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Gibbs VN, Champaneria R, Sandercock J, Welton NJ, Geneen LJ, Brunskill SJ, Dorée C, Kimber C, Palmer AJ, Estcourt LJ. Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing elective hip or knee surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 1:CD013295. [PMID: 38226724 PMCID: PMC10790339 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013295.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip and knee replacement surgery is a well-established means of improving quality of life, but is associated with a significant risk of bleeding. One-third of people are estimated to be anaemic before hip or knee replacement surgery; coupled with the blood lost during surgery, up to 90% of individuals are anaemic postoperatively. As a result, people undergoing orthopaedic surgery receive 3.9% of all packed red blood cell transfusions in the UK. Bleeding and the need for allogeneic blood transfusions has been shown to increase the risk of surgical site infection and mortality, and is associated with an increased duration of hospital stay and costs associated with surgery. Reducing blood loss during surgery may reduce the risk of allogeneic blood transfusion, reduce costs and improve outcomes following surgery. Several pharmacological interventions are available and currently employed as part of routine clinical care. OBJECTIVES To determine the relative efficacy of pharmacological interventions for preventing blood loss in elective primary or revision hip or knee replacement, and to identify optimal administration of interventions regarding timing, dose and route, using network meta-analysis (NMA) methodology. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews, from inception to 18 October 2022: CENTRAL (the Cochrane Library), MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Transfusion Evidence Library (Evidentia), ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). SELECTION CRITERIA We included RCTs of people undergoing elective hip or knee surgery only. We excluded non-elective or emergency procedures, and studies published since 2010 that had not been prospectively registered (Cochrane Injuries policy). There were no restrictions on gender, ethnicity or age (adults only). We excluded studies that used standard of care as the comparator. Eligible interventions included: antifibrinolytics (tranexamic acid (TXA), aprotinin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA)), desmopressin, factor VIIa and XIII, fibrinogen, fibrin sealants and non-fibrin sealants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We performed the review according to standard Cochrane methodology. Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted data. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using CINeMA. We presented direct (pairwise) results using RevMan Web and performed the NMA using BUGSnet. We were interested in the following primary outcomes: need for allogenic blood transfusion (up to 30 days) and all-cause mortality (deaths occurring up to 30 days after the operation), and the following secondary outcomes: mean number of transfusion episodes per person (up to 30 days), re-operation due to bleeding (within seven days), length of hospital stay and adverse events related to the intervention received. MAIN RESULTS We included a total of 102 studies. Twelve studies did not report the number of included participants; the other 90 studies included 8418 participants. Trials included more women (64%) than men (36%). In the NMA for allogeneic blood transfusion, we included 47 studies (4398 participants). Most studies examined TXA (58 arms, 56%). We found that TXA, given intra-articularly and orally at a total dose of greater than 3 g pre-incision, intraoperatively and postoperatively, ranked the highest, with an anticipated absolute effect of 147 fewer blood transfusions per 1000 people (150 fewer to 104 fewer) (53% chance of ranking 1st) within the NMA (risk ratio (RR) 0.02, 95% credible interval (CrI) 0 to 0.31; moderate-certainty evidence). This was followed by TXA given orally at a total dose of 3 g pre-incision and postoperatively (RR 0.06, 95% CrI 0.00 to 1.34; low-certainty evidence) and TXA given intravenously and orally at a total dose of greater than 3 g intraoperatively and postoperatively (RR 0.10, 95% CrI 0.02 to 0.55; low-certainty evidence). Aprotinin (RR 0.59, 95% CrI 0.36 to 0.96; low-certainty evidence), topical fibrin (RR 0.86, CrI 0.25 to 2.93; very low-certainty evidence) and EACA (RR 0.60, 95% CrI 0.29 to 1.27; very low-certainty evidence) were not shown to be as effective compared with TXA at reducing the risk of blood transfusion. We were unable to perform an NMA for our primary outcome all-cause mortality within 30 days of surgery due to the large number of studies with zero events, or because the outcome was not reported. In the NMA for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), we included 19 studies (2395 participants). Most studies examined TXA (27 arms, 64%). No studies assessed desmopressin, EACA or topical fibrin. We found that TXA given intravenously and orally at a total dose of greater than 3 g intraoperatively and postoperatively ranked the highest, with an anticipated absolute effect of 67 fewer DVTs per 1000 people (67 fewer to 34 more) (26% chance of ranking first) within the NMA (RR 0.16, 95% CrI 0.02 to 1.43; low-certainty evidence). This was followed by TXA given intravenously and intra-articularly at a total dose of 2 g pre-incision and intraoperatively (RR 0.21, 95% CrI 0.00 to 9.12; low-certainty evidence) and TXA given intravenously and intra-articularly, total dose greater than 3 g pre-incision, intraoperatively and postoperatively (RR 0.13, 95% CrI 0.01 to 3.11; low-certainty evidence). Aprotinin was not shown to be as effective compared with TXA (RR 0.67, 95% CrI 0.28 to 1.62; very low-certainty evidence). We were unable to perform an NMA for our secondary outcomes pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction and CVA (stroke) within 30 days, mean number of transfusion episodes per person (up to 30 days), re-operation due to bleeding (within seven days), or length of hospital stay, due to the large number of studies with zero events, or because the outcome was not reported by enough studies to build a network. There are 30 ongoing trials planning to recruit 3776 participants, the majority examining TXA (26 trials). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found that of all the interventions studied, TXA is probably the most effective intervention for preventing bleeding in people undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery. Aprotinin and EACA may not be as effective as TXA at preventing the need for allogeneic blood transfusion. We were not able to draw strong conclusions on the optimal dose, route and timing of administration of TXA. We found that TXA given at higher doses tended to rank higher in the treatment hierarchy, and we also found that it may be more beneficial to use a mixed route of administration (oral and intra-articular, oral and intravenous, or intravenous and intra-articular). Oral administration may be as effective as intravenous administration of TXA. We found little to no evidence of harm associated with higher doses of tranexamic acid in the risk of DVT. However, we are not able to definitively draw these conclusions based on the trials included within this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N Gibbs
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Rita Champaneria
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Josie Sandercock
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicky J Welton
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Louise J Geneen
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan J Brunskill
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn Dorée
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antony Jr Palmer
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
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Hills TE, Lorenzi E, Berry LR, Shyamsundar M, Al-Beidh F, Annane D, Arabi Y, Aryal D, Au C, Beane A, Bhimani Z, Bonten M, Bradbury CA, Brunkhorst FM, Burrell A, Buxton M, Calfee CS, Cecconi M, Cheng AC, Cove ME, Detry MA, Estcourt LJ, Fitzgerald M, Goligher EC, Goossens H, Green C, Haniffa R, Harrison DA, Hashmi M, Higgins AM, Huang DT, Ichihara N, Jayakumar D, Kruger PS, Lamontagne F, Lampro L, Lawler PR, Marshall JC, Mason AJ, McGlothlin A, McGuinness S, McQuilten ZK, McVerry BJ, Mouncey PR, Murthy S, Neal MD, Nichol AD, O'Kane CM, Parke RL, Parker JC, Rabindrarajan E, Reyes LF, Rowan KM, Saito H, Santos M, Saunders CT, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Sinha P, Thompson BT, Turgeon AF, Turner AM, van de Veerdonk F, Weis S, Young IS, Zarychanski R, Lewis RJ, McArthur CJ, Angus DC, Berry SM, Derde LPG, Webb SA, Gordon AC, McAuley DF. Simvastatin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:2341-2354. [PMID: 37888913 PMCID: PMC10755839 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2309995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of simvastatin in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is unclear. METHODS In an ongoing international, multifactorial, adaptive platform, randomized, controlled trial, we evaluated simvastatin (80 mg daily) as compared with no statin (control) in critically ill patients with Covid-19 who were not receiving statins at baseline. The primary outcome was respiratory and cardiovascular organ support-free days, assessed on an ordinal scale combining in-hospital death (assigned a value of -1) and days free of organ support through day 21 in survivors; the analyis used a Bayesian hierarchical ordinal model. The adaptive design included prespecified statistical stopping criteria for superiority (>99% posterior probability that the odds ratio was >1) and futility (>95% posterior probability that the odds ratio was <1.2). RESULTS Enrollment began on October 28, 2020. On January 8, 2023, enrollment was closed on the basis of a low anticipated likelihood that prespecified stopping criteria would be met as Covid-19 cases decreased. The final analysis included 2684 critically ill patients. The median number of organ support-free days was 11 (interquartile range, -1 to 17) in the simvastatin group and 7 (interquartile range, -1 to 16) in the control group; the posterior median adjusted odds ratio was 1.15 (95% credible interval, 0.98 to 1.34) for simvastatin as compared with control, yielding a 95.9% posterior probability of superiority. At 90 days, the hazard ratio for survival was 1.12 (95% credible interval, 0.95 to 1.32), yielding a 91.9% posterior probability of superiority of simvastatin. The results of secondary analyses were consistent with those of the primary analysis. Serious adverse events, such as elevated levels of liver enzymes and creatine kinase, were reported more frequently with simvastatin than with control. CONCLUSIONS Although recruitment was stopped because cases had decreased, among critically ill patients with Covid-19, simvastatin did not meet the prespecified criteria for superiority to control. (REMAP-CAP ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02735707.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Hills
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Elizabeth Lorenzi
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Lindsay R Berry
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Murali Shyamsundar
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Farah Al-Beidh
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Djillali Annane
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Yaseen Arabi
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Diptesh Aryal
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Carly Au
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Abigail Beane
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Zahra Bhimani
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Marc Bonten
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Charlotte A Bradbury
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Frank M Brunkhorst
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Aidan Burrell
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Meredith Buxton
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Maurizio Cecconi
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Allen C Cheng
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Matthew E Cove
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Michelle A Detry
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Mark Fitzgerald
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Ewan C Goligher
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Herman Goossens
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Cameron Green
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Rashan Haniffa
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - David A Harrison
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Madiha Hashmi
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Alisa M Higgins
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - David T Huang
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Nao Ichihara
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Deva Jayakumar
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Peter S Kruger
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - François Lamontagne
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Lamprini Lampro
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Patrick R Lawler
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - John C Marshall
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Alexina J Mason
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Anna McGlothlin
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Shay McGuinness
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Zoe K McQuilten
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Paul R Mouncey
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Matthew D Neal
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Alistair D Nichol
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Cecilia M O'Kane
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Rachael L Parke
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Jane C Parker
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Ebenezer Rabindrarajan
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Luis F Reyes
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Kathryn M Rowan
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Hiroki Saito
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Marlene Santos
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Christina T Saunders
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Christopher W Seymour
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Pratik Sinha
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - B Taylor Thompson
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Anne M Turner
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Frank van de Veerdonk
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Sebastian Weis
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Ian S Young
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Roger J Lewis
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Colin J McArthur
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Derek C Angus
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Scott M Berry
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Lennie P G Derde
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Steve A Webb
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Anthony C Gordon
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- From the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, A.M.T., C.J.M.), and Middlemore Hospital (T.E.H.), Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital (T.E.H., S. McGuinness, R.L.P., C.J.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland - all in New Zealand; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (E.L., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.M.B.); Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast (M. Shyamsundar, C.M.O., D.F.M.), the Department of Critical Care, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (M. Shyamsundar, D.F.M.), and the Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, and the Department of Health (I.S.Y.), Belfast, Imperial College London (F.A.-B., A.C.G.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (C.A., D.A.H., L.L., A.J.M., P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospitals (R.H.), and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G.), London, the Institute for Regeneration and Repair (A. Beane) and the Centre for Inflammation Research (R.H., M.S.-H.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, and Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford (L.J.E.) - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Prometheus, University Paris-Saclay, the Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, the Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation-Unité 173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris-Saclay, INSERM, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavor to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis) - all in Garches, France (D. Annane); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.A.); Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand (D. Aryal, A. Beane); Unity Health Toronto (Z.B., J.C.M., M. Santos), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (E.C.G.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L.), and Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research (J.C.M.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (P.R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), the Population Health and Optimal Practices Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City (A.F.T.), and the University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M. Bonten, L.P.G.D.) and the Intensive Care Center (L.P.G.D.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, and the European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (M. Bonten), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (F.V.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (F.M.B., S.W.) and the Institute for Infection Disease and Infection Control (S.W.), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (S.W.) - both in Jena, Germany; the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (A. Burrell, A.C.C., C.G., A.M.H., Z.K.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., C.J.M., S.A.W.) and the School of Clinical Sciences (A.C.C.), Monash University, Alfred Hospital (A. Burrell, A.D.N.), and Monash Health (A.C.C., Z.K.M.), Melbourne, VIC, the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, and the Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane (P.S.K.), and St. John of God Health Care, Perth, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur (M. Buxton), the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (C.S.C.), and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.) - all in California; the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan (M.C.); National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore (M.E.C.); Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital (D.J.) and Apollo Speciality Hospitals (E.R.) - both in Chennai, India; the University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (H.G.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-MORU, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan (M.H.); the University of Pittsburgh (D.T.H., B.J.M., M.D.N., C.W.S., D.C.A.) and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (D.T.H., B.J.M.) - both in Pittsburgh; Jikei University School of Medicine and the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (N.I.), and St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama (H.S.) - all in Japan; University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin (A.D.N.); Universidad de La Sabana and Clínica Universidad de La Sabana - both in Chia, Colombia (L.F.R.); the Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (P.S.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)
