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Haile TG, Benova L, Mirkuzie AH, Asefa A. Effective coverage of curative child health services in Ethiopia: analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey and Service Provision Assessment survey. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e077856. [PMID: 38382958 PMCID: PMC10882307 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite a remarkable decline, childhood morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia remain high and inequitable. Thus, we estimated the effective coverage of curative child health services in Ethiopia. DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the 2014 Ethiopia Service Provision Assessment Plus (SPA+) survey. SETTING Nationally representative household and facility surveys. PARTICIPANTS AND OUTCOMES We included a sample of 2096 children under 5 years old (from DHS) who had symptoms of one or more common childhood illnesses (diarrhoea, fever and acute respiratory infection) and estimated the percentage of sick children who were taken to a health facility (crude coverage). To construct a quality index of child health services, we used the SPA+ survey, which was conducted in 1076 health facilities and included observations of care for 1980 sick children and surveys of 1908 mothers/caregivers and 5328 health providers. We applied the Donabedian quality of care framework to identify 58 quality parameters (structure, 31; process, 16; and outcome, 11) and used the weighted additive method to estimate the overall quality of care index. Finally, we multiplied the crude coverage by the quality of care index to estimate the effective coverage of curative child health services, nationally and by region. RESULTS Among the 2096 sick children, only 38.4% (95% CI: 36.5 to 40.4) of them were taken to a health facility. The overall quality of care was 54.4%, weighted from structure (30.0%), process (9.2%) and outcome (15.2%). The effective coverage of curative child health services was estimated at 20.9% (95%CI: 19.9 to 22.0) nationally, ranging from 16.9% in Somali to 34.6% in Dire Dawa regions. CONCLUSIONS System-wide interventions are required to address both demand-side and supply-side bottlenecks in the provision of child health services if child health-related targets are to be achieved in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegaye Gebremedhin Haile
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Lenka Benova
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Anteneh Asefa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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McLean E, Blystad A, Mirkuzie AH, Miljeteig I. Health workers' experience of providing second-trimester abortion care in Ethiopia: a qualitative study. Reprod Health 2023; 20:154. [PMID: 37848942 PMCID: PMC10580537 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-023-01698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second-trimester abortions are less common than abortions in the first trimester, yet they disproportionately account for a higher burden of abortion-related mortality and morbidity worldwide. Health workers play a crucial role in granting or denying access to these services, yet little is known about their experiences. Ethiopia has been successful in reducing mortality due to unsafe abortion over the past decade, but access to second trimester abortion remains a challenge. The aim of this study is to better understand this issue by exploring the experiences of second-trimester abortion providers working in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS A qualitative study with 13 in-depth semi-structured interviews with 16 health workers directly involved in providing second-trimester abortions, this included obstetrician and gynaecologist specialists and residents, general practitioners, nurses, and midwives. Data was collected at four public hospitals and one non-governmental clinic in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and analysed using Malterud's text-condensation method. RESULTS The providers recognized the critical need for second-trimester abortion services and were motivated by their empathy towards women who often sought care late due to marginalisation and poverty making it difficult to access abortion before the second trimester. However, service provision was challenging according to the providers, and barriers like lack of access to essential drugs and equipment, few providers willing to conduct abortions late in pregnancy and unclear guidelines were commonly experienced. This led to highly demanding working conditions. The providers experienced ethical dilemmas pertaining to the possible viability of the fetus and women desperately requesting the service after the legal limit. CONCLUSIONS Second-trimester abortion providers faced severe barriers and ethical dilemmas pushing their moral threshold and medical risk-taking in efforts to deliver second-trimester abortions to vulnerable women in need of the service. Effort is needed to minimize health system barriers and improve guidelines and support for second-trimester abortion providers in order to increase access and quality of second-trimester abortion services in Ethiopia. The barriers forcing women into second trimester abortions also need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McLean
- Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 21, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Astrid Blystad
- Global Health Anthropology Research Group, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 21, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- John Snow Research and Training, Inc, Edna Mall Area, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ingrid Miljeteig
- Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 21, 5020, Bergen, Norway
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Hendrix N, Warkaye S, Tesfaye L, Woldekidan MA, Arja A, Sato R, Memirie ST, Mirkuzie AH, Getnet F, Verguet S. Estimated travel time and staffing constraints to accessing the Ethiopian health care system: A two-step floating catchment area analysis. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04008. [PMID: 36701563 PMCID: PMC9880518 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite large investments in the public health care system, disparities in health outcomes persist between lower- and upper-income individuals, as well as rural vs urban dwellers in Ethiopia. Evidence from Ethiopia and other low- and middle-income countries suggests that challenges in health care access may contribute to poverty in these settings. Methods We employed a two-step floating catchment area to estimate variations in spatial access to health care and in staffing levels at health care facilities. We estimated the average travel time from the population centers of administrative areas and adjusted them with provider-to-population ratios. To test hypotheses about the role of travel time vs staffing, we applied Spearman's rank tests to these two variables against the access score to assess the significance of observed variations. Results Among Ethiopia's 11 first-level administrative units, Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, and Harari had the best access scores. Regions with the lowest access scores were generally poorer and more rural/pastoral. Approximately 18% of the country did not have access to a public health care facility within a two-hour walk. Our results suggest that spatial access and staffing issues both contribute to access challenges. Conclusion Investments both in new health facilities and staffing in existing facilities will be necessary to improve health care access within Ethiopia. Because rural and low-income areas are more likely to have poor access, future strategies for expanding and strengthening the health care system should strongly emphasize equity and the role of improved access in reducing poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Hendrix
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samson Warkaye
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Latera Tesfaye
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Agachew Woldekidan
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Arja
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ryoko Sato
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Solomon Tessema Memirie
- Addis Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fentabil Getnet
