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Runyon K, Bui T, Mazanek S, Hartle A, Marschalko K, Howe WM. Distinct cholinergic circuits underlie discrete effects of reward on attention. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1429316. [PMID: 39268248 PMCID: PMC11390659 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1429316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention and reward are functions that are critical for the control of behavior, and massive multi-region neural systems have evolved to support the discrete computations associated with each. Previous research has also identified that attention and reward interact, though our understanding of the neural mechanisms that mediate this interplay is incomplete. Here, we review the basic neuroanatomy of attention, reward, and cholinergic systems. We then examine specific contexts in which attention and reward computations interact. Building on this work, we propose two discrete neural circuits whereby acetylcholine, released from cell groups located in different parts of the brain, mediates the impact of stimulus-reward associations as well as motivation on attentional control. We conclude by examining these circuits as a potential shared loci of dysfunction across diseases states associated with deficits in attention and reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Runyon
- School of Neuroscience at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Tung Bui
- School of Neuroscience at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Mazanek
- School of Neuroscience at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Alec Hartle
- School of Neuroscience at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Katie Marschalko
- School of Neuroscience at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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2
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Campbell PW, Govindaiah G, Guido W. Development of reciprocal connections between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the thalamic reticular nucleus. Neural Dev 2024; 19:6. [PMID: 38890758 PMCID: PMC11184795 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-024-00183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) serves as an important node between the thalamus and neocortex, regulating thalamocortical rhythms and sensory processing in a state dependent manner. Disruptions in TRN circuitry also figures prominently in several neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy, autism, and attentional defects. An understanding of how and when connections between TRN and 1st order thalamic nuclei, such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), develop is lacking. We used the mouse visual thalamus as a model system to study the organization, pattern of innervation and functional responses between TRN and the dLGN. Genetically modified mouse lines were used to visualize and target the feedforward and feedback components of these intra-thalamic circuits and to understand how peripheral input from the retina impacts their development.Retrograde tracing of thalamocortical (TC) afferents through TRN revealed that the modality-specific organization seen in the adult, is present at perinatal ages and seems impervious to the loss of peripheral input. To examine the formation and functional maturation of intrathalamic circuits between the visual sector of TRN and dLGN, we examined when projections from each nuclei arrive, and used an acute thalamic slice preparation along with optogenetic stimulation to assess the maturation of functional synaptic responses. Although thalamocortical projections passed through TRN at birth, feedforward axon collaterals determined by vGluT2 labeling, emerged during the second postnatal week, increasing in density through the third week. Optogenetic stimulation of TC axon collaterals in TRN showed infrequent, weak excitatory responses near the end of week 1. During weeks 2-4, responses became more prevalent, grew larger in amplitude and exhibited synaptic depression during repetitive stimulation. Feedback projections from visual TRN to dLGN began to innervate dLGN as early as postnatal day 2 with weak inhibitory responses emerging during week 1. During week 2-4, inhibitory responses continued to grow larger, showing synaptic depression during repetitive stimulation. During this time TRN inhibition started to suppress TC spiking, having its greatest impact by week 4-6. Using a mutant mouse that lacks retinofugal projections revealed that the absence of retinal input led to an acceleration of TRN innervation of dLGN but had little impact on the development of feedforward projections from dLGN to TRN. Together, these experiments reveal how and when intrathalamic connections emerge during early postnatal ages and provide foundational knowledge to understand the development of thalamocortical network dynamics as well as neurodevelopmental diseases that involve TRN circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Campbell
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neurosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Gubbi Govindaiah
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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3
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Ryczko D. The Mesencephalic Locomotor Region: Multiple Cell Types, Multiple Behavioral Roles, and Multiple Implications for Disease. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:347-366. [PMID: 36575956 PMCID: PMC11107129 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221139136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) controls locomotion in vertebrates. In humans with Parkinson disease, locomotor deficits are increasingly associated with decreased activity in the MLR. This brainstem region, commonly considered to include the cuneiform and pedunculopontine nuclei, has been explored as a target for deep brain stimulation to improve locomotor function, but the results are variable, from modest to promising. However, the MLR is a heterogeneous structure, and identification of the best cell type to target is only beginning. Here, I review the studies that uncovered the role of genetically defined MLR cell types, and I highlight the cells whose activation improves locomotor function in animal models of Parkinson disease. The promising cell types to activate comprise some glutamatergic neurons in the cuneiform and caudal pedunculopontine nuclei, as well as some cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus. Activation of MLR GABAergic neurons should be avoided, since they stop locomotion or evoke bouts flanked with numerous stops. MLR is also considered a potential target in spinal cord injury, supranuclear palsy, primary progressive freezing of gait, or stroke. Better targeting of the MLR cell types should be achieved through optimized deep brain stimulation protocols, pharmacotherapy, or the development of optogenetics for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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4
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Wegman E, Wosiski-Kuhn M, Luo Y. The dual role of striatal interneurons: circuit modulation and trophic support for the basal ganglia. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1277-1283. [PMID: 37905876 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Striatal interneurons play a key role in modulating striatal-dependent behaviors, including motor activity and reward and emotional processing. Interneurons not only provide modulation to the basal ganglia circuitry under homeostasis but are also involved in changes to plasticity and adaptation during disease conditions such as Parkinson's or Huntington's disease. This review aims to summarize recent findings regarding the role of striatal cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons in providing circuit modulation to the basal ganglia in both homeostatic and disease conditions. In addition to direct circuit modulation, striatal interneurons have also been shown to provide trophic support to maintain neuron populations in adulthood. We discuss this interesting and novel role of striatal interneurons, with a focus on the maintenance of adult dopaminergic neurons from interneuron-derived sonic-hedgehog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Wegman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marlena Wosiski-Kuhn
- Department of Emergency Medicine at the School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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5
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Juárez Tello A, van der Zouwen CI, Dejas L, Duque-Yate J, Boutin J, Medina-Ortiz K, Suresh JS, Swiegers J, Sarret P, Ryczko D. Dopamine-sensitive neurons in the mesencephalic locomotor region control locomotion initiation, stop, and turns. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114187. [PMID: 38722743 PMCID: PMC11157412 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The locomotor role of dopaminergic neurons is traditionally attributed to their ascending projections to the basal ganglia, which project to the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). In addition, descending dopaminergic projections to the MLR are present from basal vertebrates to mammals. However, the neurons targeted in the MLR and their behavioral role are unknown in mammals. Here, we identify genetically defined MLR cells that express D1 or D2 receptors and control different motor behaviors in mice. In the cuneiform nucleus, D1-expressing neurons promote locomotion, while D2-expressing neurons stop locomotion. In the pedunculopontine nucleus, D1-expressing neurons promote locomotion, while D2-expressing neurons evoke ipsilateral turns. Using RNAscope, we show that MLR dopamine-sensitive neurons comprise a combination of glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic neurons, suggesting that different neurotransmitter-based cell types work together to control distinct behavioral modules. Altogether, our study uncovers behaviorally relevant cell types in the mammalian MLR based on the expression of dopaminergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Juárez Tello
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Cornelis Immanuel van der Zouwen
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Léonie Dejas
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Juan Duque-Yate
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Joël Boutin
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Medina-Ortiz
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jacinthlyn Sylvia Suresh
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jordan Swiegers
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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6
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Yonk AJ, Linares-García I, Pasternak L, Juliani SE, Gradwell MA, George AJ, Margolis DJ. Role of Posterior Medial Thalamus in the Modulation of Striatal Circuitry and Choice Behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.21.586152. [PMID: 38585753 PMCID: PMC10996534 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The posterior medial (POm) thalamus is heavily interconnected with sensory and motor circuitry and is likely involved in behavioral modulation and sensorimotor integration. POm provides axonal projections to the dorsal striatum, a hotspot of sensorimotor processing, yet the role of POm-striatal projections has remained undetermined. Using optogenetics with slice electrophysiology, we found that POm provides robust synaptic input to direct and indirect pathway striatal spiny projection neurons (D1- and D2-SPNs, respectively) and parvalbumin-expressing fast spiking interneurons (PVs). During the performance of a whisker-based tactile discrimination task, POm-striatal projections displayed learning-related activation correlating with anticipatory, but not reward-related, pupil dilation. Inhibition of POm-striatal axons across learning caused slower reaction times and an increase in the number of training sessions for expert performance. Our data indicate that POm-striatal inputs provide a behaviorally relevant arousal-related signal, which may prime striatal circuitry for efficient integration of subsequent choice-related inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Yonk
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ivan Linares-García
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Logan Pasternak
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sofia E. Juliani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mark A. Gradwell
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Arlene J. George
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - David J. Margolis
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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7
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Klocke B, Britzolaki A, Saurine J, Ott H, Krone K, Bahamonde K, Thelen C, Tzimas C, Sanoudou D, Kranias EG, Pitychoutis PM. A novel role for phospholamban in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6376. [PMID: 38493225 PMCID: PMC10944534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a brain region that influences vital neurobehavioral processes, including executive functioning and the generation of sleep rhythms. TRN dysfunction underlies hyperactivity, attention deficits, and sleep disturbances observed across various neurodevelopmental disorders. A specialized sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium (Ca2+) ATPase 2 (SERCA2)-dependent Ca2+ signaling network operates in the dendrites of TRN neurons to regulate their bursting activity. Phospholamban (PLN) is a prominent regulator of SERCA2 with an established role in myocardial Ca2+-cycling. Our findings suggest that the role of PLN extends beyond the cardiovascular system to impact brain function. Specifically, we found PLN to be expressed in TRN neurons of the adult mouse brain, and utilized global constitutive and innovative conditional genetic knockout mouse models in concert with electroencephalography (EEG)-based somnography and the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) to investigate the role of PLN in sleep and executive functioning, two complex behaviors that map onto thalamic reticular circuits. The results of the present study indicate that perturbed PLN function in the TRN results in aberrant TRN-dependent phenotypes in mice (i.e., hyperactivity, impulsivity and sleep deficits) and support a novel role for PLN as a critical regulator of SERCA2 in the TRN neurocircuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Klocke
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469-2320, USA
| | - Aikaterini Britzolaki
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469-2320, USA
| | - Joseph Saurine
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469-2320, USA
| | - Hayden Ott
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469-2320, USA
| | - Kylie Krone
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469-2320, USA
| | - Kiara Bahamonde
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469-2320, USA
| | - Connor Thelen
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469-2320, USA
| | - Christos Tzimas
- Molecular Biology Department, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Molecular Biology Department, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, Medical School, "Attikon" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia G Kranias
- Molecular Biology Department, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Pothitos M Pitychoutis
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469-2320, USA.