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3
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Sanderson BJ, Field JD, Kocaballi AB, Estcourt LJ, Magrabi F, Wood EM, Coiera E. Clinical decision support versus a paper-based protocol for massive transfusion: Impact on decision outcomes in a simulation study. Transfusion 2023; 63:2225-2233. [PMID: 37921017 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of major hemorrhage frequently requires massive transfusion (MT) support, which should be delivered effectively and efficiently. We have previously developed a clinical decision support system (CDS) for MT using a multicenter multidisciplinary user-centered design study. Here we examine its impact when administering a MT. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a randomized simulation trial to compare a CDS for MT with a paper-based MT protocol for the management of simulated hemorrhage. A total of 44 specialist physicians, trainees (residents), and nurses were recruited across critical care to participate in two 20-min simulated bleeding scenarios. The primary outcome was the decision velocity (correct decisions per hour) and overall task completion. Secondary outcomes included cognitive workload and System Usability Scale (SUS). RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in decision velocity for CDS-based management (mean 8.5 decisions per hour) compared to paper based (mean 6.9 decisions per hour; p .003, 95% CI 0.6-2.6). There was no significant difference in the overall task completion using CDS-based management (mean 13.3) compared to paper-based (mean 13.2; p .92, 95% CI -1.2-1.3). Cognitive workload was statistically significantly lower using the CDS compared to the paper protocol (mean 57.1 vs. mean 64.5, p .005, 95% CI 2.4-12.5). CDS usability was assessed as a SUS score of 82.5 (IQR 75-87.5). DISCUSSION Compared to paper-based management, CDS-based MT supports more time-efficient decision-making by users with limited CDS training and achieves similar overall task completion while reducing cognitive load. Clinical implementation will determine whether the benefits demonstrated translate to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton J Sanderson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Field
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ahmet B Kocaballi
- School of Computer Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Farah Magrabi
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erica M Wood
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Enrico Coiera
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Adhikari NKJ, Hashmi M, Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan BK, Haniffa R, Beane A, Webb SA, Angus DC, Gordon AC, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Berry LR, Lorenzi E, Mouncey PR, Au C, Pinto R, Ménard J, Sprague S, Masse MH, Huang DT, Heyland DK, Nichol AD, McArthur CJ, de Man A, Al-Beidh F, Annane D, Anstey M, Arabi YM, Battista MC, Berry S, Bhimani Z, Bonten MJM, Bradbury CA, Brant EB, Brunkhorst FM, Burrell A, Buxton M, Cecconi M, Cheng AC, Cohen D, Cove ME, Day AG, Derde LPG, Detry MA, Estcourt LJ, Fagbodun EO, Fitzgerald M, Goossens H, Green C, Higgins AM, Hills TE, Ichihara N, Jayakumar D, Kanji S, Khoso MN, Lawler PR, Lewis RJ, Litton E, Marshall JC, McAuley DF, McGlothlin A, McGuinness SP, McQuilten ZK, McVerry BJ, Murthy S, Parke RL, Parker JC, Reyes LF, Rowan KM, Saito H, Salahuddin N, Santos MS, Saunders CT, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Tolppa T, Trapani T, Turgeon AF, Turner AM, Udy AA, van de Veerdonk FL, Zarychanski R, Lamontagne F. Intravenous Vitamin C for Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: Two Harmonized Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA 2023; 330:1745-1759. [PMID: 37877585 PMCID: PMC10600726 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Importance The efficacy of vitamin C for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is uncertain. Objective To determine whether vitamin C improves outcomes for patients with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants Two prospectively harmonized randomized clinical trials enrolled critically ill patients receiving organ support in intensive care units (90 sites) and patients who were not critically ill (40 sites) between July 23, 2020, and July 15, 2022, on 4 continents. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive vitamin C administered intravenously or control (placebo or no vitamin C) every 6 hours for 96 hours (maximum of 16 doses). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was a composite of organ support-free days defined as days alive and free of respiratory and cardiovascular organ support in the intensive care unit up to day 21 and survival to hospital discharge. Values ranged from -1 organ support-free days for patients experiencing in-hospital death to 22 organ support-free days for those who survived without needing organ support. The primary analysis used a bayesian cumulative logistic model. An odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 represented efficacy (improved survival, more organ support-free days, or both), an OR less than 1 represented harm, and an OR less than 1.2 represented futility. Results Enrollment was terminated after statistical triggers for harm and futility were met. The trials had primary outcome data for 1568 critically ill patients (1037 in the vitamin C group and 531 in the control group; median age, 60 years [IQR, 50-70 years]; 35.9% were female) and 1022 patients who were not critically ill (456 in the vitamin C group and 566 in the control group; median age, 62 years [IQR, 51-72 years]; 39.6% were female). Among critically ill patients, the median number of organ support-free days was 7 (IQR, -1 to 17 days) for the vitamin C group vs 10 (IQR, -1 to 17 days) for the control group (adjusted proportional OR, 0.88 [95% credible interval {CrI}, 0.73 to 1.06]) and the posterior probabilities were 8.6% (efficacy), 91.4% (harm), and 99.9% (futility). Among patients who were not critically ill, the median number of organ support-free days was 22 (IQR, 18 to 22 days) for the vitamin C group vs 22 (IQR, 21 to 22 days) for the control group (adjusted proportional OR, 0.80 [95% CrI, 0.60 to 1.01]) and the posterior probabilities were 2.9% (efficacy), 97.1% (harm), and greater than 99.9% (futility). Among critically ill patients, survival to hospital discharge was 61.9% (642/1037) for the vitamin C group vs 64.6% (343/531) for the control group (adjusted OR, 0.92 [95% CrI, 0.73 to 1.17]) and the posterior probability was 24.0% for efficacy. Among patients who were not critically ill, survival to hospital discharge was 85.1% (388/456) for the vitamin C group vs 86.6% (490/566) for the control group (adjusted OR, 0.86 [95% CrI, 0.61 to 1.17]) and the posterior probability was 17.8% for efficacy. Conclusions and Relevance In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, vitamin C had low probability of improving the primary composite outcome of organ support-free days and hospital survival. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT04401150 (LOVIT-COVID) and NCT02735707 (REMAP-CAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill K J Adhikari
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madiha Hashmi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Rashan Haniffa
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abi Beane
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Steve A Webb
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- St John of God Health Care, Perth, Australia
| | - Derek C Angus
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony C Gordon
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, England
- St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Deborah J Cook
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon H Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Paul R Mouncey
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England
| | - Carly Au
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England
| | - Ruxandra Pinto
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Ménard
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila Sprague
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Masse
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - David T Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daren K Heyland
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alistair D Nichol
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colin J McArthur
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angelique de Man
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Djillali Annane
- UVSQ University Paris Saclay, Institut-Hospitalo Universitaire Prometheus, Paris, France
- Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Matthew Anstey
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marie-Claude Battista
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Zahra Bhimani
- St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc J M Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Emily B Brant
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank M Brunkhorst
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Aidan Burrell
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meredith Buxton
- Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur, California
| | - Maurizio Cecconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Monash Infectious Disease, Monash Health and School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dian Cohen
- Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew E Cove
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew G Day
- Kingston Health Sciences Centre and Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lennie P G Derde
- European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Intensive Care Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lise J Estcourt
- Department of Haematology, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, England
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | | | | | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cameron Green
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alisa M Higgins
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Nao Ichihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Salmaan Kanji
- Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Patrick R Lawler
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Edward Litton
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Department of Intensive Care Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - John C Marshall
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Shay P McGuinness
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington
- Auckland City Hospital, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland, New Zealand
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Bryan J McVerry
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rachael L Parke
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington
- Auckland City Hospital, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Nursing, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane C Parker
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Luis Felipe Reyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
| | - Kathryn M Rowan
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nawal Salahuddin
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Marlene S Santos
- Department of Critical Care, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Christopher W Seymour
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Timo Tolppa
- National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Tony Trapani
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, Departments of Traumatology, Emergency Medicine, and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval Research Center, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne M Turner
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington
| | - Andrew A Udy
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ryan Zarychanski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - François Lamontagne
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Roy NB, Carpenter A, Dale-Harris I, Dorée C, Estcourt LJ. Interventions for chronic kidney disease in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 8:CD012380. [PMID: 37539955 PMCID: PMC10404133 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012380.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD), one of the commonest severe monogenic disorders, is caused by the inheritance of two abnormal haemoglobin (beta-globin) genes. SCD can cause severe pain, significant end-organ damage, pulmonary complications, and premature death. Kidney disease is a frequent and potentially severe complication in people with SCD. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for more than three months. Sickle cell nephropathy refers to the spectrum of kidney complications in SCD. Glomerular damage is a cause of microalbuminuria and can develop at an early age in children with SCD, with increased prevalence in adulthood. In people with sickle cell nephropathy, outcomes are poor as a result of the progression to proteinuria and chronic kidney insufficiency. Up to 12% of people who develop sickle cell nephropathy will develop end-stage renal disease. This is an update of a review first published in 2017. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of any intervention for preventing or reducing kidney complications or chronic kidney disease in people with sickle cell disease. Possible interventions include red blood cell transfusions, hydroxyurea, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), either alone or in combination. SEARCH METHODS We searched for relevant trials in the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, seven other databases, and two other trials registers. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing interventions to prevent or reduce kidney complications or CKD in people with SCD. We applied no restrictions related to outcomes examined, language, or publication status. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias, and assessed the certainty of the evidence (GRADE). MAIN RESULTS We included three RCTs with 385 participants. We rated the certainty of the evidence as low to very low across different outcomes according to GRADE methodology, downgrading for risk of bias concerns, indirectness, and imprecision. Hydroxyurea versus placebo One RCT published in 2011 compared hydroxyurea to placebo in 193 children aged nine to 18 months. We are unsure if hydroxyurea compared to placebo reduces or prevents progression of kidney disease assessed by change in glomerular filtration rate (mean difference (MD) 0.58 mL/min /1.73 m2, 95% confidence interval (CI) -14.60 to 15.76; 142 participants; very low certainty). Hydroxyurea compared to placebo may improve the ability to concentrate urine (MD 42.23 mOsm/kg, 95% CI 12.14 to 72.32; 178 participants; low certainty), and may make little or no difference to SCD-related serious adverse events, including acute chest syndrome (risk ratio (RR) 0.39, 99% CI 0.13 to 1.16; 193 participants; low certainty), painful crisis (RR 0.68, 99% CI 0.45 to 1.02; 193 participants; low certainty); and hospitalisations (RR 0.83, 99% CI 0.68 to 1.01; 193 participants; low certainty). No deaths occurred in either trial arm and the RCT did not report quality of life. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus placebo One RCT published in 1998 compared an ACEI (captopril) to placebo in 22 adults with normal blood pressure and microalbuminuria. We are unsure if captopril compared to placebo reduces proteinuria (MD -49.00 mg/day, 95% CI -124.10 to 26.10; 22 participants; very low certainty). We are unsure if captopril reduces or prevents kidney disease as measured by creatinine clearance; the trial authors stated that creatinine clearance remained constant over six months in both groups, but provided no comparative data (very low certainty). The RCT did not report serious adverse events, all-cause mortality, or quality of life. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus vitamin C One RCT published in 2020 compared an ACEI (lisinopril) with vitamin C in 170 children aged one to 18 years with normal blood pressure and microalbuminuria. It reported no data we could analyse. We are unsure if lisinopril compared to vitamin C reduces proteinuria in this population: the large drop in microalbuminuria in both arms of the trial after only one month on treatment may have been due to an overestimation of microalbuminuria at baseline rather than a true effect. The RCT did not report serious adverse events, all-cause mortality, or quality of life. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are unsure if hydroxyurea improves glomerular filtration rate or reduces hyperfiltration in children aged nine to 18 months, but it may improve their ability to concentrate urine and may make little or no difference to the incidence of acute chest syndrome, painful crises, and hospitalisations. We are unsure if ACEI compared to placebo has any effect on preventing or reducing kidney complications in adults with normal blood pressure and microalbuminuria. We are unsure if ACEI compared to vitamin C has any effect on preventing or reducing kidney complications in children with normal blood pressure and microalbuminuria. No RCTs assessed red blood cell transfusions or any combined interventions to prevent or reduce kidney complications. Due to lack of evidence, we cannot comment on the management of children aged over 18 months or adults with any known genotype of SCD. We have identified a lack of adequately designed and powered studies, although we found four ongoing trials since the last version of this review. Only one ongoing trial addresses renal function as a primary outcome in the short term, but such interventions have long-term effects. Trials of hydroxyurea, ACEIs or red blood cell transfusion in older children and adults are urgently needed to determine any effect on prevention or reduction of kidney complications in people with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ba Roy
