several diseases. In addition, a substantial role of H2S in inflammation has emerged. This chapter will discuss the involvement of H2S in various inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS), adhesion molecules, and leukocyte recruitment in H2S-mediated inflammation will be discussed. The interrelationship of H2S with other gasotransmitters in inflammation will also be examined. There is mixed literature on the contribution of H2S to inflammation due to studies reporting both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions. These apparent discrepancies in the literature could be resolved with further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Manandhar
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Priyanka Sinha
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Grace Ejiwale
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Madhav Bhatia
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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22
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Shao L, Xiong X, Zhang Y, Miao H, Ren Y, Tang X, Song J, Wang C. IL-22 ameliorates LPS-induced acute liver injury by autophagy activation through ATF4-ATG7 signaling. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:970. [PMID: 33177520 PMCID: PMC7658242 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrollable inflammatory response acts as a driver of sepsis-associated liver injury (SALI). IL-22 plays an important role in regulating inflammatory responses, but its role in SALI remains unknown. The aim of the study was to assess the association of serum IL-22 with SALI in pediatric patients and to enclose the underlying mechanisms of IL-22 involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - induced acute liver injury (ALI) in mice. Serum IL-22 levels in patients with SALI were significantly lower than in septic patients without liver injury, and the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of IL-22 for discriminating SALI was 0.765 (95% CI: 0.593-0.937). Pre-administration of recombinant murine IL-22 alleviated LPS-induced ALI in mice, and serum IL-6 levels and the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in livers were decreased in response to IL-22 pre-treatment in mice. More importantly, IL-22 pre-treatment activated hepatic autophagy mediated by activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) signaling in vivo and in vitro in response to LPS administration. Moreover, knockdown of ATF4 in mice aggravated LPS-induced ALI, which was associated with suppressed ATG7-related autophagy. In addition, the protective effects of IL-22 on LPS-induced ALI was partially blocked by ATF4 knockdown, which was associated with lower expression of LC3II/I in the livers of ATF4 knockdown (HT or Atf4+/-) mice compared with wild-type mice (WT or Atf4+/+) mice. In conclusion, low serum IL-22 level is associated with SALI occurrence, and IL-22 pre-administration activates autophagy in hepatocytes and protects mice against LPS-induced ALI partially related to ATF4-ATG7 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujing Shao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xi Xiong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yucai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Huijie Miao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yuqian Ren
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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23
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Chen J, Lodi R, Zhang S, Su Z, Wu Y, Xia L. The double-edged role of IL-22 in organ fibrosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:392-399. [PMID: 32689851 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1799388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is unregulated tissue repair in damaged or diseased organs, and the accumulation of excess extracellular matrix (ECM) impacts the structure and functions of organs, leading to death. Fibrosis is usually triggered by inflammation and tissue damage, and inflammatory mediators stimulate the proliferation of myofibroblasts and the excessive production of ECM. The IL-10 family cytokines play important roles in the development of fibrosis, and its member IL-22 has recently attracted specific attention. IL-22 plays great roles in preventing pathogens invasion and tissue damage, as well as making a contribution to pathogenic processes. Increasing evidence suggested that IL-22 is a key molecule in tissue repair, proliferation and mucosal barrier defense, and it has also been suggested to play both pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic roles in tissues. In this review, we summarized the pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic functions of IL-22 in various organs which may be of great significance for the development of potential therapeutic strategies for fibrosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Shiqing Zhang
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Central Laboratory, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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24
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Sabihi M, Böttcher M, Pelczar P, Huber S. Microbiota-Dependent Effects of IL-22. Cells 2020; 9:E2205. [PMID: 33003458 PMCID: PMC7599675 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are important contributors to immune responses against microbial and environmental threats and are of particular importance at epithelial barriers. These interfaces are continuously exposed to external factors and thus require immune components to both protect the host from pathogen invasion and to regulate overt inflammation. Recently, substantial efforts have been devoted to understanding how cytokines act on certain cells at barrier sites, and why the dysregulation of immune responses may lead to pathogenesis. In particular, the cytokine IL-22 is involved in preserving an intact epithelium, maintaining a balanced microbiota and a functioning defense system against external threats. However, a tight regulation of IL-22 is generally needed, since uncontrolled IL-22 production can lead to the progression of autoimmunity and cancer. Our aim in this review is to summarize novel findings on IL-22 and its interactions with specific microbial stimuli, and subsequently, to understand their contributions to the function of IL-22 and the clinical outcome. We particularly focus on understanding the detrimental effects of dysregulated control of IL-22 in certain disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.B.); (P.P.)
