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Hughes AR, Grusing S, Lin A, Hendrickson RG, Sheridan DC, Marshall R, Horowitz BZ. Trends in intentional abuse and misuse ingestions in school-aged children and adolescents reported to US poison centers from 2000-2020. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2023; 61:64-71. [PMID: 36469528 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2120818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Childhood and adolescent misuse and abuse exposures remain a serious public health challenge in the United States. This study aimed to describe recent trends and patterns of intentional substance misuse and abuse exposures among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. METHODS This study was a retrospective cohort study of intentional misuse and abuse exposures in children 6 through 18 years reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS) from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2020. Demographic trends, reported clinical effects, treatments, management sites, and health outcomes were assessed overall and within four age categories: 6-9, 10-12, 13-15, and 16-18. RESULTS Between 2000 and 2020, there were 338,727 cases regarding intentional misuse and abuse exposures for children ages 6 through 18 years old. Overall, misuse/abuse ingestions fluctuated over time, with a peak in 2011. The majority of intentional misuse/abuse ingestions occurred in males (58.3%), and more than 80% of all reported exposure cases occurred in youth aged 13 to 18. 32.6% of ingestions resulted in worse than minor clinical outcomes. Older age groups had a greater number of severe medical outcomes compared to younger age groups. Major or life-threatening exposures (including those resulting in death) were more common in males. Overall, deaths were rare (n = 450), 0.1%). Male sex, older age, abuse ingestions, exposure site of a public area or other residence, and multiple ingested substances were other factors associated with increased mortality. Marijuana exposure rates had the highest average monthly increase overall, with the most dramatic rise occurring from 2017 to 2020. Edible marijuana preparations accounted for the highest increase in call rates compared with all other forms of marijuana. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION With over 330,000 poison center cases reported during the 20-year study period, intentional substance misuse and abuse exposures substantially impact the pediatric population. The substances most commonly misused/abused are more widely available substances such as over-the-counter medications, household products and pharmaceuticals commonly prescribed to youth. Differences in age and sex were evident, with males and adolescents more likely to abuse and misuse substances. Our study describes an upward trend in marijuana misuse/abuse exposures among youth, especially those involving edible products. These findings highlight an ongoing concern about the impact of rapidly evolving cannabis legalization on this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hughes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon-Alaska Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sara Grusing
- Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amber Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert G Hendrickson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon-Alaska Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David C Sheridan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca Marshall
- Child Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Sheridan DC, Grusing S, Marshall R, Lin A, Hughes AR, Hendrickson RG, Horowitz BZ. Changes in Suicidal Ingestion Among Preadolescent Children From 2000 to 2020. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:604-606. [PMID: 35285864 PMCID: PMC8922197 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C Sheridan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Sara Grusing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Rebecca Marshall
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Amber Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Adrienne R Hughes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
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Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of physical activity (PA) on adiposity and for cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk markers (CMDRMs). In total, 55 adults (33 lean [L] and 22 overweight/obesity [O/O]) visited the laboratory on two occasions. During the first session, body composition and anthropometric measurements were taken as well as resting blood pressure (BP). Free-living PA intensity was monitored using an ActiGraph accelerometer, which the participants wore for a period of 6 days. During the second visit, blood samples for the analysis of disease risk markers were obtained from the participants in the morning after overnight fasting (≥10 hr). There was no significant difference between groups in the percentage of time spent in PA levels (54.5% ± 1.2% and 54.9% ± 2.1% for L and O/O, respectively). Although, the O/O group was within recommended PA level, they had higher leptin, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels than the L group (all p < .01). The O/O group had higher levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL; all p < .01). Interestingly, vigorous activity was positively correlated with HDL (r = .30, p < .05) and negatively with LDL (r = -.26, p = .05) levels and the arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (ARA/EPA) ratio (r = -.30, p < .05). Only the O/O group had elevated CMDRMs. However, vigorous activity may improve health-related blood lipids such as HDL, LDL, and ARA/EPA ratio. Regardless of body composition status, low active participants were more likely to have higher level of leptin and hsCRP. Further exploration of the beneficial effects of vigorous exercise on adiposity and CMDRMs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S Aljaloud
- Department of Exercise Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adrienne R Hughes
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stuart D R Galloway
- Physiology, Exercise, and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Hays CG, Hanley TC, Hughes AR, Truskey SB, Zerebecki RA, Sotka EE. Local Adaptation in Marine Foundation Species at Microgeographic Scales. Biol Bull 2021; 241:16-29. [PMID: 34436968 DOI: 10.1086/714821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNearshore foundation species in coastal and estuarine systems (e.g., salt marsh grasses, mangroves, seagrasses, corals) drive the ecological functions of ecosystems and entire biomes by creating physical structure that alters local abiotic conditions and influences species interactions and composition. The resilience of foundation species and the ecosystem functions they provide depends on their phenotypic and genetic responses to spatial and temporal shifts in environmental conditions. In this review, we explore what is known about the causes and consequences of adaptive genetic differentiation in marine foundation species over spatial scales shorter than dispersal capabilities (i.e., microgeographic scales). We describe the strength of coupling field and laboratory experiments with population genetic techniques to illuminate patterns of local adaptation, and we illustrate this approach by using several foundation species. Among the major themes that emerge from our review include (1) adaptive differentiation of marine foundation species repeatedly evolves along vertical (i.e., elevation or depth) gradients, and (2) mating system and phenology may facilitate this differentiation. Microgeographic adaptation is an understudied mechanism potentially underpinning the resilience of many sessile marine species, and this evolutionary mechanism likely has particularly important consequences for the ecosystem functions provided by foundation species.
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Farooq A, Basterfield L, Adamson AJ, Pearce MS, Hughes AR, Janssen X, Wilson MG, Reilly JJ. Moderate-To-Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour across Childhood and Adolescence, and Their Combined Relationship with Obesity Risk: A Multi-Trajectory Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:7421. [PMID: 34299872 PMCID: PMC8305282 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The combined role of objectively assessed moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) is unclear in obesity prevention. This study aimed to identify latent groups for MVPA and SB trajectories from childhood to adolescence and examine their relationship with obesity risk at adolescence. From the Gateshead Millennium Study, accelerometer-based trajectories of time spent in MVPA and SB at ages 7, 9, 12, and 15 were derived as assigned as the predictor variable. Fat mass index (FMI), using bioelectrical impedance at age 15, was the outcome variable. From 672 children recruited, we identified three distinct multiple trajectory groups for time spent in MVPA and SB. The group with majority membership (54% of the cohort) had high MVPA and low SB at childhood, but MVPA declined and SB increased by age 15. One third of the cohort (31%) belonged to the trajectory with low MVPA and high time spent sedentary throughout. The third trajectory group (15% of the cohort) that had relatively high MVPA and relatively low SB throughout had lower FMI (-1.7, 95% CI (-3.4 to -1.0) kg/m2, p = 0.034) at age 15 compared to the inactive throughout group. High MVPA and low SB trajectories when combined are protective against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Farooq
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK; (A.R.H.); (X.J.); (J.J.R.)
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha 29992, Qatar
| | - Laura Basterfield
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK; (L.B.); (A.J.A.); (M.S.P.)
| | - Ashley J. Adamson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK; (L.B.); (A.J.A.); (M.S.P.)
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Mark S. Pearce
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK; (L.B.); (A.J.A.); (M.S.P.)
| | - Adrienne R. Hughes
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK; (A.R.H.); (X.J.); (J.J.R.)
| | - Xanne Janssen
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK; (A.R.H.); (X.J.); (J.J.R.)
| | - Mathew G. Wilson
- Institute for Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London W1T 7HA, UK;
| | - John J. Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK; (A.R.H.); (X.J.); (J.J.R.)