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8
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Li J, Li Z, Wang X, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang X, Li Y, Qin L. The Thalamocortical Mechanism Underlying the Generation and Regulation of the Auditory Steady-State Responses in Awake Mice. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1166232023. [PMID: 37945348 PMCID: PMC10851679 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1166-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The auditory steady-state response (ASSR) is a cortical oscillation induced by trains of 40 Hz acoustic stimuli. While the ASSR has been widely used in clinic measurement, the underlying neural mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the contribution of different stages of auditory thalamocortical pathway-medial geniculate body (MGB), thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), and auditory cortex (AC)-to the generation and regulation of 40 Hz ASSR in C57BL/6 mice of both sexes. We found that the neural response synchronizing to 40 Hz sound stimuli was most prominent in the GABAergic neurons in the granular layer of AC and the ventral division of MGB (MGBv), which were regulated by optogenetic manipulation of TRN neurons. Behavioral experiments confirmed that disrupting TRN activity has a detrimental effect on the ability of mice to discriminate 40 Hz sounds. These findings revealed a thalamocortical mechanism helpful to interpret the results of clinical ASSR examinations.Significance Statement Our study contributes to clarifying the thalamocortical mechanisms underlying the generation and regulation of the auditory steady-state response (ASSR), which is commonly used in both clinical and neuroscience research to assess the integrity of auditory function. Combining a series of electrophysiological and optogenetic experiments, we demonstrate that the generation of cortical ASSR is dependent on the lemniscal thalamocortical projections originating from the ventral division of medial geniculate body to the GABAergic interneurons in the granule layer of the auditory cortex. Furthermore, the thalamocortical process for ASSR is strictly regulated by the activity of thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) neurons. Behavioral experiments confirmed that dysfunction of TRN would cause a disruption of mice's behavioral performance in the auditory discrimination task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Li
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Li
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueru Wang
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingna Li
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
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9
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Morgenstern NA, Esposito MS. The Basal Ganglia and Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Connectivity Matrix. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1454-1472. [PMID: 37559244 PMCID: PMC11097982 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230809112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although classically considered a relay station for basal ganglia (BG) output, the anatomy, connectivity, and function of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) were redefined during the last two decades. In striking opposition to what was initially thought, MLR and BG are actually reciprocally and intimately interconnected. New viral-based, optogenetic, and mapping technologies revealed that cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons coexist in this structure, which, in addition to extending descending projections, send long-range ascending fibers to the BG. These MLR projections to the BG convey motor and non-motor information to specific synaptic targets throughout different nuclei. Moreover, MLR efferent fibers originate from precise neuronal subpopulations located in particular MLR subregions, defining independent anatomo-functional subcircuits involved in particular aspects of animal behavior such as fast locomotion, explorative locomotion, posture, forelimb- related movements, speed, reinforcement, among others. In this review, we revised the literature produced during the last decade linking MLR and BG. We conclude that the classic framework considering the MLR as a homogeneous output structure passively receiving input from the BG needs to be revisited. We propose instead that the multiple subcircuits embedded in this region should be taken as independent entities that convey relevant and specific ascending information to the BG and, thus, actively participate in the execution and tuning of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás A. Morgenstern
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Instituto De Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria S. Esposito
- Department of Medical Physics, Centro Atomico Bariloche, CNEA, CONICET, Av. Bustillo 9500, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
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10
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Zhang YF, Reynolds JN. The Integration of Top-down and Bottom-up Inputs to the Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1566-1575. [PMID: 38420787 PMCID: PMC11097987 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231115151403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are important for learning and memory. They exhibit a multiphasic excitation-pause-rebound response to reward or sensory cues indicating a reward, believed to gate dopamine-dependent learning. Although ChIs receive extensive top-down inputs from the cortex and bottom-up inputs from the thalamus and midbrain, it is unclear which inputs are involved in the development of ChI multiphasic activity. METHODS We used a single-unit recording of putative ChIs (pChIs) in response to cortical and visual stimulation to investigate how top-down and bottom-up inputs regulate the firing pattern of ChIs. RESULTS We demonstrated that cortical stimulation strongly regulates pChIs, with the maximum firing rate occurring at the peak of the inverted local field potential (iLFP), reflecting maximum cortical stimulation. Pauses in pChIs occurred during the descending phase of iLFP, indicating withdrawal of excitatory cortical input. Visual stimulation induced long pauses in pChIs, but it is unlikely that bottom- up inputs alone induce pauses in behaving animals. Also, the firing pattern of ChIs triggered by visual stimulation did not correlate with the iLFP as it did after cortical stimulation. Top-down and bottom-up inputs independently regulate the firing pattern of ChIs with similar efficacy but notably produce a well-defined pause in ChI firing. CONCLUSION This study provides in vivo evidence that the multiphasic ChI response may require both top-down and bottom-up inputs. The findings suggest that the firing pattern of ChIs correlated to the iLFP might be a useful tool for estimating the degree of contribution of top-down and bottom-up inputs in regulating the firing activity of ChIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4PS, United Kingdom
| | - John N.J. Reynolds
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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11
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Fang LZ, Creed MC. Updating the striatal-pallidal wiring diagram. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:15-27. [PMID: 38057614 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The striatal and pallidal complexes are basal ganglia structures that orchestrate learning and execution of flexible behavior. Models of how the basal ganglia subserve these functions have evolved considerably, and the advent of optogenetic and molecular tools has shed light on the heterogeneity of subcircuits within these pathways. However, a synthesis of how molecularly diverse neurons integrate into existing models of basal ganglia function is lacking. Here, we provide an overview of the neurochemical and molecular diversity of striatal and pallidal neurons and synthesize recent circuit connectivity studies in rodents that takes this diversity into account. We also highlight anatomical organizational principles that distinguish the dorsal and ventral basal ganglia pathways in rodents. Future work integrating the molecular and anatomical properties of striatal and pallidal subpopulations may resolve controversies regarding basal ganglia network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Z Fang
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Meaghan C Creed
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Braine A, Georges F. Emotion in action: When emotions meet motor circuits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105475. [PMID: 37996047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a remarkably complex organ responsible for a wide range of functions, including the modulation of emotional states and movement. Neuronal circuits are believed to play a crucial role in integrating sensory, cognitive, and emotional information to ultimately guide motor behavior. Over the years, numerous studies employing diverse techniques such as electrophysiology, imaging, and optogenetics have revealed a complex network of neural circuits involved in the regulation of emotional or motor processes. Emotions can exert a substantial influence on motor performance, encompassing both everyday activities and pathological conditions. The aim of this review is to explore how emotional states can shape movements by connecting the neural circuits for emotional processing to motor neural circuits. We first provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of different emotional states on motor control in humans and rodents. In line with behavioral studies, we set out to identify emotion-related structures capable of modulating motor output, behaviorally and anatomically. Neuronal circuits involved in emotional processing are extensively connected to the motor system. These circuits can drive emotional behavior, essential for survival, but can also continuously shape ongoing movement. In summary, the investigation of the intricate relationship between emotion and movement offers valuable insights into human behavior, including opportunities to enhance performance, and holds promise for improving mental and physical health. This review integrates findings from multiple scientific approaches, including anatomical tracing, circuit-based dissection, and behavioral studies, conducted in both animal and human subjects. By incorporating these different methodologies, we aim to present a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the emotional modulation of movement in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaelle Braine
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Xu W, Wang J, Li XN, Liang J, Song L, Wu Y, Liu Z, Sun B, Li WG. Neuronal and synaptic adaptations underlying the benefits of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:55. [PMID: 38037124 PMCID: PMC10688037 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established and effective treatment for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), yet its underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Optogenetics, primarily conducted in animal models, provides a unique approach that allows cell type- and projection-specific modulation that mirrors the frequency-dependent stimulus effects of DBS. Opto-DBS research in animal models plays a pivotal role in unraveling the neuronal and synaptic adaptations that contribute to the efficacy of DBS in PD treatment. DBS-induced neuronal responses rely on a complex interplay between the distributions of presynaptic inputs, frequency-dependent synaptic depression, and the intrinsic excitability of postsynaptic neurons. This orchestration leads to conversion of firing patterns, enabling both antidromic and orthodromic modulation of neural circuits. Understanding these mechanisms is vital for decoding position- and programming-dependent effects of DBS. Furthermore, patterned stimulation is emerging as a promising strategy yielding long-lasting therapeutic benefits. Research on the neuronal and synaptic adaptations to DBS may pave the way for the development of more enduring and precise modulation patterns. Advanced technologies, such as adaptive DBS or directional electrodes, can also be integrated for circuit-specific neuromodulation. These insights hold the potential to greatly improve the effectiveness of DBS and advance PD treatment to new levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xin-Ni Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingxue Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Wei-Guang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Klocke B, Britzolaki A, Saurine J, Ott H, Krone K, Bahamonde K, Thelen C, Tzimas C, Sanoudou D, Kranias EG, Pitychoutis PM. A Novel Role for Phospholamban in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.22.568306. [PMID: 38045420 PMCID: PMC10690257 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.22.568306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a critical brain region that greatly influences vital neurobehavioral processes, including executive functioning and the generation of sleep rhythms. Recently, TRN dysfunction was suggested to underlie hyperactivity, attention deficits, and sleep disturbances observed across various devastating neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Notably, a highly specialized sarco- endoplasmic reticulum calcium (Ca 2+ ) ATPase 2 (SERCA2)-dependent Ca 2+ signaling network operates in the dendrites of TRN neurons to regulate their high-frequency bursting activity. Phospholamban (PLN) is a prominent regulator of the SERCA2 with an established role in maintaining Ca 2+ homeostasis in the heart; although the interaction of PLN with SERCA2 has been largely regarded as cardiac-specific, our findings challenge this view and suggest that the role of PLN extends beyond the cardiovascular system to impact brain function. Specifically, we found PLN to be expressed in the TRN neurons of the adult mouse brain and utilized global constitutive and innovative conditional genetic mouse models, in combination with 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and electroencephalography (EEG)-based somnography to assess the role of PLN in regulating executive functioning and sleep, two complex behaviors that map onto thalamic reticular circuits. Overall, the results of the present study show that perturbed PLN function in the TRN results in aberrant thalamic reticular behavioral phenotypes in mice (i.e., hyperactivity, impulsivity and sleep deficits) and support a novel role for PLN as a critical regulator of the SERCA2 in the thalamic reticular neurocircuitry.