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25
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Pylayeva-Gupta Y. Pancreatic Cancer Thrives on Hijacking a Homeostatic Tissue Repair Pathway. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1216-1218. [PMID: 32057721 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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26
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Perusina Lanfranca M, Zhang Y, Girgis A, Kasselman S, Lazarus J, Kryczek I, Delrosario L, Rhim A, Koneva L, Sartor M, Sun L, Halbrook C, Nathan H, Shi J, Crawford HC, Pasca di Magliano M, Zou W, Frankel TL. Interleukin 22 Signaling Regulates Acinar Cell Plasticity to Promote Pancreatic Tumor Development in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1417-1432.e11. [PMID: 31843590 PMCID: PMC7197347 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy that invades surrounding structures and metastasizes rapidly. Although inflammation is associated with tumor formation and progression, little is known about the mechanisms of this connection. We investigate the effects of interleukin (IL) 22 in the development of pancreatic tumors in mice. METHODS We performed studies with Pdx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D;Trp53+/-;Rosa26EYFP/+ (PKCY) mice, which develop pancreatic tumors, and PKCY mice with disruption of IL22 (PKCY Il22-/-mice). Pancreata were collected at different stages of tumor development and analyzed by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry. Some mice were given cerulean to induce pancreatitis. Pancreatic cancer cell lines (PD2560) were orthotopically injected into C57BL/6 mice or Il22-/-mice, and tumor development was monitored. Pancreatic cells were injected into the tail veins of mice, and lung metastases were quantified. Acini were collected from C57BL/6 mice and resected human pancreata and were cultured. Cell lines and acini cultures were incubated with IL22 and pharmacologic inhibitors, and protein levels were knocked down with small hairpin RNAs. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of 26 PDACs and 5 nonneoplastic pancreas specimens. RESULTS We observed increased expression of IL22 and the IL22 receptor (IL22R) in the pancreas compared with other tissues in mice; IL22 increased with pancreatitis and tumorigenesis. Flow cytometry indicated that the IL22 was produced primarily by T-helper 22 cells. PKCY Il22-/-mice did not develop precancerous lesions or pancreatic tumors. The addition of IL22 to cultured acinar cells increased their expression of markers of ductal metaplasia; these effects of IL22 were prevented with inhibitors of Janus kinase signaling to signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) (ruxolitinib) or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) (trametinib) and with STAT3 knockdown. Pancreatic cells injected into Il22-/- mice formed smaller tumors than those injected into C57BL/6. Incubation of IL22R-expressing PDAC cells with IL22 promoted spheroid formation and invasive activity, resulting in increased expression of stem-associated transcription factors (GATA4, SOX2, SOX17, and NANOG), and increased markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (CDH1, SNAI2, TWIST1, and beta catenin); ruxolitinib blocked these effects. Human PDAC tissues had higher levels of IL22, phosphorylated STAT3, and markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition than nonneoplastic tissues. An increased level of STAT3 in IL22R-positive cells was associated with shorter survival times of patients. CONCLUSIONS We found levels of IL22 to be increased during pancreatitis and pancreatic tumor development and to be required for tumor development and progression in mice. IL22 promotes acinar to ductal metaplasia, stem cell features, and increased expression of markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition; inhibitors of STAT3 block these effects. Increased expression of IL22 by PDACs is associated with reduced survival times.
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MESH Headings
- Acinar Cells/immunology
- Acinar Cells/pathology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Cell Plasticity/drug effects
- Cell Plasticity/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/immunology
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Janus Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Janus Kinases/metabolism
- Male
- Metaplasia/immunology
- Metaplasia/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitriles
- Pancreas/cytology
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatitis/immunology
- Pancreatitis/pathology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyridones/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines
- Pyrimidinones/pharmacology
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alexander Girgis
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Jenny Lazarus
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Illona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Andrew Rhim
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lada Koneva
- Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen Sartor
- Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christopher Halbrook
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hari Nathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumor Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Timothy L Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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27
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Ding L, Yang Y, Li H, Wang H, Gao P. Circulating Lymphocyte Subsets Induce Secondary Infection in Acute Pancreatitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:128. [PMID: 32296650 PMCID: PMC7136471 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is considered a cascade of immune responses triggered by acinar cell necrosis. AP involves two main processes of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and subsequent compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome. Although great efforts have been made regarding AP therapy, the mortality rate of AP remains high. Secondary infection acts a lethal factor in AP. Lymphocytes act as major immune mediators in immune responses in the course of this disease. However, the relationship between lymphocytes and secondary infection in AP is unclear. This review summarizes the variation of lymphocytes and infection in AP. Knowledge of the characterization of circulating lymphocyte abnormalities is relevant for understanding the pathophysiology of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ding