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Hendrickson RG, Hughes AR, Kusin SG, Lopez AM. Variation in heart rate after acute cannabis exposure. Toxicology Communications 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24734306.2021.1903777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Hendrickson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adrienne R. Hughes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shana G. Kusin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Annette M. Lopez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
- Portland Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diphenhydramine is frequently misused and ingested recreationally for its antihistaminergic and antimuscarinic effects and is often involved in both serious and fatal poisonings, either in isolation or in combination with other xenobiotics. OBJECTIVE This analysis sought to determine which patient and encounter characteristics were associated with severe outcome after diphenhydramine overdose. METHODS This is an analysis of the multi-center ToxIC registry (2010-2016). Descriptive analysis of all cases with diphenhydramine listed as the "primary agent" contributing to toxicity were included. Analysis sought to determine which patient and encounter characteristics were associated with severe outcome, defined as occurrence of seizure, ventricular dysrhythmia, or intubation. To determine which patient and encounter characteristics were individually associated with severe outcome, we performed chi-square tests. Fisher's exact tests were used in the case of sparse data. We also performed multivariable logistic regression to further determine independent risk factors for severe outcome in diphenhydramine overdose. RESULTS Eight hundred and sixty-three cases remained after exclusion with 15.6% (n = 135) of all patients having one or more severe outcome. The most common severe outcome was seizures which occurred in 98 (11.6%) of all ingestions. Females comprised 59.1% (n = 510) of all ingestions. Most ingestions were intentional (86.0%, n = 742) with the most common known reason for an intentional ingestion being self-harm, accounting for 37.5% (n = 324) of all ingestions. Self-harm ingestions and ingestions in males were more commonly associated with intubation. When examining outcomes by age, there were no significant differences overall or in any individual outcome except intubation in which children 0-12 were less likely to be intubated as compared to teens and adults. Signs and symptoms most strongly associated with a severe outcome included acidemia (pH < 7.2), QRS prolongation (QRS > 120 ms), and elevated anion gap (AG > 20). DISCUSSION Acidemia, QRS prolongation, and elevated anion gap are associated with severe outcomes in diphenhydramine toxicity. Further research is warranted to determine their predictive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hughes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amber Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert G Hendrickson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Poison Center, Portland, OR, USA
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Hughes AR, Moore KK, Mah ND, Birmingham AR, Clark RK, Thompson JA, Hendrickson RG. Letter in response to Rivastigmine for the treatment of anticholinergic delirium following severe procyclidine intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 59:855-856. [PMID: 33576254 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1869757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hughes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Oregon Poison Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kerry K Moore
- Department of Pharmacy, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Nathan D Mah
- Department of Pharmacy, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Asha R Birmingham
- Department of Pharmacy, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Roger K Clark
- Department of Pharmacy, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - John A Thompson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Oregon Poison Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Robert G Hendrickson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Oregon Poison Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Janssen X, Martin A, Hughes AR, Hill CM, Kotronoulas G, Hesketh KR. Associations of screen time, sedentary time and physical activity with sleep in under 5s: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 49:101226. [PMID: 31778942 PMCID: PMC7034412 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is crucial to children's health and development. Reduced physical activity and increased screen time adversely impact older children's sleep, but little is known about these associations in children under 5 y. This systematic review examined the association between screen time/movement behaviors (sedentary behavior, physical activity) and sleep outcomes in infants (0-1 y); toddlers (1-2 y); and preschoolers (3-4 y). Evidence was selected according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and synthesized using vote counting based on the direction of association. Quality assessment and a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation was performed, stratified according to child age, exposure and outcome measure. Thirty-one papers were included. Results indicate that screen time is associated with poorer sleep outcomes in infants, toddlers and preschoolers. Meta-analysis confirmed these unfavorable associations in infants and toddlers but not preschoolers. For movement behaviors results were mixed, though physical activity and outdoor play in particular were favorably associated with most sleep outcomes in toddlers and preschoolers. Overall, quality of evidence was very low, with strongest evidence for daily/evening screen time use in toddlers and preschoolers. Although high-quality experimental evidence is required, our findings should prompt parents, clinicians and educators to encourage sleep-promoting behaviors (e.g., less evening screen time) in the under 5s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanne Janssen
- University of Strathclyde, School of Psychological Science and Health, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Anne Martin
- University of Glasgow, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, UK
| | - Adrienne R Hughes
- University of Strathclyde, School of Psychological Science and Health, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine M Hill
- School of Clinical Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; Institute of Education, University College London, UK; Southampton Children's Hospital, UK
| | | | - Kathryn R Hesketh
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR) at the MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, UK
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Reilly JJ, Hughes AR, Gillespie J, Malden S, Martin A. Physical activity interventions in early life aimed at reducing later risk of obesity and related non-communicable diseases: A rapid review of systematic reviews. Obes Rev 2019; 20 Suppl 1:61-73. [PMID: 31419046 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To identify useful components of interventions aimed at prevention of childhood obesity and related non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which included physical activity and which targeted any or all of four life-course stages: peri-conception; pregnancy; infancy and toddlerhood (0 to 23 months); and early childhood (24 to 59 months). In May 2016, WHO Geneva searched the Cochrane Library and PubMed for systematic reviews of interventions including physical activity to prevent childhood obesity or risk factors for obesity-related NCDs. Using a narrative synthesis, the efficacy of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to alter energy balance outcomes (measures of weight status or body fatness) was characterized by life-course stage, study characteristics, intervention functions (as defined in the behaviour change wheel), and level of the socio-ecological model (SEM) targeted. The quality of included systematic reviews was assessed. We retrieved 82 reviews from the World Health Organization (WHO) search, of which 23 were eligible for the present synthesis. The number of eligible studies by life-course stage was: 0 (peri-conception); 0 (pregnancy); 8 (infancy and toddlerhood, age 0 to 23 months; seven RCTs; age); and 37 (early childhood, age 24 to 59 months; 30 RCTs;). Thus, there was a lack of evidence for physical activity interventions during peri-conception and pregnancy. Almost all relevant studies in the 0- to 23- and 24- to 59-month life-course stages were multicomponent interventions (ie, targeted physical activity, dietary, and/or sedentary behaviours). Interventions with evidence of efficacy tended to target multiple levels of the SEM, with emphasis on parents, and extend over long periods. Effective intervention elements for early life obesity prevention included classes on parenting skills, alteration of the kindergarten playground, and financial incentives. Evidence from low- and middle-income countries was scarce, and evidence for intervention effect on obesity-related NCDs was missing. Future physical activity interventions in toddlerhood and early childhood aimed at prevention of obesity should adopt the characteristics typical of effective interventions identified by the present synthesis. There is an urgent need for more evidence on physical activity interventions set in low- and middle-income countries and which target the peri-conception and pregnancy periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Reilly
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Adrienne R Hughes
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer Gillespie
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen Malden
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anne Martin
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Johnstone A, Hughes AR, Bonnar L, Booth JN, Reilly JJ. An active play intervention to improve physical activity and fundamental movement skills in children of low socio-economic status: feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2019; 5:45. [PMID: 30915229 PMCID: PMC6417079 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-019-0427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Active play is a novel approach to addressing low physical activity levels and fundamental movement skills (FMS) in childhood and new interventions must be developed and evaluated. Aim This study aimed to determine the feasibility of a 10-week school-based ‘active play’ intervention, and present preliminary findings on four outcomes: physical activity levels, FMS, inhibition, and maths fluency. Methods This was a feasibility cluster RCT in which eight schools (one primary three class per school) were paired and randomly allocated to either the 10-week intervention (n = 4) or waiting-list control (n = 4). The active play intervention consisted of a 1-h outdoor physical activity session per week, incorporating 30 min of facilitated games and 30 min of free play. Feasibility measures were gathered using appropriate methods and physical activity was measured using an ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer, FMS were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2), inhibition was measured using a Flanker Test and maths fluency was assessed using the One Minute Basic Number Facts Test. Results Sixty-six percent of eligible children (n = 137) agreed to participate in the research. No schools withdrew from the study and three participants were lost to follow-up. Compliance to the intervention was high—none of the participants missed more than two of the ten scheduled active play sessions. Data lost to follow-up were minimal; most were lost (14%) for school day physical activity. Active play sessions were shorter than planned on average by 10 min, and participants spent a mean of 39.4% (14.2) of the session time in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA). There was preliminary evidence of a small intervention effect on MVPA (d = 0.3), FMS score (d = 0.4), inhibition (fish trial: d = 0.1, arrow trial d = 0.1) and maths fluency (addition: d = 0.3, subtraction: d = 0.1). Conclusion The active play intervention was feasible and benefitted from a relatively high MVPA content; however, preliminary findings suggest the intervention had a small effect on the outcomes. Having more active play sessions per week and/or extending the duration of the intervention may increase the effects and these should be tested before a future definitive cluster RCT is undertaken. Trial registration This trial was registered on the International Standardised Randomised Controlled Trials Number register (ISRCTN) in August 2017 (ISRCTN11607781).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avril Johnstone
