Distinct sets of lysosomal genes define synucleinopathy and tauopathy

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by distinct protein aggregates, such as those of α-synuclein and tau. Lysosomal defect is a key contributor to the accumulation and propagation of aberrant protein aggregates in these diseases. The discoveries of common proteinopathies in multiple forms of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) and the identification of some LSD genes as susceptible genes for those proteinopathies suggest causative links between LSDs and the proteinopathies. The present study hypothesized that defects in lysosomal genes will differentially affect the propagation of α-synuclein and tau proteins, thereby determining the progression of a specific proteinopathy. We established an imaging-based high-contents screening (HCS) system in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model, by which the propagation of α-synuclein or tau is measured by fluorescence intensity. Using this system, we performed RNA interference (RNAi) screening to induce a wide range of lysosomal malfunction through knock down of 79 LSD genes, and to obtain the candidate genes with significant change in protein propagation. While some LSD genes commonly affected both α-synuclein and tau propagation, our study identified the distinct sets of LSD genes that differentially regulate the propagation of either α-synuclein or tau. The specificity and efficacy of these LSD genes were retained in the disease-related phenotypes, such as pharyngeal pumping behavior and life span. This study suggests that distinct lysosomal genes differentially regulate the propagation of α-synuclein and tau, and offer a steppingstone to understanding disease specificity. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(12): 657-662].

Arylsulfatase A, a genetic modifier of Parkinson's disease, is an α-synuclein chaperone

Mutations in lysosomal genes increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, as is the case for Parkinson's disease. Here, we found that pathogenic and protective mutations in arylsulfatase A (ARSA), a gene responsible for metachromatic leukodystrophy, a lysosomal storage disorder, are linked to Parkinson's disease. Plasma ARSA protein levels were changed in Parkinson's disease patients. ARSA deficiency caused increases in α-synuclein aggregation and secretion, and increases in α-synuclein propagation in cells and nematodes. Despite being a lysosomal protein, ARSA directly interacts with α-synuclein in the cytosol. The interaction was more extensive with protective ARSA variant and less with pathogenic ARSA variant than wild-type. ARSA inhibited the in vitro fibrillation of α-synuclein in a dose-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of ARSA reversed the α-synuclein phenotypes in both cell and fly models of synucleinopathy, the effects correlating with the extent of the physical interaction between these molecules. Collectively, these results suggest that ARSA is a genetic modifier of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis, acting as a molecular chaperone for α-synuclein.

The Correlation Between Cage Subsidence, Bone Mineral Density, and Clinical Results in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective review of prospectively collected radiographic and clinical data.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the relationship between cage subsidence and bone mineral density (BMD), and to reveal the clinical implications of cage subsidence.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) has become one of the standard treatment modality for lumbar degenerative disease. However, cage subsidence might result in recurrent foraminal stenosis and deteriorate the clinical results. Furthermore, numbers of osteoporosis patients who underwent PLIF are increasing. Therefore, the information on the correlations between cage subsidence, BMD, and clinical results will be of great significance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total 139 segments was included in this retrospective study. We examined functional rating index (Visual Analogue Scale for pain, Oswestry Disability Index, Short Form-36 score) preoperatively, and investigated their changes after postoperative 1 year. Correlation between cage subsidence and clinical scores was investigated. Plain anteroposterior and lateral radiograph were taken preoperatively and postoperatively and during follow-up. Preoperative BMD and subsidence measured by postoperative 1 year 3-dimensional computed tomography were achieved and their correlation was assessed.

RESULTS

All postoperative clinical scores improved significantly compared with preoperative ones (pain Visual Analogue Scale: 7.34-2.89, Oswestry Disability Index: 25.34-15.86, Short Form-36: 26.45-16.46, all P<0.001). BMD showed significant weak correlation with subsidence (r=-0.285, P<0.001). Severe osteoporotic segments (T score <-3.0) had more risk to develop severe subsidence (>3 mm) compared with the segments in which T score were higher than -3.0 (P=0.012), and its odds ratio was 8.44. Subsidence had no significant correlation with all clinical scores.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that cage subsidence is relevant to BMD. However, it was demonstrated that subsidence is not related to the clinical deterioration. Therefore, PLIF procedure which is conducted carefully can be a good surgical option to treat lumbar degenerative disease for osteoporotic patients.

Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol is associated with diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes

AIMS

To determine whether there is a relationship between 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), a marker of postprandial hyperglycaemia and glycaemic variability, and the presence of diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

Five hundred and sixty-seven patients with Type 2 diabetes (serum creatinine < 133 μmol/l), who were enrolled in the Seoul Metro-City Diabetes Prevention Program (SMC-DPP), were cross-sectionally assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

After controlling for age, sex, binary HbA(1c) levels, duration of diabetes, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, history of hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker medication, the odds ratios (95% CI) of diabetic retinopathy were 2.86 (1.12-7.25) for the first (lowest) quartile of 1,5-anhydroglucitol, 2.87 (1.25-6.61) for the second quartile and 0.88 (0.35-2.22) for the third quartile compared with the fourth quartile (P for trend = 0.010). Conversely, the associations between 1,5-anhydroglucitol and clinical albuminuria were non-significant after adjustment. Subjects with low 1,5-anhydroglucitol (< 10.0 μg/ml) were more likely to experience diabetic retinopathy than those with high 1,5-anhydroglucitol (≥ 10.0 μg/ml) under moderate glucose control (HbA(1c) < 8%, 64 mmol/mol) and there were no significant differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy between the subgroup with HbA(1c) < 8% (64 mmol/mol) and low 1,5-anhydroglucitol and the subgroup with HbA(1c) ≥ 8% (64 mmol/mol).