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yimin Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pujun Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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28
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Lu J, Liu J, Li L, Lan Y, Liang Y. Cytokines in type 1 diabetes: mechanisms of action and immunotherapeutic targets. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1122. [PMID: 32185024 PMCID: PMC7074462 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play crucial roles in orchestrating complex multicellular interactions between pancreatic β cells and immune cells in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and are thus potential immunotherapeutic targets for this disorder. Cytokines that can induce regulatory functions-for example, IL-10, TGF-β and IL-33-are thought to restore immune tolerance and prevent β-cell damage. By contrast, cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, IL-21 and TNF, which promote the differentiation and function of diabetogenic immune cells, are thought to lead to T1D onset and progression. However, targeting these dysregulated cytokine networks does not always result in consistent effects because anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory functions of cytokines, responsible for β-cell destruction, are context dependent. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the involvement of well-known cytokines in both the initiation and destruction phases of T1D and discuss advances in recently discovered roles of cytokines. Additionally, we emphasise the complexity and implications of cytokine modulation therapy and discuss the ways in which this strategy has been translated into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Lu
- Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Jiyun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Pharmacy Wuhan No.1 Hospital Wuhan China
| | - Yan Lan
- Department of Pharmacy Huangshi Center Hospital Huangshi China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
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29
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Zhou Q, Tao X, Xia S, Guo F, Pan C, Xiang H, Shang D. T Lymphocytes: A Promising Immunotherapeutic Target for Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer? Front Oncol 2020; 10:382. [PMID: 32266154 PMCID: PMC7105736 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic disorders cause a broad spectrum of clinical diseases, mainly including acute and chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and are associated with high global rates of morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of pancreatic disease remains obscure, and there is a lack of specific treatments. T lymphocytes (T cells) play a vital role in the adaptive immune systems of multicellular organisms. During pancreatic disease development, local imbalances in T-cell subsets in inflammatory and tumor environments and the circulation have been observed. Furthermore, agents targeting T cells have been shown to reverse the natural course of pancreatic diseases. In this review, we have discussed the clinical relevance of T-cell alterations as a potential outcome predictor and the underlying mechanisms, as well as the present status of immunotherapy targeting T cells in pancreatitis and neoplasms. The breakthrough findings summarized in this review have important implications for innovative drug development and the prospective use of immunotherapy for pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xufeng Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shilin Xia
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fangyue Guo
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chen Pan
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic-Biliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Xiang
| | - Dong Shang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic-Biliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Dong Shang
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30
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Song G, Liu D, Geng X, Ma Z, Wang Y, Xie W, Qian D, Meng H, Zhou B, Song Z. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate severe acute pancreatitis-induced multiple-organ injury in rats via suppression of autophagy. Exp Cell Res 2019; 385:111674. [PMID: 31678171 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) represent a substantial challenge to medical practitioners due to the high associated rates of morbidity and mortality and a lack of satisfactory therapeutic outcomes. In a previous study, our group demonstrated that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can ameliorate SAP; however, the mechanisms of action remain to be fully understood. BMSCs were intravenously injected into SAP rats 12 h after experimental induction of SAP using sodium taurocholate (NaT). Histopathological changes and the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and ELISA, respectively. Autophagy levels were assessed using qRT-PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. AR42J cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were administered BMSC-conditioned media (BMSC-CM) after NaT treatment, and cell viability was measured using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry. In vivo, BMSCs effectively reduced multiple systematic inflammatory responses, suppressed the activation of autophagy, and improved intestinal dysfunction. In vitro, BMSC-CM significantly improved the viability of injured cells, promoted angiogenesis, and decreased autophagy. We therefore propose that the administration of BMSCs alleviates SAP-induced multiple organ injury by inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Song
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Dalu Liu
- Shanghai Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Xiang Geng
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou NO.2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Zhilong Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Wangcheng Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Daohai Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Hongbo Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhenshun Song
