1
|
Vermunt MW, Luan J, Zhang Z, Thrasher AJ, Huang A, Saari MS, Khandros E, Beagrie RA, Zhang S, Vemulamada P, Brilleman M, Lee K, Yano JA, Giardine BM, Keller CA, Hardison RC, Blobel GA. Gene silencing dynamics are modulated by transiently active regulatory elements. Mol Cell 2023; 83:715-730.e6. [PMID: 36868189 PMCID: PMC10719944 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional enhancers have been extensively characterized, but cis-regulatory elements involved in acute gene repression have received less attention. Transcription factor GATA1 promotes erythroid differentiation by activating and repressing distinct gene sets. Here, we study the mechanism by which GATA1 silences the proliferative gene Kit during murine erythroid cell maturation and define stages from initial loss of activation to heterochromatinization. We find that GATA1 inactivates a potent upstream enhancer but concomitantly creates a discrete intronic regulatory region marked by H3K27ac, short noncoding RNAs, and de novo chromatin looping. This enhancer-like element forms transiently and serves to delay Kit silencing. The element is ultimately erased via the FOG1/NuRD deacetylase complex, as revealed by the study of a disease-associated GATA1 variant. Hence, regulatory sites can be self-limiting by dynamic co-factor usage. Genome-wide analyses across cell types and species uncover transiently active elements at numerous genes during repression, suggesting that modulation of silencing kinetics is widespread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit W Vermunt
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jing Luan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Josephine Thrasher
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anran Huang
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Megan S Saari
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eugene Khandros
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert A Beagrie
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Shiping Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pranay Vemulamada
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matilda Brilleman
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kiwon Lee
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer A Yano
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Belinda M Giardine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Cheryl A Keller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ross C Hardison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Gerd A Blobel
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schneider S, Hashmi SK, Thrasher AJ, Kothakapa DR, Wright CM, Heuckeroth RO. Single Nucleus Sequencing of Human Colon Myenteric Plexus-Associated Visceral Smooth Muscle Cells, Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Cells, and Interstitial Cells of Cajal. Gastro Hep Adv 2023; 2:380-394. [PMID: 37206377 PMCID: PMC10194832 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Smooth muscle cells (SMCs), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα+) cells (PαCs) form a functional syncytium in the bowel known as the "SIP syncytium." The SIP syncytium works in concert with the enteric nervous system (ENS) to coordinate bowel motility. However, our understanding of individual cell types that form this syncytium and how they interact with each other remains limited, with no prior single-cell RNAseq analyses focused on human SIP syncytium cells. METHODS We analyzed single-nucleus RNA sequencing data from 10,749 human colon SIP syncytium cells (5572 SMC, 372 ICC, and 4805 PαC nuclei) derived from 15 individuals. RESULTS Consistent with critical contractile and pacemaker functions and with known enteric nervous system interactions, SIP syncytium cell types express many ion channels, including mechanosensitive channels in ICCs and PαCs. PαCs also prominently express extracellular matrix-associated genes and the inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIPR2), a novel finding. We identified 2 PαC clusters that differ in the expression of many ion channels and transcriptional regulators. Interestingly, SIP syncytium cells co-express 6 transcription factors (FOS, MEIS1, MEIS2, PBX1, SCMH1, and ZBTB16) that may be part of a combinatorial signature that specifies these cells. Bowel region-specific differences in SIP syncytium gene expression may correlate with regional differences in function, with right (ascending) colon SMCs and PαCs expressing more transcriptional regulators and ion channels than SMCs and PαCs in left (sigmoid) colon. CONCLUSION These studies provide new insights into SIP syncytium biology that may be valuable for understanding bowel motility disorders and lead to future investigation of highlighted genes and pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sohaib K. Hashmi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A. Josephine Thrasher
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Deepika R. Kothakapa
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Christina M. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdul-Razak HH, Rocca CJ, Howe SJ, Alonso-Ferrero ME, Wang J, Gabriel R, Bartholomae CC, Gan CHV, Garín MI, Roberts A, Blundell MP, Prakash V, Molina-Estevez FJ, Pantoglou J, Guenechea G, Holmes MC, Gregory PD, Kinnon C, von Kalle C, Schmidt M, Bueren JA, Thrasher AJ, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Molecular Evidence of Genome Editing in a Mouse Model of Immunodeficiency. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8214. [PMID: 29844458 PMCID: PMC5974076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing is the introduction of directed modifications in the genome, a process boosted to therapeutic levels by designer nucleases. Building on the experience of ex vivo gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiencies, it is likely that genome editing of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) for correction of inherited blood diseases will be an early clinical application. We show molecular evidence of gene correction in a mouse model of primary immunodeficiency. In vitro experiments in DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit severe combined immunodeficiency (Prkdc scid) fibroblasts using designed zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) and a repair template demonstrated molecular and functional correction of the defect. Following transplantation of ex vivo gene-edited Prkdc scid HSPC, some of the recipient animals carried the expected genomic signature of ZFN-driven gene correction. In some primary and secondary transplant recipients we detected double-positive CD4/CD8 T-cells in thymus and single-positive T-cells in blood, but no other evidence of immune reconstitution. However, the leakiness of this model is a confounding factor for the interpretation of the possible T-cell reconstitution. Our results provide support for the feasibility of rescuing inherited blood disease by ex vivo genome editing followed by transplantation, and highlight some of the challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Abdul-Razak
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - C J Rocca
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - S J Howe
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Gene Transfer Technology Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M E Alonso-Ferrero
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Wang
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., Richmond, California, USA
| | - R Gabriel
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C C Bartholomae
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C H V Gan
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M I Garín
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII)/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Roberts
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M P Blundell
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - V Prakash
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - F J Molina-Estevez
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.,Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII)/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pantoglou
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - G Guenechea
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII)/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Holmes
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., Richmond, California, USA
| | - P D Gregory
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., Richmond, California, USA
| | - C Kinnon
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - C von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schmidt
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J A Bueren
