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Hong SM, Park BK, Baek DH. Rare cause of granulomatous enteritis. Clin Endosc 2023:ce.2023.014. [PMID: 37157957 PMCID: PMC10393569 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2023.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Byeong Kyu Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Baek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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2
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Abstract
A fistula between the renal pelvis and duodenum (pyeloduodenal fistula) is very rare. It can occur spontaneously or after trauma to one of these organs. A spontaneous pyeloduodenal fistula is usually caused by chronic inflammation, including reactions to foreign bodies, nephrolithiasis, benign and malignant neoplasms, as well as pyogenic infections. The main treatment to date has been surgery. We encountered one case of pyeloduodenal fistula found during an evaluation for abdominal discomfort in a 39-year-old female. Pyeloduodenal fistula was diagnosed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and abdominal computed tomography, and it was caused by direct invasion of nephrolithiasis. Surgical operation was recommended, but the patient refused. The patient has been free of symptoms for four years. Herein, we report an unusual case of pyeloduodenal fistula without surgical management and relevant literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Kyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Gwang Ha Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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3
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Bowden DL, Sutton PA, Wall MA, Jithesh PV, Jenkins RE, Palmer DH, Goldring CE, Parsons JL, Park BK, Kitteringham NR, Vimalachandran D. Proteomic profiling of rectal cancer reveals acid ceramidase is implicated in radiation response. J Proteomics 2018. [PMID: 29518574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is used in locally advanced rectal cancer when tumours threaten the circumferential resection margin, with varying response to treatment. This experimental study aimed to identify significantly differentially expressed proteins between patients responding and not responding to CRT, and to validate any proteins of interest. METHODS Mass spectrometry (with isobaric tagging for relative quantification) analysis of rectal cancers pre- and post-CRT, and at resection. Validation of proteins of interest was performed by assessing tissue microarray (TMA) immunohistochemistry expression in a further 111 patients with rectal cancer. RESULTS Proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD008436. Reduced abundance of contributing peptide ions for acid ceramidase (AC) (log fold change -1.526, p = 1.17E-02) was observed in CRT responders. Differential expression of AC was confirmed upon analysis of the TMAs. Cancer site expression of AC in stromal cells from post-CRT resection specimens was observed to be relatively low in pathological complete response (p = 0.003), and relatively high with no response to CRT (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION AC may be implicated in the response of rectal cancer to CRT. We propose its further assessment as a novel potential biomarker and therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE There is a need for biomarkers to guide the use of chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer, as none are in routine clinical use. We have determined acid ceramidase may have a role in radiation response, based on novel proteomic profiling and validation in a wider dataset using tissue microarrays. The ability to predict or improve response would positively select those patients who will derive benefit, prevent delays in the local and systemic management of disease in non-responders, and reduce morbidity associated with chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Bowden
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
| | - P A Sutton
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - M A Wall
- The Countess of Chester Hospital, Liverpool Road, Chester CH2 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - P V Jithesh
- Sidra Medical and Research Centre, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - R E Jenkins
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - D H Palmer
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, United Kingdom
| | - C E Goldring
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - J L Parsons
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, United Kingdom
| | - B K Park
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - N R Kitteringham
- The University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - D Vimalachandran
- The Countess of Chester Hospital, Liverpool Road, Chester CH2 1UL, United Kingdom; The University of Liverpool, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, United Kingdom
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4
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Jeon MS, Kim GH, Jeong DY, Park BK, Lee MW, Lee SJ, Park DY. Magnifying Endoscopy for Esophageal Ectopic Sebaceous Glands. Clin Endosc 2018; 51:495-497. [PMID: 29478307 PMCID: PMC6182283 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2017.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic sebaceous glands are found very rarely in the esophagus; heretofore, several cases have been reported. The sebaceous gland is originally a source of an endodermal origin; however, there have been controversies regarding whether the origin of the esophageal ectopic sebaceous gland is ectodermal or endodermal. Ectopic sebaceous glands of the esophagus usually do not cause symptoms; thus, they are often found incidentally on endoscopy for routine health screening. Endoscopic findings are characterized by single or multiple yellow patches or nodular lesions of various sizes, sometimes with small central openings. We report two cases of esophageal ectopic sebaceous glands found incidentally during endoscopy with magnifying endoscopic findings. The lesions were in the mid-esophagus and lower esophagus, respectively, and both endoscopic findings were similar as multiple yellowish patches or plaques. Magnifying endoscopy revealed the openings of the excretory ducts surrounded by circular microvessels in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Song Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Gwang Ha Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Dong Young Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Byeong Kyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Moon Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - So-Jeong Lee
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Do Youn Park
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Kyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Gwang Ha Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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6
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Sutton PA, Jithesh PV, Jones RP, Evans JP, Vimalachandran D, Malik HZ, Park BK, Goldring CE, Palmer DH, Kitteringham NR. Exome sequencing of synchronously resected primary colorectal tumours and colorectal liver metastases to inform oncosurgical management. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017; 44:115-121. [PMID: 29174709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.10.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next generation sequencing technology has facilitated mapping of the colorectal cancer genotype and furthered our understanding of metastogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate for conserved and different mutations in the exomes of synchronously resected primary colorectal tumour and liver metastases. This information could potentially be utilised to guide the treatment of advanced disease with the help of biological information from the primary tumour. METHODS We performed exome sequencing of synchronously resected primary colorectal cancer and colorectal liver metastases as well as normal colonic mucosa and liver parenchyma, from four patients who had received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, at a depth of 50X using the Ion Proton platform. Raw data was mapped to the reference genome prior to variant calling, annotation and downstream analysis. RESULTS Exome sequencing identified 585 non-synonymous missense single nucleotide variants (SNVs), of which 215 (36.8%) were unique to the primary tumour, 226 (38.6%) unique to the metastasis and 81 (13.8%) present in patient matched pairs. SNVs identified in the ErbB pathway appear to be concordant between primary and metastatic tumours. CONCLUSION Only 13.8% of the metastatic exome can be predicted by the genotype of the primary tumour. We have demonstrated concordance of a number of SNVs in the ErbB pathway, which may inform selection of therapeutic agents in advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Sutton
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
| | - P V Jithesh
- Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - R P Jones
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - J P Evans
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - D Vimalachandran
- Countess of Chester NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool Road, Chester, CH2 1UL, UK
| | - H Z Malik
- Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - B K Park
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - C E Goldring
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - D H Palmer
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - N R Kitteringham
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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7
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Han YJ, Han DG, Chae JS, Park JH, Park BK, Kim HC, Choi KS. Theileria buffeli infections in grazing cattle in the Republic of Korea. Trop Biomed 2017; 34:263-269. [PMID: 33593006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Theileria infections are encountered worldwide, occasionally resulting in serious economic losses for the livestock industry. This study is an epidemiological survey of Theileria infections in Korean indigenous cattle populations in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Blood samples were collected from 100 cattle in April (n=50) (prior to pastureland grazing), and again four months later, in August (n=50) (half of the cattle put out for grazing and the other half kept in housing). All samples were tested for the presence of Theileria infection based on PCR amplification of the small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene. Twenty-two samples across the whole study were verified as positive for Theileria infection by PCR methods. In August, Theileria infection was markedly increased in grazing cattle (16/25 animals, 64%) compared with indoor cattle (4/25 animals, 16%); affected animals exhibited no clinical signs of infection. The red blood cell, hematocrit, and hemoglobin values were significantly lower in Theileriapositive cattle than in Theileria-negative cattle. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the isolates from this study belonged to the T. buffeli species, and were significantly related to Types A, B, C, and E, and were distinct from T. buffeli Type D, which is known to be more pathogenic. These findings indicate that T. buffeli identified in Korean indigenous cattle have a low-to-mild pathogenicity. These results suggest that the T. buffeli infection is relatively higher in the ROK, and the infection rate may increase following grazing. Taken together, T. buffeli infection may not only be seasonally correlated, but also may be affected by management practices such as pastureland grazing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Han
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - D G Han
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - J S Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - B K Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - H C Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - K S Choi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
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8