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Carolyn Dorée
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
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Fischer AL, Messer S, Riera R, Martimbianco ALC, Stegemann M, Estcourt LJ, Weibel S, Monsef I, Andreas M, Pacheco RL, Skoetz N. Antiplatelet agents for the treatment of adults with COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 7:CD015078. [PMID: 37489818 PMCID: PMC10368416 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause thrombotic events that lead to severe complications or death. Antiplatelet agents, such as acetylsalicylic acid, have been shown to effectively reduce thrombotic events in other diseases: they could influence the course of COVID-19 in general. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of antiplatelets given with standard care compared to no treatment or standard care (with/without placebo) for adults with COVID-19. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register (which comprises MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, medRxiv, CENTRAL), Web of Science, WHO COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease and the Epistemonikos COVID-19 L*OVE Platform to identify completed and ongoing studies without language restrictions to December 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating antiplatelet agents for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults with COVID-19, irrespective of disease severity, gender or ethnicity. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 2) for RCTs. We rated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach for the outcomes. MAIN RESULTS Antiplatelets plus standard care versus standard care (with/without placebo) Adults with a confirmed diagnosis of moderate to severe COVID-19 We included four studies (17,541 participants) that recruited hospitalised people with a confirmed diagnosis of moderate to severe COVID-19. A total of 8964 participants were analysed in the antiplatelet arm (either with cyclooxygenase inhibitors or P2Y12 inhibitors) and 8577 participants in the control arm. Most people were older than 50 years and had comorbidities such as hypertension, lung disease or diabetes. The studies were conducted in high- to lower middle-income countries prior to wide-scale vaccination programmes. Antiplatelets compared to standard care: - probably result in little to no difference in 28-day mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85 to 1.05; 3 studies, 17,249 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). In absolute terms, this means that for every 177 deaths per 1000 people not receiving antiplatelets, there were 168 deaths per 1000 people who did receive the intervention (95% CI 151 to 186 per 1000 people); - probably result in little to no difference in worsening (new need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death up to day 28) (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.01; 2 studies, 15,266 participants; moderate-certainty evidence); - probably result in little to no difference in improvement (participants discharged alive up to day 28) (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.04; 2 studies, 15,454 participants; moderate-certainty evidence); - probably result in a slight reduction of thrombotic events at longest follow-up (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.02; 4 studies, 17,518 participants; moderate-certainty evidence); - may result in a slight increase in serious adverse events at longest follow-up (Peto odds ratio (OR) 1.57, 95% CI 0.48 to 5.14; 1 study, 1815 participants; low-certainty evidence), but non-serious adverse events during study treatment were not reported; - probably increase the occurrence of major bleeding events at longest follow-up (Peto OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.19; 4 studies, 17,527 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Adults with a confirmed diagnosis of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection or mild COVID-19 We included two RCTs allocating participants, of whom 4209 had confirmed mild COVID-19 and were not hospitalised. A total of 2109 participants were analysed in the antiplatelet arm (treated with acetylsalicylic acid) and 2100 participants in the control arm. No study included people with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antiplatelets compared to standard care: - may result in little to no difference in all-cause mortality at day 45 (Peto OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.45 to 2.22; 2 studies, 4209 participants; low-certainty evidence); - may slightly decrease the incidence of new thrombotic events up to day 45 (Peto OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.09 to 1.46; 2 studies, 4209 participants; low-certainty evidence); - may make little or no difference to the incidence of serious adverse events up to day 45 (Peto OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.64; 1 study, 3881 participants; low-certainty evidence), but non-serious adverse events were not reported. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of antiplatelets on the following outcomes (compared to standard care plus placebo): - admission to hospital or death up to day 45 (Peto OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.10; 2 studies, 4209 participants; very low-certainty evidence); - major bleeding events up to longest follow-up (no event occurred in 328 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Quality of life and adverse events during study treatment were not reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In people with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 and moderate to severe disease, we found moderate-certainty evidence that antiplatelets probably result in little to no difference in 28-day mortality, clinical worsening or improvement, but probably result in a slight reduction in thrombotic events. They probably increase the occurrence of major bleeding events. Low-certainty evidence suggests that antiplatelets may result in a slight increase in serious adverse events. In people with confirmed COVID-19 and mild symptoms, we found low-certainty evidence that antiplatelets may result in little to no difference in 45-day mortality and serious adverse events, and may slightly reduce thrombotic events. The effects on the combined outcome admission to hospital or death up to day 45 and major bleeding events are very uncertain. Quality of life was not reported. Included studies were conducted in high- to lower middle-income settings using antiplatelets prior to vaccination roll-outs. We identified a lack of evidence concerning quality of life assessments, adverse events and people with asymptomatic infection. The 14 ongoing and three completed, unpublished RCTs that we identified in trial registries address similar settings and research questions as in the current body of evidence. We expect to incorporate the findings of these studies in future versions of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Fischer
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive care, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Messer
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rachel Riera
- Cochrane Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Cochrane, Petrópolis, Brazil
- Center of Health Technology Assessment, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde Baseada em Evidências, Avaliação Tecnológica em Saúde e Eduação em Saúde (NEP-Sbeats), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza C Martimbianco
- Cochrane Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Cochrane, Petrópolis, Brazil
- Center of Health Technology Assessment, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos, Brazil
| | - Miriam Stegemann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Weibel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marike Andreas
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rafael L Pacheco
- Center of Health Technology Assessment, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde Baseada em Evidências, Avaliação Tecnológica em Saúde e Eduação em Saúde (NEP-Sbeats), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Médica, Centro Universitário São Camilo (CUSC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Estcourt LJ, Stanworth SJ, Griffin XL. Interventions for reducing red blood cell transfusion in adults undergoing hip fracture surgery: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 6:CD013737. [PMID: 37294864 PMCID: PMC10249061 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013737.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following hip fracture, people sustain an acute blood loss caused by the injury and subsequent surgery. Because the majority of hip fractures occur in older adults, blood loss may be compounded by pre-existing anaemia. Allogenic blood transfusions (ABT) may be given before, during, and after surgery to correct chronic anaemia or acute blood loss. However, there is uncertainty about the benefit-risk ratio for ABT. This is a potentially scarce resource, with availability of blood products sometimes uncertain. Other strategies from Patient Blood Management may prevent or minimise blood loss and avoid administration of ABT. OBJECTIVES To summarise the evidence from Cochrane Reviews and other systematic reviews of randomised or quasi-randomised trials evaluating the effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, administered perioperatively, on reducing blood loss, anaemia, and the need for ABT in adults undergoing hip fracture surgery. METHODS In January 2022, we searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, and five other databases for systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions given to prevent or minimise blood loss, treat the effects of anaemia, and reduce the need for ABT, in adults undergoing hip fracture surgery. We searched for pharmacological interventions (fibrinogen, factor VIIa and factor XIII, desmopressin, antifibrinolytics, fibrin and non-fibrin sealants and glue, agents to reverse the effects of anticoagulants, erythropoiesis agents, iron, vitamin B12, and folate replacement therapy) and non-pharmacological interventions (surgical approaches to reduce or manage blood loss, intraoperative cell salvage and autologous blood transfusion, temperature management, and oxygen therapy). We used Cochrane methodology, and assessed the methodological quality of included reviews using AMSTAR 2. We assessed the degree of overlap of RCTs between reviews. Because overlap was very high, we used a hierarchical approach to select reviews from which to report data; we compared the findings of selected reviews with findings from the other reviews. Outcomes were: number of people requiring ABT, volume of transfused blood (measured as units of packed red blood cells (PRC)), postoperative delirium, adverse events, activities of daily living (ADL), health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and mortality. MAIN RESULTS We found 26 systematic reviews including 36 RCTs (3923 participants), which only evaluated tranexamic acid and iron. We found no reviews of other pharmacological interventions or any non-pharmacological interventions. Tranexamic acid (17 reviews, 29 eligible RCTs) We selected reviews with the most recent search date, and which included data for the most outcomes. The methodological quality of these reviews was low. However, the findings were largely consistent across reviews. One review included 24 RCTs, with participants who had internal fixation or arthroplasty for different types of hip fracture. Tranexamic acid was given intravenously or topically during the perioperative period. In this review, based on a control group risk of 451 people per 1000, 194 fewer people per 1000 probably require ABT after receiving tranexamic acid (risk ratio (RR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46 to 0.68; 21 studies, 2148 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). We downgraded the certainty for possible publication bias. Review authors found that there was probably little or no difference in the risks of adverse events, reported as deep vein thrombosis (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.81; 22 studies), pulmonary embolism (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.36 to 2.86; 9 studies), myocardial infarction (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.23 to 4.33; 8 studies), cerebrovascular accident (RR 1.45, 95% CI 0.56 to 3.70; 8 studies), or death (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.46; 10 studies). We judged evidence from these outcomes to be moderate certainty, downgraded for imprecision. Another review, with a similarly broad inclusion criteria, included 10 studies, and found that tranexamic acid probably reduces the volume of transfused PRC (0.53 fewer units, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.80; 7 studies, 813 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). We downgraded the certainty because of unexplained high levels of statistical heterogeneity. No reviews reported outcomes of postoperative delirium, ADL, or HRQoL. Iron (9 reviews, 7 eligible RCTs) Whilst all reviews included studies in hip fracture populations, most also included other surgical populations. The most current, direct evidence was reported in two RCTs, with 403 participants with hip fracture; iron was given intravenously, starting preoperatively. This review did not include evidence for iron with erythropoietin. The methodological quality of this review was low. In this review, there was low-certainty evidence from two studies (403 participants) that there may be little or no difference according to whether intravenous iron was given in: the number of people who required ABT (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.11), the volume of transfused blood (MD -0.07 units of PRC, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.17), infection (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.80), or mortality within 30 days (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.13). There may be little or no difference in delirium (25 events in the iron group compared to 26 events in control group; 1 study, 303 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are very unsure whether there was any difference in HRQoL, since it was reported without an effect estimate. The findings were largely consistent across reviews. We downgraded the evidence for imprecision, because studies included few participants, and the wide CIs indicated possible benefit and harm. No reviews reported outcomes of cognitive dysfunction, ADL, or HRQoL. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Tranexamic acid probably reduces the need for ABT in adults undergoing hip fracture surgery, and there is probably little or no difference in adverse events. For iron, there may be little or no difference in overall clinical effects, but this finding is limited by evidence from only a few small studies. Reviews of these treatments did not adequately include patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS), and evidence for their effectiveness remains incomplete. We were unable to effectively explore the impact of timing and route of administration between reviews. A lack of systematic reviews for other types of pharmacological or any non-pharmacological interventions to reduce the need for ABT indicates a need for further evidence syntheses to explore this. Methodologically sound evidence syntheses should include PROMS within four months of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Lewis
- Bone and Joint Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael W Pritchard
- Bone and Joint Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Stanworth
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xavier L Griffin