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII)/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - A J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Thrasher AJ, Gaspar HB. Current progress on gene therapy for primary immunodeficiencies. Gene Ther 2013; 20:963-9. [PMID: 23719067 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies have played a major role in the development of gene therapy for monogenic diseases of the bone marrow. The last decade has seen convincing evidence of long-term disease correction as a result of ex vivo viral vector-mediated gene transfer into autologous haematopoietic stem cells. The success of these early studies has been balanced by the development of vector-related insertional mutagenic events. More recently the use of alternative vector designs with self-inactivating designs, which have an improved safety profile has led to the initiation of a wave of new studies that are showing early signs of efficacy. The ongoing development of safer vector platforms and gene-correction technologies together with improvements in cell-transduction techniques and optimised conditioning regimes is likely to make gene therapy amenable for a greater number of PIDs. If long-term efficacy and safety are shown, gene therapy will become a standard treatment option for specific forms of PID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Center for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Himoudi N, Wallace R, Parsley KL, Gilmour K, Barrie AU, Howe K, Dong R, Sebire NJ, Michalski A, Thrasher AJ, Anderson J. Lack of T-cell responses following autologous tumour lysate pulsed dendritic cell vaccination, in patients with relapsed osteosarcoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14:271-9. [PMID: 22484634 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy using autologous dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has not been systematically evaluated in osteosarcoma. We therefore conducted a phase I trial to assess feasibility, safety and tumour-specific immune responses in patients with relapsed disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of 13 recruited patients with relapsed osteosarcoma, 12 received 3 weekly vaccines of autologous DCs matured with autologous tumour lysate and keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), to a maximum of 6 vaccinations. An additional 3 paediatric patients afflicted with other tumour types and with relapsed disease received vaccines generated with identical methodology. Immune responses were assessed using an ELISpot assay for the detection of interferon gamma, whilst interleukin-2 and granzyme B were additionally assessed in cases where interferon-γ responses were induced. RESULTS In total 61 vaccines, of homogeneous maturation phenotype and viability, were administered with no significant toxicity. Only in 2 out of 12 treated osteosarcoma cases was there an induction of specific T-cell immune response to the tumour, whilst a strong but non-specific immune response was induced in 1 further osteosarcoma patient. Immune response against KLH was induced in only 3 out of 12 osteosarcoma patients. In contrast, three additional non-osteosarcoma patients showed significant T-cell responses to vaccine. CONCLUSION We have shown the strategy of DC vaccination in relapsed osteosarcoma is safe and feasible. However, significant anti-tumour responses were induced in only 2 out of 12 vaccinated patients with no evidence of clinical benefit. Comparison of results with identically treated control patients suggests that osteosarcoma patients might be relatively insensitive to DC-based vaccine treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Himoudi
- Unit of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
van der Loo JCM, Swaney WP, Grassman E, Terwilliger A, Higashimoto T, Schambach A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Nordling DL, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Thrasher AJ, Williams DA, Reeves L, Malik P. Critical variables affecting clinical-grade production of the self-inactivating gamma-retroviral vector for the treatment of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Gene Ther 2012; 19:872-6. [PMID: 22551777 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) were successfully cured following gene therapy with a gamma-retroviral vector (gRV) expressing the common gamma chain of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL2RG). However, 5 of 20 patients developed leukemia from activation of cellular proto-oncogenes by viral enhancers in the long-terminal repeats (LTR) of the integrated vector. These events prompted the design of a gRV vector with self-inactivating (SIN) LTRs to enhance vector safety. Herein we report on the production of a clinical-grade SIN IL2RG gRV pseudotyped with the Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus envelope for a new gene therapy trial for SCID-X1, and highlight variables that were found to be critical for transfection-based large-scale SIN gRV production. Successful clinical production required careful selection of culture medium without pre-added glutamine, reduced exposure of packaging cells to cell-dissociation enzyme, and presence of cations in wash buffer. The clinical vector was high titer; transduced 68-70% normal human CD34(+) cells, as determined by colony-forming unit assays and by xenotransplantation in immunodeficient NOD.CB17-Prkdc(scid)/J (nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID)) and NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid) Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ (NOD/SCID gamma (NSG))) mice; and resulted in the production of T cells in vitro from human SCID-X1 CD34(+) cells. The vector was certified and released for the treatment of SCID-X1 in a multi-center international phase I/II trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C M van der Loo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
van der Loo JCM, Swaney WP, Grassman E, Terwilliger A, Higashimoto T, Schambach A, Baum C, Thrasher AJ, Williams DA, Nordling DL, Reeves L, Malik P. Scale-up and manufacturing of clinical-grade self-inactivating γ-retroviral vectors by transient transfection. Gene Ther 2011; 19:246-54. [PMID: 21753795 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The need for γ-retroviral (gRV) vectors with a self-inactivating (SIN) design for clinical application has prompted a shift in methodology of vector manufacturing from the traditional use of stable producer lines to transient transfection-based techniques. Herein, we set out to define and optimize a scalable manufacturing process for the production of gRV vectors using transfection in a closed-system bioreactor in compliance with current good manufacturing practices (cGMP). The process was based on transient transfection of 293T cells on Fibra-Cel disks in the Wave Bioreactor. Cells were harvested from tissue culture flasks and transferred to the bioreactor containing Fibra-Cel in the presence of vector plasmid, packaging plasmids and calcium-phosphate in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and 10% fetal bovine serum. Virus supernatant was harvested at 10-14 h intervals. Using optimized procedures, a total of five ecotropic cGMP-grade gRV vectors were produced (9 liters each) with titers up to 3.6 × 10(7) infectious units per milliliter on 3T3 cells. One GMP preparation of vector-like particles was also produced. These results describe an optimized process for the generation of SIN viral vectors by transfection using a disposable platform that allows for the generation of clinical-grade viral vectors without the need for cleaning validation in a cost-effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C M van der Loo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Rahim AA, Wong AMS, Howe SJ, Buckley SMK, Acosta-Saltos AD, Elston KE, Ward NJ, Philpott NJ, Cooper JD, Anderson PN, Waddington SN, Thrasher AJ, Raivich G. Efficient gene delivery to the adult and fetal CNS using pseudotyped non-integrating lentiviral vectors. Gene Ther 2009; 16:509-20. [PMID: 19158847 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Non-integrating lentiviral vectors show considerable promise for gene therapy applications as they persist as long-term episomes in non-dividing cells and diminish risks of insertional mutagenesis. In this study, non-integrating lentiviral vectors were evaluated for their use in the adult and fetal central nervous system of rodents. Vectors differentially pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies and baculoviral envelope proteins allowed targeting of varied cell populations. Efficient gene delivery to discrete areas of the brain and spinal cord was observed following stereotactic administration. Furthermore, after direct in utero administration (E14), sustained and strong expression was observed 4 months into adulthood. Quantification of transduction and viral copy number was comparable when using non-integrating lentivirus and conventional integrating vector. These data support the use of non-integrating lentiviral vectors as an effective alternative to their integrating counterparts in gene therapy applications, and highlight their potential for treatment of inherited and acquired neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Rahim
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moreno-Carranza B, Gentsch M, Stein S, Schambach A, Santilli G, Rudolf E, Ryser MF, Haria S, Thrasher AJ, Baum C, Brenner S, Grez M. Transgene optimization significantly improves SIN vector titers, gp91phox expression and reconstitution of superoxide production in X-CGD cells. Gene Ther 2008; 16:111-8. [PMID: 18784749 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has proven to be of potential value for the correction of inherited hematopoietic disorders. However, the occurrence of severe side effects in some of the clinical trials has questioned the safety of this approach and has hampered the use of long terminal repeat-driven vectors for the treatment of a large number of patients. The development of self-inactivating (SIN) vectors with reduced genotoxicity provides an alternative to the currently used vectors. Our initial attempts to use SIN vectors for the correction of a myeloid disorder, chronic granulomatous disease, failed due to low vector titers and poor transgene expression. The optimization of the transgene cDNA (gp91(phox)) resulted in substantially increased titers and transgene expression. Most notably, transgene optimization significantly improved expression of a second cistron located downstream of gp91(phox). Thus, optimization of the transgene sequence results in higher expression levels and increased therapeutic index allowing the use of low vector copy numbers per transduced cell and weaker internal promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Moreno-Carranza