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Ohno-Shosaku T, Yoneda M, Maejima T, Wang M, Kikuchi Y, Onodera K, Kanazawa Y, Takayama C, Mieda M. Action Sequence Learning Is Impaired in Genetically Modified Mice with the Suppressed GABAergic Transmission from the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus to the Thalamus. Neuroscience 2023; 532:87-102. [PMID: 37778689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a thin sheet of GABAergic neurons surrounding the thalamus, and it regulates the activity of thalamic relay neurons. The TRN has been reported to be involved in sensory gating, attentional regulation, and some other functions. However, little is known about the contribution of the TRN to sequence learning. In the present study, we examined whether the TRN is involved in reward-based learning of action sequence with no eliciting stimuli (operant conditioning), by analyzing the performance of male and female Avp-Vgat-/- mice (Vgatflox/flox mice crossed to an Avp-Cre driver line) on tasks conducted in an operant box having three levers. Our histological and electrophysiological data demonstrated that in adult Avp-Vgat-/- mice, vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) was absent in most TRN neurons and the GABAergic transmission from the TRN to the thalamus was largely suppressed. The performance on a task in which mice needed to press an active lever for food reward showed that simple operant learning of lever pressing and learning of win-stay and lose-shift strategies are not affected in Avp-Vgat-/- mice. In contrast, the performance on a task in which mice needed to press three levers in a correct order for food reward showed that learning of the order of lever pressing (action sequence learning) was impaired in Avp-Vgat-/- mice. These results suggest that the TRN plays an important role in action sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ohno-Shosaku
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan; Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1180, Japan.
| | - Mitsugu Yoneda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Takashi Maejima
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mohan Wang
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yui Kikuchi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Kaito Onodera
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yuji Kanazawa
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1180, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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Frost Nylén J, Hjorth JJJ, Kozlov A, Carannante I, Hellgren Kotaleski J, Grillner S. The roles of surround inhibition for the intrinsic function of the striatum, analyzed in silico. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313058120. [PMID: 37922329 PMCID: PMC10636308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313058120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are important for action initiation, selection, and motor learning. The input level, the striatum, receives input preferentially from the cortex and thalamus and is to 95% composed of striatal projection neurons (SPNs) with sparse GABAergic collaterals targeting distal dendrites of neighboring SPNs, in a distance-dependent manner. The remaining 5% are GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons. Our aim here is to investigate the role of surround inhibition for the intrinsic function of the striatum. Large-scale striatal networks of 20 to 40 thousand neurons were simulated with detailed multicompartmental models of different cell types, corresponding to the size of a module of the dorsolateral striatum, like the forelimb area (mouse). The effect of surround inhibition on dendritic computation and network activity was investigated, while groups of SPNs were activated. The SPN-induced surround inhibition in distal dendrites shunted effectively the corticostriatal EPSPs. The size of dendritic plateau-like potentials within the specific dendritic segment was both reduced and enhanced by inhibition, due to the hyperpolarized membrane potential of SPNs and the reversal-potential of GABA. On a population level, the competition between two subpopulations of SPNs was found to depend on the distance between the two units, the size of each unit, the activity level in each subgroup and the dopaminergic modulation of the dSPNs and iSPNs. The SPNs provided the dominating source of inhibition within the striatum, while the fast-spiking interneuron mainly had an initial effect due to short-term synaptic plasticity as shown in with ablation of the synaptic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. J. Johannes Hjorth
- Department of Computer Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, StockholmSE17177, Sweden
| | - Alexander Kozlov
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSE17177, Sweden
- Department of Computer Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, StockholmSE17177, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Carannante
- Department of Computer Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, StockholmSE17177, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSE17177, Sweden
- Department of Computer Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, StockholmSE17177, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSE17177, Sweden
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Rodrigues D, Monteiro P. Chronic stress promotes basal ganglia disinhibition by increasing the excitatory drive of direct-pathway neurons. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 27:100571. [PMID: 37781564 PMCID: PMC10540042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress (CS) is a well-recognized triggering factor in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS), two neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by the presence of stereotypic motor symptoms. Planning and execution of motor actions are controlled by the dorsal striatum, a brain region that promotes or suppresses motor movement by activating striatal neurons from the direct- or indirect-pathway, respectively. Despite the dorsal striatum being affected in motor disorders and by CS exposure, how CS affects the two opposing pathways is not fully understood. Here, we report that CS in mice selectively potentiates the direct-pathway, while sparing the indirect-pathway. Specifically, we show that CS both increases excitation and reduces inhibition over direct-pathway neurons in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS). Furthermore, inhibitory interneurons located in the DMS also display reduced excitatory drive after chronic stress, thus amplifying striatal disinhibition. Altogether, we propose a model where both increased excitatory drive and decreased inhibitory drive in the striatum causes disinhibition of basal ganglia's motor direct pathway - a mechanism that might explain the emergence of motor stereotypies and tic disorders under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Patricia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine - Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
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Klug JR, Yan X, Hoffman HA, Engelhardt MD, Osakada F, Callaway EM, Jin X. Asymmetric cortical projections to striatal direct and indirect pathways distinctly control actions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560589. [PMID: 37873164 PMCID: PMC10592949 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The striatal direct and indirect pathways constitute the core for basal ganglia function in action control. Although both striatal D1- and D2-spiny projection neurons (SPNs) receive excitatory inputs from the cerebral cortex, whether or not they share inputs from the same cortical neurons, and how pathway-specific corticostriatal projections control behavior remain largely unknown. Here using a new G-deleted rabies system in mice, we found that more than two-thirds of excitatory inputs to D2-SPNs also target D1-SPNs, while only one-third do so vice versa. Optogenetic stimulation of striatal D1- vs. D2-SPN-projecting cortical neurons differently regulate locomotion, reinforcement learning and sequence behavior, implying the functional dichotomy of pathway-specific corticostriatal subcircuits. These results reveal the partially segregated yet asymmetrically overlapping cortical projections on striatal D1- vs. D2-SPNs, and that the pathway-specific corticostriatal subcircuits distinctly control behavior. It has important implications in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric diseases affecting cortico-basal ganglia circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Klug
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xunyi Yan
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hilary A. Hoffman
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max D. Engelhardt
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward M. Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU–ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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Liu J, Liu D, Pu X, Zou K, Xie T, Li Y, Yao H. The Secondary Motor Cortex-striatum Circuit Contributes to Suppressing Inappropriate Responses in Perceptual Decision Behavior. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1544-1560. [PMID: 37253985 PMCID: PMC10533474 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary motor cortex (M2) encodes choice-related information and plays an important role in cue-guided actions. M2 neurons innervate the dorsal striatum (DS), which also contributes to decision-making behavior, yet how M2 modulates signals in the DS to influence perceptual decision-making is unclear. Using mice performing a visual Go/No-Go task, we showed that inactivating M2 projections to the DS impaired performance by increasing the false alarm (FA) rate to the reward-irrelevant No-Go stimulus. The choice signal of M2 neurons correlated with behavioral performance, and the inactivation of M2 neurons projecting to the DS reduced the choice signal in the DS. By measuring and manipulating the responses of direct or indirect pathway striatal neurons defined by M2 inputs, we found that the indirect pathway neurons exhibited a shorter response latency to the No-Go stimulus, and inactivating their early responses increased the FA rate. These results demonstrate that the M2-to-DS pathway is crucial for suppressing inappropriate responses in perceptual decision behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dechen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaotian Pu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kexin Zou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Taorong Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yaping Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Haishan Yao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Chancey JH, Kellendonk C, Javitch JA, Lovinger DM. Dopaminergic D2 receptor modulation of striatal cholinergic interneurons contributes to sequence learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.554807. [PMID: 37693570 PMCID: PMC10491092 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.554807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Learning action sequences is necessary for normal daily activities. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the dorsal striatum (dStr) encode action sequences through changes in firing at the start and/or stop of action sequences or sustained changes in firing throughout the sequence. Acetylcholine (ACh), released from cholinergic interneurons (ChIs), regulates striatal function by modulating MSN and interneuron excitability, dopamine and glutamate release, and synaptic plasticity. Cholinergic neurons in dStr pause their tonic firing during the performance of learned action sequences. Activation of dopamine type-2 receptors (D2Rs) on ChIs is one mechanism of ChI pausing. In this study we show that deleting D2Rs from ChIs by crossing D2-floxed with ChAT-Cre mice (D2Flox-ChATCre), which inhibits dopamine-mediated ChI pausing and leads to deficits in an operant action sequence task and lower breakpoints in a progressive ratio task. These data suggest that D2Flox-ChATCre mice have reduced motivation to work for sucrose reward, but show no generalized motor skill deficits. D2Flox-ChATCre mice perform similarly to controls in a simple reversal learning task, indicating normal behavioral flexibility, a cognitive function associated with ChIs. In vivo electrophysiological recordings show that D2Flox-ChatCre mice have deficits in sequence encoding, with fewer dStr MSNs encoding entire action sequences compared to controls. Thus, ChI D2R deletion appears to impair a neural substrate of action chunking. Virally replacing D2Rs in dStr ChIs in adult mice improves action sequence learning, but not the lower breakpoints, further suggesting that D2Rs on ChIs in the dStr are critical for sequence learning, but not for driving the motivational aspects of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hotard Chancey