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Yigezu A, Zewdie SA, Mirkuzie AH, Abera A, Hailu A, Agachew M, Memirie ST. Cost-analysis of COVID-19 sample collection, diagnosis, and contact tracing in low resource setting: The case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269458. [PMID: 35679290 PMCID: PMC9182302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia has been responding to the COVID-19 pandemic through a combination of interventions, including non-pharmaceutical interventions, quarantine, testing, isolation, contact tracing, and clinical management. Estimating the resources consumed for COVID-19 prevention and control could inform efficient decision-making for epidemic/pandemic-prone diseases in the future. This study aims to estimate the unit cost of COVID-19 sample collection, laboratory diagnosis, and contact tracing in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods Primary and secondary data were collected to estimate the costs of COVID-19 sample collection, diagnosis, and contact tracing. A healthcare system perspective was used. We used a combination of micro-costing (bottom-up) and top-down approaches to estimate resources consumed and the unit costs of the interventions. We used available cost and outcome data between May and December 2020. The costs were classified into capital and recurrent inputs to estimate unit and total costs. We identified the cost drivers of the interventions. We reported the cost for the following outcome measures: (1) cost per sample collected, (2) cost per laboratory diagnosis, (3) cost per sample collected and laboratory diagnosis, (4) cost per contact traced, and (5) cost per COVID-19 positive test identified. We conducted one-way sensitivity analysis by varying the input parameters. All costs were reported in US dollars (USD). Results The unit cost per sample collected was USD 1.33. The unit cost of tracing a contact of an index case was USD 0.66. The unit cost of COVID-19 diagnosis, excluding the cost for sample collection was USD 3.91. The unit cost of sample collection per COVID-19 positive individual was USD 11.63. The unit cost for COVID-19 positive test through contact tracing was USD 54.00. The unit cost COVID-19 DNA PCR diagnosis for identifying COVID-19 positive individuals, excluding the sample collection and transport cost, was USD 37.70. The cost per COVID-19 positive case identified was USD 49.33 including both sample collection and laboratory diagnosis costs. Among the cost drivers, personnel cost (salary and food cost) takes the highest share for all interventions, ranging from 51–76% of the total cost. Conclusion The costs of sample collection, diagnosis, and contact tracing for COVID-19 were high given the low per capita health expenditure in Ethiopia and other low-income settings. Since the personnel cost accounts for the highest cost, decision-makers should focus on minimizing this cost when faced with pandemic-prone diseases by strengthening the health system and using digital platforms. The findings of this study can help decision-makers prioritize and allocate resources for effective public health emergency response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanuel Yigezu
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Samuel Abera Zewdie
- Partnership and Cooperation Directorate, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnesh H. Mirkuzie
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Abera
- Parasitology Department, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Hailu
- Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority Setting, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mesfin Agachew
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Tessema Memirie
- Addis Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Misganaw A, Naghavi M, Walker A, Mirkuzie AH, Giref AZ, Berheto TM, Waktola EA, Kempen JH, Eticha GT, Wolde TK, Deguma D, Abate KH, Abegaz KH, Ahmed MB, Akalu Y, Aklilu A, Alemu BW, Asemahagn MA, Awedew AF, Balakrishnan S, Bekuma TT, Beyene AS, Beyene MG, Bezabih YM, Birhanu BT, Chichiabellu TY, Dachew BA, Dagnew AB, Demeke FM, Demissie GD, Derbew Molla M, Dereje N, Deribe K, Desta AA, Eshetu MK, Ferede TY, Gebreyohannes EA, Geremew A, Gesesew HA, Getacher L, Glenn SD, Hafebo AS, Hashi A, Hassen HY, Hay SI, Hordofa DF, Huluko DH, Kasa AS, Kassahun Azene G, Kebede EM, Kebede HK, Kelkay B, Kidane SZ, Legesse SM, Manamo WA, Melaku YAA, Mengesha EW, Mengesha SD, Merie HE, Mersha AM, Mersha AG, Mirutse MK, Mohammed AS, Mohammed H, Mohammed S, Netsere HB, Nigatu D, Obsa MS, Odo DB, Omer M, Regassa LD, Sahiledengle B, Shaka MF, Shiferaw WS, Sidemo NB, Sinke AH, Sintayehu Y, Sorrie MB, Tadesse BT, Tadesse EG, Tamir Z, Tamiru AT, Tareke AA, Tefera YG, Tekalegn Y, Tesema AK, Tesema TT, Tesfay FH, Tessema ZT, Tilahun T, Tsegaye GW, Tusa BS, Weledesemayat GT, Yazie TS, Yeshitila YG, Yirdaw BW, Zegeye DT, Murray CJL, Gebremedhin LT. Progress in health among regions of Ethiopia, 1990-2019: a subnational country analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2022; 399:1322-1335. [PMID: 35294898 PMCID: PMC8987934 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) studies have reported national health estimates for Ethiopia. Substantial regional variations in socioeconomic status, population, demography, and access to health care within Ethiopia require comparable estimates at the subnational level. The GBD 2019 Ethiopia subnational analysis aimed to measure the progress and disparities in health across nine regions and two chartered cities. METHODS We gathered 1057 distinct data sources for Ethiopia and all regions and cities that included census, demographic surveillance, household surveys, disease registry, health service use, disease notifications, and other data for this analysis. Using all available data sources, we estimated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), total fertility rate (TFR), life expectancy, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life-years, and risk-factor-attributable health loss with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for Ethiopia's nine regions and two chartered cities from 1990 to 2019. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, cause of death ensemble model, Bayesian meta-regression tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, and other models were used to generate fertility, mortality, cause of death, and disability rates. The risk factor attribution estimations followed the general framework established for comparative risk assessment. FINDINGS The SDI steadily improved in all regions and cities from 1990 to 2019, yet the disparity between the highest and lowest SDI increased by 54% during that period. The TFR declined from 6·91 (95% UI 6·59-7·20) in 1990 to 4·43 (4·01-4·92) in 2019, but the magnitude of decline also varied substantially among regions and cities. In 2019, TFR ranged from 6·41 (5·96-6·86) in Somali to 1·50 (1·26-1·80) in Addis Ababa. Life expectancy improved in Ethiopia by 21·93 years (21·79-22·07), from 46·91 years (45·71-48·11) in 1990 to 68·84 years (67·51-70·18) in 2019. Addis Ababa had the highest life expectancy at 70·86 years (68·91-72·65) in 2019; Afar and Benishangul-Gumuz had the lowest at 63·74 years (61·53-66·01) for Afar and 64.28 (61.99-66.63) for Benishangul-Gumuz. The overall increases in life expectancy were driven by declines in under-5 mortality and mortality from common infectious diseases, nutritional deficiency, and war and conflict. In 2019, the age-standardised all-cause death rate was the highest in Afar at 1353·38 per 100 000 population (1195·69-1526·19). The leading causes of premature mortality for all sexes in Ethiopia in 2019 were neonatal disorders, diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, tuberculosis, stroke, HIV/AIDS, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, congenital defects, and diabetes. With high SDIs and life expectancy for all sexes, Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, and Harari had low rates of premature mortality from the five leading causes, whereas regions with low SDIs and life expectancy for all sexes (Afar and Somali) had high rates of premature mortality from the leading causes. In 2019, child and maternal malnutrition; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; air pollution; high systolic blood pressure; alcohol use; and high fasting plasma glucose were the leading risk factors for health loss across regions and cities. INTERPRETATION There were substantial improvements in health over the past three decades across regions and chartered cities in Ethiopia. However, the progress, measured in SDI, life expectancy, TFR, premature mortality, disability, and risk factors, was not uniform. Federal and regional health policy makers should match strategies, resources, and interventions to disease burden and risk factors across regions and cities to achieve national and regional plans, Sustainable Development Goals, and universal health coverage targets. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Hendrix N, Kwete X, Bolongaita S, Megiddo I, Memirie ST, Mirkuzie AH, Nonvignon J, Verguet S. Economic evaluations of health system strengthening activities in low-income and middle-income country settings: a methodological systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-007392. [PMID: 35277429 PMCID: PMC8919450 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Health system strengthening (HSS) activities should accompany disease-targeting interventions in low/middle-income countries (LMICs). Economic evaluations provide information on how these types of investment might best be balanced but can be challenging. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate how researchers address these economic evaluation challenges. Methods We identified studies about economic evaluation of HSS activities in LMICs using a two-stage approach. First, we conducted a broad search to identify areas where economic evaluations of HSS activities were being conducted. Next, we selected specific interventions for more targeted literature review. We extracted study characteristics using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. Finally, we summarised authors’ modelling decisions using a framework that examines how models are developed to emphasise generalisability, precision, or realism. Findings Our searches produced 1978 studies, out of which we included 36. Most studies used data from prospective trials and calculated cost-effectiveness directly from these trial inputs, rather than using simulation methods. As a group, these studies primarily emphasised precision and realism over generalisability, meaning that their results were best suited to specific settings. Conclusions The number of included studies was small. Our findings suggest that most economic evaluations of HSS do not leverage methods like sensitivity analyses or inputs from literature review that would produce more generalisable (but potentially less precise) results. More research into how decision-makers would use economic evaluations to define the expansion path to strengthening health systems would allow for conceptualising impactful work on the economic value of HSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Hendrix