- Division of Applied Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Biomedical Research, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alexander BL, Ali RR, Alton EWF, Bainbridge JW, Braun S, Cheng SH, Flotte TR, Gaspar HB, Grez M, Griesenbach U, Kaplitt MG, Ott MG, Seger R, Simons M, Thrasher AJ, Thrasher AZ, Ylä-Herttuala S. Progress and prospects: gene therapy clinical trials (part 1). Gene Ther 2007; 14:1439-47. [PMID: 17909539 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades gene therapy has moved from preclinical to clinical studies for many diseases ranging from single gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, to more complex diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is the most significant success story to date, but progress in many other areas has been significant. We asked 20 leaders in the field succinctly to summarize and comment on clinical gene therapy research in their respective areas of expertise and these are published in two parts in the Progress and Prospect series.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bacchelli C, Buckridge S, Thrasher AJ, Gaspar HB. Translational mini-review series on immunodeficiency: molecular defects in common variable immunodeficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:401-9. [PMID: 17697196 PMCID: PMC2219326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency that typically affects adults and is characterized by abnormalities of quantative and qualitative humoral function that are heterogeneous in their immunological profile and clinical manifestations. The recent identification of four monogenic defects that result in the CVID phenotype also demonstrates that the genetic basis of CVID is highly variable. Mutations in the genes encoding the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily receptors transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating ligand interactor (TACI) and B cell activation factor of the TNF family receptor (BAFF-R), CD19 and the co-stimulatory molecule inducible co-stimulator molecule (ICOS) all lead to CVID and illustrate the complex interplay required to co-ordinate an effective humoral immune response. The molecular mechanisms leading to the immune defect are still not understood clearly and particularly in the case of TACI, where a number of heterozygous mutations have been found in affected individuals, the molecular pathogenesis of disease requires further elucidation. Together these defects account for perhaps 10-15% of all cases of CVID and it is highly likely that further genetic defects will be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bacchelli
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Laurie KL, Blundell MP, Baxendale HE, Howe SJ, Sinclair J, Qasim W, Brunsberg U, Thrasher AJ, Holmdahl R, Gustafsson K. Cell-specific and efficient expression in mouse and human B cells by a novel hybrid immunoglobulin promoter in a lentiviral vector. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1623-31. [PMID: 17851547 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The expression of genes specifically in B cells is of great interest in both experimental immunology as well as in future clinical gene therapy. We have constructed a novel enhanced B cell-specific promoter (Igk-E) consisting of an immunoglobulin kappa (Igk) minimal promoter combined with an intronic enhancer sequence and a 3' enhancer sequence from Ig genes. The Igk-E promoter was cloned into a lentiviral vector and used to control expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Transduction of murine B-cell lymphoma cell lines and activated primary splenic B cells, with IgK-E-eGFP lentivirus, resulted in expression of eGFP, as analysed by flow cytometry, whereas expression in non-B cells was absent. The specificity of the promoter was further examined by transducing Lin(-) bone marrow with Igk-E-eGFP lentivirus and reconstituting lethally irradiated mice. After 16 weeks flow cytometry of lymphoid tissues revealed eGFP expression by CD19+ cells, but not by CD3+, CD11b+, CD11c+ or Gr-1+ cells. CD19+ cells were comprised of both marginal zone B cells and recirculating follicular B cells. Activated human peripheral mononuclear cells were also transduced with Igk-E-eGFP lentivirus under conditions of selective B-cell activation. The Igk-E promoter was able to drive expression of eGFP only in CD19+ cells, while eGFP was expressed by both spleen focus-forming virus and cytomegalovirus constitutive promoters in CD19+ and CD3+ lymphocytes. These data demonstrate that in these conditions the Igk-E promoter is cell specific and controls efficient expression of a reporter protein in mouse and human B cells in the context of a lentiviral vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Laurie
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barker SE, Grosse SM, Siapati EK, Kritz A, Kinnon C, Thrasher AJ, Hart SL. Immunotherapy for neuroblastoma using syngeneic fibroblasts transfected with IL-2 and IL-12. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:210-7. [PMID: 17595664 PMCID: PMC2360308 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-modified tumour cells have been used in clinical trials for immunotherapy of neuroblastoma, but primary tumour cells from surgical biopsies are difficult to culture. Autologous fibroblasts, however, are straightforward to manipulate in culture and easy to transfect using nonviral or viral vectors. Here we have compared the antitumour effect of fibroblasts and tumour cells transfected ex vivo to coexpress interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-12 in a syngeneic mouse model of neuroblastoma. Coinjection of cytokine-modified fibroblasts with Neuro-2A tumour cells abolished their in vivo tumorigenicity. Treatment of established tumours with three intratumoral doses of transfected fibroblasts showed a significant therapeutic effect with reduced growth or complete eradication of tumours in 90% of mice, associated with extensive leukocyte infiltration. Splenocytes recovered from vaccinated mice showed enhanced IL-2 production following Neuro-2A coculture, and increased cytotoxicity against Neuro-2A targets compared with controls. Furthermore, 100% of the tumour-free mice exhibited immune memory against tumour cells when rechallenged three months later. The potency of transfected fibroblasts was equivalent to that of tumour cells in all experiments. We conclude that syngeneic fibroblasts cotransfected with IL-2 and IL-12 mediate therapeutic effects against established disease, and are capable of generating immunological memory. Furthermore, as they are easier to recover and manipulate than autologous tumour cells, fibroblasts provide an attractive alternative immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of neuroblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Barker
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - S M Grosse
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - E K Siapati
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - A Kritz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - C Kinnon
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - A J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - S L Hart
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Autoimmune cytopenias are well recognised in patients with primary immune deficiency, but treatment may be difficult. We report eight children with autoimmune cytopenias (autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune neutropenia) complicating immune deficiency states (common variable immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, combined immunodeficiency) treated with between 1 and 3 courses of rituximab (anti-CD20). Responses occurred for 90% of treatments but relapse rates (after a median of 53 weeks) were high (78%). We conclude that rituximab is an effective treatment for autoimmune cytopenias in children with immune deficiencies, but repeated courses of treatment may be needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Kim
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pike-Overzet K, de Ridder D, Weerkamp F, Baert MRM, Verstegen MMA, Brugman MH, Howe SJ, Reinders MJT, Thrasher AJ, Wagemaker G, van Dongen JJM, Staal FJT. Ectopic retroviral expression of LMO2, but not IL2Rgamma, blocks human T-cell development from CD34+ cells: implications for leukemogenesis in gene therapy. Leukemia 2007; 21:754-63. [PMID: 17268520 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of leukemia in a gene therapy trial for SCID-X1 has highlighted insertional mutagenesis as an adverse effect. Although retroviral integration near the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) oncogene LIM-only protein 2 (LMO2) appears to be a common event, it is unclear why LMO2 was preferentially targeted. We show that of classical T-ALL oncogenes, LMO2 is most highly transcribed in CD34+ progenitor cells. Upon stimulation with growth factors typically used in gene therapy protocols transcription of LMO2, LYL1, TAL1 and TAN1 is most prominent. Therefore, these oncogenes may be susceptible to viral integration. The interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain (IL2Rgamma), which is mutated in SCID-X1, has been proposed as a cooperating oncogene to LMO2. However, we found that overexpressing IL2Rgamma had no effect on T-cell development. In contrast, retroviral overexpression of LMO2 in CD34+ cells caused severe abnormalities in T-cell development, but B-cell and myeloid development remained unaffected. Our data help explain why LMO2 was preferentially targeted over many of the other known T-ALL oncogenes. Furthermore, during T-cell development retrovirus-mediated expression of IL2Rgamma may not be directly oncogenic. Instead, restoration of normal IL7-receptor signaling may allow progression of T-cell development to stages where ectopic LMO2 expression causes aberrant thymocyte growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Pike-Overzet