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA, 20852
| | - Christoph Kellendonk
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA, 10032
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA, 10032
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA, 20852
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Lozovaya N, Eftekhari S, Hammond C. The early excitatory action of striatal cholinergic-GABAergic microcircuits conditions the subsequent GABA inhibitory shift. Commun Biol 2023; 6:723. [PMID: 37452171 PMCID: PMC10349145 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic interneurons of the striatum play a role in action selection and associative learning by activating local GABAergic inhibitory microcircuits. We investigated whether cholinergic-GABAergic microcircuits function differently and fulfill a different role during early postnatal development, when GABAA actions are not inhibitory and mice pups do not walk. We focused our study mainly on dual cholinergic/GABAergic interneurons (CGINs). We report that morphological and intrinsic electrophysiological properties of CGINs rapidly develop during the first post-natal week. At this stage, CGINs are excited by the activation of GABAA receptors or GABAergic synaptic inputs, respond to cortical stimulation by a long excitation and are linked by polysynaptic excitations. All these excitations are replaced by inhibitions at P12-P15. Early chronic treatment with the NKCC1 antagonist bumetanide to evoke premature GABAergic inhibitions from P4 to P8, prevented the GABA polarity shift and corticostriatal pause response at control postnatal days. We propose that early excitatory cholinergic-GABAergic microcircuits are instrumental in the maturation of GABAergic inhibition.
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22
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Gangal H, Xie X, Huang Z, Cheng Y, Wang X, Lu J, Zhuang X, Essoh A, Huang Y, Chen R, Smith LN, Smith RJ, Wang J. Drug reinforcement impairs cognitive flexibility by inhibiting striatal cholinergic neurons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3886. [PMID: 37391566 PMCID: PMC10313783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Addictive substance use impairs cognitive flexibility, with unclear underlying mechanisms. The reinforcement of substance use is mediated by the striatal direct-pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs) that project to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Cognitive flexibility is mediated by striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs), which receive extensive striatal inhibition. Here, we hypothesized that increased dMSN activity induced by substance use inhibits CINs, reducing cognitive flexibility. We found that cocaine administration in rodents caused long-lasting potentiation of local inhibitory dMSN-to-CIN transmission and decreased CIN firing in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a brain region critical for cognitive flexibility. Moreover, chemogenetic and time-locked optogenetic inhibition of DMS CINs suppressed flexibility of goal-directed behavior in instrumental reversal learning tasks. Notably, rabies-mediated tracing and physiological studies showed that SNr-projecting dMSNs, which mediate reinforcement, sent axonal collaterals to inhibit DMS CINs, which mediate flexibility. Our findings demonstrate that the local inhibitory dMSN-to-CIN circuit mediates the reinforcement-induced deficits in cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Gangal
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xueyi Xie
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Zhenbo Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Yifeng Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Xuehua Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Xiaowen Zhuang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Amanda Essoh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Yufei Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ruifeng Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Laura N Smith
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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23
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Tan S, Mo X, Qin H, Dong B, Zhou J, Long C, Yang L. Biocytin-Labeling in Whole-Cell Recording: Electrophysiological and Morphological Properties of Pyramidal Neurons in CYLD-Deficient Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104092. [PMID: 37241833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocytin, a chemical compound that is an amide formed from the vitamin biotin and the amino acid L-lysine, has been used as a histological dye to stain nerve cells. Electrophysiological activity and morphology are two key characteristics of neurons, but revealing both the electrophysiological and morphological properties of the same neuron is challenging. This article introduces a detailed and easy-to-operate procedure for single-cell labeling in combination with whole-cell patch-clamp recording. Using a recording electrode filled with a biocytin-containing internal solution, we demonstrate the electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of pyramidal (PNs), medial spiny (MSNs) and parvalbumin neurons (PVs) in brain slices, where the electrophysiological and morphological properties of the same individual cell are elucidated. We first introduce a protocol for whole-cell patch-clamp recording in various neurons, coupled with the intracellular diffusion of biocytin delivered by the glass capillary of the recording electrode, followed by a post hoc procedure to reveal the architecture and morphology of biocytin-labeled neurons. An analysis of action potentials (APs) and neuronal morphology, including the dendritic length, number of intersections, and spine density of biocytin-labeled neurons, were performed using ClampFit and Fiji Image (ImageJ), respectively. Next, to take advantage of the techniques introduced above, we uncovered defects in the APs and the dendritic spines of PNs in the primary motor cortex (M1) of deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) knock-out (Cyld-/-) mice. In summary, this article provides a detailed methodology for revealing the morphology as well as the electrophysiological activity of a single neuron that will have many applications in neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiuping Mo
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huihui Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Binbin Dong
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiankui Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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24
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Martel AC, Galvan A. Connectivity of the corticostriatal and thalamostriatal systems in normal and parkinsonian states: An update. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105878. [PMID: 36183947 PMCID: PMC9976706 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum receives abundant glutamatergic afferents from the cortex and thalamus. These inputs play a major role in the functions of the striatal neurons in normal conditions, and are significantly altered in pathological states, such as Parkinson's disease. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the connectivity of the corticostriatal and thalamostriatal pathways, with emphasis on the most recent advances in the field. We also discuss novel findings regarding structural changes in cortico- and thalamostriatal connections that occur in these connections as a consequence of striatal loss of dopamine in parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Martel
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adriana Galvan
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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25
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Baimel C, Jang E, Scudder SL, Manoocheri K, Carter AG. Hippocampal-evoked inhibition of cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111042. [PMID: 35793623 PMCID: PMC9302453 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play a central role in motivated behaviors and associated disorders. However, while the activation of ChIs has been well studied in the dorsal striatum, little is known about how they are engaged in the NAc. Here, we find that the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) are the main excitatory inputs to ChIs in the NAc medial shell. While the PVT activates ChIs, the vHPC evokes a pronounced pause in firing through prominent feedforward inhibition. In contrast to the dorsal striatum, this inhibition reflects strong connections onto ChIs from local parvalbumin interneurons. Our results reveal the mechanisms by which different long-range inputs engage ChIs, highlighting fundamental differences in local connectivity across the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Baimel
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Emily Jang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Samantha L Scudder
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Kasra Manoocheri
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Adam G Carter
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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26
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Tokarska A, Silberberg G. GABAergic interneurons expressing the α2 nicotinic receptor subunit are functionally integrated in the striatal microcircuit. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110842. [PMID: 35613598 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the striatal cholinergic and GABAergic systems are crucial in shaping reward-related behavior and reinforcement learning; however, the synaptic pathways mediating them are largely unknown. Here, we use Chrna2-Cre mice to characterize striatal interneurons (INs) expressing the nicotinic α2 receptor subunit. Using triple patch-clamp recordings combined with optogenetic stimulations, we characterize the electrophysiological, morphological, and synaptic properties of striatal Chrna2-INs. Striatal Chrna2-INs have diverse electrophysiological properties, distinct from their counterparts in other brain regions, including the hippocampus and neocortex. Unlike in other regions, most striatal Chrna2-INs are fast-spiking INs expressing parvalbumin. Striatal Chrna2-INs are intricately integrated in the striatal microcircuit, forming inhibitory synaptic connections with striatal projection neurons and INs, including other Chrna2-INs. They receive excitatory inputs from primary motor cortex mediated by both AMPA and NMDA receptors. A subpopulation of Chrna2-INs responds to nicotinic input, suggesting reciprocal interactions between this GABAergic interneuron population and striatal cholinergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tokarska