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Jo HH, Kang SM, Kim SH, Ra M, Park BK, Kwon JG, Kim EY, Jung JT, Kim HG, Ryoo HM, Kang UR. [A Case of Gastro-Gastric Intussusception Secondary to Primary Gastric Lymphoma]. Korean J Gastroenterol 2017; 68:40-4. [PMID: 27443623 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2016.68.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In adults, most intussusceptions develop from a lesion, usually a benign or malignant neoplasm, and can occur at any site in the gastrointestinal tract. Intussusception in the proximal gastrointestinal tract is uncommon, and gastro-gastric intussusception is extremely rare. We present a case of gastro-gastric intussusception secondary to a primary gastric lymphoma. An 82-year-old female patient presented with acute onset chest pain and vomiting. Abdominal CT revealed a gastro-gastric intussusception. We performed upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, revealing a large gastric mass invaginated into the gastric lumen and distorting the distal stomach. Uncomplicated gastric reposition was achieved with endoscopy of the distal stomach. Histological evaluation of the gastric mass revealed a diffuse large B cell lymphoma that was treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Ho Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sun Mi Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Si Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Moni Ra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byeong Kyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joong Goo Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ho Gak Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hun Mo Ryoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ung Rae Kang
- Department of Radiology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Kulatunga DCM, Dananjaya SHS, Park BK, Kim CH, Lee J, De Zoysa M. First report of Fusarium oxysporum species complex infection in zebrafish culturing system. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:485-494. [PMID: 27451953 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) is a highly diverse fungus. Recently, F. oxysporum infection was identified from zebrafish (Danio rerio) culturing system in Korea. Initially, a rapid whitish smudge was appeared in the water with the fungal blooming on walls of fish tanks. Microscopic studies were conducted on fungal hyphae, colony pigmentation and chlamydospore formation and the presence of macro- and microspores confirmed that the isolated fungus as F. oxysporum. Furthermore, isolated F. oxysporum was confirmed by internal transcribed spacer sequencing which matched (100%) to nine F. oxysporum sequences available in GenBank. Experimental hypodermic injection of F. oxysporum into adult zebrafish showed the development of fungal mycelium and pathogenicity similar to signs observed. Histopathologic results revealed a presence of F. oxysporum hyphae in zebrafish muscle. Fusarium oxysporum growth was increased with sea salt in a concentration-dependent manner. Antifungal susceptibility results revealed that F. oxysporum is resistant to copper sulphate (up to 200 μg mL-1 ) and sensitive to nystatin (up to 40 μg mL-1 ). This is the first report of FOSC from zebrafish culture system, suggesting it appears as an emerging pathogen, thus posing a significant risk on zebrafish facilities in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C M Kulatunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - S H S Dananjaya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - B K Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - C-H Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - J Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - M De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Korea
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10
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Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions can be extremely severe and are not accounted for by the regular pharmacology of a drug. Thus, the mechanism of idiosyncratic drug–induced liver injury (iDILI), a phenomenon that occurs with many drugs including β-lactams, anti-tuberculosis drugs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, has been difficult to determine and remains a pressing issue for patients and drug companies. Evidence has shown that iDILI is multifactorial and multifaceted, which suggests that multiple cellular mechanisms may be involved. However, a common initiating event has been proposed to be the formation of reactive drug metabolites and covalently bound adducts. Although the fate of these metabolites are unclear, recent evidence has shown a possible link between iDILI and the adaptive immune system. This review highlights the role of reactive metabolites, the recent genetic innovations which have provided molecular targets for iDILI, and the current literature which suggests an immunological basis for iDILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tailor
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, England
| | - L Faulkner
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, England
| | - DJ Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, England
| | - BK Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, England
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Turner MA, Mooij MG, Vaes WHJ, Windhorst AD, Hendrikse NH, Knibbe CAJ, Kõrgvee LT, Maruszak W, Grynkiewicz G, Garner RC, Tibboel D, Park BK, de Wildt SN. Pediatric microdose and microtracer studies using 14C in Europe. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 98:234-7. [PMID: 26095095 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Important information gaps remain on the efficacy and safety of drugs in children. Pediatric drug development encounters several ethical, practical, and scientific challenges. One barrier to the evaluation of medicines for children is a lack of innovative methodologies that have been adapted to the needs of children. This article presents our successful experience of pediatric microdose and microtracer studies using (14) C-labeled probes in Europe to illustrate the strengths and limitations of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Turner
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M G Mooij
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - A D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N H Hendrikse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C A J Knibbe
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Research, Pharmacology, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Hospital Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - L T Kõrgvee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - W Maruszak
- R&D Analytical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - R C Garner
- Garner Consulting and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - D Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B K Park
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - S N de Wildt
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Jeon TY, Kim CK, Kim JH, Im GH, Park BK, Lee JH. Assessment of early therapeutic response to sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma xenografts by dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20150163. [PMID: 26133222 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) in monitoring early therapeutic response to sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) xenograft models. METHODS Sorafenib (40 mg kg(-1)) was administered orally to BALB/c nude mice (n = 9) bearing subcutaneous tumours of human RCC ACHN xenografts. DCE-MRI and DWI were obtained 0, 1, 3 and 7 days after therapy, and DCE-MRI parameters (K(trans) and ve) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated. Tumour size and volume changes were correlated with changes in DCE-MRI parameters or ADC values after therapy. RESULTS Following therapy, K(trans) showed a significant decrease over time (p = 0.005), whereas ve did not demonstrate significant changes between time points (p = 0.97). ADC values showed a progressive increase over time (p = 0.004). Compared with pre-therapy, K(trans) showed a significant decrease after 3 days of therapy (p = 0.039), and ADC values increased significantly after 7 days (p = 0.039). Tumour size and volume did not show significant changes during 7 days. Tumour size and volume changes were not associated with changes in DCE-MRI parameters or ADC values. CONCLUSION DCE-MRI and DWI may show early physiological changes within 1 week after initiating sorafenib treatment on human RCC xenografts. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE The quantitative parameters of DCE-MRI and DWI may offer the potential for assessing early therapeutic response to sorafenib in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Jeon
- 1 Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - C K Kim
- 1 Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Kim
- 1 Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - G H Im
- 3 Department of Radiology and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B K Park
- 1 Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Lee
- 3 Department of Radiology and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Cross MJ, Berridge BR, Clements PJM, Cove-Smith L, Force TL, Hoffmann P, Holbrook M, Lyon AR, Mellor HR, Norris AA, Pirmohamed M, Tugwood JD, Sidaway JE, Park BK. Physiological, pharmacological and toxicological considerations of drug-induced structural cardiac injury. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:957-74. [PMID: 25302413 PMCID: PMC4314188 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of drug-induced structural cardiotoxicity, which may lead to heart failure, has been recognized in association with the use of anthracycline anti-cancer drugs for many years, but has also been shown to occur following treatment with the new generation of targeted anti-cancer agents that inhibit one or more receptor or non-receptor tyrosine kinases, serine/threonine kinases as well as several classes of non-oncology agents. A workshop organized by the Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science (University of Liverpool) on 5 September 2013 and attended by industry, academia and regulatory representatives, was designed to gain a better understanding of the gaps in the field of structural cardiotoxicity that can be addressed through collaborative efforts. Specific recommendations from the workshop for future collaborative activities included: greater efforts to identify predictive (i) preclinical; and (ii) clinical biomarkers of early cardiovascular injury; (iii) improved understanding of comparative physiology/pathophysiology and the clinical predictivity of current preclinical in vivo models; (iv) the identification and use of a set of cardiotoxic reference compounds for comparative profiling in improved animal and human cellular models; (v) more sharing of data (through publication/consortia arrangements) on target-related toxicities; (vi) strategies to develop cardio-protective agents; and (vii) closer interactions between preclinical scientists and clinicians to help ensure best translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cross
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - B R Berridge
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKlineResearch Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - P J M Clements
- David Jack Centre for Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKlineWare, Herts, UK
| | - L Cove-Smith
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - T L Force
- Center for Translational Medicine and Cardiology Division, Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Hoffmann
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Pharm CorpEast Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - M Holbrook
- Safety Pharmacology, Covance Laboratories, Ltd.Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - A R Lyon
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial CollegeLondon, UK
| | - H R Mellor
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Ltd.Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - A A Norris
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - M Pirmohamed
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - J D Tugwood
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - J E Sidaway
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&DMacclesfield, UK
| | - B K Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
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Sutton PA, Jones RP, Morrison F, Goldring CE, Park BK, Palmer DH, Malik HZ, Vimalachandran D, Kitteringham NR. Evaluation of a novel tissue stabilization gel to facilitate clinical sampling for translational research in surgical trials. Br J Surg 2015; 102:e124-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The aim was to establish the feasibility of using a tissue stabilization gel (Allprotect™) as an alternative to liquid nitrogen to facilitate collection of clinical samples for translational research.