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Charrier S, Dupré L, Scaramuzza S, Jeanson-Leh L, Blundell MP, Danos O, Cattaneo F, Aiuti A, Eckenberg R, Thrasher AJ, Roncarolo MG, Galy A. Lentiviral vectors targeting WASp expression to hematopoietic cells, efficiently transduce and correct cells from WAS patients. Gene Ther 2006; 14:415-28. [PMID: 17051251 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been proposed as a potential treatment for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), a severe primary immune deficiency characterized by multiple hematopoietic-specific cellular defects. In order to develop an optimal lentiviral gene transfer cassette for this application, we compared the performance of several internal promoters in a variety of cell lineages from human WAS patients. Vectors using endogenous promoters derived from short (0.5 kb) or long (1.6 kb) 5' flanking sequences of the WAS gene, expressed the transgene in T, B, dendritic cells as well as CD34(+) progenitor cells, but functioned poorly in non-hematopoietic cells. Defects of T-cell proliferation and interleukin-2 production, and the cytoskeletal anomalies in WAS dendritic cells were also corrected. The levels of reconstitution were comparable to those obtained following transduction with similar lentiviral vectors incorporating constitutive PGK-1, EF1-alpha promoters or the spleen focus forming virus gammaretroviral LTR. Thus, native regulatory sequences target the expression of the therapeutic WAS transgene to the hematopoietic system, as is naturally the case for WAS, and are effective for correction of multiple cellular defects. These vectors may have significant advantages for clinical application in terms of natural gene regulation, and reduction in the potential for adverse mutagenic events.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bigger BW, Siapati EK, Mistry A, Waddington SN, Nivsarkar MS, Jacobs L, Perrett R, Holder MV, Ridler C, Kemball-Cook G, Ali RR, Forbes SJ, Coutelle C, Wright N, Alison M, Thrasher AJ, Bonnet D, Themis M. Permanent partial phenotypic correction and tolerance in a mouse model of hemophilia B by stem cell gene delivery of human factor IX. Gene Ther 2005; 13:117-26. [PMID: 16163377 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses against an introduced transgenic protein are a potential risk in many gene replacement strategies to treat genetic disease. We have developed a gene delivery approach for hemophilia B based on lentiviral expression of human factor IX in purified hematopoietic stem cells. In both normal C57Bl/6J and hemophilic 129/Sv recipient mice, we observed the production of therapeutic levels of human factor IX, persisting for at least a year with tolerance to human factor IX antigen. Secondary and tertiary recipients also demonstrate long-term production of therapeutic levels of human factor IX and tolerance, even at very low levels of donor chimerism. Furthermore, in hemophilic mice, partial functional correction of treated mice and phenotypic rescue is achieved. These data show the potential of a stem cell approach to gene delivery to tolerize recipients to a secreted foreign transgenic protein and, with appropriate modification, may be of use in developing treatments for other genetic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B W Bigger
- Gene Therapy Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martín F, Toscano MG, Blundell M, Frecha C, Srivastava GK, Santamaría M, Thrasher AJ, Molina IJ. Lentiviral vectors transcriptionally targeted to hematopoietic cells by WASP gene proximal promoter sequences. Gene Ther 2005; 12:715-23. [PMID: 15750617 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of vectors that express a therapeutic transgene efficiently and specifically in hematopoietic cells (HCs) is an important goal for gene therapy of hematological disorders. In order to achieve this, we used a 500 bp fragment from the proximal WASP gene promoter to drive the expression of the WASP cDNA in the context of a self-inactivating lentiviral vector. Single-round transduction of WASp-deficient herpesvirus saimiri (HVS)-immortalized cells as well as primary allospecific T cells from Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients with this vector (WW) resulted in expression levels similar to those of control cells. Non-HCs were transduced with similar efficiency, but the levels of WASp were 135-350 times lower than those achieved in HCs. Additionally, transduction of WASp-deficient cells with WW conferred a selective growth advantage in vitro. Therefore, lentiviral vectors incorporating proximal promoter sequences from the WASP gene confer hematopoietic-specific, and physiological protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Martín
- IPB 'López Neyra' CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Dendritic cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells, critical for initiating and regulating immune responses. Two new studies demonstrate the importance of coordinated cytoskeletal regulation for their normal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Burns
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a T cell mediated phenomenon that arises following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and may be particularly severe in the context of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatched procedures. Although GVHD can be largely abrogated through T cell depletion, such measures result in loss of graft potency and reduced anti-viral and anti-leukaemic effects. The genetic modification of T cells to carry a suicide gene mechanism has been advocated as means of allowing T cells to be harnessed for their beneficial effects, and safely eliminated in the event of significant GVHD. The feasibility of the strategy has been demonstrated in clinical studies using T cells modified by retroviral transduction to encode the herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HSVTK) gene to treat patients with haematological malignancies. However, a number of limitations associated with current protocols have become apparent. Most notably, the process of retroviral transduction, which requires pre-activation of T cells, appears to impair subsequent functional potential. Efforts are now directed towards circumventing the pre-activation requirements of retroviral vectors by using alternative lentiviral systems, in association with improved suicide gene/prodrug combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Qasim
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30, Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tschernutter M, Schlichtenbrede FC, Howe S, Balaggan KS, Munro PM, Bainbridge JWB, Thrasher AJ, Smith AJ, Ali RR. Long-term preservation of retinal function in the RCS rat model of retinitis pigmentosa following lentivirus-mediated gene therapy. Gene Ther 2005; 12:694-701. [PMID: 15660111 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat is a well-characterized model of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP) due to a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It is homozygous for a null mutation in the gene encoding , a receptor tyrosine kinase found in RPE cells, that is required for phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments. The absence of Mertk results in accumulation of outer segment debris. This subsequently leads to progressive loss of photoreceptor cells. In order to evaluate the efficacy of lentiviral-mediated gene replacement therapy in the RCS rat, we produced recombinant VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1-based lentiviruses containing a murine Mertk cDNA driven by a spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) promoter. The vector was subretinally injected into the right eye of 10-day-old RCS rats; the left eye was left untreated as an internal control. Here, we present a detailed assessment of the duration and extent of the morphological rescue and the resulting functional benefits. We examined animals at various time points over a period of 7 months by light and electron microscopy, and electroretinography. We observed correction of the phagocytic defect, slowing of photoreceptor cell loss and preservation of retinal function for up to 7 months. This study demonstrates the potential of gene therapy approaches for the treatment of retinal degenerations caused by defects specific to the RPE and supports the use of lentiviral vectors for the treatment of such disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tschernutter
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schlichtenbrede FC, Smith AJ, Bainbridge JWB, Thrasher AJ, Salt TE, Ali RR. Improvement of neuronal visual responses in the superior colliculus in Prph2(Rd2/Rd2) mice following gene therapy. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:103-10. [PMID: 14962744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Revised: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations are a major cause of blindness for which there are currently no effective therapies. Significant progress concerning in vivo gene transfer has allowed retardation of degeneration or retinal functional improvement in different animal models. To date, there has been no evaluation of the impact of these treatments on higher visual function, a critical step for validating gene therapy treatment strategies. Here, we have used adeno-associated (AAV2)-mediated gene transfer of Prph2 in the Prph2(Rd2/Rd2) mouse model. We then assessed higher visual function by recording from central visually responsive neurons in the superior colliculus and improvements were correlated in individual animals with retinal function (ERG) and histological and biochemical changes. Although gene replacement therapy only partially restores photoreceptor morphology, it results in a 300% increase of the visual cycle protein rhodopsin, leading to retinal function improvement (250% increase of b-wave amplitude) and significantly higher central visual responses (166% increase at 24 cd/m(2)). These findings suggest that gene replacement therapy leading to even relatively modest structural improvement may result in improved central visual function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Schlichtenbrede