- Trauma & Orthopaedics Surgery Group, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- The Royal London Hospital Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Gibbs VN, Geneen LJ, Champaneria R, Raval P, Dorée C, Brunskill SJ, Novak A, Palmer AJ, Estcourt LJ. Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or joint replacement for hip, pelvic and long bone fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 6:CD013499. [PMID: 37272509 PMCID: PMC10241722 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013499.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pelvic, hip, and long bone fractures can result in significant bleeding at the time of injury, with further blood loss if they are treated with surgical fixation. People undergoing surgery are therefore at risk of requiring a blood transfusion and may be at risk of peri-operative anaemia. Pharmacological interventions for blood conservation may reduce the risk of requiring an allogeneic blood transfusion and associated complications. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of different pharmacological interventions for reducing blood loss in definitive surgical fixation of the hip, pelvic, and long bones. SEARCH METHODS We used a predefined search strategy to search CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Transfusion Evidence Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) from inception to 7 April 2022, without restrictions on language, year, or publication status. We handsearched reference lists of included trials to identify further relevant trials. We contacted authors of ongoing trials to acquire any unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of people who underwent trauma (non-elective) surgery for definitive fixation of hip, pelvic, and long bone (pelvis, tibia, femur, humerus, radius, ulna and clavicle) fractures only. There were no restrictions on gender, ethnicity, or age. We excluded planned (elective) procedures (e.g. scheduled total hip arthroplasty), and studies published since 2010 that had not been prospectively registered. Eligible interventions included: antifibrinolytics (tranexamic acid, aprotinin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid), desmopressin, factor VIIa and XIII, fibrinogen, fibrin sealants, and non-fibrin sealants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted data. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. We did not perform a network meta-analysis due to lack of data. MAIN RESULTS We included 13 RCTs (929 participants), published between 2005 and 2021. Three trials did not report any of our predefined outcomes and so were not included in quantitative analyses (all were tranexamic acid versus placebo). We identified three comparisons of interest: intravenous tranexamic acid versus placebo; topical tranexamic acid versus placebo; and recombinant factor VIIa versus placebo. We rated the certainty of evidence as very low to low across all outcomes. Comparison 1. Intravenous tranexamic acid versus placebo Intravenous tranexamic acid compared to placebo may reduce the risk of requiring an allogeneic blood transfusion up to 30 days (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.69; 6 RCTs, 457 participants; low-certainty evidence) and may result in little to no difference in all-cause mortality (Peto odds ratio (Peto OR) 0.38, 95% CI 0.05 to 2.77; 2 RCTs, 147 participants; low-certainty evidence). It may result in little to no difference in risk of participants experiencing myocardial infarction (risk difference (RD) 0.00, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.03; 2 RCTs, 199 participants; low-certainty evidence), and cerebrovascular accident/stroke (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.02; 3 RCTs, 324 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain if there is a difference between groups for risk of deep vein thrombosis (Peto OR 2.15, 95% CI 0.22 to 21.35; 4 RCTs, 329 participants, very low-certainty evidence), pulmonary embolism (Peto OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.07 to 17.66; 4 RCTs, 329 participants; very low-certainty evidence), and suspected serious drug reactions (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.03; 2 RCTs, 185 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No data were available for number of red blood cell units transfused, reoperation, or acute transfusion reaction. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence for imprecision (wide confidence intervals around the estimate and small sample size, particularly for rare events), and risk of bias (unclear or high risk methods of blinding and allocation concealment in the assessment of subjective measures), and upgraded the evidence for transfusion requirement for a large effect. Comparison 2. Topical tranexamic acid versus placebo We are uncertain if there is a difference between topical tranexamic acid and placebo for risk of requiring an allogeneic blood transfusion (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.22; 2 RCTs, 101 participants), all-cause mortality (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.10; 1 RCT, 36 participants), risk of participants experiencing myocardial infarction (Peto OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.00 to 7.62; 1 RCT, 36 participants), cerebrovascular accident/stroke (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.06; 1 RCT, 65 participants); and deep vein thrombosis (Peto OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.07 to 17.77; 2 RCTs, 101 participants). All outcomes reported were very low-certainty evidence. No data were available for number of red blood cell units transfused, reoperation, incidence of pulmonary embolism, acute transfusion reaction, or suspected serious drug reactions. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence for imprecision (wide confidence intervals around the estimate and small sample size, particularly for rare events), inconsistency (moderate heterogeneity), and risk of bias (unclear or high risk methods of blinding and allocation concealment in the assessment of subjective measures, and high risk of attrition and reporting biases in one trial). Comparison 3. Recombinant factor VIIa versus placebo Only one RCT of 48 participants reported data for recombinant factor VIIa versus placebo, so we have not presented the results here. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We cannot draw conclusions from the current evidence due to lack of data. Most published studies included in our analyses assessed the use of tranexamic acid (compared to placebo, or using different routes of administration). We identified 27 prospectively registered ongoing RCTs (total target recruitment of 4177 participants by end of 2023). The ongoing trials create six new comparisons: tranexamic acid (tablet + injection) versus placebo; intravenous tranexamic acid versus oral tranexamic acid; topical tranexamic acid versus oral tranexamic acid; different intravenous tranexamic acid dosing regimes; topical tranexamic acid versus topical fibrin glue; and fibrinogen (injection) versus placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N Gibbs
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise J Geneen
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rita Champaneria
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parag Raval
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Specialist Registrar, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Carolyn Dorée
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan J Brunskill
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Novak
- Emergency Medicine Research Oxford (EMROx), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Antony Jr Palmer
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
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Iannizzi C, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Valk SJ, Kimber C, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Jindal A, Cryns N, Estcourt LJ, Kreuzberger N, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 5:CD013600. [PMID: 37162745 PMCID: PMC10171886 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013600.pub6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and is being investigated as a potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding benefits and risks of this intervention is required. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma transfusion in the treatment of people with COVID-19; and to maintain the currency of the evidence using a living systematic review approach. SEARCH METHODS To identify completed and ongoing studies, we searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, and the Epistemonikos COVID-19 L*OVE Platform. We searched monthly until 03 March 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating convalescent plasma for COVID-19, irrespective of disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. We excluded studies that included populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)), as well as studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies we used RoB 2. We used the GRADE approach to rate the certainty of evidence for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality at up to day 28, worsening and improvement of clinical status (for individuals with moderate to severe disease), hospital admission or death, COVID-19 symptoms resolution (for individuals with mild disease), quality of life, grade 3 or 4 adverse events, and serious adverse events. MAIN RESULTS In this fourth review update version, we included 33 RCTs with 24,861 participants, of whom 11,432 received convalescent plasma. Of these, nine studies are single-centre studies and 24 are multi-centre studies. Fourteen studies took place in America, eight in Europe, three in South-East Asia, two in Africa, two in western Pacific and three in eastern Mediterranean regions and one in multiple regions. We identified a further 49 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma, and 33 studies reporting as being completed. Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and moderate to severe disease 29 RCTs investigated the use of convalescent plasma for 22,728 participants with moderate to severe disease. 23 RCTs with 22,020 participants compared convalescent plasma to placebo or standard care alone, five compared to standard plasma and one compared to human immunoglobulin. We evaluate subgroups on detection of antibodies detection, symptom onset, country income groups and several co-morbidities in the full text. Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone Convalescent plasma does not reduce all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92 to 1.03; 220 per 1000; 21 RCTs, 19,021 participants; high-certainty evidence). It has little to no impact on need for invasive mechanical ventilation, or death (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.11; 296 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 14,477 participants; high-certainty evidence) and has no impact on whether participants are discharged from hospital (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.02; 665 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 12,721 participants; high-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may have little to no impact on quality of life (MD 1.00, 95% CI -2.14 to 4.14; 1 RCT, 483 participants; low-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may have little to no impact on the risk of grades 3 and 4 adverse events (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.42; 212 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 2392 participants; low-certainty evidence). It has probably little to no effect on the risk of serious adverse events (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.44; 135 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 3901 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces or increases all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.19; 129 per 1000; 4 RCTs, 484 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces or increases the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, or death (RR 5.59, 95% CI 0.29 to 108.38; 311 per 1000; 1 study, 34 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and whether it reduces or increases the risk of serious adverse events (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.15; 236 per 1000; 3 RCTs, 327 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. Convalescent plasma versus human immunoglobulin Convalescent plasma may have little to no effect on all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.50; 464 per 1000; 1 study, 190 participants; low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mild disease We identified two RCTs reporting on 536 participants, comparing convalescent plasma to placebo or standard care alone, and two RCTs reporting on 1597 participants with mild disease, comparing convalescent plasma to standard plasma. Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (odds ratio (OR) 0.36, 95% CI 0.09 to 1.46; 8 per 1000; 2 RCTs, 536 participants; very low-certainty evidence). It may have little to no effect on admission to hospital or death within 28 days (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.84; 117 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence), on time to COVID-19 symptom resolution (hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.30; 483 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence), on the risk of grades 3 and 4 adverse events (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.75 to 2.19; 144 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence) and the risk of serious adverse events (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.94; 133 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.75; 2 per 1000; 2 RCTs, 1597 participants; very low-certainty evidence). It probably reduces admission to hospital or death within 28 days (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.75; 36 per 1000; 2 RCTs, 1595 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may have little to no effect on initial symptom resolution at up to day 28 (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.27; 1 RCT, 416 participants; low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. This is a living systematic review. We search monthly for new evidence and update the review when we identify relevant new evidence. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone, our certainty in the evidence that convalescent plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease does not reduce mortality and has little to no impact on clinical improvement or worsening is high. It probably has little to no effect on SAEs. For individuals with mild disease, we have very-low to low certainty evidence for most primary outcomes and moderate certainty for hospital admission or death. There are 49 ongoing studies, and 33 studies reported as complete in a trials registry. Publication of ongoing studies might resolve some of the uncertainties around convalescent plasma therapy for people with asymptomatic or mild disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Iannizzi
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aikaj Jindal
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, SPS Hospitals, Ludhiana (Punjab), India
| | - Nora Cryns
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nina Kreuzberger
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Desmarets M, Hoffmann S, Vauchy C, Rijnders BJA, Toussirot E, Durrbach A, Körper S, Schrezenmeier E, van der Schoot CE, Harvala H, Brunotte G, Appl T, Seifried E, Tiberghien P, Bradshaw D, Roberts DJ, Estcourt LJ, Schrezenmeier H. Early, very high-titre convalescent plasma therapy in clinically vulnerable individuals with mild COVID-19 (COVIC-19): protocol for a randomised, open-label trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071277. [PMID: 37105693 PMCID: PMC10151238 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) is a possible treatment option for COVID-19. A comprehensive number of clinical trials on CCP efficacy have already been conducted. However, many aspects of CCP treatment still require investigations: in particular (1) Optimisation of the CCP product, (2) Identification of the patient population in need and most likely to benefit from this treatment approach, (3) Timing of administration and (4) CCP efficacy across viral variants in vivo. We aimed to test whether high-titre CCP, administered early, is efficacious in preventing hospitalisation or death in high-risk patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS COVIC-19 is a multicentre, randomised, open-label, adaptive superiority phase III trial comparing CCP with very high neutralising antibody titre administered within 7 days of symptom onset plus standard of care versus standard of care alone. We will enrol patients in two cohorts of vulnerable patients [(1) elderly 70+ years, or younger with comorbidities; (2) immunocompromised patients]. Up to 1020 participants will be enrolled in each cohort (at least 340 with a sample size re-estimation after reaching 102 patients). The primary endpoint is the proportion of participants with (1) Hospitalisation due to progressive COVID-19, or (2) Who died by day 28 after randomisation. Principal analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been granted by the University of Ulm ethics committee (#41/22) (lead ethics committee for Germany), Comité de protection des personnes Sud-Est I (CPP Sud-Est I) (#2022-A01307-36) (ethics committee for France), and ErasmusMC ethics committee (#MEC-2022-0365) (ethics committee for the Netherlands). Signed informed consent will be obtained from all included patients. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant stakeholder conferences and meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov (NCT05271929), EudraCT (2021-006621-22).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Desmarets
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm CIC1431, CHU Besançon, Besançon, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
- UMR 1098 Right, Inserm, Établissement Français du Sang, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
| | - Simone Hoffmann
- Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, German Red Cross, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Charline Vauchy
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm CIC1431, CHU Besançon, Besançon, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
- UMR 1098 Right, Inserm, Établissement Français du Sang, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
| | - Bart J A Rijnders
- University Medical Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Eric Toussirot
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm CIC1431, CHU Besançon, Besançon, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
- UMR 1098 Right, Inserm, Établissement Français du Sang, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
| | - Antoine Durrbach
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, Île-de-France, France
| | - Sixten Körper
- Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, German Red Cross, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Eva Schrezenmeier
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Gaëlle Brunotte
- Centre d'investigation clinique Inserm CIC1431, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Thomas Appl
- Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, German Red Cross, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Erhard Seifried
- Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, German Red Cross, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Pierre Tiberghien
- UMR 1098 Right, Inserm, Établissement Français du Sang, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
- Etablissement Francais du Sang, La Plaine Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France
| | - Daniel Bradshaw
- Virus Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, German Red Cross, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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11