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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31
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Al-Hariri MT, Eldin TG, Hashim T, Chathoth S, Alswied A. Propolis Modulates Inflammatory Mediators and Improves Histopathology in Male Rats with L-arginine-induced Acute Pancreatitis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2019; 19:e103-e107. [PMID: 31538007 PMCID: PMC6736264 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2019.19.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to determine the effects of propolis on immune mediators and tissue histopathology in rats with L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis (AP). Methods This study was conducted at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudia Arabia between September and November 2017. A total of 24 male albino Wistar rats were divided into three equal groups. Group one was the negative control, group two was the positive control (L-arginine-induced AP) and group three received treatment (L-arginineinduced AP and propolis). The rats in group three were treated with 100 mg/kg propolis for seven days after AP induction. Pancreatic tissue was evaluated histologically and levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-22 and IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured. Results Propolis reduced the quanitity of proinflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in group three compared to group two, significantly increased the overall anti-inflammatory effect of IL-22 (P <0.005) and reduced interstitial inflammation and neutrophil cell infiltration of the pancreatic tissues. Conclusion Propolis may exert a therapeutic effect in AP. Further studies are required to demonstrate the mechanisms of propolis in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed T Al-Hariri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tharwat G Eldin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Hashim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahanas Chathoth
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alswied
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Miao B, Qi WJ, Zhang SW, Wang H, Wang C, Hu L, Huang GW, Li SR, Wang H. miR-148a suppresses autophagy by down-regulation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2019; 19:557-565. [PMID: 31122822 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a type of sterile inflammation of the pancreas, potentially leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome or multiple organ failure. An emerging evidence that dysfunction of miRNA expression may alter pivotal physiological functions and lead to inflammation infiltration and complication of multiple diseases, including AP. Here, the AP model was successfully replicated using cerulein in vitro and in vivo. RT-qPCR was used to detect low expression of miR-148a in AP. This study verified that IL-6 was a direct target of miR-148a. Over-expression of miR-148a decreased the mRNA and protein levels of IL-6 by RT-qPCR and Elisa. Moreover, over-expression of miR-148a improved the pathological state of AP through H&E and MPO staining and transmission electron microscopy. After over-expressing miR-148a, Western blot and immunohistochemical method were used to confirm the reduction of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, blockade of the levels of p-STAT3, LC3-II, ATG7, ATG4c, Beclin1 and the increased p62 expression in AP. The expression of LAMP-2 was not significantly different. In addition, IL-6 and AG490, the IL-6/STAT3 signaling inhibitor, were used to verify the role of IL-6/STAT3 signaling in the regulation of miR-148a on autophagy in cerulein-induced AP in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings indicate that miR-148a suppresses autophagy via regulating IL-6/STAT3 signaling in cerulein-induced AP in vitro and in vivo. The miR-148a appears to be a promising candidate for the gene therapy of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Miao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Wen-Jie Qi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100010, China.
| | - Shu-Wen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Lan Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Guang-Wei Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Shi-Rong Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100010, China
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Saluja A, Dudeja V, Dawra R, Sah RP. Early Intra-Acinar Events in Pathogenesis of Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1979-1993. [PMID: 30776339 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Premature activation of digestive enzymes in the pancreas has been linked to development of pancreatitis for more than a century. Recent development of novel models to study the role of pathologic enzyme activation has led to advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of pancreatic injury. Colocalization of zymogen and lysosomal fraction occurs early after pancreatitis-causing stimulus. Cathepsin B activates trypsinogen in these colocalized organelles. Active trypsin increases permeability of these organelles resulting in leakage of cathepsin B into the cytosol leading to acinar cell death. Although trypsin-mediated cell death leads to pancreatic injury in early stages of pancreatitis, multiple parallel mechanisms, including activation of inflammatory cascades, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the acinar cells are now recognized to be important in driving the profound systemic inflammatory response and extensive pancreatic injury seen in acute pancreatitis. Chymotrypsin, another acinar protease, has recently been shown be play critical role in clearance of pathologically activated trypsin protecting against pancreatic injury. Mutations in trypsin and other genes thought to be associated with pathologic enzyme activation (such as serine protease inhibitor 1) have been found in familial forms of pancreatitis. Sustained intra-acinar activation of nuclear factor κB pathway seems to be key pathogenic mechanism in chronic pancreatitis. Better understanding of these mechanisms will hopefully allow us to improve treatment strategies in acute and chronic pancreatitis.