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Kwete
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Global Health Research and Consulting, Yaozhi, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sarah Bolongaita
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itamar Megiddo
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Solomon Tessema Memirie
- Addis Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- National Data Management Centre for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Memirie ST, Yigezu A, Zewdie SA, Mirkuzie AH, Bolongaita S, Verguet S. Hospitalization costs for COVID-19 in Ethiopia: Empirical data and analysis from Addis Ababa's largest dedicated treatment center. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260930. [PMID: 35061674 PMCID: PMC8782501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused profound health, economic, and social disruptions globally. We assessed the full costs of hospitalization for COVID-19 disease at Ekka Kotebe COVID-19 treatment center in Addis Ababa, the largest hospital dedicated to COVID-19 patient care in Ethiopia. Methods and findings We retrospectively collected and analysed clinical and cost data on patients admitted to Ekka Kotebe with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infections. Cost data included personnel time and salaries, drugs, medical supplies and equipment, facility utilities, and capital costs. Facility medical records were reviewed to assess the average duration of stay by disease severity (either moderate, severe, or critical). The data collected covered the time-period March-November 2020. We then estimated the cost per treated COVID-19 episode, stratified by disease severity, from the perspective of the provider. Over the study period there were 2,543 COVID-19 cases treated at Ekka Kotebe, of which, 235 were critical, 515 were severe, and 1,841 were moderate. The mean patient duration of stay varied from 9.2 days (95% CI: 7.6–10.9; for moderate cases) to 19.2 days (17.9–20.6; for critical cases). The mean cost per treated episode was USD 1,473 (95% CI: 1,197–1,750), but cost varied by disease severity: the mean cost for moderate, severe, and critical cases were USD 1,266 (998–1,534), USD 1,545 (1,413–1,677), and USD 2,637 (1,788–3,486), respectively. Conclusions Clinical management and treatment of COVID-19 patients poses an enormous economic burden to the Ethiopian health system. Such estimates of COVID-19 treatment costs inform financial implications for resource-constrained health systems and reinforce the urgency of implementing effective infection prevention and control policies, including the rapid rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, in low-income countries like Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tessema Memirie
- Addis Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanuel Yigezu
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Abera Zewdie
- Partnership and Cooperation Directorate, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnesh H. Mirkuzie
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah Bolongaita
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Bolongaita S, Villano D, Tessema Memirie S, Kiros Mirutse M, Mirkuzie AH, Comas S, Rumpler E, Wu SM, Sato R, Chang AY, Verguet S. Modeling the relative risk of incidence and mortality of select vaccine-preventable diseases by wealth group and geographic region in Ethiopia. PLOS Glob Public Health 2022; 2:e0000819. [PMID: 36910428 PMCID: PMC10004450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunization is one of the most effective public health interventions, saving millions of lives every year. Ethiopia has seen gradual improvements in immunization coverage and access to child health care services; however, inequalities in child mortality across wealth quintiles and regions remain persistent. We model the relative distributional incidence and mortality of four vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) (rotavirus diarrhea, human papillomavirus, measles, and pneumonia) by wealth quintile and geographic region in Ethiopia. Our approach significantly extends an earlier methodology, which utilizes the population attributable fraction and differences in the prevalence of risk and prognostic factors by population subgroup to estimate the relative distribution of VPD incidence and mortality. We use a linear system of equations to estimate the joint distribution of risk and prognostic factors in population subgroups, treating each possible combination of risk or prognostic factors as computationally distinct, thereby allowing us to account for individuals with multiple risk factors. Across all modeling scenarios, our analysis found that the poor and those living in rural and primarily pastoralist or agrarian regions have a greater risk than the rich and those living in urban regions of becoming infected with or dying from a VPD. While in absolute terms all population subgroups benefit from health interventions (e.g., vaccination and treatment), current unequal levels and pro-rich gradients of vaccination and treatment-seeking patterns should be redressed so to significantly improve health equity across wealth quintiles and geographic regions in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bolongaita
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dominick Villano
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Solomon Tessema Memirie
- Addis Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mizan Kiros Mirutse
- Ministry of Health, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnesh H. Mirkuzie
- National Data Management Center for Health,Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sophia Comas
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eva Rumpler
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryoko Sato
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela Y. Chang
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study,University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tessema GA, Kinfu Y, Dachew BA, Tesema AG, Assefa Y, Alene KA, Aregay AF, Ayalew MB, Bezabhe WM, Bali AG, Dadi AF, Duko B, Erku D, Gebrekidan K, Gebremariam KT, Gebremichael LG, Gebreyohannes EA, Gelaw YA, Gesesew HA, Kibret GD, Leshargie CT, Meazew MW, Mekonnen A, Mirkuzie AH, Mohammed H, Tekle DY, Tesfay FH. The COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare systems in Africa: a scoping review of preparedness, impact and response. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e007179. [PMID: 34853031 PMCID: PMC8637314 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed health systems in both developed and developing nations alike. Africa has one of the weakest health systems globally, but there is limited evidence on how the region is prepared for, impacted by and responded to the pandemic. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL to search peer-reviewed articles and Google, Google Scholar and preprint sites for grey literature. The scoping review captured studies on either preparedness or impacts or responses associated with COVID-19 or covering one or more of the three topics and guided by Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework. The extracted information was documented following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension checklist for scoping reviews. Finally, the resulting data were thematically analysed. RESULTS Twenty-two eligible studies, of which 6 reported on health system preparedness, 19 described the impacts of COVID-19 on access to general and essential health services and 7 focused on responses taken by the healthcare systems were included. The main setbacks in health system preparation included lack of available health services needed for the pandemic, inadequate resources and equipment, and limited testing ability and surge capacity for COVID-19. Reduced flow of patients and missing scheduled appointments were among the most common impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Health system responses identified in this review included the availability of telephone consultations, re-purposing of available services and establishment of isolation centres, and provisions of COVID-19 guidelines in some settings. CONCLUSIONS The health systems in Africa were inadequately prepared for the pandemic, and its impact was substantial. Responses were slow and did not match the magnitude of the problem. Interventions that will improve and strengthen health system resilience and financing through local, national and global engagement should be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizachew A Tessema