CONCLUSIONS

1,5-Anhydroglucitol levels show close associations with diabetic retinopathy, especially among patients under moderate glucose control, but not with albuminuria. These results suggest that 1,5-anhydroglucitol might be a complementary marker for targeting higher risk group.

The time-dependent alteration of anti-diuretic hormone system in hindlimb unloaded rats

It is important to understand the mechanism on the fluid shift and volume regulation occurring in astronauts after spaceflight for future life in space. In the present study, we examined the time-dependent alteration of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) concentrating on the water reabsorption system in hindlimb unloaded rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were hindlimb unloaded for 1 (HU1), 7(HU7), 14 days (HU14) or rested in the ground for 3 days after HU14 (HU14+3). The plasma ADH and angiotensin II level showed peak value at HU7, and the alterations were restored at HU14. However, several serum electrolytes (Na, K, Cl) were not changed regardless of HU period. In the immunohistochemical study, we examined that ADH and c-Fos immunoreactivities (IR) were maximized at HU7 in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) IR also was increased in the renal collecting duct for water re-absorption at HU7 showing a similar pattern with ADH. These results present a series of physiological ADH system alteration following to period of hindlimb unloading stimulus, indicating that ADH system is activated significantly at HU7. In addition, our results suggest that ADH system activation may be involved in anti-diuretic phenomenon in early spaceflight period. Furthermore, it is speculated that ADH system may require 14 days for adaptation to microgravity.

Impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on microalbuminuria in patients with prediabetes and diabetes

BACKGROUND

It is unknown whether microalbuminuria is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). This study investigated the association of NAFLD with microalbuminuria among patients with prediabetes and diabetes.

METHODS

We evaluated 1361 subjects who had an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on routine screening. All participants were divided into two groups, prediabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 DM, and the association of NAFLD with metabolic parameters on microalbuminuria was analysed.

RESULTS

The patients with NAFLD had higher prevalence rates of microalbuminuria (6.3% vs 19%; P = 0.001 in prediabetes, 4.5% vs 32.6%; P < 0.001 in diabetes) and also had a greater albumin-to-creatinine ratio (14.6 +/- 52.0 microg/mg Cr vs 27.7 +/- 63.9 microg/mg Cr; P = 0.051 in prediabetes, 11.4 +/- 21.4 microg/mg Cr vs 44.7 +/- 76.4 microg/mg Cr; P < 0.001 in diabetes) than those without NAFLD. The logistic regression analysis showed that NAFLD was associated with increased rates of microalbuminuria (odds ratio 3.66; 95%confidence interval (CI) 1.31-10.20, P = 0.013 in prediabetes, odds ratio 5.47;95% CI 1.01-29.61, P = 0.048 in diabetes), independently of age, sex, body mass index, waist circumference, liver enzymes, lipid profiles, HbA1c, insulin resistance as estimated by homeostasis model assessment, hypertension,smoking status and the metabolic syndrome.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our study revealed a strong relationship between microalbuminuria and NAFLD in the patients with prediabetes and newly diagnosed diabetes. Further studies are required to confirm whether NAFLD is a predictor of the development of microalbuminuria in patients with prediabetes and diabetes.

Relationship between body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) in perimenopausal Korean women

OBJECTIVES

Osteoporosis is a disease that increases the fracture rates and it is the major cause of increased mortality and morbidity in the elderly people. To determine which component of body composition is most important to bone health, we analysed the relationship between elements of the body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean women.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional clinical study.

PATIENTS

Totally 1694 women (mean age 51 years) were selected from subjects who participated in a medical check-up program.

MEASUREMENTS

Body composition analysis was performed by segmental bioelectric impedance method and lean mass, fat mass and per cent body fat measured. Waist: hip ratio (WHR) was assessed as a marker for visceral fat. Lumbar spine (L-spine) BMD was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). As menopausal status could not be confirmed in all subjects, we divided the subjects into two groups according to the age > 50 years and < 50 years.

RESULTS

Among the entire population, 599 subjects (35.4%) were osteopaenic and 229 subjects (13.5%) were osteoporotic. The bivariate correlation among the variables showed that weight had the highest correlation with fat mass. Mean lean mass was decreased and the WHR increased as the subjects progressed from normal to osteoporotic status; fat mass was the highest among the osteopaenic subjects. L-spine BMD showed a positive correlation with lean mass, and a negative correlation with WHR by bivariate correlation analysis. However, fat mass had a negative correlation with L-spine BMD only after adjustment for age and weight. Multiple regression analysis with L-spine BMD as the dependent variable showed that age, height, fasting insulin, lean mass and WHR were significant determinants of the L-spine BMD (R(2) = 0.170, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In this Korean female population, L-spine BMD showed a consistently positive correlation with lean mass and a negative correlation with WHR. Fat mass failed to show any consistent correlation with L-spine BMD in this study population.

The association of serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein with coronary artery disease in Korean adults

OBJECTIVES

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP), also known as aP2 or FABP4, is abundantly expressed in adipocytes and plays a role in glucose homeostasis. We analyzed the relationship between the coronary artery disease and serum FABP4 levels in Korean adults.

METHODS

In a total of 234 Korean adults, in whom coronary angiograms were performed, anthropometric measurements were done and fasting glucose and lipid profiles were measured. Serum FABP4 levels were measured using ELISA. The presence of metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHBL) criteria with body mass index (BMI) substituted for waist circumference.