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Ouyang W, O'Garra A. IL-10 Family Cytokines IL-10 and IL-22: from Basic Science to Clinical Translation. Immunity 2019; 50:871-891. [PMID: 30995504 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are among the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune system. They profoundly participate in immune responses during infection and inflammation, protecting against or contributing to diseases such as allergy, autoimmunity, and cancer. Manipulating cytokine pathways, therefore, is one of the most effective strategies to treat various diseases. IL-10 family cytokines exert essential functions to maintain tissue homeostasis during infection and inflammation through restriction of excessive inflammatory responses, upregulation of innate immunity, and promotion of tissue repairing mechanisms. Their important functions in diseases are supported by data from many preclinical models, human genetic studies, and clinical interventions. Despite significant efforts, however, there is still no clinically approved therapy through manipulating IL-10 family cytokines. Here, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the biology of this family of cytokines, suggesting more specific strategies to maneuver these cytokines for the effective treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology Research, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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Wang X, Wong K, Ouyang W, Rutz S. Targeting IL-10 Family Cytokines for the Treatment of Human Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a028548. [PMID: 29038121 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the interleukin (IL)-10 family of cytokines play important roles in regulating immune responses during host defense but also in autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Although IL-10 itself primarily acts on leukocytes and has potent immunosuppressive functions, other family members preferentially target nonimmune compartments, such as tissue epithelial cells, where they elicit innate defense mechanisms to control viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, protect tissue integrity, and promote tissue repair and regeneration. As cytokines are prime drug targets, IL-10 family cytokines provide great opportunities for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, tissue damage, and cancer. Yet no therapy in this space has been approved to date. Here, we summarize the diverse biology of the IL-10 family as it relates to human disease and review past and current strategies and challenges to target IL-10 family cytokines for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kit Wong
- Department of Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Sascha Rutz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
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Rothenberg ME, Wang Y, Lekkerkerker A, Danilenko DM, Maciuca R, Erickson R, Herman A, Stefanich E, Lu TT. Randomized Phase I Healthy Volunteer Study of UTTR1147A (IL-22Fc): A Potential Therapy for Epithelial Injury. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 105:177-189. [PMID: 29952004 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Most treatments for epithelial injury target hematopoietic mechanisms, possibly causing immunosuppression. Interleukin (IL)-22 promotes tissue regeneration, acting directly on epithelial cells. UTTR1147A, a human IL-22Fc (immunoglobulin G (IgG)4) fusion protein, activates IL-22 signaling. This phase I placebo-controlled trial of single, ascending, i.v. (1-120 μg/kg) and s.c (3-120 μg/kg) doses of UTTR1147A analyzed its effects on safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic biomarkers in healthy volunteers. Most adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate. The maximum tolerated i.v. dose in healthy volunteers was 90 μg/kg. Predominant AEs were dose-dependent reversible skin effects consistent with IL-22 pharmacology. UTTR1147A exposure increased approximately dose-proportionally, with a half-life of ~1 week. IL-22 biomarkers (regenerating islet protein 3A (REG3A), serum amyloid A (SAA), and C-reactive protein (CRP)) increased dose-dependently. Neither inflammatory symptoms and signs nor cytokines increased with CRP elevations. UTTR1147A demonstrated acceptable safety, pharmacokinetics, and IL-22R engagement, supporting further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yehong Wang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California,, USA
| | | | | | - Romeo Maciuca
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California,, USA
| | - Rich Erickson
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California,, USA
| | - Ann Herman
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California,, USA
| | | | - Timothy T Lu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California,, USA
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Abstract
Autophagy is one of the key degradation systems in organisms. Starvation and nutrient deprivation induce autophagy activation, providing energy and anabolic substances to maintain energy homeostasis. A variety of signals participate in the induction of autophagy, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and activation of immune signals. Autophagy is closely related to immunity and inflammation. Autophagy-related gene mutations increase the risk of infectious diseases and malignancies. Autophagy can be regarded as an effector of the immune system to eliminate invading pathogens and is also involved in the immune system recognizing the invasion of pathogens. Autophagy plays important roles in regulating innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In terms of innate immunity, autophagy not only participates in the clearance of pathogens and cell debris after apoptosis but also plays a protective role against toxins, regulates cytokine production, and activates the inflammasome. In the adaptive immune response, autophagy plays an important regulatory role in thymic selection, T cell maturation, T cell polarization, T cell and B cell homeostasis, antigen processing, antigen presentation, and antibody response. On the other hand, autophagy is regulated by immunological and stress signals. The crosstalk between these signaling pathways helps maintain homeostasis and physiological functions. Dysfunction of these regulatory networks is the cause of several kinds of diseases.