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiencies have long been targeted as a group of disorders amenable to gene therapy because of their defined molecular biology and pathophysiology, and the prediction that corrected cells would have profound growth and survival advantage. Recently, several clinical studies have shown that conventional gene transfer technology can produce major beneficial therapeutic effects in these patients, but, as for all cellular and pharmacological treatment approaches, with a finite potential for toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B Gaspar
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nabarro S, Thrasher AJ, Kempski H, Amrolia P, Anderson J. Generation of immunostimulatory dendritic cells from the malignant clone in patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2003; 17:1910-2. [PMID: 12970796 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Bainbridge JWB, Mistry A, Schlichtenbrede FC, Smith A, Broderick C, De Alwis M, Georgiadis A, Taylor PM, Squires M, Sethi C, Charteris D, Thrasher AJ, Sargan D, Ali RR. Stable rAAV-mediated transduction of rod and cone photoreceptors in the canine retina. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1336-44. [PMID: 12883530 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are attractive candidates for the treatment of inherited and acquired retinal disease. Although rAAV vectors are well characterized in rodent models, a prerequisite to their clinical application in human patients is the thorough evaluation of their efficacy and safety in intermediate animal models. In this study, we describe rAAV-2-mediated expression of GFP reporter gene in retinal cells following local vector delivery in dogs. Subretinal delivery of rAAV.CMV.GFP was performed unilaterally in eight normal dogs from 6 weeks of age. The area of retinal transduction was maximized by the optimization of surgical techniques for subretinal vector delivery by pars-plana vitrectomy and the use of fine-gauge subretinal cannulae to create multiple retinotomies. rAAV-2 vectors mediated efficient stable reporter gene expression in photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. We found efficient transduction of cone photoreceptors in addition to rods in both the canine retina and after subretinal vector delivery in another intermediate animal model, the feline retina. GFP expression in dogs was confined to the area of the retinal bleb and was sustained in cells at this site for at least 18 months. Electroretinography demonstrated a modest reduction in global rod-mediated retinal function following subretinal delivery of rAAV.CMV.GFP. Three of the eight animals developed delayed-onset intraocular inflammation, in two cases associated with a serum antibody response to GFP protein. We conclude that rAAV-2 vectors mediate efficient sustained transgene expression in rod and cone photoreceptors following subretinal delivery in this intermediate animal model. The possibility of adverse effects including intraocular immune responses and reduced retinal function requires further investigation prior to clinical applications in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W B Bainbridge
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bainbridge JWB, Mistry A, Binley K, De Alwis M, Thrasher AJ, Naylor S, Ali RR. Hypoxia-regulated transgene expression in experimental retinal and choroidal neovascularization. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1049-54. [PMID: 12776163 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant AAV vectors mediate efficient and sustained transgene expression in retinal tissues and offer a powerful approach to the local, sustained delivery of angiostatic proteins for the treatment of ocular neovascular disorders. The application of such strategies may also require regulated gene expression to minimize the potential for unwanted adverse effects. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of a hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) on the kinetics of recombinant adeno-associated (rAAV)-mediated reporter gene expression in murine models of retinal and choroidal neovascularization. In murine ischaemia-induced retinal neovascularization, intravitreal delivery of rAAV.HRE.GFP results in reporter gene expression specifically at sites of vascular closure during the period of active neovascularization and not after vector delivery in normal controls. In murine laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, subretinal delivery of rAAV.HRE.GFP results in reporter gene expression at sites of active neovascularization but not elsewhere or after vector delivery in normal controls. HRE-driven gene expression offers an attractive strategy for the targeted and regulated delivery of angiostatic proteins to the retina in the management of neovascular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W B Bainbridge
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Siapati KE, Barker S, Kinnon C, Michalski A, Anderson R, Brickell P, Thrasher AJ, Hart SL. Improved antitumour immunity in murine neuroblastoma using a combination of IL-2 and IL-12. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1641-8. [PMID: 12771934 PMCID: PMC2377114 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma immunotherapy using cytokine-modified tumour cells has been tested in clinical trials. However, because of the complex nature of antitumour immune responses, a number of therapies may be required for complete tumour eradication and generation of systemic immunity. We report here the improved antitumour effect of two cytokines, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), when coexpressed by neuroblastoma cell lines. Initially, transfection of human and mouse neuroblastoma cell lines resulted in high expression levels of biologically active IL-2 and IL-12 in vitro. These cytokines when expressed by transfected Neuro-2A cells completely abolished their in vivo tumorigenicity in a syngeneic neuroblastoma model. Vaccination of established tumours with IL-12-producing cells exhibited a clear effect with reduced tumour growth in the presence of IL-2. In vivo depletion studies showed that CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells mediate the response against cytokine-producing cells. These results suggest that IL-2 and IL-12, when cotransfected in tumour cells, are effective against established disease and provide a promising immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of neuroblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Siapati
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - S Barker
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - C Kinnon
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - A Michalski
- Oncology and Haematology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - R Anderson
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - P Brickell
- Oncology and Haematology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - S L Hart
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schlichtenbrede FC, MacNeil A, Bainbridge JWB, Tschernutter M, Thrasher AJ, Smith AJ, Ali RR. Intraocular gene delivery of ciliary neurotrophic factor results in significant loss of retinal function in normal mice and in the Prph2Rd2/Rd2 model of retinal degeneration. Gene Ther 2003; 10:523-7. [PMID: 12621456 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular delivery of a variety of neurotrophic factors has been widely investigated as a potential treatment for retinal dystrophy (RD). The most commonly studied factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), has been shown to preserve retinal morphology and to promote cell survival in a variety of models of RD. In order to evaluate CNTF as a potential treatment for RD, we used the Prph2(Rd2/Rd2) mouse. CNTF was expressed intraocularly using AAV-mediated gene delivery either by itself or, in a second treatment group, combined with AAV-mediated gene replacement therapy of peripherin2, which we have previously shown to improve photoreceptor structure and function. We confirmed in both groups of animals that CNTF reduces the loss of photoreceptor cells. Visual function, however, as assessed over a time course by electroretinography (ERG), was significantly reduced compared with untreated controls. Furthermore, CNTF gene expression negated the effects on function of gene replacement therapy. In order to test whether this deleterious effect is only seen when degenerating retina is treated, we recorded ERGs from wild-type mice following intraocular injection of AAV expressing CNTF. Here a marked deleterious effect was noted, in which the b-wave amplitude was reduced by at least 50%. Our results demonstrate that intraocular CNTF gene delivery may have a deleterious effect on the retina and caution against its application in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Schlichtenbrede