- 1Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1QE UK
| | - Adrienne R Hughes
- 1Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1QE UK
| | - Lizann Bonnar
- 2School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1QE UK
| | - Josie N Booth
- 3Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 8AQ UK
| | - John J Reilly
- 1Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1QE UK
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Malden S, Hughes AR, Gibson AM, Bardid F, Androutsos O, De Craemer M, Manios Y, Summerbell C, Cardon G, Reilly JJ. Adapting the ToyBox obesity prevention intervention for use in Scottish preschools: protocol for a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e023707. [PMID: 30368450 PMCID: PMC6224766 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an increasing need for the adoption of effective preschool obesity prevention interventions to combat the high levels of early-childhood obesity in the UK. This study will examine the feasibility and acceptability of the adapted version of the ToyBox intervention-a preschool obesity prevention programme-for use in Scotland (ToyBox-Scotland). This will inform the design of a full-scale cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT). METHODS AND ANALYSIS The ToyBox-Scotland intervention will be evaluated using a feasibility cluster RCT, which involves children aged 3-5 years at six preschools in Glasgow, three randomly assigned to the intervention group and three to the usual-care control group. The original ToyBox intervention was adapted for the Scottish context using a coproduction approach. Within the 18-week intervention, physical activity and sedentary behaviour will be targeted in the preschool through environmental changes to the classroom, physical activity sessions and movement breaks. Parents will receive home activity packs every 3 weeks containing sticker incentives and interactive parent-child games that target sedentary behaviour, physical activity, eating/snacking and water consumption. As this is a feasibility study, parameters such as recruitment rates, attrition rates and SDs of outcome measures will be obtained which will inform a power calculation for a future RCT. Additional variables to be assessed include accelerometer-measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep, body mass index, home screen time, eating/snacking and water consumption. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and 14-17 weeks later. Intervention fidelity will be assessed using questionnaires and interviews with parents and practitioners, observation and session delivery records. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was granted ethical approval by the University of Strathclyde's School of Psychological Sciences and Health Ethics Committee. Results will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals, presentation at conferences and in lay summaries provided to participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN12831555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Malden
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Adrienne R Hughes
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Gibson
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Farid Bardid
- School of Education, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, UK
| | - Odysseas Androutsos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Carolyn Summerbell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham City, UK
| | - Greet Cardon
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, UK
| | - John J Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Johnstone A, Hughes AR, Martin A, Reilly JJ. Utilising active play interventions to promote physical activity and improve fundamental movement skills in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:789. [PMID: 29940923 PMCID: PMC6019649 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's physical activity levels are low and efforts to improve their physical activity levels have proven difficult. Freely chosen and unstructured physical activity (active play) has the potential to be promoted in a variety of settings and potentially every day of the year in contrast to other physical activity domains, but active play interventions are an under-researched area. Therefore, the primary aim of this systematic review was to determine the effect of active play interventions on children's physical activity levels, particularly moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), and fundamental movement skills (FMS). METHODS Studies were included if they were solely or predominantly active play randomised, or cluster randomised controlled trials that targeted children aged 3-12 years. They had to report on at least one of the following outcomes: objectively measured physical activity, FMS, cognition and weight status. During December 2016, four databases (PE Index, SPORTDiscus, Medline and ERIC) were searched for relevant titles. Duplicates and irrelevant titles and abstracts were removed. The included studies had their quality assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) tool. Suitable studies were combined in a meta-analysis using a random-effect model. A narrative synthesis was conducted for all outcomes. RESULTS Of the 4033 records, 91 studies were eligible for full text screening, of which 87 were removed, leaving four studies (representing five papers). The meta-analysis of two studies highlighted there was no significant effect of active play interventions on MVPA. However, the narrative synthesis suggested that active play interventions may increase total volume of physical activity. Only two studies examined the effect of active play interventions on children's FMS, one study examined effects on weight status and none examined effects on cognition. CONCLUSIONS Due to the small number of eligible studies and their heterogeneity, the review could not draw firm conclusions on the effect of active play interventions on children's physical activity levels. High-quality active play interventions, targeting different times of the day (school and after school) in different populations and settings, and with a wider range of outcomes, are required to determine the potential of active play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avril Johnstone
- Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Adrienne R. Hughes
- Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Anne Martin
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - John J. Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
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Gibson AM, Muggeridge DJ, Hughes AR, Kelly L, Kirk A. An examination of objectively-measured sedentary behavior and mental well-being in adults across week days and weekends. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185143. [PMID: 28934319 PMCID: PMC5608355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited research has explored the links between sedentary behaviour, mental health and quality of life. This study examines objectively measured sedentary behaviour and perceived mental health and quality of life across week days and weekends. Methods 42 adults (19M, 23F; mean age 38yrs (range 18–67) & BMI 24.8kg/m2 (range 18.7–33.8) wore an activPAL monitor 24h/day for one week and completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and SF12 Health Survey. Average weekday and weekend day sitting time was computed. Differences between sitting (Group 1 = <8hrs/day, Group 2 = 8–10 hrs/day, Group 3 = >10hrs/day) and components of the HADS and SF12 health survey were examined using an ANCOVA with a measure of physical activity (step count) included as a covariate. Results Average sitting time on a weekday was 9hrs 29mins (range 5hrs 52mins to 12hrs 55mins) and 8hrs 59mins (range 4hrs, 07mins to 14hrs, 40mins) on a weekend day. There was a main effect (p<0.05) for weekday sitting time on total anxiety and depression (HADS) and mental health and vitality (SF12). Planned contrasts identified individuals in group 1 had lower anxiety and depression and higher mental health and vitality scores than individuals in groups 2 or 3 (p<0.05). No difference was found between individuals in group 2 and group 3 (p>0.05). No main effects were found for weekend sitting (p>0.05). Conclusions Weekday sitting time below 8 hours/day is associated with better perceived mental health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Gibson
- Physical Activity for Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - David J. Muggeridge
- Physical Activity for Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne R. Hughes
- Physical Activity for Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Kelly
- Department of Exercise Science, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States of America
| | - Alison Kirk
- Physical Activity for Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Johnstone A, Hughes AR, Janssen X, Reilly JJ. Pragmatic evaluation of the Go2Play Active Play intervention on physical activity and fundamental movement skills in children. Prev Med Rep 2017; 7:58-63. [PMID: 28593124 PMCID: PMC5454126 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Active play is a novel approach to addressing low physical activity levels and fundamental movement skills (FMS) in children. This study aimed to determine if a new school-based, 'Go2Play Active Play' intervention improved school day physical activity and FMS. This was a pragmatic evaluation conducted in Scotland during 2015-16. Participants (n = 172; mean age = 7 years) were recruited from seven primary schools taking part in the 5-month intervention, plus 24 participants not receiving the intervention were recruited to act as a comparison group.189 participants had physical activity measured using an Actigraph GT3X accelerometer at baseline and again at follow-up 5 months later. A sub-sample of participants from the intervention (n = 102) and comparison (n = 21) groups had their FMS assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) at baseline and follow-up. Changes in school day physical activity and FMS variables were examined using repeated measures ANOVA. The main effect was 'group' on 'time' from baseline to follow-up. Results indicated there was a significant interaction for mean counts per minute and percent time in sedentary behavior, light intensity physical activity and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (all p < 0.01) for school day physical activity. There was a significant interaction for gross motor quotient (GMQ) score (p = 0.02) and percentile (p = 0.04), locomotor skills score and percentile (both p = 0.02), but no significant interaction for object control skills score (p = 0.1) and percentile (p = 0.3). The Go2Play Active Play intervention may be a promising way of improving physical activity and FMS but this needs to be confirmed in an RCT.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To critique the evidence from recent and ongoing obesity prevention interventions in the first 1000 days in order to identify evidence gaps and weaknesses, and to make suggestions for more informative future intervention trials. RECENT FINDINGS Completed and ongoing intervention trials have had fairly modest effects, have been limited largely to high-income countries, and have used relatively short-term interventions and outcomes. Comparison of the evidence from completed prevention trials with the evidence from systematic reviews of behavioral risk factors shows that some life-course stages have been neglected (pre-conception and toddlerhood), and that interventions have neglected to target some important behavioral risk factors (maternal smoking during pregnancy, infant and child sleep). Finally, while obesity prevention interventions aim to modify body composition, few intervention trials have used body composition measures as outcomes, and this has limited their sensitivity to detect intervention effects. The new WHO Healthy Lifestyles Trajectory (HeLTI) initiative should address some of these weaknesses. Future early obesity prevention trials should be much more ambitious. They should, ideally: extend their interventions over the first 1000 days; have longer-term (childhood) outcomes, and improved outcome measures (body composition measures in addition to proxies for body composition such as the BMI for age); have greater emphasis on maternal smoking and child sleep; be global.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XQ, UK.
