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Meder B, Haas J, Sedaghat-Hamedani F, Kayvanpour E, Frese K, Lai A, Nietsch R, Scheiner C, Mester S, Bordalo DM, Amr A, Dietrich C, Pils D, Siede D, Hund H, Bauer A, Holzer DB, Ruhparwar A, Mueller-Hennessen M, Weichenhan D, Plass C, Weis T, Backs J, Wuerstle M, Keller A, Katus HA, Posch AE. Epigenome-Wide Association Study Identifies Cardiac Gene Patterning and a Novel Class of Biomarkers for Heart Failure. Circulation 2017; 136:1528-1544. [PMID: 28838933 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.027355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical DNA modification resembles a crucial regulatory layer among genetic information, environmental factors, and the transcriptome. To identify epigenetic susceptibility regions and novel biomarkers linked to myocardial dysfunction and heart failure, we performed the first multi-omics study in myocardial tissue and blood of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and controls. METHODS Infinium human methylation 450 was used for high-density epigenome-wide mapping of DNA methylation in left-ventricular biopsies and whole peripheral blood of living probands. RNA deep sequencing was performed on the same samples in parallel. Whole-genome sequencing of all patients allowed exclusion of promiscuous genotype-induced methylation calls. RESULTS In the screening stage, we detected 59 epigenetic loci that are significantly associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (false discovery corrected P≤0.05), with 3 of them reaching epigenome-wide significance at P≤5×10-8. Twenty-seven (46%) of these loci could be replicated in independent cohorts, underlining the role of epigenetic regulation of key cardiac transcription regulators. Using a staged multi-omics study design, we link a subset of 517 epigenetic loci with dilated cardiomyopathy and cardiac gene expression. Furthermore, we identified distinct epigenetic methylation patterns that are conserved across tissues, rendering these CpGs novel epigenetic biomarkers for heart failure. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides to our knowledge the first epigenome-wide association study in living patients with heart failure using a multi-omics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Meder
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Jan Haas
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Farbod Sedaghat-Hamedani
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Elham Kayvanpour
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Karen Frese
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Alan Lai
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Rouven Nietsch
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Christina Scheiner
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Stefan Mester
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Diana Martins Bordalo
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Ali Amr
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Carsten Dietrich
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Dietmar Pils
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Dominik Siede
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Hauke Hund
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Andrea Bauer
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Daniel Benjamin Holzer
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Arjang Ruhparwar
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Matthias Mueller-Hennessen
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Dieter Weichenhan
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Christoph Plass
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Tanja Weis
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Johannes Backs
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Maximilian Wuerstle
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Andreas Keller
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
| | - Hugo A Katus
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.).
| | - Andreas E Posch
- From Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute for Cardiomyopathies, University of Heidelberg, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., R.N., C.S., S.M., D.M.-B., A.A., H.H., D.B.H., M.M.-H., T.W., H.A.K.); Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Strategy and Innovation, Erlangen, Germany (C.D., M.W., A.E.P.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.K.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany (B.M., J.H., F.S.-H., E.K., K.F., A.L., D.S., M.M.-H., T.W., J.B., H.A.K.); Institute for Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany (D.S., J.B.); Funktionelle Genomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (A.B.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany (A.R.); Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Vienna, Austria (D.P.); Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (D.P.); and Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany (D.W., C.P.)
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