Methods
Tumour samples from patients undergoing surgery for primary or metastatic colorectal cancer were either snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen or stored in Allprotect™ under a number of different conditions. Sample integrity was compared across different storage conditions by assessing biomolecule stability and function. DNA quality was assessed spectrophotometrically and by KRas genotyping by pyrosequencing. Total RNA retrieval was determined by nanodrop indices/RNA integrity numbers, and quality assessed by reverse transcription–PCR for two representative genes (high-mobility group box 1, HMGB1; carboxylesterase 1, CES1) and two microRNAs (miR122 and let7d). Western blot analysis of HMGB1 and CES1 was used to confirm protein expression, and the metabolic conversion of irinotecan to its active metabolite, SN-38, was used to assess function.
Results
Under short-term storage conditions (up to 1 week) there was no apparent difference in quality between samples stored in Allprotect™ and those snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Some RNA degradation became apparent in tissue archived in Allprotect™ after 1 week, and protein degradation after 2 weeks.
Conclusion
In hospitals that do not have access to liquid nitrogen and –80°C freezers, Allprotect™ provides a suitable alternative for the acquisition and stabilization of clinical samples. Storage proved satisfactory for up to 1 week, allowing transfer of samples without the need for specialized facilities. Surgical relevanceAccess to clinical material is a fundamental component of translational research that requires significant infrastructure (research personnel, liquid nitrogen, specialized storage facilities). The aim was to evaluate a new-to-market tissue stabilization gel (Allprotect™), which offers a simple solution to tissue preservation without the need for complex infrastructure.Allprotect™ offers comparable DNA, RNA and protein stabilization to tissue snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen for up to 1 week. Degradation of biomolecules beyond this highlights its role as a short-term tissue preservative.Allprotect™ has the potential to increase surgeon participation in translational research and surgical trials requiring tissue collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Sutton
- Cancer Research UK Centre, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, UK
- Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, UK
| | - R P Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospitals Aintree, Liverpool, UK
| | - F Morrison
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - C E Goldring
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - B K Park
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - D H Palmer
- Cancer Research UK Centre, UK
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, UK
| | - H Z Malik
- Liverpool Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospitals Aintree, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - N R Kitteringham
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, UK
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15
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Li XZ, Park BK, Yan CG, Choi JG, Ahn JS, Shin JS. Effect of alcohol fermented feed on lactating performance, blood metabolites, milk Fatty Acid profile and cholesterol content in holstein lactating cows. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 25:1546-52. [PMID: 25049515 PMCID: PMC4093031 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A feeding experiment with 40 lactating Holstein cows and 4 dietary treatments was conducted to investigate supplementation with different levels of alcohol fermented feed to the TMR on lactating performance, blood metabolites, milk fatty acid profile and cholesterol concentration of blood and milk. Forty Holstein lactating cows (106±24 d post-partum; mean±SD) were distributed into four groups and randomly assigned to one of four treatments with each containing 10 cows per treatment. The treatment supplemented with TMR (DM basis) as the control (CON), and CON mixed with alcohol-fermented feeds (AFF) at a level of 5%, 10% and 15% of the TMR as T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by supplementation of AFF. An increased 4% FCM in the milk occurred in cows fed T3 diet compared with CON, while T1 and T2 diets decreased 4% FCM in a dose dependent manner. Supplementation of AFF increased the concentration of albumin, total protein (TP), ammonia, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in serum compared with CON. In contrast, supplementation with AFF clearly decreased concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total cholesterol (TC) compare with CON. AFF supplementation increased the proportion of C18:1n9 and C18:2n6 compared to CON. A decrease in the concentration of saturated fatty acid (SFA) for T1, T2 and T3 resulted in an increased unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) to SFA ratio compared to CON. Concentration of cholesterol in milk fat was reduced in proportion to the supplemental level of AFF. Feeding a diet supplemented with a moderate level AFF to lactating cows could be a way to alter the feed efficiency and fatty acid profile of milk by increasing potentially human consumer healthy fatty acid without detrimental effects on feed intake and milk production. A substantially decreased cholesterol proportion in milk induced by supplementation AFF suggests that alcohol fermented feed may improve milk cholesterol levels without any negative effects in lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Z Li
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, JiLin, 13302, China
| | - B K Park
- Nonghyup Feed Co., LTD., Seoul 134-763, Korea
| | - C G Yan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, JiLin, 13302, China
| | - J G Choi
- Deahan Livestock and Feed Co., LTD. BukSung-Dong, 1-Ka, Chung-Ku, Incheon 400-201, Korea
| | - J S Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, JiLin, 13302, China
| | - J S Shin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, JiLin, 13302, China
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16
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Shaw VE, Naisbitt DJ, Costello E, Greenhalf W, Park BK, Neoptolemos JP, Middleton GW. Current status of GV1001 and other telomerase vaccination strategies in the treatment of cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:1007-16. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Abstract
Understanding the chemical mechanisms by which drugs and drug metabolites interact with cells of the immune system is pivotal to our knowledge of drug hypersensitivity as a whole.In this chapter, we will discuss the currently accepted mechanisms where there is scientific and clinical evidence to support the ways in which drugs and their metabolites interact with T cells. We will also discuss bioanalytical platforms, such as mass spectrometry, and in vitro test assays such as the lymphocyte transformation test that can be used to study drug hypersensitivity; the combination of such techniques can be used to relate the chemistry of drug antigen formation to immune function. Ab initio T cell priming assays are also discussed with respect to predicting the potential of a drug to cause hypersensitivity reactions in humans in relation to the chemistry of the drug and its ability to form haptens, antigens and immunogens in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Earnshaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ahston Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK,
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18
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Nguyen VG, Kim HK, Moon HJ, Park SJ, Chung HC, Choi MK, Park BK. Evolutionary Dynamics of a Highly Pathogenic Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Analyses of Envelope Protein-Coding Genes. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:411-20. [PMID: 23981823 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has long been an economically devastating swine viral disease. The recent emergence of a highly pathogenic type 2 PRRSV with high mobility and mortality in China, spreading in Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand has placed neighbouring countries at risk. This study applied a codon-based extension of the Bayesian relaxed clock model and the fixed effects maximum-likelihood method to investigate and compare the evolutionary dynamics of type 2 PRRSV for all of known structural envelope protein-coding genes. By comparing the highly pathogenic type 2 PRRSV clade against the typical type 2 PRRSV clade, this study demonstrated that the highly pathogenic clade evolved at high rates in all of the known structural genes but did not display rapid evolutionary dynamics compared with typical type 2 PRRSV. In contrast, the ORF3, ORF5 and ORF6 genes of the highly pathogenic clade evolved in a qualitatively different manner from the genes of the typical clade. At the population level, several codons of the sequence elements that were involved in viral neutralization, as well as codons that were associated with in vitro attenuation/over-attenuation, were predicted to be selected differentially between the typical clade and the highly pathogenic clade. The results of this study suggest that the multigenic factors of the envelope protein-coding genes contribute to diversifying the biological properties (virulence, antigenicity, etc.) of the highly pathogenic clade compared with the typical clade of type 2 PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H K Kim
- Research Evaluation Team, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea
| | - H J Moon
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Korea
| | - S J Park