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Li CX, Cui LH, Zhuo YZ, Hu JG, Cui NQ, Zhang SK. Inhibiting autophagy promotes collagen degradation by regulating matrix metalloproteinases in pancreatic stellate cells. Life Sci 2018; 208:276-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yin S, Feng D. WITHDRAWN: IL-22 in liver inflammation, injury and repair. LIVER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Klauss S, Schorn S, Teller S, Steenfadt H, Friess H, Ceyhan GO, Demir IE. Genetically induced vs. classical animal models of chronic pancreatitis: a critical comparison. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800241RR. [PMID: 29863911 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800241rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an utmost complex disease that is pathogenetically linked to pancreas-intrinsic ( e.g., duct obstruction), environmental-toxic ( e.g., alcohol, smoking), and genetic factors. Studying such a complex disease naturally requires validated experimental models. In the past 2 decades, the various animal models of CP usually addressed either the pancreas-intrinsic ( e.g., the caerulein model), the environmental-toxic ( e.g., diet-induced models), or the genetic component of CP. As such, these models were far from mirroring CP in its full spectrum, and the correct choice of models was vital for valid scientific conclusions on CP. The quest for mechanistic, genetic models gave rise to models based on gene modification and transgene insertion, such as the PRSS1 and the IL-1β/IL-1β models. Recently, we witnessed the development of highly exciting models that rely on the importance of autophagy in CP, that is, the murine pancreas-specific Atg5 and LAMP2 knockout models. Today, critical comparison of these several models is more important than ever for guiding research on CP in an efficient direction. The present review outlines the characteristics of the new genetic models in comparison with the well-known classic models for CP, notes the caveats in the choice of models, and also indicates novel directions for model development.-Klauss, S., Schorn, S., Teller, S., Steenfadt, H., Friess, H., Ceyhan, G. O., Demir, I. K. Genetically induced vs. classical animal models of chronic pancreatitis: a critical comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Klauss
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Schorn
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Teller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik Steenfadt
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Alabbas SY, Begun J, Florin TH, Oancea I. The role of IL-22 in the resolution of sterile and nonsterile inflammation. Clin Transl Immunology 2018; 7:e1017. [PMID: 29713472 PMCID: PMC5905349 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In a broad sense, inflammation can be conveniently characterised by two phases: the first phase, which is a pro-inflammatory, has evolved to clear infection and/or injured tissue; and the second phase concerns regeneration of normal tissue and restitution of normal physiology. Innate immune cell-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines activate and recruit nonresident immune cells to the site of infection, thereby amplifying the inflammatory responses to clear infection or injury. This phase is followed by a cytokine milieu that promotes tissue regeneration. There is no absolute temporal distinction between these two phases, and cytokines may have dual pleiotropic effects depending on the timing of release, inflammatory microenvironment or concentrations. IL-22 is a cytokine with reported pro- and anti-inflammatory roles; in this review, we contend that this protein has primarily a function in restitution of normal tissue and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Y Alabbas
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Jakob Begun
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Timothy H Florin
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Iulia Oancea
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
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Xuan X, Tian Z, Zhang M, Zhou J, Gao W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Lei B, Ni B, Wu Y, Fan W. Diverse effects of interleukin-22 on pancreatic diseases. Pancreatology 2018; 18:231-237. [PMID: 29502986 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is involved in the development of lymphocytes and serves as a rapid and early source of the effector cytokines that are released in response to pathogen-induced changes in the microenvironment. Recent research has implicated IL-22 as a potential contributing factor to the spectrum of inflammation-related pancreatic diseases, particularly pancreatitis, fibrosis, carcinoma and diabetes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the roles of IL-22 in the various pancreatic pathogenesis, providing insights into the underlying cellular and signaling mechanisms that will help guide future research into promising interventional targets with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Xuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030200, China
| | - Zhiqiang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weiwu Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, 105th Hospital of PLA, Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030200, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Weiping Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030200, China.
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Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Algül H, Habtezion A. Autophagy, Inflammation, and Immune Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1212-1226. [PMID: 28918190 PMCID: PMC6338477 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a common disorder with significant morbidity and mortality, yet little is known about its pathogenesis, and there is no specific or effective treatment. Its development involves dysregulated autophagy and unresolved inflammation, demonstrated by studies in genetic and experimental mouse models. Disease severity depends on whether the inflammatory response resolves or amplifies, leading to multi-organ failure. Dysregulated autophagy might promote the inflammatory response in the pancreas. We discuss the roles of autophagy and inflammation in pancreatitis, mechanisms of deregulation, and connections among disordered pathways. We identify gaps in our knowledge and delineate perspective directions for research. Elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms could lead to new targets for treating or reducing the severity of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hana Algül
- II Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Yin S, Feng D. Interleukin-22 in the pathogenesis and potential treatment of liver diseases. LIVER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Interferon-γ Aggravated L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Sprague-Dawley Rats and Its Possible Mechanism: Trypsinogen Activation and Autophagy Up-regulation. Pancreas 2017; 46:619-625. [PMID: 28375949 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been confirmed that the initiation of acute pancreatitis (AP) involves intracellular trypsinogen activation and local cytokines release during its early stage. The former is related to autophagic disorder, and the latter is resulting from nuclear factor-κB activation. Although great efforts have been exerted, there is still nonspecific treatment currently. Recent data showed that immunomodulatory therapy is always promising. However, the effects of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) on AP are controversial. This study is designed to elucidate the effects of IFN-γ on AP severity and explore its impacts on the major mechanisms of AP. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish AP model by intraperitoneal injection of 20% L-arginine (4 g/kg) twice with an interval of 1 hour. The effects of IFN-γ on the severity of AP, trypsinogen activation peptide, and tumor necrosis factor α, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 levels, and autophagy activity were detected. RESULTS Compared with AP rats without IFN-γ administration, AP rats with IFN-γ administration had more severe pathological changes in pancreata, greater levels of trypsinogen activation concomitant with autophagy up-regulation, and higher levels of cytokine release. CONCLUSIONS Interferon-γ aggravated L-arginine-induced AP in Sprague-Dawley rats and led to intracellular trypsinogen activation and inflammatory response. The former may be related to autophagy up-regulation.