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yohannes Kinfu
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Berihun Assefa Dachew
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Azeb Gebresilassie Tesema
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Assefa
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Atsede Fantahun Aregay
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Biset Ayalew
- Department of Pharmacy, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ayele Geleto Bali
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Abel Fekadu Dadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Menzies Health Research Institute, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Bereket Duko
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Erku
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lemlem Gebremedhin Gebremichael
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Population Child Health Research Group, School of Women's and Child Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hailay Abrha Gesesew
- Public Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Getiye Dejenu Kibret
- Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cheru Tesema Leshargie
- College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Alemayehu Mekonnen
- Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hassen Mohammed
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dejen Yemane Tekle
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Fisaha Haile Tesfay
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Deakin University, Institute of Health Transformation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Ali S, Misganaw A, Worku A, Destaw Z, Negash L, Bekele A, Briant PS, Johnson CO, Alam T, Odell C, Roth GA, Naghavi M, Abate E, Mirkuzie AH. The burden of cardiovascular diseases in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2017: evidence from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Int Health 2021; 13:318-326. [PMID: 32945840 PMCID: PMC8253991 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ethiopia, evidence on the national burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is limited. To address this gap, this systematic analysis estimated the burden of CVDs in Ethiopia using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study data. The age-standardized CVD prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality rates in Ethiopia were 5534 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5310.09 - 5774.0), 3549.6 (95% UI 3229.0 - 3911.9) and 182.63 (95% UI 165.49 - 203.9) per 100 000 population, respectively. Compared with 1990, the age-standardized CVD prevalence rate in 2017 showed no change. But significant reductions were observed in CVD mortality (54.7%), CVD DALYs (57.7%) and all-cause mortality (53.4%). The top three prevalent CVDs were ischaemic heart disease, rheumatic heart disease and stroke in descending order. The reduction in the mortality rate due to CVDs is slower than for communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional disease mortalities. As a result, CVDs are the leading cause of mortality in Ethiopia. These findings urge Ethiopia to consider CVDs as a priority public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Ali
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Awoke Misganaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Asnake Worku
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Destaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Legesse Negash
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Bekele
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Paul S Briant
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Catherine O Johnson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Tahiya Alam
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Chris Odell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Gregory A Roth
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Ebba Abate
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,University of Bergen, Norway
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11
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Alene KA, Gelaw YA, Fetene DM, Koye DN, Melaku YA, Gesesew H, Birhanu MM, Adane AA, Muluneh MD, Dachew BA, Abrha S, Aregay A, Ayele AA, Bezabhe WM, Gebremariam KT, Gebremedhin T, Gebremedhin AT, Gebremichael L, Geleto AB, Kassahun HT, Kibret GD, Leshargie CT, Mekonnen A, Mirkuzie AH, Mohammed H, Tegegn HG, Tesema AG, Tesfay FH, Wubishet BL, Kinfu Y. COVID-19 in Ethiopia: a geospatial analysis of vulnerability to infection, case severity and death. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044606. [PMID: 33602713 PMCID: PMC7896372 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has caused a global public health crisis affecting most countries, including Ethiopia, in various ways. This study maps the vulnerability to infection, case severity and likelihood of death from COVID-19 in Ethiopia. METHODS Thirty-eight potential indicators of vulnerability to COVID-19 infection, case severity and likelihood of death, identified based on a literature review and the availability of nationally representative data at a low geographic scale, were assembled from multiple sources for geospatial analysis. Geospatial analysis techniques were applied to produce maps showing the vulnerability to infection, case severity and likelihood of death in Ethiopia at a spatial resolution of 1 km×1 km. RESULTS This study showed that vulnerability to COVID-19 infection is likely to be high across most parts of Ethiopia, particularly in the Somali, Afar, Amhara, Oromia and Tigray regions. The number of severe cases of COVID-19 infection requiring hospitalisation and intensive care unit admission is likely to be high across Amhara, most parts of Oromia and some parts of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region. The risk of COVID-19-related death is high in the country's border regions, where public health preparedness for responding to COVID-19 is limited. CONCLUSION This study revealed geographical differences in vulnerability to infection, case severity and likelihood of death from COVID-19 in Ethiopia. The study offers maps that can guide the targeted interventions necessary to contain the spread of COVID-19 in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Digsu N Koye
- Department of Medicine at Royal Melbourne Hospital and Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yohannes Adama Melaku
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hailay Gesesew
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Molla Birhanu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Akilew Awoke Adane
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Muluken Dessalegn Muluneh
- Western Sydney University, Penrith South, New South Wales, Australia
- Monitoring Evaluation and Research, Amref Health Africa in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Berihun Assefa Dachew
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Abrha
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Atsede Aregay
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Asnakew Achaw Ayele
- School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lemlem Gebremichael
- School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Therapeutics Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ayele Bali Geleto
- Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Getiye Dejenu Kibret
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cheru Tesema Leshargie
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alemayehu Mekonnen
- Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hassen Mohammed
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Henok Getachew Tegegn
- University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Azeb Gebresilassie Tesema
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fisaha Haile Tesfay
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Health Transformation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Yohannes Kinfu
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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12