| | - Anne Martin
- Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XQ, UK
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Adrienne R Hughes
- Physical Activity for Health Group, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XQ, UK
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17
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Farooq MA, Parkinson KN, Adamson AJ, Pearce MS, Reilly JK, Hughes AR, Janssen X, Basterfield L, Reilly JJ. Timing of the decline in physical activity in childhood and adolescence: Gateshead Millennium Cohort Study. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:1002-1006. [PMID: 28288966 PMCID: PMC6204977 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim There is a widely held and influential view that physical activity begins to decline at adolescence. This study aimed to identify the timing of changes in physical activity during childhood and adolescence. Methods Longitudinal cohort study (Gateshead Millennium Study) with 8 years of follow-up, from North-East England. Cohort members comprise a socioeconomically representative sample studied at ages 7, 9, 12 and 15 years; 545 individuals provided physical activity data at two or more time points. Habitual total volume of physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) were quantified objectively using the Actigraph accelerometer over 5–7 days at the four time points. Linear mixed models identified the timing of changes in physical activity across the 8-year period, and trajectory analysis was used to identify subgroups with distinct patterns of age-related changes. Results Four trajectories of change in total volume of physical activity were identified representing 100% of all participants: all trajectories declined from age 7 years. There was no evidence that physical activity decline began at adolescence, or that adolescent declines in physical activity were substantially greater than the declines during childhood, or greater in girls than boys. One group (19% of boys) had relatively high MVPA which remained stable between ages 7 and15 years. Conclusions Future policy and research efforts to promote physical activity should begin well before adolescence, and should include both boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdulaziz Farooq
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kathryn N Parkinson
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ashley J Adamson
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark S Pearce
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jessica K Reilly
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adrienne R Hughes
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Xanne Janssen
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Basterfield
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John J Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Reynolds LK, Stachowicz JJ, Hughes AR, Kamel SJ, Ort BS, Grosberg RK. Temporal stability in patterns of genetic diversity and structure of a marine foundation species (Zostera marina). Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 118:404-412. [PMID: 28029151 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity and population structure reflect complex interactions among a diverse set of processes that may vary temporally, limiting their potential to predict ecological and evolutionary outcomes. Yet, the stability of these patterns is rarely tested. We resampled eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows from published studies to determine variability in genetic diversity and structure within and between meadows over 5-12 years. The meadows sampled (San Francisco, Tomales and Bodega Bays in California and the Virginia coastal bays) represent a range of life histories (annual vs perennial), age (well-established vs restored) and environments (rural vs urbanized). In all of these systems, neither diversity nor differentiation (FST) changed over time. Differences among tidal heights within Bodega Bay were also remarkably consistent, with the high intertidal being more diverse than the subtidal, and tidal height differentiation being modest but significant at both time points. Historical studies used only a few microsatellite loci; therefore, our temporal comparisons were based on 4-5 loci. However, analysis of the current data using a set of 12 loci show that 4-5 loci are sufficient to describe diversity and differentiation patterns in this system. This temporal consistency was not because of the resampling of large clones, underscoring the feasibility and relevance of understanding drivers of the differences. Because seagrasses are declining at rapid rates, restoration and conservation are increasingly a coastal management priority. Our results argue that surveys of eelgrass genetic structure and diversity at decadal scales can provide accurate depictions of populations, increasing the utility of published genetic data for restoration and designing networks of reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Reynolds
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J J Stachowicz
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A R Hughes
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, USA
| | - S J Kamel
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - B S Ort
- Olofson Environmental, Inc., Oakland, CA, USA
| | - R K Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Hughes AR, Muggeridge DJ, Gibson AM, Johnstone A, Kirk A. Objectively Measured Sedentary Time in Children and Their Parents. AIMS Public Health 2016; 3:823-836. [PMID: 29546197 PMCID: PMC5690407 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.4.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No studies have examined associations in objectively measured sedentary time between parents and young people using activPAL posture sensors, which provide a more accurate estimate of sedentary time compared to accelerometer-based devices. This study examines patterns and associations of activPAL measured sedentary time and number of sedentary breaks on weekdays and weekend days in preschool (2–4 yrs), primary (5–11 yrs) and secondary school aged children (12–17 yrs) and their parents. Methods 51 parents (16 M, 35 F; mean age 39 (+/−8) yrs) and 51 children (28 M, 23 F; mean age 9 (+/−5) yrs) wore an activPAL monitor for 7 days to measure time spent sedentary and number of breaks in sedentary time. Data was assessed by Pearson's correlations and t-tests. Results Secondary school children spent a greater percentage of their day sedentary (64.5 (+/−8.5) %) than preschool (57.4 (+/−7.3) %) and primary school children (57.2 (+/−5) %). For the secondary school parent dyad, there were no significant positive associations for time sedentary (r = −0.167, p = 0.494) and percentage of day sedentary (r = −0.247, p = 0.308). For the primary school parent dyad, there were medium, but non-significant positive correlations for time sedentary (r = 0.38, p = 0.146) and percentage of day sedentary (r = 0.363, p = 0.167). For the preschool parent dyad, there were medium—large positive correlations for percentage of waking day sedentary at weekends (r = 0.479, p = 0.083) and number of sedentary breaks (r = 0.648, p = 0.012) at weekends. Conclusions There were positive associations in sedentary time between primary school children and their parents, and between preschool children and their parents at the weekend. Thus, interventions aimed at reducing sedentary time of parents and children together, particularly at the weekend for young children, may be effective in these age groups. Secondary school children were more sedentary and had fewer sedentary breaks than younger children, thus interventions should promote breaks in sedentary time as well as reducing total sedentary time in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hughes
- Physical Activity and Health group, School of Psychological Science and Health, Graham Hills Building, 40 George Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - David J Muggeridge
- Physical Activity and Health group, School of Psychological Science and Health, Graham Hills Building, 40 George Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Gibson
- Physical Activity and Health group, School of Psychological Science and Health, Graham Hills Building, 40 George Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Avril Johnstone
- Physical Activity and Health group, School of Psychological Science and Health, Graham Hills Building, 40 George Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison Kirk
- Physical Activity and Health group, School of Psychological Science and Health, Graham Hills Building, 40 George Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Hughes AR, Mutrie N, Macintyre PD. Effect of an exercise consultation on maintenance of physical activity after completion of phase III exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:114-21. [PMID: 17301636 DOI: 10.1097/hjr.0b013e3280116485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients do not maintain physical activity levels after completion of phase III exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. DESIGN This study determined the effect of an exercise consultation on maintenance of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness 12 months after completion of a phase III exercise programme. Seventy cardiac patients were randomized to the experimental (exercise consultation and exercise information) or control groups (exercise information only). METHODS Outcomes recorded at baseline, 6 and 12 months were: physical activity (stage of change, 7-day recall, accelerometer), cardiorespiratory fitness, lipids, quality of life, anxiety and depression. RESULTS Both groups were regularly active at baseline. The between-group difference for the change in total activity (min/week) assessed by the 7-day recall was significant from baseline to 12 months [98% confidence interval (CI) -295, -20]. Total activity was maintained in the experimental group (98% CI -63, 154) and significantly decreased in the control group (115 min/week; 98% CI -228, -28) from baseline to 12 months. The between-group difference for the change in accelerometer counts/week was not significant from baseline to 6 (98% CI -1 143 720, 607 430) or 12 months (98% CI -1 131 128, 366 473). A comparable, significant decrease in peak oxygen uptake occurred from baseline to 12 months in experimental (1.8 ml/kg per min; 98% CI -3.2, -0.3) and control participants (2.3 ml/kg per min; -3.8, -0.8). Lipids, quality of life, anxiety and depression were normal at baseline and did not significantly change in either group over time. CONCLUSION Exercise consultation was effective in maintaining self-reported physical activity, but not peak oxygen uptake, for 12 months after completion of phase III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hughes
- University of Glasgow, Division of Developmental Medicine, Yorkhill Hospitals, Scotland.