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Qasim W, Thrasher AJ, Buddle J, Kinnon C, Black ME, Gaspar HB. T cell transduction and suicide with an enhanced mutant thymidine kinase. Gene Ther 2002; 9:824-7. [PMID: 12040465 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2001] [Accepted: 01/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral transfer of Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase to T cells has been used to confer sensitivity to the antiviral agent ganciclovir. This has allowed therapeutic approaches to be developed in which T cells mediating graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation can be selectively eliminated by the administration of ganciclovir. Although the strategy has been shown to be generally successful in early clinical trials, there are concerns about possible resistance to ganciclovir and the risk of myelosuppressive side-effects at the doses required to induce T cell suicide. We have incorporated the enhanced mutant HSV-TKSR39 into retroviral vectors tailored to exhibit high levels of expression in T cells and have used protocols optimized for the transduction and selection of primary lymphocytes. We demonstrate that leukemic and primary T cells can be efficiently transduced and highly enriched under conditions that should be readily adaptable for clinical use. T cells carrying HSV-TKSR39 were inhibited by exposure to ganciclovir at concentrations an order of magnitude below those required for wild-type HSV-TK. The less toxic agent aciclovir also eliminated T cells transduced with HSV-TKSR39 (but not HSV-TK), underlining the increased therapeutic potential of the mutant suicide gene system in the bone marrow transplantation setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Qasim
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) were derived from human peripheral blood monocytes or cord blood monocytes cultured in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF. Adult and cord DCs were observed to have comparable immature phenotypes. However, the increase in surface expression of HLA-DR and CD86 after addition of LPS was significantly attenuated in cord DCs, with CD25 and CD83 expression also markedly reduced. Cord DCs were also unable to produce IL-12p70, failed to down-regulate expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 and induced lower levels of IFN-gamma production from allogeneic naive CD4+ T cells than their adult counterparts. In contrast, the kinetics of the production of TNF-alpha and IL-10 in response to LPS stimulation was comparable to adult DCs. The reduced ability of cord DCs to attain a fully mature adult phenotype, and to activate naive CD4+ T cells to produce IFN-gamma, suggests that they are intrinsically preprogrammed against the generation of Th-1 immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Langrish
- Molecular Immunology Unit, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bainbridge JWB, Mistry A, De Alwis M, Paleolog E, Baker A, Thrasher AJ, Ali RR. Inhibition of retinal neovascularisation by gene transfer of soluble VEGF receptor sFlt-1. Gene Ther 2002; 9:320-6. [PMID: 11938451 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2001] [Accepted: 11/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retinal angiogenesis is a central feature of the leading causes of blindness. Current treatments for these conditions are of limited efficacy and cause significant adverse effects. In this study, we evaluated the angiostatic effect of gene transfer of the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt-1 in a mouse model of ischaemia-induced retinal neovascularisation using adenovirus and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. We induced proliferative retinopathy in mice by exposure to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 (p7) to p12 and injected intravitreally recombinant viral vectors expressing the reporter green fluorescent protein (GFP) or vectors expressing the VEGF inhibitor sFlt-1. Efficient adenovirus-mediated GFP expression was evident in cells of the corneal endothelium and iris pigment epithelium. AAV-mediated GFP expression was evident in ganglion cells and cells of the inner nuclear layer of the retina. Vector-mediated sFlt-1 expression was confirmed by ELISA of pooled homogenised whole eyes. Injection of either vector expressing sFlt-1 resulted in a reduction in the number of neovascular endothelial cells by 56% and 52% for adenovirus and AAV vectors, respectively (P < 0.05). Local gene transfer of sFlt-1 consistently inhibits experimental retinal neovascularisation by approximately 50% and offers a powerful novel approach to the clinical management of retinal neovascular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W B Bainbridge
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sarra GM, Stephens C, Schlichtenbrede FC, Bainbridge JWB, Thrasher AJ, Luthert PJ, Ali RR. Kinetics of transgene expression in mouse retina following sub-retinal injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus. Vision Res 2002; 42:541-9. [PMID: 11853771 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using confocal microscopy we have examined in detail the temporal and spatial pattern of green fluorescent protein expression following sub-retinal injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) in the mouse and have determined the effect of viral titre on the number and type of cells transduced. Our results suggest that some transgene expression occurs as early as three days after injection, and that transgene expression occurs beyond the area of retinal detachment. Vector titre appears to have a substantial effect on both transduction efficiency and the speed of onset of photoreceptor cell transduction. Our data suggests that we have not yet reached the limits of photoreceptor transduction efficiency using AAV vectors. An increase in titre could still lead to an improved transduction efficiency and faster onset of photoreceptor transduction. We failed to detect transfected cones even in areas where nearly 100% of the rods were transduced, but we found efficient and sustained RPE transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Sarra
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, EC1V 9EL, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bainbridge JW, Stephens C, Parsley K, Demaison C, Halfyard A, Thrasher AJ, Ali RR. In vivo gene transfer to the mouse eye using an HIV-based lentiviral vector; efficient long-term transduction of corneal endothelium and retinal pigment epithelium. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1665-8. [PMID: 11895005 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the transduction profiles of an HIV-based lentiviral vector delivered regionally to ocular tissues in vivo. Following subretinal injection, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene was efficiently and stably expressed in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Limited transduction of adjacent photoreceptors occurred in newborn mice, but was inefficient in adult animals. Injection of the vector into the anterior chamber resulted in efficient and stable transduction of corneal endothelial cells. Efficient in vivo gene transfer into cells of the corneal endothelium and retinal pigment epithelium by lentiviral vectors may therefore offer a valuable approach to the treatment of disorders of the cornea and outer retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Bainbridge
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sarra GM, Stephens C, de Alwis M, Bainbridge JW, Smith AJ, Thrasher AJ, Ali RR. Gene replacement therapy in the retinal degeneration slow (rds) mouse: the effect on retinal degeneration following partial transduction of the retina. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:2353-61. [PMID: 11689482 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/10.21.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal degeneration slow (rds or Prph2(Rd2/Rd2)) mouse, a model of recessive retinitis pigmentosa, lacks a functional gene encoding peripherin 2. This membrane glycoprotein is required for the formation of photoreceptor outer segment discs. The striking feature of the rds mouse is the complete failure to develop outer segments. We have previously examined the short-term effect of gene replacement therapy using an adeno-associated (AAV) vector and demonstrated induction of outer segments and improvement of photoreceptor function. Here we have extended our analysis and have demonstrated that the potential for ultrastructural improvement is dependent upon the age at which animals are treated, but the effect of a single injection on photoreceptor ultrastructure may be long-term. However, there was no significant effect on photoreceptor cell loss, irrespective of the date of administration, despite the improvements in morphology and function. Our investigation excluded procedure-related damage, vector toxicity and immune responses as major factors which might counteract the benefits of photoreceptor restoration, but suggested that transgene over-expression is of significance. These findings suggest that successful gene therapy in patients with photoreceptor defects may ultimately depend upon intervention in early stages of disease and upon accurate control of transgene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Sarra