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Mirkuzie AH, Ali S, Abate E, Worku A, Misganaw A. Progress towards the 2020 fast track HIV/AIDS reduction targets across ages in Ethiopia as compared to neighboring countries using global burden of diseases 2017 data. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:285. [PMID: 33541303 PMCID: PMC7863245 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.3, targets to eliminate HIV from being a public health threat by 2030. For better tracking of this target interim Fast Track milestones for 2020 and composite complementary measures have been indicated. This study measured the Fast Track progress in the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia across ages compared to neighboring countries. Methods The National Data Management Center for health’s research team at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute has analyzed the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 secondary data for the year 2010 to 2017 for Ethiopia and its neighbors. GBD 2017 data sources were census, demographic and a health survey, prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, antiretroviral treatment programs, sentinel surveillance, and UNAIDS reports. Age-standardized and age-specific HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), incidence:mortality ratio and incidence:prevalence ratio were calculated with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results Ethiopia and neighboring countries recorded slow progress in reducing new HIV infection since 2010. Only Uganda would achieve the 75% target by 2020. Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda already achieved the 75% mortality reduction target set for 2020. The incidence: prevalence ratio for Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda were < 0.03, indicating the countries were on track to end HIV by 2030. Ethiopia had an incidence: mortality ratio < 1 due to high mortality; while Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda had a ratio of > 1 due to high incidence. The HIV incidence rate in Ethiopia was dropped by 76% among under 5 children in 2017 compared to 2010 and the country would likely to attain the 2020 national target, but far behind achieving the target among the 15–49 age group. Conclusions Ethiopia and neighboring countries have made remarkable progress towards achieving the 75% HIV/AIDS mortality reduction target by 2020, although they progressed poorly in reducing HIV incidence. By recording an incidence:prevalence ratio benchmark of less than 0.03, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda are well heading towards epidemic control. Nonetheless, the high HIV/AIDS mortality rate in Ethiopia for its incidence requires innovative strategies to reach out undiagnosed cases and to build institutional capacity for generating strong evidence to ensure sustainable epidemic control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10269-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, USA.
| | - Solomon Ali
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ebba Abate
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asnake Worku
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Awoke Misganaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, USA
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13
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Erondu NA, Rahman-Shepherd A, Khan MS, Abate E, Agogo E, Belfroid E, Dar O, Fehr A, Hollmann L, Ihekweazu C, Ikram A, Iversen BG, Mirkuzie AH, Rathore TR, Squires N, Okereke E. Improving National Intelligence for Public Health Preparedness: a methodological approach to finding local multi-sector indicators for health security. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2020-004227. [PMID: 33495285 PMCID: PMC7839902 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic is the latest evidence of critical gaps in our collective ability to monitor country-level preparedness for health emergencies. The global frameworks that exist to strengthen core public health capacities lack coverage of several preparedness domains and do not provide mechanisms to interface with local intelligence. We designed and piloted a process, in collaboration with three National Public Health Institutes (NPHIs) in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Pakistan, to identify potential preparedness indicators that exist in a myriad of frameworks and tools in varying local institutions. Following a desk-based systematic search and expert consultations, indicators were extracted from existing national and subnational health security-relevant frameworks and prioritised in a multi-stakeholder two-round Delphi process. Eighty-six indicators in Ethiopia, 87 indicators in Nigeria and 51 indicators in Pakistan were assessed to be valid, relevant and feasible. From these, 14–16 indicators were prioritised in each of the three countries for consideration in monitoring and evaluation tools. Priority indicators consistently included private sector metrics, subnational capacities, availability and capacity for electronic surveillance, measures of timeliness for routine reporting, data quality scores and data related to internally displaced persons and returnees. NPHIs play an increasingly central role in health security and must have access to data needed to identify and respond rapidly to public health threats. Collecting and collating local sources of information may prove essential to addressing gaps; it is a necessary step towards improving preparedness and strengthening international health regulations compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mishal S Khan
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK
| | - Ebba Abate
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Evelien Belfroid
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Aamer Ikram
- Pakistan National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Neil Squires
- Global Public Health, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Ebere Okereke
- International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
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14
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Ali S, Destaw Z, Misganaw A, Worku A, Negash L, Bekele A, Zergaw A, Walker A, Odell C, Naghavi M, Abate E, Mirkuzie AH. The burden of injuries in Ethiopia from 1990-2017: evidence from the global burden of disease study. Inj Epidemiol 2020; 7:67. [PMID: 33342441 PMCID: PMC7751094 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-020-00292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality caused by injuries is increasing and becoming a significant global public health concern. Limited evidence from Ethiopia on road traffic, unintentional and intentional injuries indicate the potential public health impact of problems resulting from such injuries. However, there is a significant evidence gap about the actual national burden of all injuries in Ethiopia. This data base study aimed to reveal the national burden of different injuries in Ethiopia. Methodology Data for this study were extracted from the estimates of the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2017 study. Estimates of metrics such as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), death rates, incidence, and prevalence were extracted. The metrics were then examined at different injury types, socio-demographic categories such as age groups and sex. Trends of the metrics were also explored for these categories across years from 2007 to 2017. The DALYs and deaths due to injuries in Ethiopia were also compared with other East African countries (specifically Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia) in order to evaluate regional differences across years, by sex and by different injury types such as transport injuries, unintentional injuries, self-harm and interpersonal violence. Results The age-standardized injury death rate has decreased to 69.4; 95% UI: (63.0–76.9) from 90.11; 95% UI: (82.41–97.73) in 2017 as compared with 2007. Road injury, falls, self-harm and interpersonal violence were the leading causes of mortality from injuries occurring in 2017. The age-standardized injury DALYs rate has decreased to 3328.2; 95% UI: (2981.7-3707.8) from 4265.55; 95% UI: (3898.11–4673.64) in 2017 as compared with 2007. The number of deaths resulting from injuries in 2017 was highest for males, children under 5 years, people aged 15–24. Conclusion The current age-standardized death rate and DALYs from injuries is high and the observed annual reduction is not satisfactory. There is a difference in gender and age regarding the number of deaths resulting from injuries. The data indicates that the current national efforts to address the public health impact of injuries in Ethiopia are not sufficient enough to bring a marked reduction. As a result, a more holistic approach to address all injuries is recommended in Ethiopia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40621-020-00292-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Ali
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Zelalem Destaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Awoke Misganaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Science, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Asnake Worku
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Legesse Negash
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Bekele