RESULTS

Among the subjects, 31.6% had diabetes, 46.9% had metabolic syndrome, and mean log (FABP4) levels showed significantly higher levels in subjects with diabetes. Among the subjects, 42.4% had normal coronary vessel, 34.6% had 1-vessel disease, 13.7% had 2-vessel disease, and 9.4% had 3-vessel disease. Among the parameters, mean age, fasting glucose, and log (FABP4) levels increased significantly as the numbers of stenotic vessel increased from normal to 3-vessel disease, and for FABP4, these significances showed a consistent trend for difference after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, and fasting glucose (P=0.072). Mean log (FABP4) level showed lower values in subjects taking aspirin, and higher values in subjects taking statin and anti-hypertensive drugs.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum FABP4 levels increased as the numbers of stenotic coronary artery increased, although these differences were attenuated after adjustment for age and fasting glucose levels. Various anti-atherogenic medications showed different effects on the serum FABP4 levels, which need further investigation.

Relationship between polymorphisms G395A in promoter and C1818T in exon 4 of the KLOTHO gene with glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean women

BACKGROUND

Recently, klotho has been proposed as a link between cardiovascular diseases and premature aging, but the relationship between KLOTHO genes and cardiovascular risk factors, especially glucose metabolism, in humans is unclear.

OBJECTIVES

We investigate the relationship between polymorphisms G395A in promoter and C1818T in exon 4 of the KLOTHO gene with glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean women.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In 251 women (mean age 51.3+/-6.9 yr), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, insulin and lipid profiles were measured. The genotyping of polymorphisms G395A in promoter and C1818T in exon 4 of the KLOTHO gene was performed by allelic discrimination using a 5' nuclease polymerase chain reaction assay.

RESULTS

Allele frequencies of G395A polymorphism was 0.829 for the G allele and 0.171 for the A allele and allele frequencies of C1818T polymorphism were 0.804 for the C allele and 0.196 for the T allele, both of which were in compliance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the two polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium (D'=0.43, p<0.01). Mean systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in A allele carriers of G395A polymorphism compared with non-carriers, and the significance was persistent even after adjustment for age and BMI. Mean fasting plasma glucose was significantly higher in T allele carriers of C1818T polymorphism compared with non-carriers, and the significance was persistent even after adjustment for age and BMI. Subjects without any minor allele from either single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) had significantly lower mean values for systolic, diastolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose levels compared with subjects with both minor allele from either SNP.

CONCLUSIONS

We observed that KLOTHO G395A polymorphism was associated with blood pressure and KLOTHO C1818T polymorphism was associated with glucose metabolism in Korean women. Further studies are needed to clarify this relationship.

Relationship between circulating cytokine levels and thyroid function following bone marrow transplantation

The relation between thyroid hormone changes and cytokines in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) patients has not been studied. This prospective study was designed to determine the relation between thyroid hormones and cytokine levels after BMT and their effects on the mortality. We studied 80 patients undergoing allogeneic BMT. Serum thyroid hormone parameters and cytokine levels were measured before and serially during 6 months after BMT. Serum T(3) decreased to a nadir 3 weeks post-BMT and serum T(4) was lowest at 3 months post-BMT. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) sharply decreased to a nadir at 1 week and recovered. Serum interleukin-6 increased for 2 weeks after BMT and declined thereafter. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased for 3 weeks after BMT and declined thereafter. After 3 weeks post-BMT, both cytokine levels were negatively correlated with serum T(3) and T(4) levels. A total of 29 patients died before 1 year post-BMT and 51 patients survived longer than 1 year. Those patients who died before 1 year post-BMT had significantly lower levels of T(4) at 3 weeks, 3 and 6 months than surviving patients. In conclusion, increased levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha were negatively correlated with thyroid hormone concentrations in BMT recipients suggesting the role of these cytokines in euthyroid sick syndrome.

The role of cytokines in the changes in bone turnover following bone marrow transplantation

Osteoporosis is a common disease among patients undergoing transplantation and a loss of bone mass is usually detected after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), particularly during the immediate post-BMT period. Post-BMT bone loss is primarily related to gonadal dysfunction and immunosuppression. Cytokines, especially interleukin 6, play an important role in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, the pathogenetic role of cytokines in post-BMT bone loss is unknown and data on the changes of cytokines in accordance with bone turnover markers are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between bone turnover markers and cytokines, which are regularly sampled at peripheral blood and bone marrow before and after allogeneic BMT. This prospective study included two analyses. The first was a study of 46 BMT recipients (M/F 28/18), examining the relationship between bone turnover markers and serum cytokines that were measured before and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks and 3 months after BMT. Serum intact parathyroid hormone was measured before BMT and at 3 weeks after BMT and its relation to other cytokines and bone turnover markers was evaluated. The second analysis was a study of 14 (M/F 9/5) of 46 patients in whom bone marrow plasma cytokines [interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)] were measured at 3 weeks after BMT. The relationship between bone marrow plasma cytokines and bone turnover markers was studied because bone marrow is the microenvironment where the real changes in bone turnover occur. Serum type I collagen carboxyterminal telopeptide (ICTP), a bone resorption marker, increased progressively until 4 weeks (peak) after BMT and then decreased thereafter. Serum osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, decreased progressively until 3 weeks after BMT and then increased thereafter. Serum IL-6 increased until 2 weeks after BMT and declined thereafter. Serum TNF-alpha increased until 3 weeks after BMT and declined thereafter. There was a significant positive correlation between serum ICTP and bone marrow IL-6 levels at 3 weeks after BMT, when a marked change in bone metabolism occurs following BMT. However, a correlation between bone turnover markers and bone marrow TNF-alpha or peripheral blood cytokines was not found. At 3 months after BMT, there was a significant negative correlation between the mean daily steroid dose and the serum osteocalcin level (r = -0.43, p < 0.05). The correlation between the Mean daily steroid dose and serum ICTP was also significant (r = 0.41, p < 0.05). Our data suggest that the progressive increase in bone resorption during the immediate post-BMT period is related to both steroid dose and the increase in bone marrow IL-6, which is a potent stimulator of bone resorption in vivo.