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Mack SM, Gomes I, Fakira AK, Duarte ML, Gupta A, Fricker L, Devi LA. GPR83 engages endogenous peptides from two distinct precursors to elicit differential signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:MOLPHARM-AR-2022-000487. [PMID: 35605991 PMCID: PMC9341263 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PEN is an abundant neuropeptide that activates GPR83, a G protein-coupled receptor that is considered a novel therapeutic target due to its roles in regulation of feeding, reward, and anxiety-related behaviors. The major form of PEN in the brain is 22 residues in length. Previous studies have identified shorter forms of PEN in mouse brain and neuroendocrine cells; these shorter forms were named PEN18, PEN19 and PEN20, with the number reflecting the length of the peptide. The C-terminal five residues of PEN20 are identical to the C-terminus of a procholecystokinin (proCCK)-derived peptide, named proCCK56-62, that is present in mouse brain. ProCCK56-62 is highly conserved across species although it has no homology to the bioactive cholecystokinin domain. ProCCK56-62 and a longer form, proCCK56-63 were tested for their ability to engage GPR83. Both peptides bind GPR83 with high affinity, activate second messenger pathways, and induce ligand-mediated receptor endocytosis. Interestingly, the shorter PEN peptides, ProCC56-62, and ProCCK56-63 differentially activate signal transduction pathways. Whereas PEN22 and PEN20 facilitate receptor coupling to Gai, PEN18, PEN19 and ProCCK peptides facilitate coupling to Gas. Furthermore, the ProCCK peptides exhibit dose dependent Ga subtype selectivity in that they faciliate coupling to Gas at low concentrations and Gai at high concentrations. These data demonstrate that peptides derived from two distinct peptide precursors can differentially activate GPR83, and that GPR83 exhibits Ga subtype preference depending on the nature and concentration of the peptide. These results are consistent with the emerging idea that endogenous neuropeptides function as biased ligands. Significance Statement We found that peptides derived from proCCK bind and activate GPR83, a G protein-coupled receptor that is known to bind peptides derived from proSAAS. Different forms of the proCCK- and proSAAS-derived peptides show biased agonism, activating Gas or Gai depending on the length of the peptide and/or its concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshat M Mack
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States
| | - Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States
| | - Amanda K Fakira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, United States
| | - Mariana L Duarte
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Achla Gupta
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Lloyd Fricker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
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28
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Abstract
The assembly of functional neuronal circuits requires appropriate numbers of distinct classes of neurons, but the mechanisms through which their relative proportions are established remain poorly defined. Investigating the mouse striatum, we found that the two most prominent subtypes of striatal interneurons, parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) GABAergic and cholinergic (ChAT+) interneurons, undergo extensive programmed cell death between the first and second postnatal weeks. Remarkably, the survival of PV+ and ChAT+ interneurons is regulated by distinct mechanisms mediated by their specific afferent connectivity. While long-range cortical inputs control PV+ interneuron survival, ChAT+ interneuron survival is regulated by local input from the medium spiny neurons. Our results identify input-specific circuit mechanisms that operate during the period of programmed cell death to establish the final number of interneurons in nascent striatal networks.
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29
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McKeon PN, Bunce GW, Patton MH, Chen R, Mathur BN. Cortical control of striatal fast-spiking interneuron synchrony. J Physiol 2022; 600:2189-2202. [PMID: 35332539 PMCID: PMC9058232 DOI: 10.1113/jp282850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Electrical synapses between striatal fast-spiking interneurons in adult mice occur in ∼8% of assayed pairs. Coincident, convergent cortical input onto fast-spiking interneurons significantly contributes to fast-spiking interneuron synchrony Electrical synapses between fast-spiking interneurons provide only minor enhancement of fast-spiking interneuron synchrony. These results suggest a mechanism by which adult mouse fast-spiking interneurons of the striatum synchronize in the face of declining expression of the electrical synapse-forming connexin-36 protein. ABSTRACT Inhibitory fast-spiking interneurons in the dorsal striatum regulate actions and action strategies, including habits. Fast-spiking interneurons are widely believed to synchronize their firing due to the electrical synapses formed between these neurons. However, neuronal modeling data suggest convergent cortical input may also drive synchrony in fast-spiking interneuron networks. To better understand how fast-spiking interneuron synchrony arises, we performed dual whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology experiments to inform a simple Bayesian network modeling cortico-fast-spiking interneuron circuitry. Dual whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology revealed that while responsivity to corticostriatal input activation was high in fast-spiking interneurons, few of these neurons exhibited electrical coupling in adult mice. In simulations of a cortico-fast-spiking interneuron network informed by these data, the degree of glutamatergic cortical convergence onto fast-spiking interneurons significantly increased fast-spiking interneuron synchronization while manipulations of electrical coupling between these neurons exerted relatively little impact. These results suggest that the primary source of functional coordination of fast-spiking interneuron activity in adulthood arises from convergent corticostriatal input activation. Abstract figure legend Dual whole-cell patch clamp recordings of dorsal striatal fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs; red circles) rarely (8 percentage) form electrical synapses with other FSIs in adult mouse. In a two-layer in silico model of cortical pyramidal neuron (gray triangles) input to FSIs using empirically defined cortico-FSI synaptic weights, synchronous FSI-FSI activity (in the absence of abundant electrical synapses) is achievable by convergent cortical pyramidal excitation of FSIs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige N McKeon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Garrett W Bunce
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary H Patton
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian N Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Smith JB, Smith Y, Venance L, Watson GDR. Editorial: Thalamic Interactions With the Basal Ganglia: Thalamostriatal System and Beyond. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:883094. [PMID: 35401130 PMCID: PMC8991277 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.883094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jared B. Smith
- Target Discovery, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Laurent Venance
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Glenn D. R. Watson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- LivaNova, Neuromodulation Unit, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Glenn D. R. Watson
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31
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Cook JR, Li H, Nguyen B, Huang HH, Mahdavian P, Kirchgessner MA, Strassmann P, Engelhardt M, Callaway EM, Jin X. Secondary auditory cortex mediates a sensorimotor mechanism for action timing. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:330-344. [PMID: 35260862 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accurately determine when to perform an action is a fundamental brain function and vital to adaptive behavior. The behavioral mechanism and neural circuit for action timing, however, remain largely unknown. Using a new, self-paced action timing task in mice, we found that deprivation of auditory, but not somatosensory or visual input, disrupts learned action timing. The hearing effect was dependent on the auditory feedback derived from the animal's own actions, rather than passive environmental cues. Neuronal activity in the secondary auditory cortex was found to be both correlated with and necessary for the proper execution of learned action timing. Closed-loop, action-dependent optogenetic stimulation of the specific task-related neuronal population within the secondary auditory cortex rescued the key features of learned action timing under auditory deprivation. These results unveil a previously underappreciated sensorimotor mechanism in which the secondary auditory cortex transduces self-generated audiomotor feedback to control action timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Cook
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hao Li
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bella Nguyen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsiang-Hsuan Huang
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Payaam Mahdavian
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Megan A Kirchgessner
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Strassmann
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max Engelhardt
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
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32
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Del Rey NLG, Trigo-Damas I, Obeso JA, Cavada C, Blesa J. Neuron types in the primate striatum: stereological analysis of projection neurons and interneurons in control and parkinsonian monkeys. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12812. [PMID: 35274336 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The striatum is mainly composed of projection neurons. It also contains interneurons, which modulate and control striatal output. The aim of the present study was to assess the percentages of projection neurons and interneuron populations in the striatum of control monkeys and of parkinsonian monkeys. METHODS Unbiased stereology was used to estimate the volume density of every neuron population in the caudate, putamen and ventral striatum of control monkeys and of monkeys treated with MPTP, which results in striatal dopamine depletion. The various neuron population phenotypes were identified by immunohistochemistry. All analyses were performed within the same subjects using similar processing and analysis parameters, thus allowing for reliable data comparisons. RESULTS In control monkeys, the projection neurons, which express the Dopamine-and-cAMP-Regulated-Phosphoprotein, 32-KDa (DARPP-32), were the most abundant: ~86% of the total neurons counted. The interneurons accounted for the remaining 14%. Among the interneurons, those expressing Calretinin were the most abundant (Cr+: ~57%; ~8% of the total striatal neurons counted), followed those expressing Parvalbumin (Pv+: ~18 %; 2.6%), Dinucleotide Phosphate-Diaphorase (NADPH+: ~13 %; 1.8%), Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT+: ~11%; 1.5%) and Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH+: ~0.5%; 0.1%). No significant changes in volume densities occurred in any population following dopamine depletion, except for the TH+ interneurons, which increased in parkinsonian non-symptomatic monkeys and even more in symptomatic monkeys. CONCLUSIONS These data are relevant for translational studies targeting specific neuron populations of the striatum. The fact that dopaminergic denervation does not cause neuron loss in any population has potential pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia López-González Del Rey
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,PhD Program in Neuroscience Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Trigo-Damas
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Obeso
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cavada
- PhD Program in Neuroscience Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Blesa
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Kitanishi T, Tashiro M, Kitanishi N, Mizuseki K. Intersectional, anterograde transsynaptic targeting of neurons receiving monosynaptic inputs from two upstream regions. Commun Biol 2022; 5:149. [PMID: 35190665 PMCID: PMC8860993 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A brain region typically receives inputs from multiple upstream areas. However, currently, no method is available to selectively dissect neurons that receive monosynaptic inputs from two upstream regions. Here, we developed a method to genetically label such neurons with a single gene of interest in mice by combining the anterograde transsynaptic spread of adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) with intersectional gene expression. Injections of AAV1 expressing either Cre or Flpo recombinases and the Cre/Flpo double-dependent AAV into two upstream regions and the downstream region, respectively, were used to label postsynaptic neurons receiving inputs from the two upstream regions. We demonstrated this labelling in two distinct circuits: the retina/primary visual cortex to the superior colliculus and the bilateral motor cortex to the dorsal striatum. Systemic delivery of the intersectional AAV allowed the unbiased detection of the labelled neurons throughout the brain. This strategy may help analyse the interregional integration of information in the brain. In this paper, a method is developed to genetically label neurons that receive monosynaptic inputs from two upstream regions of the brain. This could improve the analysis of interregional integration of information in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kitanishi