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ababi Zergaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ally Walker
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Science, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Chris Odell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Science, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Science, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ebba Abate
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Mirkuzie AH. Correction: Implementation and outcomes of guideline revisions for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Mother Support Programme, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200687. [PMID: 29990376 PMCID: PMC6039026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mirkuzie AH. Implementation and outcomes of guideline revisions for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Mother Support Programme, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198438. [PMID: 29927946 PMCID: PMC6013243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
About 40% of the new HIV infections in Ethiopia are among children < 15 years of age. The great majority of these infections occur through Mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT). For prevention of MTCT, the national guidelines has been revised to incorporate scientific advances in HIV prevention, treatment and care. Since 2005, the country has been implementing a peer mentor programme called Mother Support Group (MSG), which provides psychosocial and adherence support for HIV positive mothers. This study examined implementation of PMTCT guidelines revisions and outcomes of HIV exposed babies in the MSG in Addis Ababa. Retrospective routine data were collected between 2005 and August 2013 from seven randomly selected primary health facilities. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression models. Several guidelines revisions were made between 2001 and 2013 in HIV testing approaches, prophylactic antiretroviral options, infant feeding recommendations and infant HIV testing algorithms. Revisions on the CD4 thresholds were associated with a significant increase in the proportion of women initiating antiretroviral treatment from 0 in 2005 to 62% in 2013. Revisions in infant feeding recommendations led to a 92.3% reported practice of exclusive breastfeeding in 2013 compared to 60.9% in 2005. Two and four percent of the HIV exposed babies were HIV positive by six and 18 months respectively. Not receiving prophylactic ART and receiving mixed feeding were independent predictors for babies having an HIV positive antibody test at 18 months. The rate of HIV status disclosure increased significantly year by year. Over the years, the PMTCT recommendations have moved from having a solo focus on PMTCT to holistic and inclusive approaches emphasizing survival beyond HIV prevention. The data reflect favourable outcomes of HIV exposed babies in terms of averted MTCT though serious gaps in data quality remain. For successful implementation of Option-B plus, the identified gaps in the MSG need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemnesh H. Mirkuzie
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, National Data Management Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
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Mirkuzie AH, Sisay MM, Bedane MM. High proportions of obstetric referrals in Addis Ababa: the case of term premature rupture of membranes. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:40. [PMID: 26809734 PMCID: PMC4724955 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Public Health Centers (HCs) provide basic obstetric and neonatal care to about 80 % of the eligible population in Addis Ababa. Hospitals provide comprehensive services and are referral centers for complications that cannot be managed at the HCs.
This study assessed the proportion of obstetric referrals in general and referrals due to premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at term in particular, from the HCs in Addis Ababa and explored its appropriateness and management in hospitals. Methods The study used a sequential explanatory mixed methods design. Routine retrospective data were collected from ten randomly selected HCs in 2012. Key informant interviews were conducted using a guide developed following a preliminary analysis of the quantitative data. Ten head midwives, one from each health center participated in the interviews. Results Of the 9340 mothers who sought skilled birth care in the ten HCs in 2012, 2820 (30.3 %) were diagnosed with obstetric complications and referred to hospital. Term PROM accounted for 557 (19.7 %) of the referrals and it was widely varied across the HCs. Fifteen (7.8 %) mothers who were referred for PROM, had intact membranes upon hospital examinations. Forty-two (77.8 %) of the referred mothers who had spontaneous labour and delivery could have been misclassified as not having labour upon referral. In the interviews, variations in diagnosing and managing term PROM were identified as themes. Three HCs relayed solely on mothers’ self reports of amniotic fluid leakage to diagnose, two HCs did complementary speculum/vaginal examination, three HCs monitored sign of labour on top of confirming the leakage. Regarding management, two HCs practiced expectant management, three referred mothers after 30 min of observation while others issued referral right away. All providers reported the lack of clinical guidelines for most common obstetric problems in their HC. Conclusions The study reported large proportion of obstetric referrals in general and PROM referrals in particular as well as variations in diagnosing and managing term PROM. These could largely be attributed to lack of clinical guidelines for most common obstetric complications at the HCs and competency gap among providers. Addressing the identified gaps and strengthening the primary care settings could contribute to improved quality of obstetric care and outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1852-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Årstadv 21, Overlegedanielsenshus, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Mitike Molla Sisay
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mulu Muleta Bedane
- WAHA International, University of Gondar, Post Box 41822, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Mirkuzie AH. Exploring inequities in skilled care at birth among migrant population in a metropolitan city Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; a qualitative study. Int J Equity Health 2014; 13:110. [PMID: 25421142 PMCID: PMC4246478 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-014-0110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ethiopia records high levels of inequity in skilled birth care (SBC), where the gaps are much wider among urban migrant women. An intervention project has been conducted in Addis Ababa, intending to improve quality and to ensure equitable access to maternal and newborn care services. As part of the project, this study explored the inequities in maternal health care among migrant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A qualitative community based study was conducted from April to May 2014 among 45 purposefully selected internal migrant women. Eleven women who give birth at home and eight who gave birth at health facility in the last year preceding the study participated in in-depth interviews. Four primiparas’ young women, 18 women who have children and four grandmothers participated in focus group discussions. Guides were used for data collection. Using framework and content analysis three themes and four sub-themes emerged. Results According to the informants, patterns of service utilization varied widely. Antenatal care and infant immunization were fairly equally accessed across the different age groups of informants in their most recent birth irrespective of where they gave birth, yet obvious access gaps were reported in SBC and postpartum care. There were missed opportunities to postpartum care. Only few women had received postpartum care despite, some of the women delivering in the health facility and many visiting the health facilities for infant immunization. The four emerged sub-themes reportedly influencing access and utilization of SBC were social influences, physical access to health facility, risk perceptions and perceived quality of care and disrespect. Of these social, structural and health system factors, informants presented experiences of disrespectful care as a powerful deterrent to SBC. Conclusions Migrant women constitute disadvantaged communities in Addis Ababa and have unequal access to SBC and postpartum care. This happens in the backdrop of fairly equitable access to antenatal care, infant immunization, universal health coverage and free access to maternal and newborn care. Addressing the underlying determinants for the inequities and bridging the quality gaps in maternal and newborn services with due emphasis on respectful care for migrant women need tailored intervention and prioritization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0110-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Årstadv 21, Overlegedanielsenshus, 5020, Bergen.