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - H C Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - M K Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - B K Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Jones RP, Sutton P, Greensmith RMD, Santoyo-Castelazo A, Carr DF, Jenkins R, Rowe C, Hamlett J, Park BK, Terlizzo M, O'Grady E, Ghaneh P, Fenwick SW, Malik HZ, Poston GJ, Kitteringham NR. Hepatic activation of irinotecan predicts tumour response in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with DEBIRI: exploratory findings from a phase II study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:359-68. [PMID: 23756919 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The response of colorectal liver metastases to the cytotoxic agent irinotecan varies widely. Attempts to correlate tumour metabolism with response have been mixed. This study investigated the hepatic metabolism of irinotecan as a potential predictor of tumour response to irinotecan-eluting beads (DEBIRI). METHODS Ten patients with colorectal liver metastases were treated with 200 mg irinotecan (as DEBIRI) as part of the PARAGON II study. Hepatic expression of key metabolising enzymes was measured using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Serum drug concentrations and hepatic irinotecan metabolism were characterised and correlated with tumour response. RESULTS Serum concentrations of irinotecan metabolites did not correlate with hepatic metabolism or pathological response. There was a strong correlation between hepatic CES-2 expression and activation of irinotecan (r (2) = 0.96, p < 0.001). Patients with a UGT1A1*28 6/7 SNP showed no difference in drug metabolism or pathological response. Hepatic CES-2 mediated activation of irinotecan clearly correlated with tumour replacement by fibrosis (r (2) = 0.54, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that hepatic activation of irinotecan predicts tumour response. Delivery of liver-targeted irinotecan to normal liver tissue rather than tumour may be a more rational approach to maximise response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Jones
- School of Cancer Studies, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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20
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Kang YK, Chang HM, Yook JH, Ryu MH, Park I, Min YJ, Zang DY, Kim GY, Yang DH, Jang SJ, Park YS, Lee JL, Kim TW, Oh ST, Park BK, Jung HY, Kim BS. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer: a randomised phase 3 trial of mitomycin-C plus either short-term doxifluridine or long-term doxifluridine plus cisplatin after curative D2 gastrectomy (AMC0201). Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1245-51. [PMID: 23449357 PMCID: PMC3619263 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy of new adjuvant chemotherapy (MFP), which intensified the mitomycin-C (MMC) plus short-term doxifluridine (Mf) for gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 855 patients (424 in Mf, 431 in MFP) with pathological stage II-IV (M0) gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy were randomly assigned to receive either Mf (MMC 20 mg m(-2), followed by oral doxifluridine 460-600 mg m(-2) per day for 3 months) or MFP (MMC 20 mg m(-2), followed by oral doxifluridine 460-600 mg m(-2) per day for 12 months with 6 monthly infusions of 60 mg m(-2) of cisplatin) chemotherapy. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 6.6 years, there was no difference between the two groups in recurrence-free survival (RFS) (5-year RFS 61.1% in Mf and 57.9% in MFP; hazard ratio 1.10 (95% CI 0.89-1.35); P=0.39) and overall survival (OS) (5-year OS 66.5% in Mf and 65.0% in MFP; hazard ratio 1.11 (95% CI 0.89-1.39); P=0.33). CONCLUSION Intensification of Mf adjuvant chemotherapy by prolonging the duration of oral fluoropyrimidine and adding cisplatin was safe but not effective to improve the survivals in curatively resected gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-K Kang
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea.
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21
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Huynh TML, Nguyen BH, Nguyen VG, Dang HA, Mai TN, Tran THG, Ngo MH, Le VT, Vu TN, Ta TKC, Vo VH, Kim HK, Park BK. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of porcine circovirus type 2 among pig farms in Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:e25-34. [PMID: 23414511 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the prevalence of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) among pig farms in Vietnam. Analyses of the genome, capsid protein and phylogeny classified all 30 Vietnamese PCV2 strains as the PCV2b genotype, belonging to the clusters of 1A, 1B, 1C and recombinant forms. Each viral genome was 1767 nucleotides long and shared 96.0-100% nucleotide sequence identity. The amino acid substitutions in the capsid protein of the Vietnamese PCV2 strains were in immunodominant regions, and the majority of strains (24/30) contained a lysine extension at the C-terminus. Bayesian phylogeographic analysis revealed epidemic links of the PCV2 recombinant cluster within and among countries, which supports a circulating recombinant form of PCV2. Further analysis by the Jameson-Wolf antigenic index indicated antigenic alterations at important sites in the capsid protein (sites 131-133) among the recombinant cluster and the other clusters of PCV2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M L Huynh
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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22
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Nguyen VG, Kim HK, Moon HJ, Park SJ, Chung HC, Choi MK, Park BK. A Bayesian phylogeographical analysis of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:537-45. [PMID: 23336975 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding viral transmission is an important factor for the effective prevention one of the most devastating swine diseases, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Focusing on molecular epidemiology of type 1 PRRSV, this study analysed a large ORF5 dataset collected worldwide from 1991 to 2012 using a coalescent-based Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. The results suggested that the virus diversified into unique subpopulations in Russia & Belarus and Italy approximately 100 years ago. Previously unreported consecutive diffusions of the virus were identified, which showed that some countries, such as Spain and Germany, acted as distribution sources to some extent. This study also provided statistical evidence for the existence of an ORF5-based phylogeographical structure of type 1 PRRSV, in which the virus tended to cluster by geographical locations more tightly than expected by chance. In contrast to this tight geographical structure, the evolution of the ORF5 gene, based on mapping of non-synonymous/synonymous substitutions, was best described by a non-homogeneous process that could be implicated as a mechanism for viral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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23
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Starkey Lewis PJ, Merz M, Couttet P, Grenet O, Dear J, Antoine DJ, Goldring C, Park BK, Moggs JG. Serum microRNA biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 92:291-3. [PMID: 22828715 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2012.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
New biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are required in the clinic and in preclinical pharmaceutical evaluation. Liver-enriched microRNAs are promising serum biomarkers of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice. The utility of circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of human acute DILI is discussed in the context of correlation with existing biomarkers of liver injury and patient outcomes in acetaminophen toxicity, mechanisms of cellular microRNA release, and their potential advantages over current clinical biomarkers of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Starkey Lewis
- MRC Center for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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24
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Sison-Young RLC, Kia R, Heslop J, Kelly L, Rowe C, Cross MJ, Kitteringham NR, Hanley N, Park BK, Goldring CEP. Human pluripotent stem cells for modeling toxicity. Adv Pharmacol 2012; 63:207-256. [PMID: 22776643 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398339-8.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of xenobiotics, driven by the demand for therapeutic, domestic and industrial uses continues to grow. However, along with this increasing demand is the risk of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Currently, safety screening of xenobiotics uses a plethora of animal and in vitro model systems which have over the decades proven useful during compound development and for application in mechanistic studies of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. However, these assessments have proven to be animal-intensive and costly. More importantly, the prevalence of xenobiotic-induced toxicity is still significantly high, causing patient morbidity and mortality, and a costly impediment during drug development. This suggests that the current models for drug safety screening are not reliable in toxicity prediction, and the results not easily translatable to the clinic due to insensitive assays that do not recapitulate fully the complex phenotype of a functional cell type in vivo. Recent advances in the field of stem cell research have potentially allowed for a readily available source of metabolically competent cells for toxicity studies, derived using human pluripotent stem cells harnessed from embryos or reprogrammed from mature somatic cells. Pluripotent stem cell-derived cell types also allow for potential disease modeling in vitro for the purposes of drug toxicology and safety pharmacology, making this model possibly more predictive of drug toxicity compared with existing models. This article will review the advances and challenges of using human pluripotent stem cells for modeling metabolism and toxicity, and offer some perspectives as to where its future may lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L C Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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25