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Lawler PR, Derde LPG, van de Veerdonk FL, McVerry BJ, Huang DT, Berry LR, Lorenzi E, van Kimmenade R, Gommans F, Vaduganathan M, Leaf DE, Baron RM, Kim EY, Frankfurter C, Epelman S, Kwan Y, Grieve R, O'Neill S, Sadique Z, Puskarich M, Marshall JC, Higgins AM, Mouncey PR, Rowan KM, Al-Beidh F, Annane D, Arabi YM, Au C, Beane A, van Bentum-Puijk W, Bonten MJM, Bradbury CA, Brunkhorst FM, Burrell A, Buzgau A, Buxton M, Cecconi M, Cheng AC, Cove M, Detry MA, Estcourt LJ, Ezekowitz J, Fitzgerald M, Gattas D, Godoy LC, Goossens H, Haniffa R, Harrison DA, Hills T, Horvat CM, Ichihara N, Lamontagne F, Linstrum KM, McAuley DF, McGlothlin A, McGuinness SP, McQuilten Z, Murthy S, Nichol AD, Owen DRJ, Parke RL, Parker JC, Pollock KM, Reyes LF, Saito H, Santos MS, Saunders CT, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Singh V, Turgeon AF, Turner AM, Zarychanski R, Green C, Lewis RJ, Angus DC, Berry S, Gordon AC, McArthur CJ, Webb SA. Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Initiation on Organ Support-Free Days in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2023; 329:1183-1196. [PMID: 37039790 PMCID: PMC10326520 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non-critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support-free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support-free days among critically ill patients was 10 (-1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (-1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support-free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02735707.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Lawler
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank Gommans
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - David E Leaf
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca M Baron
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edy Y Kim
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Slava Epelman
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yvonne Kwan
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard Grieve
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O'Neill
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zia Sadique
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Paul R Mouncey
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn M Rowan
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Djillali Annane
- Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), Garches, France
- Université Versailles SQY - Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Carly Au
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Abi Beane
- University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Meredith Buxton
- Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur, California
| | | | | | - Matthew Cove
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - David Gattas
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucas C Godoy
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Rashan Haniffa
- University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICST), Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - David A Harrison
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Hills
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (MRINZ), Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel F McAuley
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Shay P McGuinness
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Alistair D Nichol
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R J Owen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute of Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael L Parke
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Luis Felipe Reyes
- Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
- Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
| | - Hiroki Saito
- St Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Anne M Turner
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (MRINZ), Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Roger J Lewis
- Berry Consultants, Austin, Texas
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Statistical Editor, JAMA
| | - Derek C Angus
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Senior Editor, JAMA
| | | | - Anthony C Gordon
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steve A Webb
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Australia
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Sanderson B, Field JD, Kocaballi AB, Estcourt LJ, Magrabi F, Wood EM, Coiera EW. Multicenter, multidisciplinary user-centered design of a clinical decision-support and simulation system for massive transfusion. Transfusion 2023; 63:993-1004. [PMID: 36960741 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Managing critical bleeding with massive transfusion (MT) requires a multidisciplinary team, often physically separated, to perform several simultaneous tasks at short notice. This places a significant cognitive load on team members, who must maintain situational awareness in rapidly changing scenarios. Similar resuscitation scenarios have benefited from the use of clinical decision support (CDS) tools. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A multicenter, multidisciplinary, user-centered design (UCD) study was conducted to design a computerized CDS for MT. This study included analysis of the problem context with a cognitive walkthrough, development of a user requirement statement, and co-design with users of prototypes for testing. The final prototype was evaluated using qualitative assessment and the System Usability Scale (SUS). RESULTS Eighteen participants were recruited across four institutions. The first UCD cycle resulted in the development of four prototype interfaces that addressed the user requirements and context of implementation. Of these, the preferred interface was further developed in the second UCD cycle to create a high-fidelity web-based CDS for MT. This prototype was evaluated by 15 participants using a simulated bleeding scenario and demonstrated an average SUS of 69.3 (above average, SD 16) and a clear interface with easy-to-follow blood product tracking. DISCUSSION We used a UCD process to explore a highly complex clinical scenario and develop a prototype CDS for MT that incorporates distributive situational awareness, supports multiple user roles, and allows simulated MT training. Evaluation of the impact of this prototype on the efficacy and efficiency of managing MT is currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton Sanderson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Field
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ahmet B Kocaballi
- School of Computer Science, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Farah Magrabi
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erica M Wood
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enrico W Coiera
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Geneen LJ, Dorée C, Estcourt LJ. Interventions for improving adherence to iron chelation therapy in people with sickle cell disease or thalassaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 3:CD012349. [PMID: 36877640 PMCID: PMC9987409 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012349.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regularly transfused people with sickle cell disease (SCD) and people with thalassaemia are at risk of iron overload. Iron overload can lead to iron toxicity in vulnerable organs such as the heart, liver and endocrine glands, which can be prevented and treated with iron-chelating agents. The intensive demands and uncomfortable side effects of therapy can have a negative impact on daily activities and wellbeing, which may affect adherence. OBJECTIVES To identify and assess the effectiveness of different types of interventions (psychological and psychosocial, educational, medication interventions, or multi-component interventions) and interventions specific to different age groups, to improve adherence to iron chelation therapy compared to another listed intervention, or standard care in people with SCD or thalassaemia. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest Dissertations & Global Theses, Web of Science & Social Sciences Conference Proceedings Indexes and ongoing trial databases (13 December 2021). We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register (1 August 2022). SELECTION CRITERIA For trials comparing medications or medication changes, only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible for inclusion. For studies including psychological and psychosocial interventions, educational interventions, or multi-component interventions, non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs), controlled before-after studies, and interrupted time series studies with adherence as a primary outcome were also eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS For this update, two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted data. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included 19 RCTs and one NRSI published between 1997 and 2021. One trial assessed medication management, one assessed an education intervention (NRSI) and 18 RCTs were of medication interventions. Medications assessed were subcutaneous deferoxamine, and two oral chelating agents, deferiprone and deferasirox. We rated the certainty of evidence as very low to low across all outcomes identified in this review. Four trials measured quality of life (QoL) with validated instruments, but provided no analysable data and reported no difference in QoL. We identified nine comparisons of interest. 1. Deferiprone versus deferoxamine We are uncertain whether or not deferiprone affects adherence to iron chelation therapy (four RCTs, unpooled, very low-certainty evidence), all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18 to 1.21; 3 RCTs, 376 participants; very low-certainty evidence), or serious adverse events (SAEs) (RR 1.43, 95% CI 0.83 to 2.46; 1 RCT, 228 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Adherence was reported as "good", "high" or "excellent" by all seven trials, though the data could not be analysed formally: adherence ranged from 69% to 95% (deferiprone, mean 86.6%), and 71% to 93% (deferoxamine, mean 78.8%), based on five trials (474 participants) only. 2. Deferasirox versus deferoxamine We are uncertain whether or not deferasirox affects adherence to iron chelation therapy (three RCTs, unpooled, very low-certainty evidence), although medication adherence was high in all trials. We are uncertain whether or not there is any difference between the drug therapies in serious adverse events (SAEs) (SCD or thalassaemia) or all-cause mortality (thalassaemia). 3. Deferiprone versus deferasirox We are uncertain if there is a difference between oral deferiprone and deferasirox based on a single trial in children (average age 9 to 10 years) with any hereditary haemoglobinopathy in adherence, SAEs and all-cause mortality. 4. Deferasirox film-coated tablet (FCT) versus deferasirox dispersible tablet (DT) One RCT compared deferasirox in different tablet forms. There may be a preference for FCTs, shown through a trend for greater adherence (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.22; 1 RCT, 88 participants), although medication adherence was high in both groups (FCT 92.9%; DT 85.3%). We are uncertain if there is a benefit in chelation-related AEs with FCTs. We are uncertain if there is a difference in the incidence of SAEs, all-cause mortality or sustained adherence. 5. Deferiprone and deferoxamine combined versus deferiprone alone We are uncertain if there is a difference in adherence, though reporting was usually narrative as triallists report it was "excellent" in both groups (three RCTs, unpooled). We are uncertain if there is a difference in the incidence of SAEs and all-cause mortality. 6. Deferiprone and deferoxamine combined versus deferoxamine alone We are uncertain if there is a difference in adherence (four RCTs), SAEs (none reported in the trial period) and all-cause mortality (no deaths reported in the trial period). There was high adherence in all trials. 7. Deferiprone and deferoxamine combined versus deferiprone and deferasirox combined There may be a difference in favour of deferiprone and deferasirox (combined) in rates of adherence (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.99) (one RCT), although it was high (> 80%) in both groups. We are uncertain if there is a difference in SAEs, and no deaths were reported in the trial, so we cannot draw conclusions based on these data (one RCT). 8. Medication management versus standard care We are uncertain if there is a difference in QoL (one RCT), and we could not assess adherence due to a lack of reporting in the control group. 9. Education versus standard care One quasi-experimental (NRSI) study could not be analysed due to the severe baseline confounding. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The medication comparisons included in this review had higher than average adherence rates not accounted for by differences in medication administration or side effects, though often follow-up was not good (high dropout over longer trials), with adherence based on a per protocol analysis. Participants may have been selected based on higher adherence to trial medications at baseline. Also, within the clinical trial context, there is increased attention and involvement of clinicians, thus high adherence rates may be an artefact of trial participation. Real-world, pragmatic trials in community and clinic settings are needed that examine both confirmed or unconfirmed adherence strategies that may increase adherence to iron chelation therapy. Due to lack of evidence this review cannot comment on intervention strategies for different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J Geneen
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn Dorée
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
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Beverly A, Ong G, Kimber C, Sandercock J, Dorée C, Welton NJ, Wicks P, Estcourt LJ. Drugs to reduce bleeding and transfusion in major open vascular or endovascular surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 2:CD013649. [PMID: 36800489 PMCID: PMC9936832 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013649.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular surgery may be followed by internal bleeding due to inadequate surgical haemostasis, abnormal clotting, or surgical complications. Bleeding ranges from minor, with no transfusion requirement, to massive, requiring multiple blood product transfusions. There are a number of drugs, given systemically or applied locally, which may reduce the need for blood transfusion. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of anti-fibrinolytic and haemostatic drugs and agents in reducing bleeding and the need for blood transfusion in people undergoing major vascular surgery or vascular procedures with a risk of moderate or severe (> 500 mL) blood loss. SEARCH METHODS We searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE; Embase; CINAHL, and Transfusion Evidence Library. We also searched the WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov trial registries for ongoing and unpublished trials. Searches used a combination of MeSH and free text terms from database inception to 31 March 2022, without restriction on language or publication status. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults of drug treatments to reduce bleeding due to major vascular surgery or vascular procedures with a risk of moderate or severe blood loss, which used placebo, usual care or another drug regimen as control. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were units of red cells transfused and all-cause mortality. Our secondary outcomes included risk of receiving an allogeneic blood product, risk of reoperation or repeat procedure due to bleeding, risk of a thromboembolic event, risk of a serious adverse event and length of hospital stay. We used GRADE to assess certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 22 RCTs with 3393 participants analysed, of which one RCT with 69 participants was reported only in abstract form, with no usable data. Seven RCTs evaluated systemic drug treatments (three aprotinin, two desmopressin, two tranexamic acid) and 15 RCTs evaluated topical drug treatments (drug-containing bioabsorbable dressings or glues), including fibrin, thrombin, collagen, gelatin, synthetic sealants and one investigational new agent. Most trials were conducted in high-income countries and the majority of the trials only included participants undergoing elective surgery. We also identified two ongoing RCTs. We were unable to perform the planned network meta-analysis due to the sparse reporting of outcomes relevant to this review. Systemic drug treatments We identified seven trials of three systemic drugs: aprotinin, desmopressin and tranexamic acid, all with placebo controls. The trials of aprotinin and desmopressin were small with very low-certainty evidence for all of our outcomes. Tranexamic acid versus placebo was the systemic drug comparison with the largest number of participants (2 trials; 1460 participants), both at low risk of bias. The largest of these included a total of 9535 individuals undergoing a number of different higher risk surgeries and reported limited information on the vascular subgroup (1399 participants). Neither trial reported the number of units of red cells transfused per participant up to 30 days. Three outcomes were associated with very low-certainty evidence due to the very wide confidence intervals (CIs) resulting from small study sizes and low number of events. These were: all-cause mortality up to 30 days; number of participants requiring an allogeneic blood transfusion up to 30 days; and risk of requiring a repeat procedure or operation due to bleeding. Tranexamic acid may have no effect on the risk of thromboembolic events up to 30 days (risk ratio (RR) 1.10, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.36; 1 trial, 1360 participants; low-certainty evidence due to imprecision). There is one large ongoing trial (8320 participants) comparing tranexamic acid versus placebo in people undergoing non-cardiac surgery who are at high risk of requiring a red cell transfusion. This aims to complete recruitment in April 2023. This trial has primary outcomes of proportion of participants transfused with red blood cells and incidence of venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE). Topical drug treatments Most trials of topical drug treatments were at high risk of bias due to their open-label design (compared with usual care, or liquids were compared with sponges). All of the trials were small, most were very small, and few reported clinically relevant outcomes in the postoperative period. Fibrin sealant versus usual care was the topical drug comparison with the largest number of participants (5 trials, 784 participants). The five trials that compared fibrin sealant with usual care were all at high risk of bias, due to the open-label trial design with no measures put in place to minimise reporting bias. All of the trials were funded by pharmaceutical companies. None of the five trials reported the number of red cells transfused per participant up to 30 days or the number of participants requiring an allogeneic blood transfusion up to 30 days. The other three outcomes were associated with very low-certainty evidence with wide confidence intervals due to small sample sizes and the low number of events, these were: all-cause mortality up to 30 days; risk of requiring a repeat procedure due to bleeding; and risk of thromboembolic disease up to 30 days. We identified one large trial (500 participants) comparing fibrin sealant versus usual care in participants undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, which has not yet started recruitment. This trial lists death due to arterial disease and reintervention rates as primary outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Because of a lack of data, we are uncertain whether any systemic or topical treatments used to reduce bleeding due to major vascular surgery have an effect on: all-cause mortality up to 30 days; risk of requiring a repeat procedure or operation due to bleeding; number of red cells transfused per participant up to 30 days or the number of participants requiring an allogeneic blood transfusion up to 30 days. There may be no effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of thromboembolic events up to 30 days, this is important as there has been concern that this risk may be increased. Trials with sample size targets of thousands of participants and clinically relevant outcomes are needed, and we look forward to seeing the results of the ongoing trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anair Beverly
