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Sieri S, Chiodini P, Agnoli C, Pala V, Berrino F, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Vasilopoulou E, Sánchez MJ, Chirlaque MD, Amiano P, Quirós JR, Ardanaz E, Buckland G, Masala G, Panico S, Grioni S, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Peeters PHM, van Gils CH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Kranen HJ, Key TJ, Travis RC, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Boeing H, Schütze M, Sonestedt E, Wirfält E, Sund M, Andersson A, Chajes V, Rinaldi S, Romieu I, Weiderpass E, Skeie G, Dagrun E, Tjønneland A, Halkjær J, Overvard K, Merritt MA, Cox D, Riboli E, Krogh V. Dietary fat intake and development of specific breast cancer subtypes. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju068. [PMID: 24718872 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We prospectively evaluated fat intake as predictor of developing breast cancer (BC) subtypes defined by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor (HER2), in a large (n = 337327) heterogeneous cohort of women, with 10062 BC case patients after 11.5 years, estimating BC hazard ratios (HRs) by Cox proportional hazard modeling. High total and saturated fat were associated with greater risk of ER(+)PR(+) disease (HR = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00 to 1.45; HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.52; highest vs lowest quintiles) but not ER(-)PR(-) disease. High saturated fat was statistically significantly associated with greater risk of HER2(-) disease. High saturated fat intake particularly increases risk of receptor-positive disease, suggesting saturated fat involvement in the etiology of this BC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sieri
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paolo Chiodini
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Agnoli
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Valeria Pala
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Franco Berrino
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vassiliki Benetou
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Effie Vasilopoulou
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - María-José Sánchez
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Ramón Quirós
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Genevieve Buckland
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Grioni
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petra H M Peeters
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carla H van Gils
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henk J van Kranen
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Timothy J Key
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kay Tee Khaw
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annekatrin Lukanova
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Madlen Schütze
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Wirfält
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Malin Sund
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Andersson
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique Chajes
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guri Skeie
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Engeset Dagrun
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jytte Halkjær
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Overvard
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa A Merritt
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David Cox
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elio Riboli
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Affiliations of authors: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy (SS, CA, VP, FB, SG, VK); Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy (PC); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (ATr); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (VB, EV); Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain (M-JS); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (M-JS, M-DC, PA, EA); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain (M-JS); Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Health Authority, Murcia, Spain (M-DC); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of Basque Region, San Sebastian, Spain (PA); Health Information Unit, Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain (JRQ); Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain (EA); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain (GB); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (GM); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (SP); Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy (CS); Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy (CS); Department of Oncology, Histopathology Unit (RT), and Cancer Registry (RT), Ospedale Civile "M.P. Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy; INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France (MC-BR); Univ Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France (FC-C); IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France (GF); Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (PHMP, CHvG), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (HBB-d-M), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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