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan. .,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Mariko Tashiro
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Naomi Kitanishi
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuseki
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
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34
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Morgenstern NA, Isidro AF, Israely I, Costa RM. Pyramidal tract neurons drive amplification of excitatory inputs to striatum through cholinergic interneurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabh4315. [PMID: 35138902 PMCID: PMC8827762 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Corticostriatal connectivity is central for many cognitive and motor processes, such as reinforcement or action initiation and invigoration. The cortical input to the striatum arises from two main cortical populations: intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons. We report a previously unknown excitatory circuit, supported by a polysynaptic motif from PT neurons to cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) to glutamate-releasing axons, which runs in parallel to the canonical monosynaptic corticostriatal connection. This motif conveys a delayed second phase of excitation to striatal spiny projection neurons, through an acetylcholine-dependent glutamate release mechanism mediated by α4-containing nicotinic receptors, resulting in biphasic corticostriatal signals. These biphasic signals are a hallmark of PT, but not IT, corticostriatal inputs, due to a stronger relative input from PT neurons to ChIs. These results describe a previously unidentified circuit mechanism by which PT activity amplifies excitatory inputs to the striatum, with potential implications for behavior, plasticity, and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Filipa Isidro
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Inbal Israely
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rui M. Costa
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Sippy T, Chaimowitz C, Crochet S, Petersen CCH. Cell Type-Specific Membrane Potential Changes in Dorsolateral Striatum Accompanying Reward-Based Sensorimotor Learning. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab049. [PMID: 35330797 PMCID: PMC8788857 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The striatum integrates sensorimotor and motivational signals, likely playing a key role in reward-based learning of goal-directed behavior. However, cell type-specific mechanisms underlying reinforcement learning remain to be precisely determined. Here, we investigated changes in membrane potential dynamics of dorsolateral striatal neurons comparing naïve mice and expert mice trained to lick a reward spout in response to whisker deflection. We recorded from three distinct cell types: (i) direct pathway striatonigral neurons, which express type 1 dopamine receptors; (ii) indirect pathway striatopallidal neurons, which express type 2 dopamine receptors; and (iii) tonically active, putative cholinergic, striatal neurons. Task learning was accompanied by cell type-specific changes in the membrane potential dynamics evoked by the whisker deflection and licking in successfully-performed trials. Both striatonigral and striatopallidal types of striatal projection neurons showed enhanced task-related depolarization across learning. Striatonigral neurons showed a prominent increase in a short latency sensory-evoked depolarization in expert compared to naïve mice. In contrast, the putative cholinergic striatal neurons developed a hyperpolarizing response across learning, driving a pause in their firing. Our results reveal cell type-specific changes in striatal membrane potential dynamics across the learning of a simple goal-directed sensorimotor transformation, helpful for furthering the understanding of the various potential roles of different basal ganglia circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corryn Chaimowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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De Groote A, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A. Thalamo-Nucleus Accumbens Projections in Motivated Behaviors and Addiction. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:711350. [PMID: 34335197 PMCID: PMC8322971 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.711350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral striatum, also called nucleus accumbens (NAc), has long been known to integrate information from cortical, thalamic, midbrain and limbic nuclei to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Until recently thalamic afferents have been overlooked when studying the functions and connectivity of the NAc. However, findings from recent studies have shed light on the importance and roles of precise Thalamus to NAc connections in motivated behaviors and in addiction. In this review, we summarize studies using techniques such as chemo- and optogenetics, electrophysiology and in vivo calcium imaging to elucidate the complex functioning of the thalamo-NAc afferents, with a particular highlight on the projections from the Paraventricular Thalamus (PVT) to the NAc. We will focus on the recent advances in the understanding of the roles of these neuronal connections in motivated behaviors, with a special emphasis on their implications in addiction, from cue-reward association to the mechanisms driving relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie De Groote
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alban de Kerchove d'Exaerde
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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37
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Rallapalle V, King AC, Gray M. BACHD Mice Recapitulate the Striatal Parvalbuminergic Interneuron Loss Found in Huntington's Disease. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:673177. [PMID: 34108866 PMCID: PMC8180558 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.673177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited, adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor, psychiatric, and cognitive abnormalities. Neurodegeneration is prominently observed in the striatum where GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSN) are the most affected neuronal population. Interestingly, recent reports of pathological changes in HD patient striatal tissue have identified a significant reduction in the number of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons which becomes more robust in tissues of higher disease grade. Analysis of other interneuron populations, including somatostatin, calretinin, and cholinergic, did not reveal significant neurodegeneration. Electrophysiological experiments in BACHD mice have identified significant changes in the properties of parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons in the striatum. Furthermore, their interactions with MSNs are altered as the mHTT expressing mouse models age with increased input onto MSNs from striatal somatostatin and parvalbumin-expressing neurons. In order to determine whether BACHD mice recapitulate the alterations in striatal interneuron number as observed in HD patients, we analyzed the number of striatal parvalbumin, somatostatin, calretinin, and choline acetyltransferase positive cells in symptomatic 12–14 month-old mice by immunofluorescent labeling. We observed a significant decrease in the number of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons as well as a decrease in the area and perimeter of these cells. No significant changes were observed for somatostatin, calretinin, or cholinergic interneuron numbers while a significant decrease was observed for the area of cholinergic interneurons. Thus, the BACHD mice recapitulate the degenerative phenotype observed in the parvalbumin interneurons in HD patient striata without affecting the number of other interneuron populations in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyshnavi Rallapalle
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Undergraduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Annesha C King
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Theme, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Michelle Gray
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Huerta-Ocampo I, Dautan D, Gut NK, Khan B, Mena-Segovia J. Whole-brain mapping of monosynaptic inputs to midbrain cholinergic neurons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9055. [PMID: 33907215 PMCID: PMC8079369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic midbrain is involved in a wide range of motor and cognitive processes. Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) send long-ranging axonal projections that target sensorimotor and limbic areas in the thalamus, the dopaminergic midbrain and the striatal complex following a topographical gradient, where they influence a range of functions including attention, reinforcement learning and action-selection. Nevertheless, a comprehensive examination of the afferents to PPN and LDT cholinergic neurons is still lacking, partly due to the neurochemical heterogeneity of this region. Here we characterize the whole-brain input connectome to cholinergic neurons across distinct functional domains (i.e. PPN vs LDT) using conditional transsynaptic retrograde labeling in ChAT::Cre male and female rats. We reveal that input neurons are widely distributed throughout the brain but segregated into specific functional domains. Motor related areas innervate preferentially the PPN, whereas limbic related areas preferentially innervate the LDT. The quantification of input neurons revealed that both PPN and LDT receive similar substantial inputs from the superior colliculus and the output of the basal ganglia (i.e. substantia nigra pars reticulata). Notably, we found that PPN cholinergic neurons receive preferential inputs from basal ganglia structures, whereas LDT cholinergic neurons receive preferential inputs from limbic cortical areas. Our results provide the first characterization of inputs to PPN and LDT cholinergic neurons and highlight critical differences in the connectome among brain cholinergic systems thus supporting their differential roles in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icnelia Huerta-Ocampo
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Dautan
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Nadine K Gut
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Bakhtawer Khan
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Juan Mena-Segovia
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Poppi LA, Ho-Nguyen KT, Shi A, Daut CT, Tischfield MA. Recurrent Implication of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in a Range of Neurodevelopmental, Neurodegenerative, and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cells 2021; 10:907. [PMID: 33920757 PMCID: PMC8071147 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic interneurons are "gatekeepers" for striatal circuitry and play pivotal roles in attention, goal-directed actions, habit formation, and behavioral flexibility. Accordingly, perturbations to striatal cholinergic interneurons have been associated with many neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders. The role of acetylcholine in many of these disorders is well known, but the use of drugs targeting cholinergic systems fell out of favor due to adverse side effects and the introduction of other broadly acting compounds. However, in response to recent findings, re-examining the mechanisms of cholinergic interneuron dysfunction may reveal key insights into underlying pathogeneses. Here, we provide an update on striatal cholinergic interneuron function, connectivity, and their putative involvement in several disorders. In doing so, we aim to spotlight recurring physiological themes, circuits, and mechanisms that can be investigated in future studies using new tools and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Poppi
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (K.T.H.-N.); (A.S.); (C.T.D.)