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Giok Ong
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Josie Sandercock
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn Dorée
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicky J Welton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Wicks
- Cardiac Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
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15
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Iannizzi C, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Valk SJ, Kimber C, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Jindal A, Cryns N, Estcourt LJ, Kreuzberger N, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 2:CD013600. [PMID: 36734509 PMCID: PMC9891348 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013600.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and is being investigated as a potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding benefits and risks of this intervention is required. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma transfusion in the treatment of people with COVID-19; and to maintain the currency of the evidence using a living systematic review approach. SEARCH METHODS To identify completed and ongoing studies, we searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, and the Epistemonikos COVID-19 L*OVE Platform. We searched monthly until 03 March 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating convalescent plasma for COVID-19, irrespective of disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. We excluded studies that included populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)), as well as studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies we used RoB 2. We used the GRADE approach to rate the certainty of evidence for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality at up to day 28, worsening and improvement of clinical status (for individuals with moderate to severe disease), hospital admission or death, COVID-19 symptoms resolution (for individuals with mild disease), quality of life, grade 3 or 4 adverse events, and serious adverse events. MAIN RESULTS In this fourth review update version, we included 33 RCTs with 24,861 participants, of whom 11,432 received convalescent plasma. Of these, nine studies are single-centre studies and 24 are multi-centre studies. Fourteen studies took place in America, eight in Europe, three in South-East Asia, two in Africa, two in western Pacific and three in eastern Mediterranean regions and one in multiple regions. We identified a further 49 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma, and 33 studies reporting as being completed. Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and moderate to severe disease 29 RCTs investigated the use of convalescent plasma for 22,728 participants with moderate to severe disease. 23 RCTs with 22,020 participants compared convalescent plasma to placebo or standard care alone, five compared to standard plasma and one compared to human immunoglobulin. We evaluate subgroups on detection of antibodies detection, symptom onset, country income groups and several co-morbidities in the full text. Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone Convalescent plasma does not reduce all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92 to 1.03; 220 per 1000; 21 RCTs, 19,021 participants; high-certainty evidence). It has little to no impact on need for invasive mechanical ventilation, or death (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.11; 296 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 14,477 participants; high-certainty evidence) and has no impact on whether participants are discharged from hospital (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.02; 665 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 12,721 participants; high-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may have little to no impact on quality of life (MD 1.00, 95% CI -2.14 to 4.14; 1 RCT, 483 participants; low-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may have little to no impact on the risk of grades 3 and 4 adverse events (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.42; 212 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 2392 participants; low-certainty evidence). It has probably little to no effect on the risk of serious adverse events (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.44; 135 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 3901 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces or increases all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.19; 129 per 1000; 4 RCTs, 484 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces or increases the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, or death (RR 5.59, 95% CI 0.29 to 108.38; 311 per 1000; 1 study, 34 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and whether it reduces or increases the risk of serious adverse events (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.15; 236 per 1000; 3 RCTs, 327 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. Convalescent plasma versus human immunoglobulin Convalescent plasma may have little to no effect on all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.50; 464 per 1000; 1 study, 190 participants; low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mild disease We identified two RCTs reporting on 536 participants, comparing convalescent plasma to placebo or standard care alone, and two RCTs reporting on 1597 participants with mild disease, comparing convalescent plasma to standard plasma. Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (odds ratio (OR) 0.36, 95% CI 0.09 to 1.46; 8 per 1000; 2 RCTs, 536 participants; very low-certainty evidence). It may have little to no effect on admission to hospital or death within 28 days (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.84; 117 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence), on time to COVID-19 symptom resolution (hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.30; 483 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence), on the risk of grades 3 and 4 adverse events (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.75 to 2.19; 144 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence) and the risk of serious adverse events (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.94; 133 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.75; 2 per 1000; 2 RCTs, 1597 participants; very low-certainty evidence). It probably reduces admission to hospital or death within 28 days (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.75; 36 per 1000; 2 RCTs, 1595 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may have little to no effect on initial symptom resolution at up to day 28 (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.27; 1 RCT, 416 participants; low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. This is a living systematic review. We search monthly for new evidence and update the review when we identify relevant new evidence. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone, our certainty in the evidence that convalescent plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease does not reduce mortality and has little to no impact on clinical improvement or worsening is high. It probably has little to no effect on SAEs. For individuals with mild disease, we have low certainty evidence for our primary outcomes. There are 49 ongoing studies, and 33 studies reported as complete in a trials registry. Publication of ongoing studies might resolve some of the uncertainties around convalescent plasma therapy for people with asymptomatic or mild disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Iannizzi
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aikaj Jindal
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, SPS Hospitals, Ludhiana (Punjab), India
| | - Nora Cryns
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nina Kreuzberger
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Kimber C, Lamikanra AA, Geneen LJ, Sandercock J, Dorée C, Valk SJ, Estcourt LJ. A systematic review of the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma or immunoglobulin treatment for people with severe respiratory viral infections due to coronaviruses or influenza. Transfus Med 2023; 33:26-38. [PMID: 36412541 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the safety and effectiveness of convalescent plasma (CP) or hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIVIG) in severe respiratory disease caused by coronaviruses or influenza, in patients of all ages requiring hospital admission. METHODS We searched multiple electronic databases for all publications to 12th October 2020, and RCTs only to 28th June 2021. Two reviewers screened, extracted, and analysed data. We used Cochrane ROB (Risk of Bias)1 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-RCTs, and GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS Data from 30 RCTs and 2 non-RCTs showed no overall difference between groups for all-cause mortality and adverse events in four comparisons. Certainty of the evidence was downgraded for high ROB and imprecision. (1) CP versus standard care (SoC) (20 RCTS, 2 non-RCTs, very-low to moderate-high certainty); (2) CP versus biologically active control (6 RCTs, very-low certainty); (3) hIVIG versus SoC (3 RCTs, very-low certainty); (4) early CP versus deferred CP (1 RCT, very-low certainty). Subgrouping by titre improved precision in one outcome (30-day mortality) for the 'COVID high-titre' category in Comparison 1 (no difference, high certainty) and Comparison 2 (favours CP, very-low certainty). Post hoc analysis suggests a possible benefit of CP in patients testing negative for antibodies at baseline, compared with those testing positive. CONCLUSION A minimum titre should be established and ensured for a positive biological response to the therapy. Further research on the impact of CP/hIVIG in patients who have not yet produced antibodies to the virus would be useful to target therapies at groups who will potentially benefit the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abigail A Lamikanra
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Pathology Directorate, National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise J Geneen
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Josie Sandercock
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn Dorée
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
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17
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Kimber C, Valk SJ, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Iannizzi C, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 1:CD015167. [PMID: 36700518 PMCID: PMC9887673 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015167.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIVIG) contains polyclonal antibodies, which can be prepared from large amounts of pooled convalescent plasma or prepared from animal sources through immunisation. They are being investigated as a potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review was previously part of a parent review addressing convalescent plasma and hIVIG for people with COVID-19 and was split to address hIVIG and convalescent plasma separately. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of hIVIG therapy for the treatment of people with COVID-19, and to maintain the currency of the evidence using a living systematic review approach. SEARCH METHODS To identify completed and ongoing studies, we searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Research Database, the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, the Epistemonikos COVID-19 L*OVE Platform and Medline and Embase from 1 January 2019 onwards. We carried out searches on 31 March 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated hIVIG for COVID-19, irrespective of disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. We excluded studies that included populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)), as well as studies that evaluated standard immunoglobulin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies, we used RoB 2. We rated the certainty of evidence, using the GRADE approach, for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality, improvement and worsening of clinical status (for individuals with moderate to severe disease), quality of life, adverse events, and serious adverse events. MAIN RESULTS We included five RCTs with 947 participants, of whom 688 received hIVIG prepared from humans, 18 received heterologous swine glyco-humanised polyclonal antibody, and 241 received equine-derived processed and purified F(ab')2 fragments. All participants were hospitalised with moderate-to-severe disease, most participants were not vaccinated (only 12 participants were vaccinated). The studies were conducted before or during the emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. There are no data for people with COVID-19 with no symptoms (asymptomatic) or people with mild COVID-19. We identified a further 10 ongoing studies evaluating hIVIG. Benefits of hIVIG prepared from humans We included data on one RCT (579 participants) that assessed the benefits and harms of hIVIG 0.4 g/kg compared to saline placebo. hIVIG may have little to no impact on all-cause mortality at 28 days (risk ratio (RR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43 to 1.44; absolute effect 77 per 1000 with placebo versus 61 per 1000 (33 to 111) with hIVIG; low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effect on worsening of clinical status at day 7 (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.23; very low-certainty evidence). It probably has little to no impact on improvement of clinical status on day 28 (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.08; moderate-certainty evidence). We did not identify any studies that reported quality-of-life outcomes, so we do not know if hIVIG has any impact on quality of life. Harms of hIVIG prepared from humans hIVIG may have little to no impact on adverse events at any grade on day 1 (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.18; 431 per 1000; 1 study 579 participants; low-certainty evidence). Patients receiving hIVIG probably experience more adverse events at grade 3-4 severity than patients who receive placebo (RR 4.09, 95% CI 1.39 to 12.01; moderate-certainty evidence). hIVIG may have little to no impact on the composite outcome of serious adverse events or death up to day 28 (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.14; moderate-certainty evidence). We also identified additional results on the benefits and harms of other dose ranges of hIVIG, not included in the summary of findings table, but summarised in additional tables. Benefits of animal-derived polyclonal antibodies We included data on one RCT (241 participants) to assess the benefits and harms of receptor-binding domain-specific polyclonal F(ab´)2 fragments of equine antibodies (EpAbs) compared to saline placebo. EpAbs may reduce all-cause mortality at 28 days (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.37; absolute effect 114 per 1000 with placebo versus 68 per 1000 (30 to 156) ; low-certainty evidence). EpAbs may reduce worsening of clinical status up to day 28 (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.18; absolute effect 203 per 1000 with placebo versus 136 per 1000 (77 to 240); low-certainty evidence). It may have some effect on improvement of clinical status on day 28 (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.17; low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any studies that reported quality-of-life outcomes, so we do not know if EpAbs have any impact on quality of life. Harms of animal-derived polyclonal antibodies EpAbs may have little to no impact on the number of adverse events at any grade up to 28 days (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.31; low-certainty evidence). Adverse events at grade 3-4 severity were not reported. Individuals receiving EpAbs may experience fewer serious adverse events than patients receiving placebo (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.19; low-certainty evidence). We also identified additional results on the benefits and harms of other animal-derived polyclonal antibody doses, not included in the summary of findings table, but summarised in additional tables. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We included data from five RCTs that evaluated hIVIG compared to standard therapy, with participants with moderate-to-severe disease. As the studies evaluated different preparations (from humans or from various animals) and doses, we could not pool them. hIVIG prepared from humans may have little to no impact on mortality, and clinical improvement and worsening. hIVIG may increase grade 3-4 adverse events. Studies did not evaluate quality of life. RBD-specific polyclonal F(ab´)2 fragments of equine antibodies may reduce mortality and serious adverse events, and may reduce clinical worsening. However, the studies were conducted before or during the emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and prior to widespread vaccine rollout. As no studies evaluated hIVIG for participants with asymptomatic infection or mild disease, benefits for these individuals remains uncertain. This is a living systematic review. We search monthly for new evidence and update the review when we identify relevant new evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claire Iannizzi