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Daubner B, Groux-Keller M, Hausmann OV, Kawabata T, Naisbitt DJ, Park BK, Wendland T, Lerch M, Pichler WJ. Multiple drug hypersensitivity: normal Treg cell function but enhanced in vivo activation of drug-specific T cells. Allergy 2012; 67:58-66. [PMID: 21933197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 10% of patients with severe immune-mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions have tendencies to develop multiple drug hypersensitivities (MDH). The reason why certain individuals develop MDH and the underlying pathomechanism are unclear. We investigated different T cell subpopulations in MDH patients and compared them with patients allergic to a single drug and with healthy controls (HC). METHODS We analyzed the in vitro reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MDH patients (n=7), patients with hypersensitivity to a single drug (monoallergic, n=6), and healthy controls (HD) (n=6) to various drugs (mainly antibiotics and antiepileptics). By depleting and selectively re-adding CD4(+) CD25(bright) T cells (T regulatory cells, Treg), their effect on drug-specific T cell reactivity was analyzed. The phenotype of reacting T cells was determined ex vivo by staining for markers of activation (CD38) and cell exhaustion (PD-1). RESULTS No functional deficiency of Treg cells was observed in all drug-allergic patients. Drug-reactive T cells from MDH patients were found in the CD4(+) CD25(dim) T cell fraction and showed enhanced CD38 and PD-1 expression, while those from monoallergic patients reside in the resting CD4(+) CD25(neg) T cell fraction. CONCLUSION In patients with MDH, the drug-reactive T cells are contained in an in vivo pre-activated T cell fraction. Therefore, they may show a lower threshold for activation by drugs. The reason for this in vivo T cell pre-activation needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Daubner
- Adverse Drug Reactions-Analysis and Consulting (ADR-AC) GmbH, Bern, Switzerland
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Kim JH, Kim HK, Nguyen VG, Park BK, Choresca CH, Shin SP, Han JE, Jun JW, Park SC. Genomic sequence of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) KLV-2010-01 originating from the first Korean outbreak in cultured Litopenaeus vannamei. Arch Virol 2011; 157:369-73. [PMID: 22038073 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the need to track and monitor genetic diversity, the genome of the infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) strain KLV-2010-01 in cultured Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp that originated from the first Korean outbreak in 2010 was sequenced and analyzed. The genome, with a length of 3914 nucleotides, was sequenced from the Korean IHHNV. The genome encoded three large and overlapping open reading frames: ORF1 (NS-1) of 2001 bp, ORF2 (NS-2) of 1092 bp and ORF3 (capsid protein) of 990 bp. The overall organization, size and predicted amino acid sequence of the three ORFs in Korean IHHNV were highly similar to those of members of the infectious IHHNV group, and the most closely related strains were IHHNVs described from Ecuador and Hawaii. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis showed that the Korean IHHNV was clustered with lineage III in the infectious IHHNV group and was most similar to IHHNV isolates from Ecuador, China and Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Kwak MS, Choi JW, Lee JS, Kim KA, Suh JH, Cho YS, Won SY, Park BK, Lee CK. Long-term efficacy of entecavir therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients with antiviral resistance to lamivudine and adefovir. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:e432-8. [PMID: 21914060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
No studies have reported the long-term effects of entecavir switching in patients with multidrug resistance who developed resistance after lamivudine/adefovir sequential therapy. We evaluated the efficacy of 96 weeks of entecavir therapy in patients with resistance to lamivudine/adefovir sequential therapy. In total, 33 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with evidence of active viral replication (HBV DNA levels ≥ 10(5) copies/mL) or a history of treatment failure to lamivudine/adefovir sequential therapy between April 2007 and July 2009 were treated with entecavir (1.0 mg daily) for at least 48 weeks. The rates of alanine transaminase (ALT) normalization and HBV DNA negativity were 66.7% (14/21) and 24.2% (8/33) at 48 weeks, respectively. The initial HBV DNA level was the only factor that was inversely associated with serum HBV DNA negativity after 48 weeks of entecavir therapy (P < 0.023). At 96 weeks, the rates of ALT normalization and HBV DNA negativity were 77.8% (7/9) and 16.7% (3/18), respectively. Viral breakthrough occurred in 21.2% (7/33) and 78.9% (15/19) of patients at 48 and 96 weeks, respectively. Patients who achieved a HBV DNA level of <4 log(10) copies/mL at 48 weeks maintained a similar HBV DNA level and a normal ALT level until 96 weeks. Entecavir monotherapy for 96 weeks was not efficacious for patients with lamivudine/adefovir-resistant HBV. The initial HBV DNA level was the only predictive factor for antiviral efficacy. However, patients who achieved a HBV DNA level of <4 log(10) copies/mL with a normal ALT level at 48 weeks should maintain, rather than stop, entecavir therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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Moon JW, Park BK, Kim CK, Park SY. Evaluation of virtual unenhanced CT obtained from dual-energy CT urography for detecting urinary stones. Br J Radiol 2011; 85:e176-81. [PMID: 21896665 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/19566194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to determine if virtual unenhanced CT (VUCT) is equivalent to unenhanced CT (UCT) for detecting urinary stones. METHODS Our institutional review board approved this retrospective study, which was compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. A total of 80 stones were detected in 32 patients among 146 consecutive patients undergoing dual-energy CT urography. The number and size of stones were recorded on nephrographic VUCT (NVUCT) and excretory VUCT (EVUCT) images, respectively. UCT was a reference of standard for the number and size of stones. Image quality of VUCT was qualitatively assessed using a five-point scale. Repeated-measures analysis of variance with post-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS 62 stones in 29 patients were detected on NVUCT and 59 stones in 27 patients were detected on EVUCT. The size of stones detected on NVUCT or EVUCT was significantly smaller compared with stones on UCT (p<0.05). The size of stones detected on UCT, NVUCT and EVUCT ranged from 1.4 to 19.2 mm (mean, 4.6 mm), 0 to 19.2 mm (mean, 3.6 mm) and 0 to 18.7 mm (mean, 3.6 mm), respectively. 18 stones were missed on NVUCT and 21 were missed on EVUCT. The sizes ranged from 1.4 to 3.2 mm (mean, 2.1 mm) and 1.4 to 3.2 mm (mean, 2.2 mm) on UCT, respectively. VUCT was inferior to UCT regarding image quality (p<0.05). CONCLUSION VUCT missed a significant number of small stones probably owing to poor image quality compared with UCT. Subsequently, VUCT cannot replace UCT for detecting urinary stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Moon
- The Department of Radiology and Centre for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim CK, Jang SM, Park BK. Diffusion tensor imaging of normal prostate at 3 T: effect of number of diffusion-encoding directions on quantitation and image quality. Br J Radiol 2011; 85:e279-83. [PMID: 21896666 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/21316959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate differences of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) using a different number of diffusion-encoding directions and to evaluate the feasibility of tractography in healthy prostate at 3 T. METHOD 12 healthy volunteers underwent DTI with single-shot echo-planar imaging at 3 T using a phased-array coil. Diffusion gradients of each DTI were applied in 6 (Group 1), 15 (Group 2) and 32 (Group 3) non-collinear directions. For each group, the mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotrophy (FA) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were measured in the peripheral zone (PZ) and central gland (CG). The quality of diffusion-weighted and tractographic images were also evaluated. RESULTS In all three groups, the mean ADC value of the CG was statistically lower than that of the PZ (p<0.01) and the mean FA value of the CG was statistically greater than that of the PZ (p<0.01). For the mean FA value of the CG, no statistical difference was seen among the three groups (p=0.052). However, the mean FA value of the PZ showed a statistical difference among the three groups (p=0.035). No significant difference in SNR values was seen among the three groups (p>0.05). Imaging quality of diffusion-weighted tractographic images was rated as satisfactory or better in all three groups and was similar among the three groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, prostate DTI at 3 T was feasible with different numbers of diffusion-encoding directions. The number of diffusion-encoding directions did not have a significant effect on imaging quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Kim
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Hwang YH, Song IB, Lee HK, Kim TW, Kim MS, Lim JH, Park BK, Yun HI. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome in rabbits following intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:618-20. [PMID: 21615754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hwang
- Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Nam H, Huh SJ, Park W, Bae DS, Kim BG, Lee JH, Kim CK, Park BK. Prognostic significance of MRI-detected bladder muscle and/or serosal invasion in patients with cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr/6646798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Park BK, Laverty H, Srivastava A, Antoine DJ, Naisbitt D, Williams DP. Drug bioactivation and protein adduct formation in the pathogenesis of drug-induced toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 192:30-6. [PMID: 20846520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remain a major complication of drug therapy and can be classified as 'on-target' or 'off-target' (idiosyncratic) reactions. On-target reactions can be predicted from the known primary or secondary pharmacology of the drug and often represent an exaggeration of the pharmacological effect of the drug. In contrast, off-target adverse reactions cannot be predicted from knowledge of the basic pharmacology of the drug. The exact mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug reactions are still unclear; however it is believed that they can be initiated by chemically reactive drug metabolites. It is well known that xenobiotics can undergo metabolic bioactivation reactions which have the potential to cause cellular stress and damage. Bioactivation of drugs is thought to have the potential of initiating covalent linkages between cellular protein and drugs which can be recognised by the adaptive immune system in the absence of detectable cellular stress. This process cannot yet be predicted in pre-clinical models or discovered in clinical trials. Because of this hazard perception, the formation of chemically reactive metabolites in early drug discovery remains a serious impediment to the development of new medicines and can lead to withdrawal of an otherwise effective therapeutic agent. The fear of such reactions occurring at the post-licensing stage - when such problems first become evident - is a major contribution to drug attrition. The first step towards such methodology has been the development of chemically reactive metabolite screens. The chemical basis of drug bioactivation can usually be rationalised and synthetic strategies put in place to prevent such bioactivation. However, there is no simple correlation between drug bioactivation in vitro and adverse drug reactions in the clinic. Such a chemical approach is clearly limited by the facts that (a) not all drugs that can undergo bioactivation by human drug-metabolising enzymes are associated with hypersensitivity in the clinic and (b) drug bioactivation may not always be a mandatory step in drug hypersensitivity. To predict such reactions in early drug development, it will require an integrated understanding of the chemical, immunological and genetic basis of adverse drug reactions in patients, which in turn will depend on the development of novel in vitro experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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Nam H, Huh SJ, Park W, Bae DS, Kim BG, Lee JH, Kim CK, Park BK. Prognostic significance of MRI-detected bladder muscle and/or serosal invasion in patients with cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2010; 83:868-73. [PMID: 20846984 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/66646798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In cervical cancer, the prognostic significance of bladder wall invasion on MRI without pathological evidence of mucosal invasion is not known. From 454 consecutive patients with cervical cancer who were treated with radiation, we reviewed images and analysed the outcome of 92 patients with the Federation of International Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIB-IVA. We analysed the patients in three groups, normal, wall (muscle and/or serosal) invasion and mucosal invasion, according to the findings on the MRI. Kaplan-Meier life table analysis and the log-rank test were used to assess the survival rates and differences according to prognostic factors. MRI detected abnormalities in the bladder wall in 42 patients (45.6%): wall invasion in 24 and mucosal invasion in 18. 5 of 18 patients, suspected on MRI to have mucosal invasion, showed no pathological evidence of mucosal invasion. Median follow-up period was 34 months. 3-year cause-specific survival (CSS) in the normal group compared with the wall invasion group was 76.2% vs 71.4% (p = 0.48). 3-year CSS for the wall invasion group compared with the mucosal invasion group was 71.4% vs 54.3% (p = 0.04). Mucosal invasion on MRI (p = 0.03) and concurrent chemoradiotherapy (p = 0.01) was significant for CSS. The prognosis for patients with cervical cancer with evidence of muscle and/or serosal invasion of the bladder on MRI may not differ from that for patients without abnormality on MRI. In patients with the MRI finding of bladder mucosal invasion, further studies should be conducted regarding the role of cystoscopy to determine the need for pathological confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 135-710, Irwon-dong 50, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim SJ, Yoon JS, Park BK, Won SJ. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a tetraplegic patient, 11 years after a spinal cord injury: a case report. Spinal Cord 2010; 48:838-9. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2010.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Adverse drug reactions, in particular drug-induced hepatotoxicity, represent a major challenge for clinicians and an impediment to safe drug development. Novel blood or urinary biomarkers of chemically-induced hepatic stress also hold great potential to provide information about pathways leading to cell death within tissues. The earlier pre-clinical identification of potential hepatotoxins and non-invasive diagnosis of susceptible patients, prior to overt liver disease is an important goal. Moreover, the identification, validation and qualification of biomarkers that have in vitro, in vivo and clinical transferability can assist bridging studies and accelerate the pace of drug development. Drug-induced chemical stress is a multi-factorial process, the kinetics of the interaction between the hepatotoxin and the cellular macromolecules are crucially important as different biomarkers will appear over time. The sensitivity of the bioanalytical techniques used to detect biological and chemical biomarkers underpins the usefulness of the marker in question. An integrated analysis of the biochemical, molecular and cellular events provides an understanding of biological (host) factors which ultimately determine the balance between xenobiotic detoxification, adaptation and liver injury. The aim of this review is to summarise the potential of novel mechanism-based biomarkers of hepatic stress which provide information to connect the intracellular events (drug metabolism, organelle, cell and whole organ) ultimately leading to tissue damage (apoptosis, necrosis and inflammation). These biomarkers can provide both the means to inform the pharmacologist and chemist with respect to safe drug design, and provide clinicians with valuable tools for patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Antoine
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Lavergne SN, Wang H, Callan HE, Park BK, Naisbitt DJ. "Danger" conditions increase sulfamethoxazole-protein adduct formation in human antigen-presenting cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:372-81. [PMID: 19666748 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.155374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APC) are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced immune reactions. Various pathological factors can activate APC and therefore influence the immune equilibrium. It is interesting that several diseases have been associated with an increased rate of drug allergy. The aim of this project was to evaluate the impact of such "danger signals" on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) metabolism in human APC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Epstein-Barr virus-modified B lymphocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and two cell lines). APC were incubated with SMX (100 microM-2 mM; 5 min-24 h), in the presence of pathological factors: bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide and staphylococcal enterotoxin B), flu viral proteins, cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; interferon-gamma; and transforming growth factor-beta], inflammatory molecules (prostaglandin E2, human serum complement, and activated protein C), oxidants (buthionine sulfoximine and H(2)O(2)), and hyperthermia (37.5-39.5 degrees C). Adduct formation was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confocal microscopy. SMX-protein adduct formation was time- and concentration-dependent for each cell type tested, in both physiological and danger conditions. A danger environment significantly increased the formation of SMX-protein adducts and significantly shortened the delay for their detection. An additive effect was observed with a combination of danger signals. Dimedone (chemical selectively binding cysteine sulfenic acid) and antioxidants decreased both baseline and danger-enhanced SMX-adduct formation. Various enzyme inhibitors were associated with a significant decrease in SMX-adduct levels, with a pattern varying depending on the cell type and the culture conditions. These results illustrate that danger signals enhance the formation of intracellular SMX-protein adducts in human APC. These findings might be relevant to the increased frequency of drug allergy in certain disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Lavergne