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21
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Gilinsky AS, Kirk AF, Hughes AR, Lindsay RS. Lifestyle interventions for type 2 diabetes prevention in women with prior gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioural, anthropometric and metabolic outcomes. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:448-61. [PMID: 26844102 PMCID: PMC4721374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To systematically review lifestyle interventions for women with prior Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) to report study characteristics, intervention design and study quality and explore changes in 1) diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour; 2) anthropometric outcomes and; 3) glycaemic control and diabetes risk. Methods Databases (Web of Science, CCRCT, EMBASE and Science DIRECT) were searched (1980 to April 2014) using keywords for controlled or pre–post design trials of lifestyle intervention targeting women with previous GDM reporting at least one behavioural, anthropometric or diabetes outcome. Selected studies were narratively synthesized with anthropometric and glycaemic outcomes synthesized using meta-analysis. Results Three of 13 included studies were rated as low bias risk. Recruitment rates were poor but study retention good. Six of 11 studies reporting on physical activity reported favourable intervention effects. All six studies reporting on diet reported favourable intervention effects. In meta-analysis, significant weight-loss was attributable to one Chinese population study (WMD = − 1.06 kg (95% CI = − 1.68, − 0.44)). Lifestyle interventions did not change fasting blood glucose (WMD = − 0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI = − 0.21, 0.11) or type 2 diabetes risk. Conclusions Lack of methodologically robust trials gives limited evidence for the success of lifestyle interventions in women with prior GDM. Recruitment into trials is challenging. There is good evidence for diet change after lifestyle intervention in GDM. Limited evidence of PA, anthropometric or glycaemic change with lifestyle in GDM More methodologically robust trials of lifestyle intervention in GDM are required. Recruitment to lifestyle intervention trials for women with GDM is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gilinsky
- School of Psychological & Health Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1QE, United Kingdom
| | - A F Kirk
- School of Psychological & Health Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1QE, United Kingdom
| | - A R Hughes
- School of Psychological & Health Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1QE, United Kingdom
| | - R S Lindsay
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G11 8TA, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate associations between timing of adiposity rebound (AR; the period in childhood where BMI begins to increase from its nadir) and adiposity (BMI, fat mass) at age 15 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). METHODS The sample consisted of 546 children with AR derived in childhood and BMI and fat mass index (FMI; fat mass measured by dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry/height in m(2)) measured at 15 years. Multivariable linear regression models were based on standardized residuals of log BMI and log FMI to allow comparison of regression coefficients across outcomes. RESULTS There were strong dose-response associations between timing of AR and both adiposity outcomes at 15 years independent of confounders. BMI was markedly higher in adolescence for those with very early AR (by 3.5 years; β = 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.33-1.07; P ≤ .001) and was also higher for those with early AR (between 3.5 and 5 years; β = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.08-0.59; P = .009) compared with those with later AR (>5 years) after full adjustment for a range of potential confounders. Similar magnitudes of association were found for FMI after full adjustment for confounders (compared with later AR: very early AR β = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.34-1.15; P ≤ .001; early AR β = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.07-0.63; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS Early AR is strongly associated with increased BMI and FMI in adolescence. Preventive interventions should consider targeting modifiable factors in early childhood to delay timing of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hughes
- Physical Activity for Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom;
| | - Andrea Sherriff
- College of Medical, Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Ness
- The UK National Institute for Health Research Bristol Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and The University of Bristol, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - John J Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Nusa D, Harvey I, Almansouri AY, Wright S, Neeman T, Ahmad O, Hughes AR, Lueck CJ. Assessment of point-of-care measurement of international normalised ratio using the CoaguChek XS Plus system in the setting of acute ischaemic stroke. Intern Med J 2014; 43:1205-9. [PMID: 23906088 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Thrombolysis with alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) is accepted hyperacute therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Clotting must be normal before this can be administered safely. Laboratory testing of international normalised ratio (INR) takes 30-60 min, which can significantly delay administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Previous studies have suggested that point-of-care testing is useful in patients presenting with stroke and improves door-to-needle time. We performed a prospective study of point-of-care testing in patients presenting with acute ischaemic stroke. METHODS Fifty patients were entered into the study to compare point-of-care testing using the CoaguChek XS system with laboratory testing of INR. RESULTS Point-of-care testing correlated well with laboratory levels (R = 0.93, P < 0.0001). The standard deviation of difference between the two was 0.115. Overall, point-of-care testing tended to underestimate INR slightly, meaning that an INR value of 1.1 or less was required to be 95% certain that the laboratory value was 1.3 or below. Simultaneous testing using blood from a syringe was more consistent with laboratory results than testing capillary blood through finger prick. CONCLUSION Point-of-care INR testing correlates well with laboratory values. The results in this study mostly relate to values in the normal range. We suggest that it can be used to try to shorten door-to-needle time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nusa
- Department of Neurology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Sheridan DC, Hughes AR, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Hentges ST, Schoppa NE. Matching of feedback inhibition with excitation ensures fidelity of information flow in the anterior piriform cortex. Neuroscience 2014; 275:519-30. [PMID: 24969131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Odor-evoked responses in mitral cells of the olfactory bulb are characterized by prolonged patterns of action potential (spike) activity. If downstream neurons are to respond to each spike in these patterns, the duration of the excitatory response to one spike should be limited, enabling cells to respond to subsequent spikes. To test for such mechanisms, we performed patch-clamp recordings in slices of the mouse anterior piriform cortex. Mitral cell axons in the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) were stimulated electrically at different intensities and with various frequency patterns to mimic changing input conditions that the piriform cortex likely encounters in vivo. We found with cell-attached measurements that superficial pyramidal (SP) cells in layer 2 consistently responded to LOT stimulation across conditions with a limited number (1-2) of spikes per stimulus pulse. The key synaptic feature accounting for the limited spike number appeared to be somatic inhibition derived from layer 3 fast-spiking cells. This inhibition tracked the timing of the first spike in SP cells across conditions, which naturally limited the spike number to 1-2. These response features to LOT stimulation were, moreover, not unique to SP cells, also occurring in a population of fluorescently labeled interneurons in glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-eGFP mice. That these different cortical cells respond to incoming inputs with 1-2 spikes per stimulus may be especially critical for relaying bulbar information contained in synchronized oscillations at beta (15-30Hz) or gamma (30-80Hz) frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Sheridan
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - A R Hughes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - F Erdélyi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Division of Medical Gene Technology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Division of Medical Gene Technology, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - S T Hentges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
| | - N E Schoppa
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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Gilinsky AS, Dale H, Robinson C, Hughes AR, McInnes R, Lavallee D. Efficacy of physical activity interventions in post-natal populations: systematic review, meta-analysis and content coding of behaviour change techniques. Health Psychol Rev 2014. [PMID: 26209211 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2014.899059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis reports the efficacy of post-natal physical activity change interventions with content coding of behaviour change techniques (BCTs). Electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsychINFO) were searched for interventions published from January 1980 to July 2013. Inclusion criteria were: (i) interventions including ≥1 BCT designed to change physical activity behaviour, (ii) studies reporting ≥1 physical activity outcome, (iii) interventions commencing later than four weeks after childbirth and (iv) studies including participants who had given birth within the last year. Controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. Interventions were coded using the 40-item Coventry, Aberdeen & London - Refined (CALO-RE) taxonomy of BCTs and study quality assessment was conducted using Cochrane criteria. Twenty studies were included in the review (meta-analysis: n = 14). Seven were interventions conducted with healthy inactive post-natal women. Nine were post-natal weight management studies. Two studies included women with post-natal depression. Two studies focused on improving general well-being. Studies in healthy populations but not for weight management successfully changed physical activity. Interventions increased frequency but not volume of physical activity or walking behaviour. Efficacious interventions always included the BCTs 'goal setting (behaviour)' and 'prompt self-monitoring of behaviour'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Sara Gilinsky
- a School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health , University of Stirling , Stirling FK9 4LA , UK