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Acanthopanax versus 3-Methyladenine Ameliorates Sodium Taurocholate-Induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis by Inhibiting the Autophagic Pathway in Rats. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8369704. [PMID: 28115794 PMCID: PMC5225378 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8369704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To observe the therapeutic effects of Acanthopanax and 3-methyladenine against severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods. Sodium taurocholate-induced SAP rats were equally randomized into a SAP group, an Acanthopanax group, and a 3-methyladenine group. Serum amylase levels were determined by ELISA; protein and mRNA expression levels of nucleus nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, light chain 3II (LC3-II), and Beclin-1 and mRNA expression levels of Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K-III) in pancreas tissue were detected by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively; mortality and pathological change of the pancreas were observed at 3, 12, and 24 h after operation. Results. There was no significant difference in mortality between SAP group and both treatment groups (P > 0.05). Serum amylase levels, protein, and mRNA expression levels of nucleus NF-κB p65, LC3-II, and Beclin-1 protein, mRNA expression levels of PI3K-III, and pathological score of the pancreas in both treatment groups were significantly lower than those in SAP group at 12 and 24 h after operation (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The number of autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes of pancreatic acinar cells in both treatment groups was smaller than that in SAP group at 12 and 24 h. Conclusions. Acanthopanax and 3-methyladenine had similar therapeutic effects against SAP in rats. The mechanism may be through inhibiting abnormal autophagy activation of pancreatic acinar cells.
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Xue J, Zhao Q, Sharma V, Nguyen LP, Lee YN, Pham KL, Edderkaoui M, Pandol SJ, Park W, Habtezion A. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands in Cigarette Smoke Induce Production of Interleukin-22 to Promote Pancreatic Fibrosis in Models of Chronic Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:1206-1217. [PMID: 27769811 PMCID: PMC5499510 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cigarette smoke has been identified as an independent risk factor for chronic pancreatitis (CP). Little is known about the mechanisms by which smoking promotes development of CP. We assessed the effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands found in cigarette smoke on immune cell activation in humans and pancreatic fibrosis in animal models of CP. METHODS We obtained serum samples from patients with CP treated at Stanford University hospital and healthy individuals (controls) and isolated CD4+ T cells. Levels of interleukin-22 (IL22) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and smoking histories were collected. T cells from healthy nonsmokers and smokers were stimulated and incubated with AhR agonists (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or benzo[a]pyrene) or antagonists and analyzed by flow cytometry. Mice were given intraperitoneal injections of caerulein or saline, with or without lipopolysaccharide, to induce CP. Some mice were given intraperitoneal injections of AhR agonists at the start of caerulein injection, with or without an antibody against IL22 (anti-IL22) starting 2 weeks after the first caerulein injection, or recombinant mouse IL22 or vehicle (control) intraperitoneally 4 weeks after the first caerulein injection. Mice were exposed to normal air or cigarette smoke for 6 h/d for 7 weeks and expression of AhR gene targets was measured. Pancreata were collected from all mice and analyzed by histology and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Pancreatic stellate cells and T cells were isolated and studied using immunoblot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent analyses. RESULTS Mice given AhR agonists developed more severe pancreatic fibrosis (based on decreased pancreas size, histology, and increased expression of fibrosis-associated genes) than mice not given agonists after caerulein injection. In mice given saline instead of caerulein, AhR ligands did not induce fibrosis. Pancreatic T cells from mice given AhR agonists and caerulein were activated and expressed IL22, but not IL17 or interferon gamma. Human T cells exposed to AhR agonists up-regulated expression of IL22. In mice given anti-IL22, pancreatic fibrosis did not progress, whereas mice given recombinant IL22 had a smaller pancreas and increased fibrosis. Pancreatic stellate cells isolated from mouse and human pancreata expressed the IL22 receptor IL22RA1. Incubation of the pancreatic stellate cells with IL22 induced their expression of the extracellular matrix genes fibronectin 1 and collagen type I α1 chain, but not α2 smooth muscle actin or transforming growth factor-β. Serum samples from smokers had significantly higher levels of IL22 than those from nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS AhR ligands found in cigarette smoke increase the severity of pancreatic fibrosis in mouse models of pancreatitis via up-regulation of IL22. This pathway might be targeted for treatment of CP and serve as a biomarker of disease.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Benzo(a)pyrene/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Ceruletide
- Collagen Type I/genetics
- Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreatic Stellate Cells/chemistry
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/chemically induced
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/immunology
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/metabolism
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/pathology
- Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/pharmacology
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/agonists
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/analysis
- Smoke
- Smoking/immunology
- Tobacco Products
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Qinglan Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Linh P Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yvonne N Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kim L Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs, Los Angeles, California
| | - Walter Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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48