- Tourette International Collaborative (TIC) Genetics Study, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Khue Tu Ho-Nguyen
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (K.T.H.-N.); (A.S.); (C.T.D.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Anna Shi
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (K.T.H.-N.); (A.S.); (C.T.D.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Cynthia T. Daut
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (K.T.H.-N.); (A.S.); (C.T.D.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Max A. Tischfield
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (K.T.H.-N.); (A.S.); (C.T.D.)
- Tourette International Collaborative (TIC) Genetics Study, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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40
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Er81 Transcription Factor Fine-Tunes Striatal Cholinergic Interneuron Activity and Drives Habit Formation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4392-4409. [PMID: 33849945 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0967-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms tuning cholinergic interneuron (CIN) activity, although crucial for striatal function and behavior, remain largely unexplored. Previous studies report that the Etv1/Er81 transcription factor is vital for regulating neuronal maturation and activity. While Er81 is known to be expressed in the striatum during development, its specific role in defining CIN properties and the resulting consequences on striatal function is unknown. We report here that Er81 is expressed in CINs and its specific ablation leads to prominent changes in their molecular, morphologic, and electrophysiological features. In particular, the lack of Er81 amplifies intrinsic delayed-rectifier and hyperpolarization-activated currents, which subsequently alters the tonic and phasic activity of CINs. We further reveal that Er81 expression is required for normal CIN pause and time-locked responses to sensorimotor inputs in awake mice. Overall, this study uncovers a new cell type-specific control of CIN function in the striatum which drives habit formation in adult male mice.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although previous studies have shown that cholinergic interneurons drive striatal activity and habit formation, the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling their function are unknown. Here we reveal that key cholinergic interneuron physiological properties are controlled by Er81, a transcription factor regulating neuronal activity and development in a cell-specific manner. Moreover, our findings uncover a link between the Er81-dependent molecular control of cholinergic interneuron function and habit formation in mice. These insights will contribute to the future enhancement of our understanding of disorders that involve behavioral inflexibility, such as autism and addiction.
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Laurent V, Balleine BW. How predictive learning influences choice: Evidence for a GPCR-based memory process necessary for Pavlovian-instrumental transfer. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1436-1449. [PMID: 33662158 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Predictive learning endows stimuli with the capacity to signal both the sensory-specific and general motivational properties of their associated rewards or outcomes. These two signals can be distinguished behaviorally by their influence on the selection and performance of instrumental actions, respectively. This review focuses on how sensory-specific predictive learning guides choice between actions that earn otherwise equally desirable outcomes. We describe evidence that outcome-specific predictive learning is encoded in the basolateral amygdala and drives the accumulation of delta-opioid receptors on the surface of cholinergic interneurons located in the nucleus accumbens shell. This accumulation constitutes a novel form of cellular memory, not for outcome-specific predictive learning per se but for the selection of, and choice between, future instrumental actions. We describe recent evidence regarding the cascade of events necessary for the formation and expression of this cellular memory and point to open questions for future research into this process. Beyond these mechanistic considerations, the discovery of this new form of memory is consistent with recent evidence suggesting that intracellular rather than synaptic changes can mediate learning-related plasticity to modify brain circuitry to prepare for future significant events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Laurent
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, UNSW SYDNEY, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Bernard W Balleine
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, UNSW SYDNEY, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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42
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Rizzi G, Li Z, Hogrefe N, Tan KR. Lateral ventral tegmental area GABAergic and glutamatergic modulation of conditioned learning. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108867. [PMID: 33730568 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The firing activity of dorso-medial-striatal-cholinergic interneurons (dmCINs) is a neural correlate of classical conditioning. Tonically active, they pause in response to salient stimuli, mediating acquisition of predictive cues/outcome associations. Cortical and thalamic inputs are typical of the rather limited knowledge about underlying circuitry contributing to this function. Here, we dissect the midbrain GABA and glutamate-to-dmCIN pathways and evaluate how they influence conditioned behavior. We report that midbrain neurons discriminate auditory cues and encode the association of a predictive stimulus with a footshock. Furthermore, GABA and glutamate cells form selective monosynaptic contacts onto dmCINs and di-synaptic ones via the parafascicular thalamus. Pathway-specific inhibition of each sub-circuit produces differential impairments of fear-conditioned learning. Finally, Vglut2-expressing cells discriminate between CSs although Vgat-positive neurons associate the predictive cue with the outcome. Overall, these data suggest that each component of the network carries information pertinent to sub-domains of the behavioral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Rizzi
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhuoliang Li
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Hogrefe
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kelly R Tan
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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43
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Sarter M, Avila C, Kucinski A, Donovan E. Make a Left Turn: Cortico-Striatal Circuitry Mediating the Attentional Control of Complex Movements. Mov Disord 2021; 36:535-546. [PMID: 33615556 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), cholinergic signaling is disrupted by the loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, as well as aberrant activity in striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs). Several lines of evidence suggest that gait imbalance, a key disabling symptom of PD, may be driven by alterations in high-level frontal cortical and cortico-striatal processing more typically associated with cognitive dysfunction. METHODS Here we describe the corticostriatal circuitry that mediates the cognitive-motor interactions underlying such complex movement control. The ability to navigate dynamic, obstacle-rich environments requires the continuous integration of information about the environment with movement selection and sequencing. The cortical-attentional processing of extero- and interoceptive cues requires modulation by cholinergic activity to guide striatal movement control. Cue-derived information is "transferred" to striatal circuitry primarily via fronto-striatal glutamatergic projections. RESULT Evidence from parkinsonian fallers and from a rodent model reproducing the dual cholinergic-dopaminergic losses observed in these patients supports the main hypotheses derived from this neuronal circuitry-guided conceptualization of parkinsonian falls. Furthermore, in the striatum, ChIs constitute a particularly critical node for the integration of cortical with midbrain dopaminergic afferents and thus for cues to control movements. CONCLUSION Procholinergic treatments that enhance or rescue cortical and striatal mechanisms may improve complex movement control in parkinsonian fallers and perhaps also in older persons suffering from gait disorders and a propensity for falls. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cassandra Avila
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aaron Kucinski
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eryn Donovan
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Xiao Q, Zhou X, Wei P, Xie L, Han Y, Wang J, Cai A, Xu F, Tu J, Wang L. A new GABAergic somatostatin projection from the BNST onto accumbal parvalbumin neurons controls anxiety. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4719-4741. [PMID: 32555286 PMCID: PMC8589681 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevailing view is that parvalbumin (PV) interneurons play modulatory roles in emotional response through local medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs). Here, we show that PV activity within the nucleus accumbens shell (sNAc) is required for producing anxiety-like avoidance when mice are under anxiogenic situations. Firing rates of sNAcPV neurons were negatively correlated to exploration time in open arms (threatening environment). In addition, sNAcPV neurons exhibited high excitability in a chronic stress mouse model, which generated excessive maladaptive avoidance behavior in an anxiogenic context. We also discovered a novel GABAergic pathway from the anterior dorsal bed nuclei of stria terminalis (adBNST) to sNAcPV neurons. Optogenetic activation of these afferent terminals in sNAc produced an anxiolytic effect via GABA transmission. Next, we further demonstrated that chronic stressors attenuated the inhibitory synaptic transmission at adBNSTGABA → sNAcPV synapses, which in turn explains the hyperexcitability of sNAc PV neurons on stressed models. Therefore, activation of these GABAergic afferents in sNAc rescued the excessive avoidance behavior related to an anxious state. Finally, we identified that the majority GABAergic input neurons, which innervate sNAcPV cells, were expressing somatostatin (SOM), and also revealed that coordination between SOM- and PV- cells functioning in the BNST → NAc circuit has an inhibitory influence on anxiety-like responses. Our findings provide a potentially neurobiological basis for therapeutic interventions in pathological anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Pengfei Wei
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Li Xie
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Yaning Han
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Center of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430071 PR China
| | - Aoling Cai
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Center of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430071 PR China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Center of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430071 PR China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 PR China
| | - Jie Tu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR, China.