Inhibitory effects of MK-801 on contextual sensitization to climbing behavior and on development of tolerance to hypothermia induced by a single high dose of apomorphine

A single high dose of apomorphine (10 mg x kg(-1)) produced not only contextual sensitization to and conditioning of climbing behavior, but also context-independent tolerance to hypothermia. MK-801 (0.15 and 0.3 mg x kg(-1)) inhibited contextual sensitization to and conditioning of climbing behavior. Development of tolerance to hypothermia was also inhibited by MK-801. Dopamine D1 antagonist, SCH23390 (0.5 mg x kg(-1)), but not D2 antagonist, sulpiride, inhibited sensitization to and conditioning of climbing behavior. D2 antagonist, sulpiride (50 mg x kg(-1)), but not D1 antagonist, SCH23390, inhibited development of tolerance to hypothermia. These results suggest that MK-801 inhibited contextual sensitization to climbing behavior and development of tolerance to hypothermia through glutamatergic modulation of dopaminergic functions at dopamine receptors.

Inhibition of Baclofen on morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity

The effects of baclofen on the development of reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by morphine were examined in mice. A single administration of morphine induced hyperactivity and the morphine-induced hyperactivity was inhibited dose dependently by the administration of a GABA(B)receptor agonist, baclofen (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg kg(-1), i.p.). Daily repeated administration of morphine developed reverse tolerance to the hyperactivity of morphine. The concomitant administration of baclofen inhibited the morphine-induced hyperactivity and the baclofen administration prior to and during the chronic administration of morphine in mice inhibited the development of reverse tolerance to the hyperactivity of morphine (10 mg kg(-1), s.c.). Postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity was also developed in reverse-tolerant mice that had received the same morphine. The development of postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity was evidenced by the enhanced ambulatory activity of apomorphine (2 mg kg(-1), s.c.). Baclofen also inhibited the development of postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by the chronic administration of morphine. These results suggest that the hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by morphine may be modulated via the activation of GABA(B)receptors induced by baclofen.

Moderate dietary fat consumption as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in a population with a low fat intake: a case-control study in Korean men

BACKGROUND

Dietary fat intake is associated with the incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Western countries. In populations in which both the average dietary fat consumption and the incidence of IHD are lower than in Western countries, the association of dietary fat intake with IHD incidence remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a case-control study to examine the association of dietary fat with IHD incidence in Korean men.

DESIGN

The case group consisted of 108 patients with electrocardiogram-confirmed myocardial infarction or angiographically confirmed (> or =50% stenosis) IHD who were admitted to a university teaching hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The controls were 142 age-matched patients admitted to the departments of ophthalmology and orthopedic surgery at the same hospital. Dietary fat intake was assessed by a nutritionist using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI), cigarette use, alcohol intake, exercise, and history of disease were determined during an interview and examination.

RESULTS

In a univariate analysis, the mean percentages of energy from total fat, saturated fatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in the cases than in the controls. BMI, smoking, and a history of hypertension were associated with the occurrence of IHD. In multiple logistic analyses, total fat intake was a significant risk factor (odds ratio: 1.08 for 1% of energy intake; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.14) after adjustment for BMI and smoking.

CONCLUSION

In a population with a relatively low fat intake (19% of energy intake), a moderate increase in total fat intake may be a risk factor for IHD.

Mode of antiviral activity of water soluble components isolated from Elfvingia applanata on vesicular stomatitis virus

A preparation of water soluble components (EA) was made from carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (Pers.) Karst and its in vitro antiviral activity on vesicular stomatitis virus [(Indiana serotype, VSV(IND)] was investigated by plaque reduction assay. EA exhibited potent antiviral activity on VSV(IND) growth and negligible cytotoxicity on Vero cells, 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 104 microg/ml and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 3,793 microg/ml, respectively. Selectivity index (SI, CC50/EC50) of EA on Vero cell and VSV(IND) was about 36.5. EA did not display either a direct virucidal effect on VSV(IND) or induction of antiviral substance by Vero cells upon its treatment. Thus, the mode of antiviral activity of EA was studied at steps of viral adsorption onto cell. When both EA and virus were added to cell monolayers, titer of cell-free virus in culture supernatant increased in ca. 30-40% compared with that of control group and titer of cell-associated virus was 60-100% higher than that of control group. These results suggested that antiviral activity of EA on VSV(IND) might be due to the hindrance of viral entry to cells at either endocytosis or loss of envelope.

Antiherpetic activities of acidic protein bound polysacchride isolated from Ganoderma lucidum alone and in combinations with interferons

To investigate antiherpetic activity, an acidic protein bound polysaccharide (APBP) was isolated from carpophores of Ganoderma lucidum. This brownish APBP was isolated from water soluble substances of the carpophores by activity-guided isolation method. APBP was tested for its antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) by plaque reduction assay in tissue culture. APBP showed potent antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Vero cells at its 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) of 300 and 440 microg/ml, respectively. APBP had no cytotoxicity on Vero cells at a concentration of 1x10(4) microg/ml. APBP exhibited a potent antiviral activity with selectivity index (SI) of more than 22.73. The combined antiherpetic effects of APBP with protein antiviral agents, interferon alpha (IFN alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN gamma), were examined on the multiplication of these two strains of herpesviruses in Vero cells by the combination assay. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was calculated by the multiple drug effect analysis. The combinations of APBP with IFN alpha on HSV-1 and HSV-2 showed more potent synergistic effects with CI values of 0.30-0.62 for 50-90% effective levels than those of APBP with IFN gamma with CI values of 0.65-1.10. These results suggest the possibility of developing APBP as a new antiherpetic agent.