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Gilinsky AS, Hughes AR, McInnes RJ. More Active Mums in Stirling (MAMMiS): a physical activity intervention for postnatal women. Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012; 13:112. [PMID: 22818406 PMCID: PMC3480874 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many postnatal women are insufficiently physically active in the year after childbirth and could benefit from interventions to increase activity levels. However, there is limited information about the efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of motivational and behavioral interventions promoting postnatal physical activity in the UK. Methods The MAMMiS study is a randomized, controlled trial, conducted within a large National Health Service (NHS) region in Scotland. Up to 76 postnatal women will be recruited to test the impact of two physical activity consultations and a 10-week group pram-walking program on physical activity behavior change. The intervention uses evidence-based motivational and behavioral techniques and will be systematically evaluated using objective measures (accelerometers) at three months, with a maintenance measure taken at a six-month follow-up. Secondary health and well-being measures and psychological mediators of physical activity change are included. Discussion The (MAMMiS study will provide a test of a theoretical and evidence-based physical activity behavior change intervention for postnatal women and provide information to inform future intervention development and testing within this population. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN79011784
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S Gilinsky
- Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that most excess weight gain occurs by school entry in a large sample of English children, and to determine when the greatest gain in excess weight occurred between birth and 15 years. METHODS Longitudinal data were collected annually from birth to 15 years in 625 children. Weight and BMI at each time point were expressed relative to UK 1990 growth reference as z scores. Excess weight gain was calculated as the group increase in weight and BMI z scores between specific time periods. RESULTS Weight z score did not increase from birth to 5 years (mean difference: 0.04 [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.03-0.12] P = .30) but increased from 5 to 9 years (mean difference: 0.19 [95% CI: 0.14-0.23] P < .001). BMI z score increased from 7 to 9 years (mean difference: 0.22 [95% CI: 0.18-0.26] P < .001), with no evidence of a large increase before 7 years and after 9 years. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the hypothesis that most excess weight gain occurs in early childhood in contemporary English children. Excess weight gain was substantial in mid-childhood, with more gradual increases in early childhood and adolescence, which indicates that interventions to prevent excess weight should focus on school-aged children and adolescents as well as the preschool years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hughes
- Department of Sports Studies, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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Scott SM, Hughes AR, Galloway SDR, Hunter AM. Surface EMG characteristics of people with multiple sclerosis during static contractions of the knee extensors. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2010; 31:11-7. [PMID: 20807227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2010.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine whether any alterations existed in surface electromyography (sEMG) in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) during isometric contractions of the knee extensors. METHODS Fifteen people with MS and 14 matched controls (mean ± SD age and body mass index 53·7 ± 10·5 versus 54·6 ± 9·6 years and 27·7 ± 6·1 versus 26·5 ± 4, respectively) completed 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of their maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensors. sEMG was recorded from the vastus lateralis where muscle fibre conduction velocity (MFCV) and sEMG amplitude (RMS) were assessed. Body composition was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and physical activity with the use of accelerometry. RESULTS People with MS showed significantly (P<0·05) faster MFCV during MVC (6·6 ± 2·7 versus 4·7 ± 1·4 m s(-1) ) and all submaximal contractions, while RMS was significantly (P<0·05) less (0·11 ± 0·03 versus 0·24 ± 0·06 mV) in comparison with the controls. MVC along with specific thigh lean mass to torque, rate of force development and mean physical activity were significantly (P<0·01) less in PwMS. CONCLUSION People with MS have elevated MFCV alongside reduced RMS during isometric contraction. This elevation in MFCV should be accounted for when interpreting sEMG from people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha M Scott
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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Abstract
Obesity is the most common childhood disease and is widely acknowledged as having become a global epidemic. Well-recognized health consequences of childhood obesity exist, both during childhood and adulthood, affecting health and psychological and economic welfare. The importance of finding effective strategies for the management of childhood obesity has international significance with the publication of various expert reports and evidence-based guidelines in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stewart
- The Children's Weight Clinic PO Box 28533, Edinburgh EH4 2WW, Scotland, UK
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Hughes AR, Stewart L, Chapple J, McColl JH, Donaldson MDC, Kelnar CJH, Zabihollah M, Ahmed F, Reilly JJ. Randomized, controlled trial of a best-practice individualized behavioral program for treatment of childhood overweight: Scottish Childhood Overweight Treatment Trial (SCOTT). Pediatrics 2008; 121:e539-46. [PMID: 18310175 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether a generalizable best-practice individualized behavioral intervention reduced BMI z score relative to standard dietetic care among overweight children. METHODS The design consisted of an assessor-blinded, randomized, controlled trial involving 134 overweight children (59 boys, 75 girls; BMI > or = 98th centile relative to United Kingdom 1990 reference data for children aged 5-11 years) who were randomly assigned to a best-practice behavioral program (intervention) or standard care (control). The intervention used family-centered counseling and behavioral strategies to modify diet, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. BMI z score, weight, objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior, fat distribution, quality of life, and height z score were recorded at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS The intervention had no significant effect relative to standard care on BMI z score from baseline to 6 months and 12 months. BMI z score decreased significantly in both groups from baseline to 6 and 12 months. For those who complied with treatment, there was a significantly smaller weight increase in those in the intervention group compared with control subjects from baseline to 6 months. There were significant between-group differences in favor of the intervention for changes in total physical activity, percentage of time spent in sedentary behavior, and light-intensity physical activity. CONCLUSIONS A generalizable, best-practice individualized behavioral intervention had modest benefits on objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior but no significant effect on BMI z score compared with standard care among overweight children. The modest magnitude of the benefits observed perhaps argues for a longer-term and more intense intervention, although such treatments may not be realistic for many health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hughes
- Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment for childhood obesity is characterised by patient non-attendance and drop-out, and widespread failure to achieve weight maintenance. Qualitative methods may improve our understanding of patient perceptions and so improve treatment for childhood obesity. AIM To provide insight into the perceptions of parents of obese children as they "journey" from pre-treatment to end of treatment. METHODS We used purposive sampling and studied 17 parents of children (mean (SD) age 8.4 (2.1) years) attending 6-month outpatient treatments for obesity (BMI>98th percentile). Parent's perceptions were explored by in-depth interviews, analysed using Framework methods. RESULTS Parents were characterised as being unaware of their child's weight, in denial or actively seeking treatment. Parents were consistently motivated to enter treatment due to perceived benefits to their child's self-esteem or quality of life, and weight outcomes appeared typically less important. During treatment parents felt there was a lack of support for lifestyle changes outside the clinic, and noted that members of the extended family often undermined or failed to support lifestyle changes. Parents generally felt that treatment should have continued beyond 6 months and that it had provided benefits to their child's well-being, self-esteem and quality of life, and this is what motivated many to remain engaged with treatment. DISCUSSION This study may help inform future treatments for childhood obesity by providing insights into the aspects of treatment of greatest importance to parents. Future treatments may need to consider providing greater support for lifestyle changes within the extended family, and may need to focus more on psycho-social outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stewart
- University of Glasgow, Division of Developmental Medicine, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
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Hughes AR, McLaughlin R, McKay J, Lafferty K, McKay T, Mutrie N. The B'Active programme for overweight primary school children in Glasgow: determining the prevalence of overweight and obesity and piloting an activity intervention. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:204-9. [PMID: 17217577 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507257769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary school children in Glasgow and to evaluate a pilot activity programme for overweight and obese children. BMI was measured in 1548 children. Overweight, obesity and severe obesity were defined as BMI ≥ 85th, 95th and 98th centile, respectively. Overweight and obese children were then invited to participate in a 10-week school-based activity programme. The programme was evaluated by recording weekly attendance, intensity (using the Children's Effort Rating Scale) and enjoyment (scale 1–10). Focus groups were used to explore the experiences and views of the children, teachers, coaches and parents. Of the 1548 children, 31·4 % were overweight, 19·1 % were obese and 12·4 % were severely obese; 38 % of those invited attended the activity programme. Weekly programme attendance was 83 % (range 56–99 %). Mean enjoyment rating (scale 1–10) was 8 for boys and 9 for girls. The intensity of activity sessions were rated ‘very easy’ by boys and ‘just feeling a strain’ by girls. Common themes emerging from the focus groups related to perceived positive and negative aspects of the programme (fun, concerns about stigmatising children); physical and psychological outcomes (fitter, more confident); and future recommendations (involve parents). In summary, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was high. The activity programme was successful in terms of attendance and enjoyment, and overall views of the initiative were positive and there was compelling support for its continuation.