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Unit Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Higgins AM, Berry LR, Lorenzi E, Murthy S, McQuilten Z, Mouncey PR, Al-Beidh F, Annane D, Arabi YM, Beane A, van Bentum-Puijk W, Bhimani Z, Bonten MJM, Bradbury CA, Brunkhorst FM, Burrell A, Buzgau A, Buxton M, Charles WN, Cove M, Detry MA, Estcourt LJ, Fagbodun EO, Fitzgerald M, Girard TD, Goligher EC, Goossens H, Haniffa R, Hills T, Horvat CM, Huang DT, Ichihara N, Lamontagne F, Marshall JC, McAuley DF, McGlothlin A, McGuinness SP, McVerry BJ, Neal MD, Nichol AD, Parke RL, Parker JC, Parry-Billings K, Peters SEC, Reyes LF, Rowan KM, Saito H, Santos MS, Saunders CT, Serpa-Neto A, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Stronach LM, Turgeon AF, Turner AM, van de Veerdonk FL, Zarychanski R, Green C, Lewis RJ, Angus DC, McArthur CJ, Berry S, Derde LPG, Gordon AC, Webb SA, Lawler PR. Long-term (180-Day) Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in the REMAP-CAP Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2023; 329:39-51. [PMID: 36525245 PMCID: PMC9857594 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance The longer-term effects of therapies for the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 are unknown. Objective To determine the effect of multiple interventions for critically ill adults with COVID-19 on longer-term outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants Prespecified secondary analysis of an ongoing adaptive platform trial (REMAP-CAP) testing interventions within multiple therapeutic domains in which 4869 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 were enrolled between March 9, 2020, and June 22, 2021, from 197 sites in 14 countries. The final 180-day follow-up was completed on March 2, 2022. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive 1 or more interventions within 6 treatment domains: immune modulators (n = 2274), convalescent plasma (n = 2011), antiplatelet therapy (n = 1557), anticoagulation (n = 1033), antivirals (n = 726), and corticosteroids (n = 401). Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was survival through day 180, analyzed using a bayesian piecewise exponential model. A hazard ratio (HR) less than 1 represented improved survival (superiority), while an HR greater than 1 represented worsened survival (harm); futility was represented by a relative improvement less than 20% in outcome, shown by an HR greater than 0.83. Results Among 4869 randomized patients (mean age, 59.3 years; 1537 [32.1%] women), 4107 (84.3%) had known vital status and 2590 (63.1%) were alive at day 180. IL-6 receptor antagonists had a greater than 99.9% probability of improving 6-month survival (adjusted HR, 0.74 [95% credible interval {CrI}, 0.61-0.90]) and antiplatelet agents had a 95% probability of improving 6-month survival (adjusted HR, 0.85 [95% CrI, 0.71-1.03]) compared with the control, while the probability of trial-defined statistical futility (HR >0.83) was high for therapeutic anticoagulation (99.9%; HR, 1.13 [95% CrI, 0.93-1.42]), convalescent plasma (99.2%; HR, 0.99 [95% CrI, 0.86-1.14]), and lopinavir-ritonavir (96.6%; HR, 1.06 [95% CrI, 0.82-1.38]) and the probabilities of harm from hydroxychloroquine (96.9%; HR, 1.51 [95% CrI, 0.98-2.29]) and the combination of lopinavir-ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine (96.8%; HR, 1.61 [95% CrI, 0.97-2.67]) were high. The corticosteroid domain was stopped early prior to reaching a predefined statistical trigger; there was a 57.1% to 61.6% probability of improving 6-month survival across varying hydrocortisone dosing strategies. Conclusions and Relevance Among critically ill patients with COVID-19 randomized to receive 1 or more therapeutic interventions, treatment with an IL-6 receptor antagonist had a greater than 99.9% probability of improved 180-day mortality compared with patients randomized to the control, and treatment with an antiplatelet had a 95.0% probability of improved 180-day mortality compared with patients randomized to the control. Overall, when considered with previously reported short-term results, the findings indicate that initial in-hospital treatment effects were consistent for most therapies through 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Srinivas Murthy
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R Mouncey
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Djillali Annane
- Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), Garches, France
- Université Versailles SQY - Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abi Beane
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Zahra Bhimani
- St Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Walton N Charles
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Cove
- Yong Loo Lin Scholle of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ewan C Goligher
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rashan Haniffa
- University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICST), Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Thomas Hills
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (MRINZ), Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - John C Marshall
- St Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Shay P McGuinness
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Alistair D Nichol
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachael L Parke
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Karen Parry-Billings
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam E C Peters
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis F Reyes
- Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
- Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
| | - Kathryn M Rowan
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroki Saito
- St Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Ary Serpa-Neto
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Anne M Turner
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (MRINZ), Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Roger J Lewis
- Berry Consultants, Austin, Texas
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Anthony C Gordon
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve A Webb
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Patrick R Lawler
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Estcourt LJ, Cohn CS, Pagano MB, Iannizzi C, Kreuzberger N, Skoetz N, Allen ES, Bloch EM, Beaudoin G, Casadevall A, Devine DV, Foroutan F, Gniadek TJ, Goel R, Gorlin J, Grossman BJ, Joyner MJ, Metcalf RA, Raval JS, Rice TW, Shaz BH, Vassallo RR, Winters JL, Tobian AAR. Clinical Practice Guidelines From the Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies (AABB): COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175:1310-1321. [PMID: 35969859 PMCID: PMC9450870 DOI: 10.7326/m22-1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
DESCRIPTION Coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent plasma (CCP) has emerged as a potential treatment of COVID-19. However, meta-analysis data and recommendations are limited. The Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies (AABB) developed clinical practice guidelines for the appropriate use of CCP. METHODS These guidelines are based on 2 living systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating CCP from 1 January 2019 to 26 January 2022. There were 33 RCTs assessing 21 916 participants. The results were summarized using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) method. An expert panel reviewed the data using the GRADE framework to formulate recommendations. RECOMMENDATION 1 (OUTPATIENT) The AABB suggests CCP transfusion in addition to the usual standard of care for outpatients with COVID-19 who are at high risk for disease progression (weak recommendation, moderate-certainty evidence). RECOMMENDATION 2 (INPATIENT) The AABB recommends against CCP transfusion for unselected hospitalized persons with moderate or severe disease (strong recommendation, high-certainty evidence). This recommendation does not apply to immunosuppressed patients or those who lack antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. RECOMMENDATION 3 (INPATIENT) The AABB suggests CCP transfusion in addition to the usual standard of care for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who do not have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detected at admission (weak recommendation, low-certainty evidence). RECOMMENDATION 4 (INPATIENT) The AABB suggests CCP transfusion in addition to the usual standard of care for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and preexisting immunosuppression (weak recommendation, low-certainty evidence). RECOMMENDATION 5 (PROPHYLAXIS) The AABB suggests against prophylactic CCP transfusion for uninfected persons with close contact exposure to a person with COVID-19 (weak recommendation, low-certainty evidence). GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE STATEMENT CCP is most effective when transfused with high neutralizing titers to infected patients early after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise J Estcourt
- NHS Blood and Transplant and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (L.J.E.)
| | - Claudia S Cohn
- University of Minnesota, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.S.C.)
| | - Monica B Pagano
- University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, Washington (M.B.P.)
| | - Claire Iannizzi
- Evidence-based Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (C.I., N.K., N.S.)
| | - Nina Kreuzberger
- Evidence-based Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (C.I., N.K., N.S.)
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Evidence-based Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (C.I., N.K., N.S.)
| | - Elizabeth S Allen
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pathology, La Jolla, California (E.S.A.)
| | - Evan M Bloch
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland (E.M.B., R.G., A.A.R.T.)
| | | | - Arturo Casadevall
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.)
| | - Dana V Devine
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (D.V.D.)
| | - Farid Foroutan
- University Health Network, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (F.F.)
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- NorthShore University Health System, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Evanston, Illinois (T.J.G.)
| | - Ruchika Goel
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland (E.M.B., R.G., A.A.R.T.)
| | - Jed Gorlin
- Innovative Blood Resources, Division of New York Blood Center Enterprises, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.G.)
| | - Brenda J Grossman
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, Missouri (B.J.G.)
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota (M.J.J.)
| | - Ryan A Metcalf
- University of Utah, Department of Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah (R.A.M.)
| | - Jay S Raval
- University of New Mexico, Department of Pathology, Albuquerque, New Mexico (J.S.R.)
| | - Todd W Rice
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (T.W.R.)
| | - Beth H Shaz
- Duke University, Department of Pathology, Durham, North Carolina (B.H.S.)
| | | | - Jeffrey L Winters
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota (J.L.W.)
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland (E.M.B., R.G., A.A.R.T.)
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20
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Erasu V, Novak A, Gibbs VN, Champaneria R, Dorée C, Hafeez A, Moy R, Sandercock J, Brunskill SJ, Estcourt LJ. Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of bleeding in people treated for blunt force or penetrating injury in an emergency department: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hippokratia 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Erasu
- Emergency Medicine Research Oxford (EMROx); Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
| | - Alex Novak
- Emergency Medicine Research Oxford (EMROx); Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
| | - Victoria N Gibbs
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Rita Champaneria
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Carolyn Dorée
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Aqib Hafeez
- Emergency Medicine Research Oxford (EMROx); Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
| | - Ross Moy
- Emergency Medicine Research Oxford (EMROx); Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
| | - Josie Sandercock
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | | | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
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21
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Hirsch C, Park YS, Piechotta V, Chai KL, Estcourt LJ, Monsef I, Salomon S, Wood EM, So-Osman C, McQuilten Z, Spinner CD, Malin JJ, Stegemann M, Skoetz N, Kreuzberger N. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 6:CD014945. [PMID: 35713300 PMCID: PMC9205158 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014945.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-produced molecules derived from the B cells of an infected host. They are being investigated as potential prophylaxis to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs, including mAb fragments, to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19; and to maintain the currency of the evidence, using a living systematic review approach. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, MEDLINE, Embase, and three other databases on 27 April 2022. We checked references, searched citations, and contacted study authors to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs, including mAb fragments, alone or combined, versus an active comparator, placebo, or no intervention, for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) of COVID-19. We excluded studies of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs to treat COVID-19, as these are part of another review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed search results, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using Cochrane RoB 2. Prioritised outcomes were infection with SARS-CoV-2, development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms, all-cause mortality, admission to hospital, quality of life, adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs). We rated the certainty of evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included four RCTs of 9749 participants who were previously uninfected and unvaccinated at baseline. Median age was 42 to 76 years. Around 20% to 77.5% of participants in the PrEP studies and 35% to 100% in the PEP studies had at least one risk factor for severe COVID-19. At baseline, 72.8% to 82.2% were SARS-CoV-2 antibody seronegative. We identified four ongoing studies, and two studies awaiting classification. Pre-exposure prophylaxis Tixagevimab/cilgavimab versus placebo One study evaluated tixagevimab/cilgavimab versus placebo in participants exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Alpha, Beta, and Delta variant. About 39.3% of participants were censored for efficacy due to unblinding and 13.8% due to vaccination. Within six months, tixagevimab/cilgavimab probably decreases infection with SARS-CoV-2 (risk ratio (RR) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29 to 0.70; 4685 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), decreases development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (RR 0.18, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.35; 5172 participants; high-certainty evidence), and may decrease admission to hospital (RR 0.03, 95% CI 0 to 0.59; 5197 participants; low-certainty evidence). Tixagevimab/cilgavimab may result in little to no difference on mortality within six months, all-grade AEs, and SAEs (low-certainty evidence). Quality of life was not reported. Casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo One study evaluated casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo in participants who may have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Alpha, and Delta variant. About 36.5% of participants opted for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and had a mean of 66.1 days between last dose of intervention and vaccination. Within six months, casirivimab/imdevimab may decrease infection with SARS-CoV-2 (RR 0.01, 95% CI 0 to 0.14; 825 seronegative participants; low-certainty evidence) and may decrease development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (RR 0.02, 95% CI 0 to 0.27; 969 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether casirivimab/imdevimab affects mortality regardless of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody serostatus. Casirivimab/imdevimab may increase all-grade AEs slightly (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.31; 969 participants; low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effects on grade 3 to 4 AEs and SAEs within six months. Admission to hospital and quality of life were not reported. Postexposure prophylaxis Bamlanivimab versus placebo One study evaluated bamlanivimab versus placebo in participants who may have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type. Bamlanivimab probably decreases infection with SARS-CoV-2 versus placebo by day 29 (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.98; 966 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), may result in little to no difference on all-cause mortality by day 60 (R 0.83, 95% CI 0.25 to 2.70; 966 participants; low-certainty evidence), may increase all-grade AEs by week eight (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.46; 966 participants; low-certainty evidence), and may increase slightly SAEs (RR 1.46, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.91; 966 participants; low-certainty evidence). Development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms, admission to hospital within 30 days, and quality of life were not reported. Casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo One study evaluated casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo in participants who may have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Alpha, and potentially, but less likely to Delta variant. Within 30 days, casirivimab/imdevimab decreases infection with SARS-CoV-2 (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.48; 1505 participants; high-certainty evidence), development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (broad-term definition) (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.35; 1505 participants; high-certainty evidence), may result in little to no difference on mortality (RR 3.00, 95% CI 0.12 to 73.43; 1505 participants; low-certainty evidence), and may result in little to no difference in admission to hospital. Casirivimab/imdevimab may slightly decrease grade 3 to 4 AEs (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.02; 2617 participants; low-certainty evidence), decreases all-grade AEs (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.80; 2617 participants; high-certainty evidence), and may result in little to no difference on SAEs in participants regardless of SARS-CoV-2 antibody serostatus. Quality of life was not reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For PrEP, there is a decrease in development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (high certainty), infection with SARS-CoV-2 (moderate certainty), and admission to hospital (low certainty) with tixagevimab/cilgavimab. There is low certainty of a decrease in infection with SARS-CoV-2, and development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms; and a higher rate for all-grade AEs with casirivimab/imdevimab. For PEP, there is moderate certainty of a decrease in infection with SARS-CoV-2 and low certainty for a higher rate for all-grade AEs with bamlanivimab. There is high certainty of a decrease in infection with SARS-CoV-2, development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms, and a higher rate for all-grade AEs with casirivimab/imdevimab. Although there is high-to-moderate certainty evidence for some outcomes, it is insufficient to draw meaningful conclusions. These findings only apply to people unvaccinated against COVID-19. They are only applicable to the variants prevailing during the study and not other variants (e.g. Omicron). In vitro, tixagevimab/cilgavimab is effective against Omicron, but there are no clinical data. Bamlanivimab and casirivimab/imdevimab are ineffective against Omicron in vitro. Further studies are needed and publication of four ongoing studies may resolve the uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hirsch