Kupffer cells mediate increased anoxic hepatocellular killing from hyperosmolarity by an oxygen- and prostaglandin-independent mechanism

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the roles of Kupffer cells, prostaglandin biosynthesis, and glycolytic metabolism in accelerated anoxic cell killing by hyperosmolar stress. Isolated rat livers were perfused with anoxic normosmolar Krebs-Heinseleit bicarbonate buffer (KHB) or anoxic hyperosmolar KHB (+40 mM NaCl). Hyperosmolar KHB accelerated LDH release during anoxia in livers from both fed and fasted rats by as much as 3.7-fold. GdCl(3) pretreatment to inactivate Kupffer cells substantially delayed anoxic LDH release during normosmolar perfusions and blocked entirely the hyperosmolarity-induced acceleration of LDH release. Cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin failed to alter LDH release during anoxia in hyperosmolar KHB. Neither GdCl(3) nor hyperosmolarity changed glycolytic flux during hypoxia, and hyperosmolarity did not change basal oxygen uptake. We conclude that accelerated cell killing in hyperosmolar buffer is a Kupffer cell-dependent event that is independent of oxygen-requiring prostaglandin synthesis, changes of glycolytic flux, and activation of cellular ATP demand. Another as yet unidentified Kupffer cell product appears to mediate the effect of hyperosmolarity of anoxic hepatocellular injury.

Antiherpetic activities of acidic protein bound polysacchride isolated from Ganoderma lucidum alone and in combinations with acyclovir and vidarabine

To investigate antiherpetic activity, an acidic protein bound polysaccharide (APBP) was isolated from carpophores of Ganoderma lucidum. This brownish APBP was isolated from water soluble substances of the carpophores by activity-guided isolation method. APBP was tested for its antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) by plaque reduction assay in tissue culture. APBP showed potent antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Vero cells at its 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) of 300 and 440 microg/ml, respectively. APBP had no cytotoxicity on Vero cells at a concentration of 1 x 10(4) microg/ml. APBP exhibited a potent antiviral activity with selectivity index (SI) of more than 22.73. The combined antiherpetic effects of APBP with nucleoside antiherpetic agents, acyclovir (ACV) and vidarabine (ara-A), were examined on the multiplication of these two strains of herpesviruses in Vero cells by the combination assay. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was calculated by the multiple drug effect analysis. CI values were in the range 0.47-0.51 for a combination of APBP with ACV, and in the range of 1.02-1.18 for a combination of APBP with ara-A. The combinations of APBP with ACV on HSV-1 and HSV-2 showed potent synergistic effects, and these results suggest that the possibility of developing APBP as a new antiherpetic agent.

Dual effects of dextromethorphan on cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in mice

Dextromethorphan (DM) at supra-antitussive doses might produce psychotomimetic effects in humans. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for the behavior induced by DM, we examined the effects of DM on cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and locomotor pattern in mice, and Fos-related antigen immunoreactivity (FRA-IR) in the striatal complex (nucleus accumbens and striatum) of the mouse brain. The effects of DM (20 and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) on the CPP for 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg cocaine/kg, i.p. were assessed. Pretreatment with DM dose-dependently decreased the CPP for 20 mg cocaine/kg. Similarly, pretreatment with DM appeared to reduce the CPP for 10 mg cocaine/kg, but increase the CPP for 5 mg cocaine/kg. This finding was more pronounced for 2.5 mg cocaine/kg; DM significantly increased the CPP for 2.5 mg cocaine/kg in a dose-related manner. Furthermore, these results were correlated with alterations in the locomotor pattern (marginal activity) and FRA-IR in the striatal complex. Thus, our results suggest that DM exhibits a biphasic effect on the cocaine-induced CPP and locomotor pattern.

The short-term changes of bone mineral metabolism following bone marrow transplantation

Organ transplantation is now the treatment of choice for many patients with life-threatening chronic diseases. A new set of side effects unique to these groups of patients has become recognized, and bone disease is one of these complications. However, little is known about the effects of myeloablative treatment followed by bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on bone mineral metabolism. We have prospectively investigated 31 patients undergoing BMT for hematologic diseases. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, gonadotropins, sex hormones, and the biochemical markers of bone turnover were measured. The samples were collected before BMT and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 12 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after BMT. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before BMT and 1 year after BMT. The serum carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen increased progressively until 4 weeks after BMT. Thereafter, it began to decrease and reached basal values after 1 year. Serum osteocalcin decreased progressively until 3 weeks after BMT. After that, it increased and reached basal values after 3 months. No distinct differences were observed in the serum biochemical turnover markers between males and females, or between patients who received total body irradiation and those who did not. One year after BMT, lumbar spine BMD had decreased by 2.2%, and total proximal femoral BMD had decreased by 6.2%. Eighty-six percent of the women (12/14) went into a menopausal state immediately after BMT. This was caused by high gonadotropin levels and low estradiol levels. In contrast, gonadotropin levels and testosterone levels did not change significantly in the male patients after BMT. In conclusion, the rapid impairment of bone formation and the increase in bone resorption, as shown by the biochemical markers in this study, might play a role in post-BMT bone loss.