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Zhu LY, Peng JC, Reimer PE, Awes TC, Brooks ML, Brown CN, Bush JD, Carey TA, Chang TH, Cooper WE, Gagliardi CA, Garvey GT, Geesaman DF, Hawker EA, He XC, Isenhower LD, Kaplan DM, Kaufman SB, Klinksiek SA, Koetke DD, Lee DM, Lee WM, Leitch MJ, Makins N, McGaughey PL, Moss JM, Mueller BA, Nord PM, Papavassiliou V, Park BK, Petitt G, Sadler ME, Sondheim WE, Stankus PW, Thompson TN, Towell RS, Tribble RE, Vasiliev MA, Webb JC, Willis JL, Wise DK, Young GR. Measurement of angular distributions of Drell-Yan dimuons in p+p interactions at 800 GeV/c. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:182001. [PMID: 19518860 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.182001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a measurement of the angular distributions of Drell-Yan dimuons produced using an 800 GeV/c proton beam on a hydrogen target. The polar and azimuthal angular distribution parameters have been extracted over the kinematic range 4.5<m micromicro<15 GeV/c2 (excluding the Upsilon resonance region), 0<p T <4 GeV/c, and 0<x F<0.8. The p+p angular distributions are similar to those of p+d, and both data sets are compared with models which attribute the cos2varphi distribution either to the presence of the transverse-momentum-dependent Boer-Mulders structure function h1 perpendicular to 1 or to QCD effects. The data indicate the need to include QCD effects before reliable information on the Boer-Mulders function can be extracted. The validity of the Lam-Tung relation in p+p Drell-Yan data is also tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Zhu
- Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23187, USA
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An DJ, Song DS, Park JY, Park BK. A DNA miniarray system for simultaneous visual detection of porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) and 2 (PCV2) in pigs. Vet Res Commun 2008; 33:139-47. [PMID: 18651234 PMCID: PMC7088660 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A miniarray system was developed for the simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) and type 2 (PCV2) in pigs. The system consists of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) step to amplify target viral DNA, followed by detection of the amplified DNA using a membrane-anchored probe array and an avidin-alkaline phosphatase (Av-AP) indicator system. The lower limit of detection of PCV using the miniarray was 101.9 tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50)/ml and 102.08TCID50/ml for PCV1 and PCV2, respectively, and 100 viral copies/μl for both PCV1 and PCV2. We validated the miniarray system using 141 lymph node specimens from pigs with suspected postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome or porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. Of the 141 samples evaluated, 55 were identified as positive for PCV by the miniarray. Relative to in situ hybridization, the sensitivity and specificity of the miniarray was 100% and 98.9%, respectively. In contrast to other microarray systems, the miniarray does not require a DNA chip reader, since the results can be determined by visual inspection of colorized spots on a nylon membrane. This system represents an effective alternative method for the differential detection of PCV1 and PCV2 in pigs, as well as the maintenance of PCV-free cell lines and pre-screening of commercial vaccines for possible contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J An
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
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Lee CS, Kang BK, Kim HK, Park SJ, Park BK, Jung K, Song DS. Phylogenetic analysis of swine influenza viruses recently isolated in Korea. Virus Genes 2008; 37:168-76. [PMID: 18574682 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several influenza A viral subtypes were isolated from pigs during a severe outbreak of respiratory disease in Korea during 2005 and 2006. They included a classical swine H1N1 subtype, two swine-human-avian triple-recombinant H1N2 subtypes, and a swine-human-avian triple-recombinant H3N2 subtype. In the current study, genetic characterization to determine the probable origin of these recent isolates was carried out for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the recent Korean isolates of H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 influenza are closely related to viruses from the United States. Serologic and genetic analysis indicated that the Korean H1N2 viral subtypes were introduced directly from the United States, and did not arise from recombination between Korean H1N1 and H3N2. We suggest that the H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viral subtypes that were isolated from the Korean swine population originated in North America, and that these viruses are currently circulating in the Korean swine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lee
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, 227-5, Kugal-dong, Kiheung-gu, Yongin, 449-903, Republic of Korea
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Lee CS, Kang BK, Lee DH, Lyou SH, Park BK, Ann SK, Jung K, Song DS. One-step multiplex RT-PCR for detection and subtyping of swine influenza H1, H3, N1, N2 viruses in clinical samples using a dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) system. J Virol Methods 2008; 151:30-4. [PMID: 18486976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes circulate in Korean farm. A novel multiplex RT-PCR (m-RT-PCR) was developed to detect and subtype swine influenza viruses. This m-RT-PCR assay could identify H1, H3, N1 and N2 from clinical samples in single tube reaction using DPO system. Korean SIVs are closely related to the United States influenza viruses, and primers were developed for SIV from North American viruses and recently Korean isolates. The sensitivity of the m-RT-PCR was 10TCID(50)/ml for H1N1, H1N2 or H3N2. The lowest viral concentrations detected by single PCR were 1TCID(50)/ml for each subtype. Non-specific reactions were not observed when other viruses and bacteria were used to assess the m-RT-PCR. The results of m-RT-PCR were more effective than virus isolation or hemagglutination (HA) test. This assay using a DPO system provides a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective laboratory diagnosis for detecting and subtyping of SIV in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lee
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yong-in 449-903, Republic of Korea
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Zhu LY, Reimer PE, Mueller BA, Awes TC, Brooks ML, Brown CN, Bush JD, Carey TA, Chang TH, Cooper WE, Gagliardi CA, Garvey GT, Geesaman DF, Hawker EA, He XC, Howell DE, Isenhower LD, Kaplan DM, Kaufman SB, Klinksiek SA, Koetke DD, Lee DM, Lee WM, Leitch MJ, Makins N, McGaughey PL, Moss JM, Nord PM, Papavassiliou V, Park BK, Petitt G, Peng JC, Sadler ME, Sondheim WE, Stankus PW, Thompson TN, Towell RS, Tribble RE, Vasiliev MA, Webb JC, Willis JL, Winter P, Wise DK, Yin Y, Young GR. Measurement of Upsilon production for p + p and p + d interactions at 800 GeV/c. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:062301. [PMID: 18352463 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.062301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a high statistics measurement of Upsilon production with an 800 GeV/c proton beam on hydrogen and deuterium targets. The dominance of the gluon-gluon fusion process for Upsilon production at this energy implies that the cross section ratio, sigma(p+d-->Upsilon)/2sigma(p+p-->Upsilon), is sensitive to the gluon content in the neutron relative to that in the proton. Over the kinematic region 0<x(F)<0.6, this ratio is found to be consistent with unity, in striking contrast to the behavior of the Drell-Yan cross section ratio sigma(p+d)(DY)/2sigma(p+p)(DY). This result shows that the gluon distributions in the proton and neutron are very similar. The Upsilon production cross sections are also compared with the p+d and p+Cu cross sections from earlier measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Zhu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Ford P, Seymour G, Beeley JA, Curro F, Depaola D, Ferguson D, Finkelstein M, Gaengler P, Neo J, Niessen L, Oktay I, Park BK, Wolowski A, Claffey N. Adapting to changes in molecular biosciences and technologies. Eur J Dent Educ 2008; 12 Suppl 1:40-47. [PMID: 18289267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2007.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dental education, like any other educational programme in a research-intensive university environment, must be research led or at least research informed. In this context, as the research and knowledge base of dentistry lies in the biological and physical sciences, dental education must be led by advances in research in both these areas. There is no doubt that biotechnology and nanotechnology have, over the past 25 years, led research in both these areas. It is therefore logical to assume that this has also impacted on dental education. The aim of this paper is twofold; on one hand to examine the effects of biotechnology and nanotechnology and their implications for dental education and on the other to make recommendations for future developments in dental education led by research in biotechnology and nanotechnology. It is now generally accepted that dental education should be socially and culturally relevant and directed to the community it serves. In other words, there can be no universal approach and each dental school or indeed curriculum must apply the outcomes in their own social, cultural and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ford
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Park BK, Sushkov AO, Budker D. Precision polarimetry with real-time mitigation of optical-window birefringence. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:013108. [PMID: 18248023 DOI: 10.1063/1.2835902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optical-window birefringence is frequently a major obstacle in experiments measuring changes in the polarization state of light traversing a sample under investigation. It can contribute a signal indistinguishable from that due to the sample and complicate the analysis. Here, we explore a method to measure and compensate for the birefringence of an optical window using the reflection from the last optical surface before the sample. We demonstrate that this arrangement can cancel out false signals due to the optical-window birefringence-induced ellipticity drift to about 1%, for the values of total ellipticity less than 0.25 rad.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Park