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Mirkuzie AH, Sisay MM, Reta AT, Bedane MM. Current evidence on basic emergency obstetric and newborn care services in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; a cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14:354. [PMID: 25300789 PMCID: PMC4287546 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC) is a high impact priority intervention highly recommended for improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes. In 2008, Ethiopia conducted a national EmONC survey that revealed implementation gaps, mainly due to resource constraints and poor competence among providers. As part of an ongoing project, this paper examined progress in the implementation of the basic EmONC (BEmONC) in Addis Ababa and compared with the 2008 survey. Methods A facility based intervention project was conducted in 10 randomly selected public health centers (HCs) in Addis Ababa and baseline data collected on BEmONC status from January to March 2013. Retrospective routine record reviews and facility observations were done in 29 HCs in 2008 and in10 HCs in 2013. Twenty-five providers in 2008 and 24 in 2013 participated in BEmONC knowledge and skills assessment. All the data were collected using standard tools. Descriptive statistics and t-tests were used. Results In 2013, all the surveyed HCs had continuous water supply, reliable access to telephone, logbooks & phartograph. Fifty precent of the HCs in 2013 and 34% in 2008 had access to 24 hours ambulance services. The ratio of midwives to 100 expected births were 0.26 in 2008 and 10.3 in 2013. In 2008, 67% of the HCs had a formal fee waiver system while all the surveyed HCs had it in 2013. HCs reporting a consistent supply of uterotonic drugs were 85% in 2008 and 100% in 2013. The majority of the providers who participated in both surveys reported to have insufficient knowledge in diagnosing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and birth asphyxia as well as poor skills in neonatal resuscitation. Comparing with the 2008 survey, no significant improvements were observed in providers’ knowledge and competence in 2013 on PPH management and essential newborn care (p > 0.05). Conclusion There are advances in infrastructure, medical supplies and personnel for EmONC provision, yet poor providers’ competences have persisted contributing to the quality gaps on BEmONC in Addis Ababa. Considering short-term in-service trainings using novel approaches for ensuring desired competences for large number of providers in short time period is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitike Molla Sisay
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, TikurAnbessa Hospital, Second Floor, Room Number 58, PO Box 40860, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Mirkuzie AH, Sisay MM, Bedane MM. Standard basic emergency obstetric and neonatal care training in Addis Ababa; trainees reaction and knowledge acquisition. BMC Med Educ 2014; 14:201. [PMID: 25248410 PMCID: PMC4181417 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-14-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2010, the Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia (FMOH) has developed standard Basic Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (BEmONC) in-service training curricula to respond to the high demand for competency in EmONC. However, the effectiveness of the training curricula has not been well documented. A collaborative intervention project in Addis Ababa has trained providers using the standard BEmONC curricula where this paper presents Krikpartick level 1 and level 2 evaluation of the training. METHODS The project has been conducted in 10 randomly selected public health centers (HC) in Addis Ababa. Providers working in the labour wards of the selected HCs have received the standard BEmONC training between May and July 2013. Using standard tools, trainees' reaction to the course and factual knowledge during the immediate post-course and six months after the training were assessed. Descriptive statistics and t-tests were done. RESULTS Of the total 82 providers who received the training, 30 (36.6%) were male, 61 (74.4%) were midwives. Providers' work experiences ranged from 1 month to 37 years. Seventy-four (89%) providers reported that the training was appropriate for their work, 95% reported that the training have updated their knowledge & skills, while 27 (32.9%) reported that the training facilities & arrangements were unsatisfactory. The mean immediate post-course knowledge score was 83.5% and 33 (40%) providers did not achieve knowledge-based mastery in their first attempt. The midwives were more likely to achieve knowledge-based mastery than the nurses (p < 0.05). The mean knowledge score six-months post-training was 80.2% and 40% have scored knowledge based mastery. CONCLUSIONS Being one of the first papers reporting the implementation of the standard in-service BEmONC training curriculum, we have identified an important limitation on the course evaluations of the curriculum, which need urgent consideration. The majority of the trainees has reported favourable reaction to the training, but many of them did not achieve knowledge-based mastery in the immediate post training although the knowledge retention six months post training was encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- />Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Årstadv 21, Overlegedanielsenshus, Bergen 5020 Norway
| | - Mitike Molla Sisay
- />School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Second Floor, Room Number 58, Post Box 40860, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mulu Muleta Bedane
- />WAHA International, University of Gondar, Post box 41822, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Mirkuzie AH, Sisay MM, Hinderaker SG, Moland KM, Mørkve O. Comparing HIV prevalence estimates from prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme and the antenatal HIV surveillance in Addis Ababa. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:1113. [PMID: 23267693 PMCID: PMC3533689 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of reliable data, antenatal HIV surveillance has been used to monitor the HIV epidemic since the late 1980s. Currently, routine data from Prevention of Mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programmes are increasingly available. Evaluating whether the PMTCT programme reports provide comparable HIV prevalence estimates with the antenatal surveillance reports is important. In this study, we compared HIV prevalence estimates from routine PMTCT programme and antenatal surveillance in Addis Ababa with the aim to come up with evidence based recommendation. Methods Summary data were collected from PMTCT programmes and antenatal surveillance reports within the catchment of Addis Ababa. The PMTCT programme data were obtained from routine monthly reports from 2004 to 2009 and from published antenatal HIV surveillance reports from 2003 to 2009. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results In Addis Ababa, PMTCT sites had increased from six in 2004 to 54 in 2009. The site expansion was accompanied by an increased number of women testing. There were marked increases in the rate of HIV testing following the introduction of routine opt-out HIV testing approach. Paralleling these increases, the HIV prevalence showed a steady decline from 10.0% in 2004 to 4.5% in 2009. There were five antenatal surveillance sites from 2003 to 2007 in Addis Ababa and they increased to seven by 2009. Four rounds of surveillance data from five sites showed a declining trend in HIV prevalence over the years. The overall antenatal surveillance data also showed that the HIV prevalence among antenatal attendees had declined from 12.4% in 2003 to 5.5% in 2009. The HIV prevalence estimates from PMTCT programme were 6.2% and 4.5% and from antenatal surveillance 6.1 and 5.5% in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Conclusions There were consistent HIV prevalence estimates from PMTCT programme and from antenatal surveillance reports. Both data sources showed a marked decline in HIV prevalence among antenatal care attendees in Addis Ababa. This study concludes that the routine data from the PMTCT programmes in Addis Ababa provides comparable HIV prevalence estimates with antenatal HIV surveillance data and could be used for monitoring trends.