Inhibition by ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference, and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice

A single or repeated administration of cocaine (15 mg/kg) in mice produced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference (CPP). Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) and ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), prior to and during the cocaine treatment in mice, inhibited cocaine-induced hyperactivity and CPP. The development of enhanced postsynaptic dopamine (DA) receptor sensitivity in mice displaying a cocaine-induced CPP was evidenced by the enhanced response in ambulatory activity to the DA agonist, apomorphine (2 mg/kg). Rb1 and Rg1 inhibited the development of postsynaptic DA receptor supersensitivity. However, Rb1 and Rg1 did not show any antidopaminergic activity at the postsynaptic DA receptors, because the apomorphine-induced climbing behavior was not inhibited by Rb1 and Rg1. Therefore, it is presumed that Rb1 and Rg1 modulate DA activity induced by cocaine at the presynaptic DA receptors, and this modulation results in the inhibition of postsynaptic dopaminergic activation. These results suggest that the cocaine-induced CPP may be associated with enhanced DA receptor sensitivity. The inhibition by Rb1 and Rg1 of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and CPP may be closely related with the inhibition of dopaminergic activation induced by cocaine at the presynaptic DA receptors.

Ginseng total saponin inhibits nicotine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice

A single or repeated administration of nicotine in mice produced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference (CPP). Postsynapticdopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity was also developed in nicotine-induced CPP mice. The hyperactivity induced by nicotine was evidenced by measuring the enhanced ambulatory activity using a tilting-type ambulometer. CPP effects were evaluated assessing the increased time spent by the mice to nicotine and the inhibition of CPP by the decreased time spent by the mice in the nonpreferred compartment. Postsynaptic DA receptor supersensitivity was evidenced by the enhanced response in ambulatory activity to the apomorphine, a DA receptor agonist. Administration of ginseng total saponin (GTS) prior to and during the nicotine treatment in mice inhibited not only nicotine-induced hyperactivity and CPP but also postsynaptic DA receptor supersensitivity in nicotine-induced CPP mice. These results suggest that inhibition by GTS of the nicotine-induced hyperactivity and CPP may be closely related with the inhibition of dopaminergic activation induced by nicotine and that the development of nicotine-induced CPP may be associated with the enhanced DA receptor supersensitivity. From these results, it is presumed that GTS may be useful for the prevention and therapy of these adverse actions of nicotine.

Acute and chronic effects of ginseng total saponin and amphetamine on fixed-interval performance in rats

The effect of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on amphetamine (AMPH)-induced disruption of fixed-interval (FI) responding in rats was examined. GTS (50 mg/kg) significantly improved the temporal responding impaired by 2 mg/kg of AMPH. A higher dose of 100 mg/kg GTS disrupted performance when given alone; this disruption was reversed by a low dose of AMPH (0.5 mg/kg) and tolerance developed to the effects of GTS with its repeated administration. Neurochemical analysis revealed that GTS (50 mg/kg) attenuated the increase in striatal dopamine caused by AMPH leading to the conclusion that brain dopamine may partially mediate the behavioral effects of GTS.

Acute and chronic effects of ginseng total saponin and amphetamine on fixed-interval performance of rats

The effect of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on amphetamine (AMPH)-induced disruption of fixed-interval (Fl) responding in rats was examined. GTS (50 mg/kg) significantly improved the temporal responding impaired by 2 mg/kg of AMPH. A higher dose of 100 mg/kg GTS disrupted performance when given alone; this disruption was reversed by a low dose of AMPH (0.5 mg/kg) and tolerance developed to the effects of GTS with its repeated administration. Neurochemical analysis revealed that GTS (50 mg/kg) attenuated the increase in striatal dopamine caused by AMPH leading to the conclusion that brain dopamine may partially mediate the behavioral effects of GTS.

Inhibition by ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice

The ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1, the major components of ginseng saponin, inhibited not only methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity but also conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice following a single or repeated administration. Dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity, which developed in methamphetamine-induced CPP mice, was also inhibited by both Rb1 and Rg1. Therefore, the present results suggest that Rb1 and Rg1 may be the active components of ginseng saponin in the modulation of methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic behaviors such as hyperactivity and CPP, supporting our previous conclusion that ginseng saponin might modulate methamphetamine-induced dysfunction at both the pre- and postsynaptic DA receptors.

Effects of ginseng total saponin on morphine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice

A single or repeated administration of morphine in mice produced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference (CPP) and postsynaptic dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity. The hyperactivity induced by morphine was evidenced by measuring the enhanced ambulatory activity using a tilting-type ambulometer. CPP effects were evaluated assessing the increased time spent by the mice to morphine and the inhibition of CPP by the decreased time spent by the mice in the white compartment. Postsynaptic DA receptor supersensitivity in mice displaying a morphine-induced CPP was evidenced by the enhanced response in ambulatory activity to the DA agonist, apomorphine (2 mg/kg, s.c.). The intraperitoneal injection of ginseng total saponin (GTS) from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), prior to and during the morphine treatment in mice inhibited morphine-induced hyperactivity and CPP. GTS inhibited the development of postsynaptic DA receptor supersensitivity. A single dose administration of GTS also inhibited apomorphine-induced climbing behavior, showing the antidopaminergic action of GTS at the postsynaptic DA receptor. These results suggest that the development of morphine-induced CPP may be associated with the enhanced DA receptor sensitivity and that GTS inhibition of the morphine-induced hyperactivity and CPP may be closely related with the inhibition of dopaminergic activation induced by morphine.