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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Zhu LY, Peng JC, Reimer PE, Awes TC, Brooks ML, Brown CN, Bush JD, Carey TA, Chang TH, Cooper WE, Gagliardi CA, Garvey GT, Geesaman DF, Hawker EA, He XC, Isenhower LD, Kaplan DM, Kaufman SB, Klinksiek SA, Koetke DD, Lee DM, Lee WM, Leitch MJ, Makins N, McGaughey PL, Moss JM, Mueller BA, Nord PM, Papavassiliou V, Park BK, Petitt G, Sadler ME, Sondheim WE, Stankus PW, Thompson TN, Towell RS, Tribble RE, Vasiliev MA, Webb JC, Willis JL, Wise DK, Young GR. Measurement of angular distributions of Drell-Yan dimuons in p+d interactions at 800 GeV/c. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:082301. [PMID: 17930942 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.082301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report a measurement of the angular distributions of Drell-Yan dimuons produced using an 800 GeV/c proton beam on a deuterium target. The muon angular distributions in the dilepton rest frame have been measured over the kinematic range 4.5<m{mu mu}<15 GeV/c{2}, 0<p{T}<4 GeV/c, and 0<x{F}<0.8. No significant cos2phi dependence is found in these proton-induced Drell-Yan data, in contrast with the situation for pion-induced Drell-Yan data. The data are compared with expectations from models which attribute the cos2phi distribution to a QCD vacuum effect or to the presence of the transverse-momentum-dependent Boer-Mulders structure function h{1}{perpendicular}. Constraints on the magnitude of the sea-quark h{1}{perpendicular} structure functions are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Zhu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Park BK, Kim SH. Transrectal ultrasound performed immediately after prostate biopsy: imaging features and ultrasound-guided compression to bleeding biopsy tract. Acta Radiol 2007; 48:232-7. [PMID: 17354147 DOI: 10.1080/02841850601080457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the imaging features of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) performed immediately after prostate biopsy, and to determine whether TRUS-guided compression can stop active bleeding. MATERIAL AND METHODS Systematic 12-core biopsy was performed in 57 consecutive patients, 24 of whom underwent additional target biopsy. The imaging features of grayscale and power Doppler TRUS performed immediately after biopsy were prospectively analyzed, and the complication rate following TRUS-guided bleeding compression was registered. RESULTS Hyperechoic, hypoechoic biopsy needle tracts, or both were seen in 88% (50/57), 72% (41/57), or 61% (35/57), respectively. Power Doppler TRUS performed immediately after biopsy showed 76 bleeding needle tracts in 43 of the 57 (75%) patients, of which 17 were on the right part of the gland and 59 were on the left (P<0.01). TRUS-guided compression times ranged from 1 to 8 min (mean 2.9 min). Hematuria was seen in 38 of 57 patients (67%), with a mean duration of 2.6 days. Hematochezia was seen in 19 of 57 patients (33%), with a mean duration of 0.6 days. Hematuria lasting longer than 3 days occurred in 16 of 57 patients (28%). Hematospermia occurred in 13 of 40 cases (33%). CONCLUSION TRUS performed immediately after biopsy depicted various imaging features and may control postbiopsy bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Park
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea.
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Song DS, Lee CS, Jung K, Kang BK, Oh JS, Yoon YD, Lee JH, Park BK. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of H1N1 swine influenza virus isolated in Korea. Virus Res 2006; 125:98-103. [PMID: 17174433 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A swine influenza H1N1 virus was isolated from a pig during a severe outbreak of respiratory disease in Korea. All genes of the H1N1 isolate, including hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), nucleoprotein (NP), non-structural (NS), PA, PB1 and PB2, were of swine origin. Also, all these genes showed a close phylogenic relationship with those of H1N1 viruses previously isolated from pigs in the United States. These results suggest that North American swine influenza virus has actually been transmitted to pigs in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Song
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yong-In, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Although acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are well recognised, there are no studies documenting their prevalence or identifying pre-existing risk factors. This study analysed the clinical, radiological and pathological data of 11 patients who satisfied the criteria for acute exacerbation among 147 patients with biopsy-proven idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. There were five additional patients who had similar demographics, radiology and surgical lung biopsy pathology, but had clinically less severe disease, and so were not included. The 2-yr frequency of acute exacerbation was 9.6% after the diagnosis. Most exacerbations were idiopathic, although two cases presented after surgical lung biopsy and one after bronchoalveolar lavage. No significant risk factor was found by univariate proportional hazard analysis. Imaging revealed diffuse bilateral ground-glass opacification superimposed on subpleural reticular and honeycombing densities. The biopsies of four patients taken during acute exacerbation exhibited diffuse alveolar damage superimposed upon usual interstitial pneumonia. The findings of this study demonstrate that acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is rather common and this exacerbation is likely to have a spectrum of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kim
- Dept of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University, Poongnap-dong, Songpa-ku, Seoul, Korea.
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Ki CS, Jin DK, Chang SH, Kim JE, Kim JW, Park BK, Choi JH, Park IS, Yoo HW. Identification of a novel TGFBR2 gene mutation in a Korean patient with Loeys-Dietz aortic aneurysm syndrome; no mutation in TGFBR2 gene in 30 patients with classic Marfan's syndrome. Clin Genet 2005; 68:561-3. [PMID: 16283890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Williams DP, Garcia-Allan C, Hanton G, LeNet JL, Provost JP, Brain P, Walsh R, Johnston GI, Smith DA, Park BK. Time course toxicogenomic profiles in CD-1 mice after nontoxic and nonlethal hepatotoxic paracetamol administration. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 17:1551-61. [PMID: 15606129 DOI: 10.1021/tx049846x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions are a major clinical problem. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity constitutes a large percentage of these reactions. A thorough understanding of the genetic events, specifically, the early "decision-making" processes underlying biological changes caused by drugs and metabolites, is required. To assist in the understanding of these events, we have employed the model hepatotoxin, paracetamol (APAP), and GeneChip technology to investigate global genetic events seen after nontoxic and toxic doses in the mouse. Mice were dosed [vehicle, nontoxic APAP (1 mmol/kg), and toxic APAP (3.5 mmol/kg)], and individual hepatic RNA samples were hybridized to separate chips to determine interanimal variation. Statistical analysis detected 175 CD-1 mouse genes that were significantly regulated (P < 4.1 x 10(-6)), and nonsignificant genes were discarded. For clarity, the significantly regulated genes were then binned into categories according to their major function-antioxidant, glutathione, metabolism, transcription, immune, and apoptosis. There was no hepatic stress observed after dosing 1 mmol/kg APAP, when measured by serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Hepatic toxicity was observed at both 4 and 24 h after a 3.5 mmol/kg dose of APAP. Time course expression profiles for selected genes have been created. These results demonstrate that most active gene expression occurs around 4 h after a toxic dose of APAP. Down-regulation of these genes is observed over 24 h, coinciding with the development of overt toxicity. These data provide a deeper understanding of the in vivo time course of physiological responses of the liver to chemical stress and provide a logical step forward for the investigation of new chemical entities demonstrated positive in chemically reactive metabolite screens. The complete data set can be viewed at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/. The accession number is E-MEXP-82.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Samples of 249 bovine abortuses, one intestine, and four diarrheal stools from 254 cows were collected, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Subsequently, virus isolation was preformed with PCR-positive samples, and then PCR product of 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of BVDV isolate was sequenced and analyzed. Among the samples collected, 20 (from 17 bovine abortuses, one intestine, and two diarrheal stools) were positive for BVDV RT-PCR; four BVDVs (from two bovine abortuses, one intestine, and one diarrheal stool) were isolated. When the four isolates were biotyped in cell culture, one BVDV isolate from a bovine abortus was cytopathic and the others were non-cytopathic. In addition, three isolates were genotyped as BVDV-1 and one isolate from a diarrheal stool as BVDV-2. In phylogenetic analysis, it suggested that the BVDV-2 isolate in Korea is closer to the North American strains than Asian strains. This is the first report on the identification and isolation of BVDV-2 in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, The Xenotransplantation Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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