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Warren LL, Hughes AR, Lai EH, Zaykin DV, Haneline SA, Bansal AT, Wooster AW, Spreen WR, Hernandez JE, Scott TR, Roses AD, Mosteller M. Use of pairwise marker combination and recursive partitioning in a pharmacogenetic genome-wide scan. Pharmacogenomics J 2006; 7:180-9. [PMID: 16969363 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of pharmacogenetic research is to identify a genetic marker, or a set of genetic markers, that can predict how a given person will respond to a given medicine. To search for such marker combinations that are predictive of adverse drug events, we have developed and applied two complementary methods to a pharmacogenetic study of the hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) associated with treatment with abacavir, a medicine that is used to treat HIV-infected patients. Our results show that both of these methods can be used to uncover potentially useful predictive marker combinations. The pairwise marker combination method yielded a collection of marker pairs that featured a spectrum of sensitivities and specificities. Recursive partitioning results led to the genetic delineation of multiple risk categories, including those with extremely high and extremely low risk of HSR. These methods can be readily applied in pharmacogenetic candidate gene studies as well as in genome-wide scans.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a clinical sample of obese children by child self-report and parent-proxy report; to compare quality of life assessments provided by obese children and their parents; to assess differences in quality of life between the obese clinical sample and healthy control children. DESIGN Pairwise comparison of obese children matched for age, gender and socio-economic status with non-obese controls. SUBJECTS One hundred and twenty-six obese children (body mass index (BMI) >/=98th centile) and 71 lean control children (BMI <85th centile). Controls were matched with 71 children from the obese clinical group (mean age 8.6, standard deviation (s.d.) 1.9 years; 33 M/38 F). MEASUREMENT The Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (UK) version 4 was self-administered to parents and to children aged 8-12 years and interview was administered to children aged 5-7 years. This questionnaire assessed physical, social, emotional and school functioning from which total, physical and psychosocial health summary scores were derived. RESULTS In the obese clinical group (n=126), parent proxy-reported quality of life was low for all domains. In the obese clinical group, parent-reported scores were significantly lower than child self-reported scores in all domains except physical health and school functioning. Parent-proxy reports were significantly higher for healthy controls than obese children in all domains (median total score 85.2 vs 64.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 15.6, 24.1). For child self-reports, only physical health was significantly higher for healthy controls than obese children (median score 81.3 vs 75.0; 95% CI 3.1, 12.5). CONCLUSIONS HRQoL is impaired in clinical samples of obese children compared to lean children, but the degree of impairment is likely to be greatest when assessed using the parent perspective rather than the child perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hughes
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Yorkhill Hospitals, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Hughes AR, Reilly JJ, Stewart LM, Chapple J. Effect of a Novel Dietetic-led Behavioral Program on Physical Activity and Inactivity in Overweight Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200605001-00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hughes AR, Henderson A, Ortiz-Rodriguez V, Artinou ML, Reilly JJ. Habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour in a clinical sample of obese children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:1494-500. [PMID: 16607385 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To objectively measure habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour in a clinical sample of obese children and to compare with age- and sex-matched non-obese controls. DESIGN Pairwise comparison of obese children matched for age and gender with non-obese controls. SUBJECTS A total of 116 obese children (body mass index (BMI)> or =98th centile) and 53 non-obese control children (BMI<85th centile). Controls were matched with 53 of the obese children (mean age 8.6, s.d. 2.0 years; 25 M and 28 F). MEASUREMENT Habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured over a 7-day period using CSA accelerometers. Total physical activity (mean accelerometry count per minute (c.p.m.)), percentage of monitored time in sedentary behaviour, light and moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) were compared. RESULTS Obese children (n=116) spent on average 80.4% of their monitored time in sedentary behaviour and 2.5% of their monitored time in MVPA. Total activity (mean c.p.m.) was significantly higher in the non-obese group (n=53) than the obese group (n=53), 729 vs 648 c.p.m.; 95% confidence interval (CI) 7, 155. Time spent in sedentary behaviour averaged 80.9% (s.d. 6.6) in the obese group and 79.3% (s.d. 6.2) in the non-obese group, with no significant between-group difference (95% CI -3.9, 0.6). Light intensity activity was similar in the obese and non-obese groups (15.9 vs 17.3%; 95% CI -0.3, 3.0). Participation in MVPA was significantly higher in the non-obese vs obese group (3.9 vs 2.4%; 95% CI 0.6, 2.0). CONCLUSION This study supports the hypothesis that a clinical sample of obese children is less physically active than non-obese children, although the difference in total activity and MVPA between the groups was small.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hughes
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Yorkhill Hospitals, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
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Stewart L, Houghton J, Hughes AR, Pearson D, Reilly JJ. Dietetic Management of Pediatric Overweight: Development and Description of a Practical and Evidence-Based Behavioral Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 105:1810-5. [PMID: 16256768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stewart
- Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow, Scotland
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Hughes AR, Reilly JJ, Henderson A, Ortiz-Rodriguez V, Artinou ME. Comparison Of Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior In Obese And Non-obese Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200505001-02255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hughes AR, Gillies F, Kirk AF, Mutrie N, Hillis WS, MacIntyre PD. Exercise consultation improves short-term adherence to exercise during phase IV cardiac rehabilitation: a randomized, controlled trial. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2002; 22:421-5. [PMID: 12464830 DOI: 10.1097/00008483-200211000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hughes
- Center for Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Glagow, Scotland.
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Kirk AF, Higgins LA, Hughes AR, Fisher BM, Mutrie N, Hillis S, MacIntyre PD. A randomized, controlled trial to study the effect of exercise consultation on the promotion of physical activity in people with Type 2 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabet Med 2001; 18:877-82. [PMID: 11703431 DOI: 10.1046/j.0742-3071.2001.00570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of exercise consultation on promotion of physical activity in people with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS Twenty-six sedentary people with Type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive an exercise consultation and standard exercise information (experimental) or standard exercise information alone (control). Exercise consultation is a one-to-one discussion, based on the transtheoretical model, designed to educate, strengthen motivation and develop realistic strategies to promote physical activity. Changes from baseline at five weeks were assessed in (a) stage of exercise behaviour (b) physical activity levels (7-day recall questionnaire and an accelerometer) (c) quality of life (SF-36 Health Survey and 22-Item Well-Being Questionnaire). RESULTS 82% (9/11) of participants receiving a consultation increased their stage of exercise behaviour compared to 33% (4/12) of controls (chi2 = 5.4, P = 0.02). Physical activity counts/week increased by 4% (1636 067/1696 191) in the experimental group and decreased by 9% (1560 960/1725 510) in controls. A significant difference was recorded for the change in activity counts per week from baseline to follow-up between the experimental and control group (98% CI = 60 673-710 827). The number of participants taking part in sport or leisure activity increased by 55% (6/11) in the experimental group and decreased by 6% (1/12) in controls. Positive changes were evident in the experimental group, compared to controls, in both quality of life questionnaires. CONCLUSION Exercise consultation is more effective in stimulating exercise behaviour change in the short term than a standard exercise leaflet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Kirk
- Centre for Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Segraves RT, Kavoussi R, Hughes AR, Batey SR, Johnston JA, Donahue R, Ascher JA. Evaluation of sexual functioning in depressed outpatients: a double-blind comparison of sustained-release bupropion and sertraline treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:122-8. [PMID: 10770448 DOI: 10.1097/00004714-200004000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dysfunction is a frequently reported side effect of many antidepressants, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Bupropion, an antidepressant of the aminoketone class, is relatively free of adverse sexual effects. In a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial, sustained-release bupropion (bupropion SR) and sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, were found to be similarly efficacious in the treatment of outpatients with moderate to severe depression. This report describes the results of a double-blind comparison of the sexual side effect profiles of bupropion SR and sertraline. Two hundred forty-eight patients who had received a diagnosis of moderate to severe major depression were randomly assigned to receive treatment with bupropion SR (100-300 mg/day) or sertraline (50-200 mg/day) for 16 weeks. Eligible patients were required to be in a stable relationship and to have normal sexual functioning. Sexual functioning was assessed by the investigator at each clinic visit using investigator-rated structured interviews. A significantly greater percentage of sertraline-treated patients (63% and 41% of men and women, respectively) developed sexual dysfunction compared with bupropion SR-treated patients (15% and 7%, respectively). Sexual dysfunction was noted as early as day 7 in sertraline-treated patients at a dose of 50 mg/day and persisted until the end of the 16-week treatment phase. Four patients, all of whom were treated with sertraline, discontinued from the study prematurely because of sexual dysfunction. Given the similar efficacy of the two drugs in treating depression, bupropion SR may be a more appropriate antidepressant choice than sertraline in patients for whom sexual dysfunction is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Segraves
- Department of Psychiatry, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44109-1998, USA
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Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, Rennard SI, Johnston JA, Hughes AR, Smith SS, Muramoto ML, Daughton DM, Doan K, Fiore MC, Baker TB. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:685-91. [PMID: 10053177 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199903043400903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 945] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Use of nicotine-replacement therapies and the antidepressant bupropion helps people stop smoking. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of sustained-release bupropion (244 subjects), a nicotine patch (244 subjects), bupropion and a nicotine patch (245 subjects), and placebo (160 subjects) for smoking cessation. Smokers with clinical depression were excluded. Treatment consisted of nine weeks of bupropion (150 mg a day for the first three days, and then 150 mg twice daily) or placebo, as well as eight weeks of nicotine-patch therapy (21 mg per day during weeks 2 through 7, 14 mg per day during week 8, and 7 mg per day during week 9) or placebo. The target day for quitting smoking was usually day 8. RESULTS The abstinence rates at 12 months were 15.6 percent in the placebo group, as compared with 16.4 percent in the nicotine-patch group, 30.3 percent in the bupropion group (P<0.001), and 35.5 percent in the group given bupropion and the nicotine patch (P<0.001). By week 7, subjects in the placebo group had gained an average of 2.1 kg, as compared with a gain of 1.6 kg in the nicotine-patch group, a gain of 1.7 kg in the bupropion group, and a gain of 1.1 kg in the combined-treatment group (P<0.05). Weight gain at seven weeks was significantly less in the combined-treatment group than in the bupropion group and the placebo group (P<0.05 for both comparisons). A total of 311 subjects (34.8 percent) discontinued one or both medications. Seventy-nine subjects stopped treatment because of adverse events: 6 in the placebo group (3.8 percent), 16 in the nicotine-patch group (6.6 percent), 29 in the bupropion group (11.9 percent), and 28 in the combined-treatment group (11.4 percent). The most common adverse events were insomnia and headache. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with sustained-release bupropion alone or in combination with a nicotine patch resulted in significantly higher long-term rates of smoking cessation than use of either the nicotine patch alone or placebo. Abstinence rates were higher with combination therapy than with bupropion alone, but the difference was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Jorenby