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nicklin SA, Buening H, Dishart KL, de Alwis M, Girod A, Hacker U, Thrasher AJ, Ali RR, Hallek M, Baker AH. Efficient and selective AAV2-mediated gene transfer directed to human vascular endothelial cells. Mol Ther 2001; 4:174-81. [PMID: 11545607 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy vectors based on adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV2) offer considerable promise for human gene therapy. Applications for AAV vectors are limited to tissues efficiently transduced by the vector due to its natural tropism, which is predominantly skeletal muscle, neurons, and hepatocytes. Tropism modification to elevate efficiency and/or selectivity to individual cell types would enhance the scope of AAV for disease therapies. The vascular endothelium is implicitly important in cardiovascular diseases and cancer, but is relatively poorly transduced by AAV vectors. We therefore genetically incorporated the peptide SIGYPLP, which targets endothelial cells (EC), into position I-587 of AAV capsids. SIGYPLP-modified AAV (AAVsig) showed enhanced transduction of human EC compared with AAV with a wild-type capsid (AAVwt), a phenotype independent of heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) binding. In contrast, AAVsig did not enhance transduction of primary human vascular smooth muscle cells or human hepatocytes, principal targets for AAV vectors in local or systemic gene delivery applications, respectively. Furthermore, infection of EC in the presence of bafilomycin A(2) indicated that intracellular trafficking of AAV particles was altered by targeting AAV by means of SIGYPLP. AAV vectors with enhanced tropism for EC will be useful for diverse gene therapeutics targeted at the vasculature.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Capsid/chemistry
- Capsid/genetics
- Capsid/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Dependovirus/drug effects
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Dependovirus/metabolism
- Dependovirus/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- HeLa Cells
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/antagonists & inhibitors
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/virology
- Humans
- Macrolides
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Mutation
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, Virus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Nicklin
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Burns S, Thrasher AJ, Blundell MP, Machesky L, Jones GE. Configuration of human dendritic cell cytoskeleton by Rho GTPases, the WAS protein, and differentiation. Blood 2001; 98:1142-9. [PMID: 11493463 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.4.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms that configure the cytoskeleton during migration of dendritic cells (DCs) are poorly understood. Immature DCs assemble specialized adhesion structures known as podosomes at their leading edge; these are associated with the localized recruitment of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) and the actin organizing actin-related protein 2/3 complex. In immature DCs lacking WASp, podosomes are absent, residual dysmorphic lamellipodia and filopodia are nonpolarized, and migration is severely compromised. Microinjection studies indicate that podosome assembly and polarization require concerted action of Cdc42, Rac, and Rho, thereby providing a link between sequential protrusive and adhesive activity. Formation of podosomes is restricted to cells with an immature phenotype, indicating a specific role for these structures during the early migratory phase. (Blood. 2001;98:1142-1149)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Burns
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Feudner E, de Alwis M, Thrasher AJ, Ali RR, Fauser S. Optimization of recombinant adeno-associated virus production using an herpes simplex virus amplicon system. J Virol Methods 2001; 96:97-105. [PMID: 11445141 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation of adeno-associated virus (AAV) based vectors for clinical applications to date is the production of high-titer recombinant AAV vector stocks. Despite recent improvements, the amount of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors (rAAV) particles produced per cell continues to be significantly lower than that of wild-type AAV. In this study, an HSV-based system for rAAV production was used to examine the influence of different parameters including transfection conditions (vector-to-packaging plasmid ratio, amount of total transfected DNA, cell confluency) and multiplicity of infection of herpes helper virus on the resulting titre of rAAV stocks. For herpes helper virus, time-course experiments were carried out to analyse the effect on rAAV yields up to 72 h postinfection and to determine the ideal harvesting time. Taken together, the optimized production scheme consistently yields more than 3x10(3) transducing units per producer cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Feudner
- University Eye Hospital, Röntgenweg 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Qasim W, Gilmour KC, Heath S, Ashton E, Cranston T, Thomas A, Finn A, Davies EG, Thrasher AJ, Kinnon C, Jones A, Gaspar HB. Protein assays for diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and X-linked thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2001; 113:861-5. [PMID: 11442475 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) give rise to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), a condition that exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical severity. Patients may develop mild thrombocytopenia or suffer from a wide range of associated disorders including eczema, immune dysfunction, autoimmune disease and malignancy. The clinical diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) can be difficult and is usually supported by the detection of WASp gene mutations using genetic analysis. Recently, protein-based assays have been used to demonstrate the absence of WASp in patients known to have WASp gene mutations. We have now reversed this approach and report on the use of immunoblot assays to rapidly diagnose WAS in 13 patients. There was a complete absence of WASp in 10 out of 13 patients and an abnormal protein form was detected in the remaining three patients. In all cases, subsequent genetic analysis confirmed the presence of a WASp gene mutation. We believe that protein-based assays should be employed as the first line of investigation in the diagnosis of WAS spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Qasim
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Leverrier Y, Lorenzi R, Blundell MP, Brickell P, Kinnon C, Ridley AJ, Thrasher AJ. Cutting edge: the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is required for efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. J Immunol 2001; 166:4831-4. [PMID: 11290758 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages and dendritic cells is necessary for clearance of proinflammatory debris and for presentation of viral, tumor, and self Ags. While a number of receptors involved in the cognate recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes have been identified, the signaling events that result in internalization remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that clearance of apoptotic cells is accompanied by recruitment of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) protein to the phagocytic cup and that it's absence results in delayed phagocytosis both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we propose that WAS protein plays an important and nonredundant role in the safe removal of apoptotic cells and that deficiency contributes significantly to the immune dysregulation of WAS. The efficiency of apoptotic cell clearance may be a key determinant in the suppression of tissue inflammation and prevention of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Leverrier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free and University College Medical School Branch, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- C J Marshall
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Reichel MB, Bainbridge J, Baker D, Thrasher AJ, Bhattacharya SS, Ali RR. An immune response after intraocular administration of an adenoviral vector containing a beta galactosidase reporter gene slows retinal degeneration in the rd mouse. Br J Ophthalmol 2001; 85:341-4. [PMID: 11222343 PMCID: PMC1723879 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.85.3.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Retinal degenerations are a leading cause of blindness for which there are currently no effective treatments. This has stimulated interest in the investigation of gene therapy strategies for these diseases in a variety of animal models. A number of attempts have been made to prevent photoreceptor loss in the rd mouse model of retinal degeneration using adenoviral vectors containing either a copy of the missing functional gene or a gene encoding either a neurotrophic factor or an antiapoptotic factor. The authors have previously demonstrated that intraocular administration of an adenoviral vector containing a beta galactosidase gene (AV.LacZ) results in an immune response to viral gene products and beta galactosidase. Here the effect of the immune response on retinal degeneration is examined. METHODS Juvenile rd mice were injected intravitreally with AV.LacZ and a proportion were depleted of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells or both. Control animals were injected with PBS. The mice were sacrificed 10 and 20 days post-injection and their eyes embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned. RESULTS 10 days after intravitreal injection of AV.LacZ, the outer nuclear layer contains an average of 2.5 rows compared with 1.5 in PBS injected animals (p<0.005). The protective effect of AV.LacZ is negated by immune suppression and does not extend beyond 20 days. CONCLUSION An immune response to vector and transgene products is able to slow degeneration in the rd mouse. This phenomenon should be taken into account when analysing the degeneration in the rd mouse following gene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Reichel