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Gong F, Wu J, Zhou P, Zhang M, Liu J, Liu Y, Lu X, Liu Z. Interleukin-22 Might Act as a Double-Edged Sword in Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8254797. [PMID: 27829708 PMCID: PMC5088317 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8254797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are both characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. The role of Th17 and its related cytokines in T2DM and CAD is unclear. Here we investigated the serum levels of five Th17-related cytokines (IL-17, IL-22, MIP-3α, IL-9, and IL-27) in T2DM, CAD, and T2DM-CAD comorbidity patients. IL-22 was found to be elevated in all three conditions. Elevated serum IL-22 was independently associated with the incidence of T2DM and CAD. Conversely, IL-22 was found to protect endothelial cells from glucose- and lysophosphatidylcholine- (LPC-) induced injury, and IL-22R1 expression on endothelial cells was increased upon treatment with high glucose and LPC. Blocking of IL-22R1 with IL-22R1 antibody diminished the protective role of IL-22. Our results suggest that IL-22 functions as a double-edged sword in T2DM and CAD and that IL-22 may be used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as T2DM and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangchen Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jingning Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhengxia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
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49
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Ji L, Li L, Qu F, Zhang G, Wang Y, Bai X, Pan S, Xue D, Wang G, Sun B. Hydrogen sulphide exacerbates acute pancreatitis by over-activating autophagy via AMPK/mTOR pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:2349-2361. [PMID: 27419805 PMCID: PMC5134374 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) might be pro-inflammatory during acute pancreatitis (AP) through inhibiting apoptosis and subsequently favouring a predominance of necrosis over apoptosis. In this study, we sought to investigate the detrimental effects of H2 S during AP specifically with regard to its regulation on the impaired autophagy. The incubated levels of H2 S were artificially intervened by an administration of sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) or DL-propargylglycine (PAG) after AP induction. Accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and pre-mature activation of trypsinogen within acini, which indicate the impairment of autophagy during AP, were both exacerbated by treatment with NaHS but attenuated by treatment with PAG. The regulation that H2 S exerted on the impaired autophagy during AP was further attributed to over-activation of autophagy rather than hampered autophagosome-lysosome fusion. To elucidate the molecular mechanism that underlies H2 S-mediated over-activation of autophagy during AP, we evaluated phosphorylations of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Furthermore, Compound C (CC) was introduced to determine the involvement of mTOR signalling by evaluating phosphorylations of downstream effecters including p70 S6 kinase (P70S6k) and UNC-51-Like kinase 1 (ULK1). Our findings suggested that H2 S exacerbated taurocholate-induced AP by over-activating autophagy via activation of AMPK and subsequently, inhibition of mTOR. Thus, an active suppression of H2 S to restore over-activated autophagy might be a promising therapeutic approach against AP-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ji
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengzhi Qu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangquan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongwei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuewei Bai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shangha Pan
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongbo Xue
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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50
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Qiao YY, Liu XQ, Xu CQ, Zhang Z, Xu HW. Interleukin-22 ameliorates acute severe pancreatitis-associated lung injury in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5023-32. [PMID: 27275094 PMCID: PMC4886377 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i21.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the potential protective effect of exogenous recombinant interleukin-22 (rIL-22) on L-arginine-induced acute severe pancreatitis (SAP)-associated lung injury and the possible signaling pathway involved. METHODS Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with L-arginine to induce SAP. Recombinant mouse IL-22 was then administered subcutaneously to mice. Serum amylase levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lung tissue were measured after the L-arginine administration. Histopathology of the pancreas and lung was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Expression of B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-xL and IL-22RA1 mRNAs in the lung tissue was detected by real-time PCR. Expression and phosphorylation of STAT3 were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Serum amylase levels and MPO activity in the lung tissue in the SAP group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the animals in the SAP group showed significant pancreatic and lung injuries. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNAs in the SAP group was decreased markedly, while the IL-22RA1 mRNA expression was increased significantly relative to the normal control group (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with PBS did not significantly affect the serum amylase levels, MPO activity or expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL or IL-22RA1 mRNA (P > 0.05). Moreover, no significant differences in the degrees of pancreatic and lung injuries were observed between the PBS and SAP groups. However, the serum amylase levels and lung tissue MPO activity in the rIL-22 group were significantly lower than those in the SAP group (P < 0.05), and the injuries in the pancreas and lung were also improved. Compared with the PBS group, rIL-22 stimulated the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and IL-22RA1 mRNAs in the lung (P < 0.05). In addition, the ratio of p-STAT3 to STAT3 protein in the rIL-22 group was significantly higher than that in the PBS group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Exogenous recombinant IL-22 protects mice against L-arginine-induced SAP-associated lung injury by enhancing the expression of anti-apoptosis genes through the STAT3 signaling pathway.
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