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45
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Filice F, Janickova L, Henzi T, Bilella A, Schwaller B. The Parvalbumin Hypothesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:577525. [PMID: 33390904 PMCID: PMC7775315 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.577525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-a type of neurodevelopmental disorder-is increasing and is around 2% in North America, Asia, and Europe. Besides the known genetic link, environmental, epigenetic, and metabolic factors have been implicated in ASD etiology. Although highly heterogeneous at the behavioral level, ASD comprises a set of core symptoms including impaired communication and social interaction skills as well as stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. This has led to the suggestion that a large part of the ASD phenotype is caused by changes in a few and common set of signaling pathways, the identification of which is a fundamental aim of autism research. Using advanced bioinformatics tools and the abundantly available genetic data, it is possible to classify the large number of ASD-associated genes according to cellular function and pathways. Cellular processes known to be impaired in ASD include gene regulation, synaptic transmission affecting the excitation/inhibition balance, neuronal Ca2+ signaling, development of short-/long-range connectivity (circuits and networks), and mitochondrial function. Such alterations often occur during early postnatal neurodevelopment. Among the neurons most affected in ASD as well as in schizophrenia are those expressing the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). These mainly inhibitory interneurons present in many different brain regions in humans and rodents are characterized by rapid, non-adaptive firing and have a high energy requirement. PV expression is often reduced at both messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in human ASD brain samples and mouse ASD (and schizophrenia) models. Although the human PVALB gene is not a high-ranking susceptibility/risk gene for either disorder and is currently only listed in the SFARI Gene Archive, we propose and present supporting evidence for the Parvalbumin Hypothesis, which posits that decreased PV level is causally related to the etiology of ASD (and possibly schizophrenia).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Beat Schwaller
- Section of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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46
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Marche K, Apicella P. Activity of fast-spiking interneurons in the monkey striatum during reaching movements guided by external cues or by a free choice. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1752-1768. [PMID: 33314343 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Parvalbumin-containing GABAergic interneurons in the striatum, electrophysiologically identified as fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), exert inhibitory control over striatal output to drive appropriate behavior. While a number of studies have emphasized their importance in motor control, it is unknown how these putative interneurons adapt their functional properties to different modes of movement selection. Here, we tested whether FSIs are sensitive to externally versus internally selected movements by recording their activity while two male rhesus monkeys performed reaching movements to visual targets. Two variants were used: an external condition, in which movements were instructed via external cues, and an internal condition, in which movements were guided by an internal representation of the target location. These conditions allowed to contrast the FSI activity associated with either externally cued or internally driven movement selection. After extensive training, reaching performance was only marginally affected by the type of movement, albeit with some differences between the monkeys. Over two-thirds of the FSIs were modulated around movement onset, regardless of the condition, and consisting mostly of increased activity. We found that a subset of FSIs showed stronger activation related to the initiation of movements in the external condition than in the internal condition, suggesting a dependence on movement selection mode. Moreover, this difference in the strength of FSI activation was predominant in the motor striatum. These data indicate that changes in FSI activity carry information that is scaled by constraints on action selection reflecting the involvement of local striatal inhibitory circuits in adaptation of behavior according to task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Marche
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Paul Apicella
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
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47
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Johansson Y, Silberberg G. The Functional Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Inputs onto Five Types of Striatal Neurons Is Determined by Source and Target Cell Identities. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1178-1194.e3. [PMID: 31995757 PMCID: PMC6990404 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand striatal function, it is essential to know the functional organization of the numerous inputs targeting the diverse population of striatal neurons. Using optogenetics, we activated terminals from ipsi- or contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1) or primary motor cortex (M1), or thalamus while obtaining simultaneous whole-cell recordings from pairs or triplets of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and adjacent interneurons. Ipsilateral corticostriatal projections provided stronger excitation to fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) than to MSNs and only sparse and weak excitation to low threshold-spiking interneurons (LTSIs) and cholinergic interneurons (ChINs). Projections from contralateral M1 evoked the strongest responses in LTSIs but none in ChINs, whereas thalamus provided the strongest excitation to ChINs but none to LTSIs. In addition, inputs varied in their glutamate receptor composition and their short-term plasticity. Our data revealed a highly selective organization of excitatory striatal afferents, which is determined by both pre- and postsynaptic neuronal identity. Whole-cell recordings are obtained from neighboring striatal neurons of different types FSIs receive the strongest inputs from S1, M1, and thalamic PF LTSIs are primarily excited by contralateral M1 ChINs are primarily excited by PF and receive no input from contralateral M1 and S1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Johansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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48
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Dorst MC, Tokarska A, Zhou M, Lee K, Stagkourakis S, Broberger C, Masmanidis S, Silberberg G. Polysynaptic inhibition between striatal cholinergic interneurons shapes their network activity patterns in a dopamine-dependent manner. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5113. [PMID: 33037215 PMCID: PMC7547109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal activity is dynamically modulated by acetylcholine and dopamine, both of which are essential for basal ganglia function. Synchronized pauses in the activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChINs) are correlated with elevated activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, whereas synchronous firing of ChINs induces local release of dopamine. The mechanisms underlying ChIN synchronization and its interplay with dopamine release are not fully understood. Here we show that polysynaptic inhibition between ChINs is a robust network motif and instrumental in shaping the network activity of ChINs. Action potentials in ChINs evoke large inhibitory responses in multiple neighboring ChINs, strong enough to suppress their tonic activity. Using a combination of optogenetics and chemogenetics we show the involvement of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons in mediating this inhibition. Inhibition between ChINs is attenuated by dopaminergic midbrain afferents acting presynaptically on D2 receptors. Our results present a novel form of interaction between striatal dopamine and acetylcholine dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs C Dorst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Tokarska
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kwang Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stefanos Stagkourakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Christian Broberger
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Sotiris Masmanidis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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49
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Enterría-Morales D, Del Rey NLG, Blesa J, López-López I, Gallet S, Prévot V, López-Barneo J, d'Anglemont de Tassigny X. Molecular targets for endogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor modulation in striatal parvalbumin interneurons. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa105. [PMID: 32954345 PMCID: PMC7472905 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of recombinant glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor into the putamen has been tested in preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate its neuroprotective effects on the progressive dopaminergic neuronal degeneration that characterizes Parkinson’s disease. However, intracerebral glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor infusion is a challenging therapeutic strategy, with numerous potential technical and medical limitations. Most of these limitations could be avoided if the production of endogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor could be increased. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is naturally produced in the striatum from where it exerts a trophic action on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Most of striatal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is synthesized by a subset of GABAergic interneurons characterized by the expression of parvalbumin. We sought to identify molecular targets specific to those neurons and which are putatively associated with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor synthesis. To this end, the transcriptomic differences between glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-positive parvalbumin neurons in the striatum and parvalbumin neurons located in the nearby cortex, which do not express glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, were analysed. Using mouse reporter models, we have defined the genomic signature of striatal parvalbumin interneurons obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting followed by microarray comparison. Short-listed genes were validated by additional histological and molecular analyses. These genes code for membrane receptors (Kit, Gpr83, Tacr1, Tacr3, Mc3r), cytosolic proteins (Pde3a, Crabp1, Rarres2, Moxd1) and a transcription factor (Lhx8). We also found the proto-oncogene cKit to be highly specific of parvalbumin interneurons in the non-human primate striatum, thus highlighting a conserved expression between species and suggesting that specific genes identified in mouse parvalbumin neurons could be putative targets in the human brain. Pharmacological stimulation of four G-protein-coupled receptors enriched in the striatal parvalbumin interneurons inhibited Gdnf expression presumably by decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation. Additional experiments with pharmacological modulators of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A indicated that this pathway is a relevant intracellular route to induce Gdnf gene activation. This preclinical study is an important step in the ongoing development of a specific pro-endo-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor pharmacological strategy to treat Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Enterría-Morales
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Javier Blesa
- HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivette López-López
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Sarah Gallet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier d'Anglemont de Tassigny
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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50
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Campbell PW, Govindaiah G, Masterson SP, Bickford ME, Guido W. Synaptic properties of the feedback connections from the thalamic reticular nucleus to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:404-417. [PMID: 32609582 PMCID: PMC7500366 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00757.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a shell-like structure comprised of GABAergic neurons that surrounds the dorsal thalamus. While playing a key role in modulating thalamocortical interactions, TRN inhibition of thalamic activity is often thought of as having an all-or-none impact. Although TRN neurons have a dynamic firing range, it remains unclear how variable rates of TRN activity gate thalamocortical transmission. To address this, we examined the ultrastructural features and functional synaptic properties of the feedback connections in the mouse thalamus between TRN and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the principal relay of retinal signals to visual cortex. Using electron microscopy to identify TRN input to dLGN, we found that TRN terminals formed synapses with non-GABAergic postsynaptic profiles. Compared with other nonretinal terminals in dLGN, those from TRN were relatively large and tended to contact proximal regions of relay cell dendrites. To evoke TRN activity in dLGN, we adopted an optogenetic approach by expressing ChR2, or a variant (ChIEF) in TRN terminals. Both in vitro and in vivo recordings revealed that repetitive stimulation of TRN terminals led to a frequency-dependent inhibition of dLGN activity, with higher rates of stimulation resulting in increasing levels of membrane hyperpolarization and corresponding decreases in spike firing. This relationship suggests that alterations in TRN activity lead to graded changes in relay cell spike firing.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) modulates thalamocortical transmission through inhibition. In mouse, TRN terminals in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) form synapses with relay neurons but not interneurons. Stimulation of TRN terminals in dLGN leads to a frequency-dependent form of inhibition, with higher rates of stimulation leading to a greater suppression of spike firing. Thus, TRN inhibition appears more dynamic than previously recognized, having a graded rather than an all-or-none impact on thalamocortical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Campbell
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gubbi Govindaiah
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sean P. Masterson
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Martha E. Bickford
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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