- University Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is a member of a unique family whose members share similar domain structures and are responsible for the transduction of signals from the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton. For WASp, the interactions with Rho family GTPases and the cytoskeletal organising complex Arp2/3 are critical to these functions, which when disturbed translate into abnormalities of haematopoietic cell signaling, polarisation, migration and phagocytosis. This review discusses the evidence for regulation of highly dynamic cytoskeletal structures by WASp and the consequences of disturbed function on some of these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, England.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pahal GS, Jauniaux E, Kinnon C, Thrasher AJ, Rodeck CH. Normal development of human fetal hematopoiesis between eight and seventeen weeks' gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183:1029-34. [PMID: 11035358 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2000.106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the hematologic compositions of fetal blood and liver and to phenotypically quantify the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells during early human gestation. STUDY DESIGN Fifty fetal blood samples and 50 fetal livers were collected at 10 to 17 weeks' gestation and 8 to 17 weeks' gestation, respectively. Investigations included fetal blood cell counts, determinations of red blood cell index values, and flow cytometric analyses of mononuclear cells. RESULTS Fetal red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts all increased with gestation, reflecting hematologic development. The proportion of normoblasts decreased dramatically with gestation. Individual mature red blood cells were larger and contained more hemoglobin during early gestation. Circulating and hepatic T lymphocytes increased in number shortly before the 13th week of gestation, which reflected thymic maturation. As a proportion fetal liver contained fewer T lymphocytes than did fetal blood (2.5% vs 18.6%; P =.003) but more CD34(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (17.5% vs 4.3%; P =. 004). As a proportion, fetal liver contained more of the primitive CD34(+) and CD38(-) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells than did fetal blood (32% vs 17%; P =.04). CONCLUSION Both fetal blood and liver provide a rich source of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Fetal liver provides a richer source of more primitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells than does fetal blood. For stem cell transplantation we suggest that fetal livers be collected before the 13th week of gestation, because T lymphocytes are present in much greater numbers in the fetal liver after this stage of gestation. Further, we suggest that in utero stem cell transplantations in fetuses with normal immune development should be performed before the 13th week of gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Pahal
- Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- D Goldblatt
- Immunobiology Unit, Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Marshall CJ, Kinnon C, Thrasher AJ. Polarized expression of bone morphogenetic protein-4 in the human aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. Blood 2000; 96:1591-3. [PMID: 10942412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammal, definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are first derived from mesodermal cells within a region of the embryonic para-aortic splanchnopleura known as the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM). Within this region, HSCs are thought to arise from hemangioblast precursors located in the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta. However, the factors that regulate HSC development in vivo are still largely unknown. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of growth factors, is a potent ventralizing factor and has been implicated in the commitment of embryonic mesodermal cells to a hematopoietic fate in a number of systems. In the human AGM, we find that BMP-4 is expressed at high levels, and with striking polarity, in a region of densely packed cells underlying intra-aortic hematopoietic clusters. In contrast, TGF-beta1 is expressed predominantly by hematopoietic cells within the clusters. These findings implicate both BMP-4 and TGF-beta1 in the initiation and regulation of hematopoiesis in the human AGM. Furthermore, the distribution of BMP-4 expression is highly suggestive of a direct role in the specification of human hematopoietic cells from embryonic mesoderm in vivo. (Blood. 2000;96:1591-1593)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Marshall
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ali RR, Sarra GM, Stephens C, Alwis MD, Bainbridge JW, Munro PM, Fauser S, Reichel MB, Kinnon C, Hunt DM, Bhattacharya SS, Thrasher AJ. Restoration of photoreceptor ultrastructure and function in retinal degeneration slow mice by gene therapy. Nat Genet 2000; 25:306-10. [PMID: 10888879 DOI: 10.1038/77068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The gene Prph2 encodes a photoreceptor-specific membrane glycoprotein, peripherin-2 (also known as peripherin/rds), which is inserted into the rims of photoreceptor outer segment discs in a complex with rom-1 (ref. 2). The complex is necessary for the stabilization of the discs, which are renewed constantly throughout life, and which contain the visual pigments necessary for photon capture. Mutations in Prph2 have been shown to result in a variety of photoreceptor dystrophies, including autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and macular dystrophy. A common feature of these diseases is the loss of photoreceptor function, also seen in the retinal degeneration slow (rds or Prph2 Rd2/Rd2) mouse, which is homozygous for a null mutation in Prph2. It is characterized by a complete failure to develop photoreceptor discs and outer segments, downregulation of rhodopsin and apoptotic loss of photoreceptor cells. The electroretinograms (ERGs) of Prph2Rd2/Rd2 mice have greatly diminished a-wave and b-wave amplitudes, which decline to virtually undetectable concentrations by two months. Subretinal injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding a Prph2 transgene results in stable generation of outer segment structures and formation of new stacks of discs containing both perpherin-2 and rhodopsin, which in many cases are morphologically similar to normal outer segments. Moreover, the re-establishment of the structural integrity of the photoreceptor layer also results in electrophysiological correction. These studies demonstrate for the first time that a complex ultrastructural cell defect can be corrected both morphologically and functionally by in vivo gene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Ali
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hudde T, Rayner SA, De Alwis M, Thrasher AJ, Smith J, Coffin RS, George AJ, Larkin DF. Adeno-associated and herpes simplex viruses as vectors for gene transfer to the corneal endothelium. Cornea 2000; 19:369-73. [PMID: 10832701 DOI: 10.1097/00003226-200005000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the efficacy and cytopathogenicity of adeno-associated (AAV) and herpes simplex viruses (HSV) as vectors for gene transfer to corneal endothelial cells (CECs). METHODS Recombinant AAV and HSV were examined for their ability to deliver a lacZ histochemical marker gene to whole-thickness rabbit and human corneas ex vivo. Transgene expression was detected with histochemistry and quantified by a colorimetric assay. RESULTS Rabbit and human corneas transduced with AAV showed increasing numbers of cells expressing marker gene over a 3- to 4-week period. Using 2.5 x 10(6) or 1.5 x 10(7) infective units for rabbit and human corneal specimens, respectively, approximately 2% of CECs expressed the reporter gene. HSV (10(6) plaque-forming units/specimen) transduced approximately 5% of rabbit and human CECs but showed cytotoxicity. In contrast to the duration of recombinant AAV-mediated lacZ expression, recombinant HSV expression was maximal at day 1 and declined to low levels at day 7. CONCLUSION AAV is a promising vector, but its usefulness for corneal transduction is currently limited by the technical difficulties preparing high titres. The HSV vector examined is efficient but needs further genetic modification to prolong transgene expression and reduce its toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hudde
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lorenzi R, Brickell PM, Katz DR, Kinnon C, Thrasher AJ. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is necessary for efficient IgG-mediated phagocytosis. Blood 2000; 95:2943-6. [PMID: 10779443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the Wiskott-Aldrich (WAS) protein (WASp), small GTPases, and the cytoskeletal organizing complex Arp2/3 appear to be critical for the transduction of signals from the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton in hematopoietic cells. This study shows that Fcgamma-receptor (FcgammaR)-mediated phagocytosis is impaired in WASp-deficient peripheral blood monocytes, and that in macrophages, formation of the actin cup and local recruitment of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins is markedly attenuated. Results also show that, in normal macrophages, WASp itself is actively recruited to the cup, suggesting that assembly of this specialized cytoskeletal structure is dependent on its expression. (Blood. 2000;95:2943-2946)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lorenzi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Child Health, London, England.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- A J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|