Vasodilating and hypotensive effects of fangchinoline and tetrandrine on the rat aorta and the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat

Comparative studies of the effects of tetrandrine (TET) and fangchinoline (FAN), two major components of the Radix of Stephannia tetrandrae, on vasodilations and on calcium movement in vascular smooth muscle, and studies of hypotensive effects on stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were performed in the following experiments. TET and FAN inhibited high K+ (65.4 mM) and induced sustained contraction in the rat aorta smooth muscle strips. IC50 values for TET and FAN were 0.27 +/- 0.05 microM (n = 6) and 9.53 +/- 1.57 microM (n = 6), respectively, and this inhibition was antagonized by increasing the Ca2+ concentration in the medium. The IC50 of TET for norepinephrine (NE)-induced contraction (0.86 +/- 0.04 g) was 3.08 +/- 0.05 microM (n = 4), and the IC50 of FAN for NE-induced contraction (0.88 +/- 0.07 g) was 14.20 +/- 0.40 microM (n = 4). At the molecular level, radiolabelled 45Ca2+ uptake tests revealed that TET and FAN also inhibited high K+ (65.4 mM) and 1 microM NE-stimulated Ca2+ influx in rat aorta strips at the maximal concentration was needed to inhibit the contraction. TET (3 mg/kg) and FAN (30 mg/kg) administered by intravenous (i.v.) bolus injection also lowered the mean arterial pressure (MAP) significantly during the period of observation in conscious SHRSP, respectively. These results showed that TET was more potent than FAN in blocking calcium channels and antihypertensive activity.

Blockade by naloxone of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and conditioned place preference in mice

Cocaine-induced hyperactivity was inhibited by a single administration of naloxone (2 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.), an opioid receptor antagonist, and naloxone administered prior to and during the chronic injection of cocaine attenuated the development of both cocaine-induced reverse tolerance and conditioned place preference (CPP). Dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity which developed in cocaine-induced reverse tolerant or CPP mice, was also inhibited by naloxone. Furthermore, naloxone reduced an apomorphine-induced striatal dopaminergic action, climbing behavior. Therefore, the present studies suggest that cocaine-induced dopaminergic behaviors, such as hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and CPP, may be commonly produced via activation of an opioid receptor. The development of DA receptor supersensitivity may be a possible common mechanism of cocaine-induced reverse tolerance and CPP, since cocaine-induced changes in sensitivity to apomorphine, as well as apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice, were both inhibited by naloxone.

Ginseng total saponin inhibits the dopaminergic depletions induced by methamphetamine

Pretreatment with ginseng total saponin (GTS) reduced the magnitude of the methamphetamine-induced dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillinic acid (HVA) depletions. It is suggested that GTS can, in part, prevent the methamphetamine-induced striatal dopaminergic depletions.

Blockade by ginseng total saponin of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice

Ginseng total saponin (GTS) inhibited methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference (CPP). Dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity was developed in methamphetamine-induced CPP mice and it was inhibited by GTS. GTS also inhibited apomorphine-induced climbing behavior, showing the antidopaminergic activity of GTS. These results suggest that GTS inhibition of the methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and CPP may be closely related with the inhibition of dopaminergic activation induced by methamphetamine.

Inhibition by ginseng total saponin of the development of morphine reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice

1. Ginseng total saponin (GTS), 200 mg/kg i.p. 3 hr prior to morphine, inhibited the development of reverse tolerance to the ambulatory-accelerating effect of morphine. 2. GTS, 200 mg/kg, also prevented the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by the chronic administration of morphine, 10 mg/kg a day for 7 days. 3. These results suggest that GTS may be useful for the prevention and therapy of the adverse action of morphine.

Blockade by ginseng total saponin of the development of methamphetamine reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice

Repeated administration of methamphetamine (2 mg/kg) developed reverse tolerance to the ambulation-accelerating effect. Intraperitoneal administration of ginseng total saponin (GTS, 200 mg/kg of body weight) prior to and during chronic administration of methamphetamine inhibited the development of reverse tolerance. Dopamine receptor supersensitivity was also developed in reverse tolerant mice which had received the same methamphetamine. The development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity was evidenced by the enhanced hypothermic response to apomorphine (1 mg/kg) and the enhanced ambulatory activity of apomorphine (4 mg/kg). GTS also prevented the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by the chronic administration of methamphetamine. These results show that GTS may be useful for the prevention of and therapy for the adverse action of methamphetamine. It is concluded that the development of reverse tolerance to methamphetamine may be associated with the enhanced dopamine receptor supersensitivity since both phenomena were blocked by GTS.

Blockade by ginseng total saponin of the development of cocaine induced reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice

Daily repeated administration of cocaine (15 mg/kg, over a 7-day period) developed reverse tolerance to the ambulation-accelerating effect of cocaine. Intraperitoneal administration of ginseng total saponin (GTS, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight) prior to and during chronic administration of cocaine inhibited the development of reverse tolerance. Dopamine receptor supersensitivity was also developed in reverse tolerant mice that had received the same cocaine. The development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity was evidenced by the enhanced hypothermic response to apomorphine (1 mg/kg) and the enhanced ambulatory activity of apomorphine (4 mg/kg). GTS also prevented the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by the chronic administration of cocaine. These results provide that GTS may be useful for the prevention and therapy of the adverse action of cocaine. It is concluded that the development of reverse tolerance to the ambulation-accelerating effect of cocaine may be associated with the enhanced dopamine receptor sensitivity because both phenomena were blocked by GTS.