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Mirkuzie AH, Hinderaker SG, Sisay MM, Moland KM, Mørkve O. Current status of medication adherence and infant follow up in the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission programme in Addis Ababa: a cohort study. J Int AIDS Soc 2011; 14:50. [PMID: 22017821 PMCID: PMC3214767 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programmes have great potential to achieve virtual elimination of perinatal HIV transmission provided that PMTCT recommendations are properly followed. This study assessed mothers and infants adherence to medication regimen for PMTCT and the proportions of exposed infants who were followed up in the PMTCT programme. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted among 282 HIV-positive mothers attending 15 health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and mulitivariate logistic regression analyses were done. Results Of 282 mothers enrolled in the cohort, 232 (82%, 95% CI 77-86%) initiated medication during pregnancy, 154 (64%) initiated combined zidovudine (ZDV) prophylaxis regimen while 78 (33%) were initiated lifelong antiretroviral treatment (ART). In total, 171 (60%, 95% CI 55-66%) mothers ingested medication during labour. Of the 221 live born infants (including two sets of twins), 191 (87%, 95% CI 81-90%) ingested ZDV and single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) at birth. Of the 219 live births (twin births were counted once), 148 (68%, 95% CI 61-73%) mother-infant pairs ingested their medication at birth. Medication ingested by mother-infant pairs at birth was significantly and independently associated with place of delivery. Mother-infant pairs attended in health facilities at birth were more likely (OR 6.7 95% CI 2.90-21.65) to ingest their medication than those who were attended at home. Overall, 189 (86%, 95% CI 80-90%) infants were brought for first pentavalent vaccine and 115 (52%, 95% CI 45-58%) for early infant diagnosis at six-weeks postpartum. Among the infants brought for early diagnosis, 71 (32%, 95% CI 26-39%) had documented HIV test results and six (8.4%) were HIV positive. Conclusions We found a progressive decline in medication adherence across the perinatal period. There is a big gap between mediation initiated during pregnancy and actually ingested by the mother-infant pairs at birth. Follow up for HIV-exposed infants seem not to be organized and is inconsistent. In order to maximize effectiveness of the PMTCT programme, the rate of institutional delivery should be increased, the quality of obstetric services should be improved and missed opportunities to exposed infant follow up should be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, OverlegeDanielssens Hus, Årstav. 21, Bergen 5020, Norway.
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Mirkuzie AH, Sisay MM, Moland KM, Astrøm AN. Applying the theory of planned behaviour to explain HIV testing in antenatal settings in Addis Ababa - a cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 2011; 11:196. [PMID: 21851613 PMCID: PMC3169463 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To facilitate access to the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services, HIV counselling and testing are offered routinely in antenatal care settings. Focusing a cohort of pregnant women attending public and private antenatal care facilities, this study applied an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to explain intended- and actual HIV testing. Methods A sequential exploratory mixed methods study was conducted in Addis Ababa in 2009. The study involved first time antenatal attendees from public- and private health care facilities. Three Focus Group Discussions were conducted to inform the TPB questionnaire. A total of 3033 women completed the baseline TPB interviews, including attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intention with respect to HIV testing, whereas 2928 completed actual HIV testing at follow up. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, Fisher's Exact tests, Internal consistency reliability, Pearson's correlation, Linear regression, Logistic regression and using Epidemiological indices. P-values < 0.05 was considered significant and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used for the odds ratio. Results The TPB explained 9.2% and 16.4% of the variance in intention among public- and private health facility attendees. Intention and perceived barriers explained 2.4% and external variables explained 7% of the total variance in HIV testing. Positive and negative predictive values of intention were 96% and 6% respectively. Across both groups, subjective norm explained a substantial amount of variance in intention, followed by attitudes. Women intended to test for HIV if they perceived social support and anticipated positive consequences following test performance. Type of counselling did not modify the link between intended and actual HIV testing. Conclusion The TPB explained substantial amount of variance in intention to test but was less sufficient in explaining actual HIV testing. This low explanatory power of TPB was mainly due to the large proportion of low intenders that ended up being tested contrary to their intention before entering the antenatal clinic. PMTCT programs should strengthen women's intention through social approval and information that testing will provide positive consequences for them. However, women's rights to opt-out should be emphasized in any attempt to improve the PMTCT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemnesh H Mirkuzie
- Centre for International Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Overlege Danielsens Hus, Årstav. 21, Postbox 7804, Bergen 5020, Norway.
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Mirkuzie AH, Hinderaker SG, Mørkve O. Promising outcomes of a national programme for the prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV transmission in Addis Ababa: a retrospective study. BMC Health Serv Res 2010; 10:267. [PMID: 20828384 PMCID: PMC2944274 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-10-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission (PMTCT) is still the most effective intervention in combating new HIV infections. In 2008, revised national PMTCT guidelines that incorporated new policies on HIV counselling and testing, antiretroviral prophylaxis regimen and infant HIV diagnosis came into effect in Ethiopia. In the present study we have examined trends in PMTCT service utilization and assessed the rate of MTCT in relation to policy changes in the national PMTCT programme. Methods Reports from February 2004 to August 2009 were reviewed in 10 sub-cities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The data was collected from May to October 2009. Results The proportion of women who received HIV counselling and testing among new antenatal care attendees increased from 50.7% (95% CI 50.2-51.2) in 2007 to 84.5% (95% CI 84.1-84.9) in 2009 following the shift to routine opt-out testing. Nevertheless, in 2009 only 53.7% of the positive women and 40.7% of their infants received antiretroviral prophylaxis. The HIV prevalence among antenatal attendees decreased significantly from 10.5% in 2004 to 4.6% in 2009 in parallel to the increased number of women being tested. The HIV positive women were over 18 times (RR 18.5, p < 0.0001) more likely to be referred for treatment, care and support in 2009 than in 2004. The proportion of partners tested for HIV decreased by 14% in 2009 compared to 2004, although the absolute number was increasing year by year. Only 10.6% (95% CI 9.9-11.2) of the HIV positive women completed their follow up to infant HIV testing. The cumulative probability of HIV infection among babies on single dose nevirapine regimen who were tested at >=18 months was 15.0% (95% CI 9.8-22.1) in 2007, whereas it was 8.2% (95% CI 5.55-11.97) among babies on Zidovudine regimen who were tested at >=45 days in 2009. Conclusion The paper demonstrates trends in PMTCT service utilization in relation to changing policy. There is marked improvement in HIV counselling and testing service utilization, especially after the policy shift to routine opt-out testing. However, despite policy changes, the ARV prophylaxis uptake, the loss to follow up and the partner testing have remained unchanged across the years. This should be a matter of immediate concern and a topic for further research.
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