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, USA
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Kavoussi RJ, Segraves RT, Hughes AR, Ascher JA, Johnston JA. Double-blind comparison of bupropion sustained release and sertraline in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58:532-7. [PMID: 9448656 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v58n1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sustained-release formulation of bupropion (bupropion SR), developed with an improved pharmacokinetic profile to permit less frequent dosing than the immediate-release form, has not been evaluated in active comparator trials. This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of bupropion SR and sertraline. METHOD Outpatients with moderate to severe major depressive disorder (DSM-IV) received bupropion SR (100-300 mg/day) or sertraline (50-200 mg/day) for 16 weeks. Psychiatric evaluations, including the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), the Clinical Global Impressions scale for Severity of Illness (CGI-S), and for Improvement (CGI-I) were completed, and adverse events were assessed in the clinic periodically throughout treatment. Patients' orgasm function was also assessed. RESULTS Mean HAM-D, HAM-A, CGI-I, and CGI-S scores improved over the course of treatment in both the bupropion SR group and the sertraline group; no between-group differences were observed on any of the scales. Orgasm dysfunction was significantly (p < .001) more common in sertraline-treated patients compared with bupropion SR-treated patients. The adverse events of nausea, diarrhea, somnolence, and sweating were also experienced more frequently (p < .05) in sertraline-treated patients. No differences were noted between the two treatments for vital signs and weight. CONCLUSION This double-blind comparison of bupropion SR and sertraline demonstrates that bupropion and sertraline are similarly effective for the treatment of depression. Both compounds were relatively well tolerated, and orgasm dysfunction, nausea, diarrhea, somnolence, and sweating were reported more frequently in sertraline-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Kavoussi
- Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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Abstract
Surface electromyogram potentials were recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and extensor digitorum brevis muscles in response to finely graded nerve stimuli. Successive potentials were subtracted to obtain intermediate potentials 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% of the maximal compound muscle action potential (mCMAP). The average latency of the onset and negative and positive peaks, and the average duration of the negative phase and whole potential were similar for all degrees of fractionation, although smaller fractionation was associated with increasing variability. An initial positivity occurred with some of the smaller fractions of the CMAP, particularly those with the lowest stimulus threshold. Submaximal CMAPs closely resembled the mCMAP once their amplitude was greater than 5-10% of the mCMAP. Our results support the common practice of expressing H-reflex amplitudes as a percentage of the M wave and may partly explain why reflexes "scale" in response to tonic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hughes
- Department of Neurology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ, Funk CR, Mani SK, Hughes AR, Montgomery CA, Shyamala G, Conneely OM, O'Malley BW. Mice lacking progesterone receptor exhibit pleiotropic reproductive abnormalities. Genes Dev 1995; 9:2266-78. [PMID: 7557380 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.18.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1253] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although progesterone has been recognized as essential for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, this steroid hormone has been recently implicated to have a functional role in a number of other reproductive events. The physiological effects of progesterone are mediated by the progesterone receptor (PR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. In most cases the PR is induced by estrogen, implying that many of the in vivo effects attributed to progesterone could also be the result of concomitantly administered estrogen. Therefore, to clearly define those physiological events that are specifically attributable to progesterone in vivo, we have generated a mouse model carrying a null mutation of the PR gene using embryonic stem cell/gene targeting techniques. Male and female embryos homozygous for the PR mutation developed normally to adulthood. However, the adult female PR mutant displayed significant defects in all reproductive tissues. These included an inability to ovulate, uterine hyperplasia and inflammation, severely limited mammary gland development, and an inability to exhibit sexual behavior. Collectively, these results provide direct support for progesterone's role as a pleiotropic coordinator of diverse reproductive events that together ensure species survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lydon
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Walker PW, Cole JO, Gardner EA, Hughes AR, Johnston JA, Batey SR, Lineberry CG. Improvement in fluoxetine-associated sexual dysfunction in patients switched to bupropion. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54:459-65. [PMID: 8276736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to determine the effect of bupropion on the sexual functioning of male and female outpatients who developed anorgasmia or delayed orgasm while receiving fluoxetine treatment for depression. METHOD Thirty-nine patients who satisfied criteria for participation in the study discontinued fluoxetine treatment and entered a 2-week washout phase followed by an open 8-week bupropion treatment phase. Three parameters of sexual functioning were followed throughout the study: orgasm function, libido, and satisfaction with overall sexual functioning. Depression was also evaluated at each visit. RESULTS All patients reported orgasm delay and/or failure at the time of fluoxetine discontinuation. Orgasm function, libido, and satisfaction with sexual functioning improved during the 2-week fluoxetine washout period and during the bupropion treatment phase. Ninety-four percent of patients (29/31) had complete or partial resolution of their orgasm dysfunction at the end of bupropion treatment, and 81% of patients (25/31) were "much" or "very much" more satisfied with their overall sexual functioning. Most patients entered the study with decreased libido on fluoxetine. Libido was "much" or "very much" increased for 81% of patients (25/31) at the end of the study. In addition, depression scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scale significantly improved during the bupropion treatment phase. Finally, bupropion was well tolerated by most patients. CONCLUSION Bupropion may be an appropriate antidepressant for patients who develop sexual dysfunction during fluoxetine treatment or for whom sexual dysfunction is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee, Memphis
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Ignar-Trowbridge DM, Hughes AR, Putney JW, McLachlan JA, Korach KS. Diethylstilbestrol stimulates persistent phosphatidylinositol lipid turnover by an estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism in immature mouse uterus. Endocrinology 1991; 129:2423-30. [PMID: 1935776 DOI: 10.1210/endo-129-5-2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of estrogen on phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism was evaluated in the immature mouse uterus, a tissue which undergoes estrogen-induced proliferation. Uteri isolated from untreated mice or from mice injected ip with diethylstilbestrol (DES) were incubated with [3H]myo-inositol and assessed for incorporation of label into PI lipids or inositol phosphate generation. DES administration elicited a rapid increase in [3H]myo-inositol incorporation, which persisted until at least 18 h post treatment. This effect could not be duplicated by incubation of uteri with DES in vitro, although [3H]myo-inositol incorporation in uteri removed from DES-treated mice remained elevated for 3 h of in vitro incubation. Stimulation of PI lipid metabolism by DES was blocked by ICI 164,384, a specific estrogen receptor antagonist. The effect of DES on PI metabolism consisted of a time-dependent increase in the specific activity of both phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate and a significant increase of inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate mass by 12 h post treatment. These changes occur before the onset of estrogen-induced DNA synthesis. The results indicate that estrogens rapidly modulate PI lipid turnover through an estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism. Since the metabolic products of PI lipids are important for signal transduction and cellular proliferation, altered metabolism of these lipids may play an integral role in estrogen-induced mitogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ignar-Trowbridge
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Putney JW, Bird GS, Horstman DA, Hughes AR, Menniti FS, Nogimori K, Obie J, Oliver KG, Sugiya H, Takemura H. Role of inositol phosphates in the actions of substance P on NK1 receptors in exocrine gland cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 632:94-102. [PMID: 1719914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb33097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Putney
- Calcium Regulation Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Hughes AR, Bird GS, Obie JF, Thastrup O, Putney JW. Role of inositol (1,4,5)trisphosphate in epidermal growth factor-induced Ca2+ signaling in A431 cells. Mol Pharmacol 1991; 40:254-62. [PMID: 1875911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of epidermal growth factor on Ca2+ signaling in A431 cells were investigated. Epidermal growth factor induced a transient Ca2+ signal in the absence of external Ca2+ and a sustained response in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, indicating an ability to mobilize intracellular Ca2+ as well as the ability to increase Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space. The Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin also activated Ca2+ entry, and neither epidermal growth factor nor the guanine nucleotide-dependent protein-linked receptor agonist bradykinin activated additional Ca2+ entry over that due to thapsigargin. In nominally Ca(2+)-free medium, the addition of bradykinin to A431 cells rapidly but transiently increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and, in parallel fashion, transiently increased cytosolic Ca2+. Unexpectedly, under these experimental conditions, epidermal growth factor elicited a small but significant Ca2+ signal after the addition of bradykinin. Experiments were designed to determine whether the Ca2+ response to epidermal growth factor after bradykinin results from mobilization of Ca2+ by an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-independent mechanism. Epidermal growth factor stimulated additional inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation in bradykinin-treated cells. Furthermore, the Ca2+ signals elicited by both bradykinin and epidermal growth factor were blocked in cells microinjected with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor antagonist heparin, whereas the intracellular Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin still mobilized Ca2+. Finally, histamine, a less efficacious guanine nucleotide-dependent protein-linked receptor agonist, as well as photolyzed, microinjected, caged inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, also mobilized Ca2+ after bradykinin. The results of this study show (i) that epidermal growth factor activates intracellular Ca2+ release as well as Ca2+ entry, the latter most likely resulting from an indirect effect due to the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ pools, (ii) that the actions of epidermal growth factor on Ca2+ homeostasis can be fully accounted for by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation, and (iii) that the ability of A431 cells to produce Ca2+ signals when epidermal growth factor is applied after bradykinin can be explained by the rapid and complete desensitization of the bradykinin stimulated phospholipase C activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hughes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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