Involvement of kappa-opioid receptors in opioid dependence/withdrawal: studies using butorphanol

The dependence liability of a class of opioid agonist/antagonist analgesics, e.g. pentazocine, butorphanol, and buprenorphine, is widely recognized. However, the relative involvement of mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors mediating physical dependence on these compounds is not completely known. In the present study, butorphanol dependence was produced by continuous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of butorphanol (26 nmol/h) for 3 days in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Nor-binaltorphimine, a long-acting kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, and naloxone, a nonspecific antagonist, were administered i.c.v. to precipitate withdrawal in butorphanol-dependent animals, so as to investigate the involvement of central kappa-opioid receptors in opioid dependence. ED50 ratios (naloxone/nor-binaltorphimine) for eliciting withdrawal signs were: teeth-chattering (1.25), yawning (2.13), and ejaculation (0.72). Our data indicate that nor-binaltorphimine precipitated withdrawal behaviors similar to those precipitated by naloxone. It appears that central kappa-opioid receptors may play a major role in the development of butorphanol dependence in rats.

Interactions of ginsenosides with ligand-bindings of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors

1. Total saponin fraction decreased the affinity of specific [3H]muscimol binding without changes in Bmax. Ginsenoside Rb1 Rb2, Rc, Re, Rf and Rg1 inhibited the specific [3H]muscimol binding to the high-affinity site. 2. Total saponin fraction increased the affinity of specific [3H]flunitrazepam binding. Ginsenoside Re and Rf enhanced specific [3H]flunitrazepam binding. 3. Total saponin fraction decreased the affinity of specific [35S]TBPS binding without changes in Bmax. Ginsenosides did not affect specific or non-specific [35S]TBPS binding. 4. Total saponin fraction decreased the affinity of specific [3H]baclofen binding without changes in Bmax. Ginsenoside Rc inhibited specific [3H]baclofen binding.

Antagonism of U-50,488H-induced antinociception by ginseng total saponins is dependent on serotonergic mechanisms

Morphine-induced antinociception was prevented by pretreatment with ginseng total saponins in the tail-pinch and tail-flick tests carried out in mice. The antinociceptive effect of U-50,488H, a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist, was prevented by naloxone, a nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, in the tail-pinch but not in the tail-flick test. However, U-50,488H-induced antinociception was prevented by ginseng total saponins in the tail-flick but not in the tail-pinch test. These results indicate that nonopioid mechanisms are involved in the antagonism of U-50,488H-induced antinociception by ginseng total saponins. In addition, the antagonism of U-50,488H-induced antinociception in mice pretreated with ginseng total saponins was abolished by pretreatment with a serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, but not by a noradrenaline precursor, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, in the tail-flick test. Therefore, it appears that the antagonism of U-50,488H-induced antinociception by ginseng total saponins is dependent on serotonergic mechanisms.

Blockade by ginseng extract of the development of reverse tolerance to the ambulation-accelerating effect of methamphetamine in mice

Daily repeated administration of methamphetamine (MAP) developed reverse tolerance to its ambulation-accelerating effect. After pretreatment of mice daily with ginseng extract (GE) for 5 days, concomitant injections of MAP and GE suppressed the development of reverse tolerance to the effect of MAP, although GE itself did not affect the spontaneous motor activity of the naive mice. These results provide evidence that GE may be useful for prevention and therapy of the adverse action of MAP.

Effects of beta-funaltrexamine on butorphanol dependence

The present experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the selective mu opioid receptor antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA), on the physical dependence liability of butorphanol (a mixed agonist/antagonist opioid analgesic). Butorphanol (26 nmol/microliter/h) was continuously infused via osmotic minipumps into the lateral cerebral ventricle of male Sprague-Dawley rats for 72 h. beta-FNA (12, 24, and 48 nmol/5 microliter/rat) was administered ICV 3 h prior to and 48 h after initiation of the butorphanol infusion. Treatment with beta-FNA significantly diminished naloxone-induced escape behavior, hypothermia, and loss of body weight in a dose-dependent manner, while naloxone-induced teeth-chattering, forepaw tremors, and urination were also reduced, but in a dose-independent manner. These results suggest that the mu opioid receptor is partially involved in the development of physical dependence upon butorphanol.

A non-opioid mechanism in the inhibitory effect of ginseng saponins on electrically evoked contractions of guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens

Both ginseng total saponins (GTS) and one of its constituents, protopanaxatriol saponins (PT), inhibited the electrically evoked contractions of guinea-pig ileum (GPI) in a concentration dependent manner in a range of 1-100 micrograms/ml, and this effect was irreversible at high concentrations of the saponins. Protopanaxadiol saponins (PD) had a transient and weak effect. On the other hand, in mouse vas deferens (MVD), the contractions were increased by PT and PD, however, GTS was almost without effect. The inhibitory effect of morphine was arithmetically increased by pretreatment with 100 micrograms/ml of these saponins in GPI preparations, while the inhibitory effect of the contractions was potentiated in MVD preparations. Neither the inhibition of contractions in the GPI preparation nor the facilitation of contractions in the MVD preparation by these ginseng saponins was reversed by 1 microM naloxone, in contrast to naloxone antagonism of morphine-induced contractions in both preparations. GTS and PT caused a dose-dependent inhibition of BaCl2-induced contraction of GPI. It is concluded that the mechanism on the inhibitory or facilitated effect of ginseng saponins on electrically evoked contractions in GPI and MVD preparations may be separated from the effect of opioids, and the mechanism may be based on the direct action of the saponins on smooth muscles preparations.