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yun Soo Park
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Salomon
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jakob J Malin
- Department I for Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Stegemann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Kreuzberger
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Dhesi AS, Wyatt JC, Estcourt LJ, McSporran W, Allard S. Insights from developing and evaluating the
NHS
blood choices transfusion app to support junior and middle‐grade doctor decision making against guidelines. Transfus Med 2022; 32:318-326. [DOI: 10.1111/tme.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy C. Wyatt
- Wessex Institute of Health Research University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Lise J. Estcourt
- Department of Blood NHS Blood and Transplant London UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Wendy McSporran
- Department of Blood Transfusion Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Shubha Allard
- Department of Patient Blood Management NHS Blood and Transplant London UK
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23
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Sanderson BJ, Field JD, Estcourt LJ, Wood EM, Coiera EW. Reply to comment on: Massive transfusion experience, current practice and decision support: A survey of Australian and New Zealand Anaesthetists. Anaesth Intensive Care 2022; 50:337-338. [PMID: 35549558 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x211060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenton J Sanderson
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Field
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Enrico W Coiera
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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24
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Bradbury CA, Lawler PR, Stanworth SJ, McVerry BJ, McQuilten Z, Higgins AM, Mouncey PR, Al-Beidh F, Rowan KM, Berry LR, Lorenzi E, Zarychanski R, Arabi YM, Annane D, Beane A, van Bentum-Puijk W, Bhimani Z, Bihari S, Bonten MJM, Brunkhorst FM, Buzgau A, Buxton M, Carrier M, Cheng AC, Cove M, Detry MA, Estcourt LJ, Fitzgerald M, Girard TD, Goligher EC, Goossens H, Haniffa R, Hills T, Huang DT, Horvat CM, Hunt BJ, Ichihara N, Lamontagne F, Leavis HL, Linstrum KM, Litton E, Marshall JC, McAuley DF, McGlothlin A, McGuinness SP, Middeldorp S, Montgomery SK, Morpeth SC, Murthy S, Neal MD, Nichol AD, Parke RL, Parker JC, Reyes LF, Saito H, Santos MS, Saunders CT, Serpa-Neto A, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Singh V, Tolppa T, Turgeon AF, Turner AM, van de Veerdonk FL, Green C, Lewis RJ, Angus DC, McArthur CJ, Berry S, Derde LPG, Webb SA, Gordon AC. Effect of Antiplatelet Therapy on Survival and Organ Support-Free Days in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2022; 327:1247-1259. [PMID: 35315874 PMCID: PMC8941448 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance The efficacy of antiplatelet therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is uncertain. Objective To determine whether antiplatelet therapy improves outcomes for critically ill adults with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants In an ongoing adaptive platform trial (REMAP-CAP) testing multiple interventions within multiple therapeutic domains, 1557 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 were enrolled between October 30, 2020, and June 23, 2021, from 105 sites in 8 countries and followed up for 90 days (final follow-up date: July 26, 2021). Interventions Patients were randomized to receive either open-label aspirin (n = 565), a P2Y12 inhibitor (n = 455), or no antiplatelet therapy (control; n = 529). Interventions were continued in the hospital for a maximum of 14 days and were in addition to anticoagulation thromboprophylaxis. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was organ support-free days (days alive and free of intensive care unit-based respiratory or cardiovascular organ support) within 21 days, ranging from -1 for any death in hospital (censored at 90 days) to 22 for survivors with no organ support. There were 13 secondary outcomes, including survival to discharge and major bleeding to 14 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. An odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 represented improved survival, more organ support-free days, or both. Efficacy was defined as greater than 99% posterior probability of an OR greater than 1. Futility was defined as greater than 95% posterior probability of an OR less than 1.2 vs control. Intervention equivalence was defined as greater than 90% probability that the OR (compared with each other) was between 1/1.2 and 1.2 for 2 noncontrol interventions. Results The aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor groups met the predefined criteria for equivalence at an adaptive analysis and were statistically pooled for further analysis. Enrollment was discontinued after the prespecified criterion for futility was met for the pooled antiplatelet group compared with control. Among the 1557 critically ill patients randomized, 8 patients withdrew consent and 1549 completed the trial (median age, 57 years; 521 [33.6%] female). The median for organ support-free days was 7 (IQR, -1 to 16) in both the antiplatelet and control groups (median-adjusted OR, 1.02 [95% credible interval {CrI}, 0.86-1.23]; 95.7% posterior probability of futility). The proportions of patients surviving to hospital discharge were 71.5% (723/1011) and 67.9% (354/521) in the antiplatelet and control groups, respectively (median-adjusted OR, 1.27 [95% CrI, 0.99-1.62]; adjusted absolute difference, 5% [95% CrI, -0.2% to 9.5%]; 97% posterior probability of efficacy). Among survivors, the median for organ support-free days was 14 in both groups. Major bleeding occurred in 2.1% and 0.4% of patients in the antiplatelet and control groups (adjusted OR, 2.97 [95% CrI, 1.23-8.28]; adjusted absolute risk increase, 0.8% [95% CrI, 0.1%-2.7%]; 99.4% probability of harm). Conclusions and Relevance Among critically ill patients with COVID-19, treatment with an antiplatelet agent, compared with no antiplatelet agent, had a low likelihood of providing improvement in the number of organ support-free days within 21 days. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02735707.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick R Lawler
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon J Stanworth
- University of Oxford, Oxford, England
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, England
| | | | - Zoe McQuilten
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Paul R Mouncey
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC), London, England
| | | | - Kathryn M Rowan
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC), London, England
| | | | | | | | - Yaseen M Arabi
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Djillali Annane
- Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), Garches, France
- Université Versailles SQY-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Abi Beane
- University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | | | - Zahra Bhimani
- St Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shailesh Bihari
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Meredith Buxton
- Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marc Carrier
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Cove
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Ewan C Goligher
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rashan Haniffa
- University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICST), Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Thomas Hills
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (MRINZ), Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helen L Leavis
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Edward Litton
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John C Marshall
- St Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Shay P McGuinness
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alistair D Nichol
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachael L Parke
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Luis F Reyes
- Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
- Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
| | - Hiroki Saito
- St Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Ary Serpa-Neto
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- King's College London, London, England
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
| | | | - Timo Tolppa
- National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICST), Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne M Turner
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (MRINZ), Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Roger J Lewis
- Berry Consultants, Austin, Texas
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Steve A Webb
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony C Gordon
- Imperial College London, London, England
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, England
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25
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Abstract
Passive immune therapy consists of several different therapies, convalescent plasma, hyperimmune globulin, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Although these treatments were not part of any pandemic planning prior to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to the absence of high-quality evidence demonstrating benefit in other severe respiratory infections, a large amount of research has now been performed to demonstrate their benefit or lack of benefit in different patient groups. This review summarizes the evidence up to July 2021 on their use and also when they should not be used or when additional data are required. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is the most important method of preventing severe and fatal COVID-19 in people who have an intact immune system. Passive immune therapy should only be considered for patients at high risk of severe or fatal COVID-19. The only therapy that has received full regulatory approval is the casirivimab/imdevimab monoclonal cocktail; all other treatments are being used under emergency use authorizations. In Japan, it has been licensed to treat patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, and in the United Kingdom, it has also been licensed to prevent infection.
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26
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Axfors C, Janiaud P, Schmitt AM, Van't Hooft J, Smith ER, Haber NA, Abayomi A, Abduljalil M, Abdulrahman A, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Aguilar-Guisado M, Al-Beidh F, Alejandria MM, Alfonso RN, Ali M, AlQahtani M, AlZamrooni A, Anaya JM, Ang MAC, Aomar IF, Argumanis LE, Averyanov A, Baklaushev VP, Balionis O, Benfield T, Berry S, Birocco N, Bonifacio LB, Bowen AC, Bown A, Cabello-Gutierrez C, Camacho B, Camacho-Ortiz A, Campbell-Lee S, Cao DH, Cardesa A, Carnate JM, Castillo GJJ, Cavallo R, Chowdhury FR, Chowdhury FUH, Ciccone G, Cingolani A, Climacosa FMM, Compernolle V, Cortez CFN, Costa Neto A, D'Antico S, Daly J, Danielle F, Davis JS, De Rosa FG, Denholm JT, Denkinger CM, Desmecht D, Díaz-Coronado JC, Díaz Ponce-Medrano JA, Donneau AF, Dumagay TE, Dunachie S, Dungog CC, Erinoso O, Escasa IMS, Estcourt LJ, Evans A, Evasan ALM, Fareli CJ, Fernandez-Sanchez V, Galassi C, Gallo JE, Garcia PJ, Garcia PL, Garcia JA, Garigliany M, Garza-Gonzalez E, Gauiran DTV, Gaviria García PA, Giron-Gonzalez JA, Gómez-Almaguer D, Gordon AC, Gothot A, Grass Guaqueta JS, Green C, Grimaldi D, Hammond NE, Harvala H, Heralde FM, Herrick J, Higgins AM, Hills TE, Hines J, Holm K, Hoque A, Hoste E, Ignacio JM, Ivanov AV, Janssen M, Jennings JH, Jha V, King RAN, Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Klenerman P, Kotecha A, Krapp F, Labanca L, Laing E, Landin-Olsson M, Laterre PF, Lim LL, Lim J, Ljungquist O, Llaca-Díaz JM, López-Robles C, López-Cárdenas S, Lopez-Plaza I, Lucero JAC, Lundgren M, Macías J, Maganito SC, Malundo AFG, Manrique RD, Manzini PM, Marcos M, Marquez I, Martínez-Marcos FJ, Mata AM, McArthur CJ, McQuilten ZK, McVerry BJ, Menon DK, Meyfroidt G, Mirasol MAL, Misset B, Molton JS, Mondragon AV, Monsalve DM, Moradi Choghakabodi P, Morpeth SC, Mouncey PR, Moutschen M, Müller-Tidow C, Murphy E, Najdovski T, Nichol AD, Nielsen H, Novak RM, O'Sullivan MVN, Olalla J, Osibogun A, Osikomaiya B, Oyonarte S, Pardo-Oviedo JM, Patel MC, Paterson DL, Peña-Perez CA, Perez-Calatayud AA, Pérez-Alba E, Perkina A, Perry N, Pouladzadeh M, Poyato I, Price DJ, Quero AKH, Rahman MM, Rahman MS, Ramesh M, Ramírez-Santana C, Rasmussen M, Rees MA, Rego E, Roberts JA, Roberts DJ, Rodríguez Y, Rodríguez-Baño J, Rogers BA, Rojas M, Romero A, Rowan KM, Saccona F, Safdarian M, Santos MCM, Sasadeusz J, Scozzari G, Shankar-Hari M, Sharma G, Snelling T, Soto A, Tagayuna PY, Tang A, Tatem G, Teofili L, Tong SYC, Turgeon AF, Veloso JD, Venkatesh B, Ventura-Enriquez Y, Webb SA, Wiese L, Wikén C, Wood EM, Yusubalieva GM, Zacharowski K, Zarychanski R, Khanna N, Moher D, Goodman SN, Ioannidis JPA, Hemkens LG. Association between convalescent plasma treatment and mortality in COVID-19: a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1170. [PMID: 34800996 PMCID: PMC8605464 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma has been widely used to treat COVID-19 and is under investigation in numerous randomized clinical trials, but results are publicly available only for a small number of trials. The objective of this study was to assess the benefits of convalescent plasma treatment compared to placebo or no treatment and all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19, using data from all available randomized clinical trials, including unpublished and ongoing trials (Open Science Framework, https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/GEHFX ). METHODS In this collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis, clinical trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), the Cochrane COVID-19 register, the LOVE database, and PubMed were searched until April 8, 2021. Investigators of trials registered by March 1, 2021, without published results were contacted via email. Eligible were ongoing, discontinued and completed randomized clinical trials that compared convalescent plasma with placebo or no treatment in COVID-19 patients, regardless of setting or treatment schedule. Aggregated mortality data were extracted from publications or provided by investigators of unpublished trials and combined using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random effects model. We investigated the contribution of unpublished trials to the overall evidence. RESULTS A total of 16,477 patients were included in 33 trials (20 unpublished with 3190 patients, 13 published with 13,287 patients). 32 trials enrolled only hospitalized patients (including 3 with only intensive care unit patients). Risk of bias was low for 29/33 trials. Of 8495 patients who received convalescent plasma, 1997 died (23%), and of 7982 control patients, 1952 died (24%). The combined risk ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.92; 1.02) with between-study heterogeneity not beyond chance (I2 = 0%). The RECOVERY trial had 69.8% and the unpublished evidence 25.3% of the weight in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Convalescent plasma treatment of patients with COVID-19 did not reduce all-cause mortality. These results provide strong evidence that convalescent plasma treatment for patients with COVID-19 should not be used outside of randomized trials. Evidence synthesis from collaborations among trial investigators can inform both evidence generation and evidence application in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Axfors
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Perrine Janiaud
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 12, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas M Schmitt
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 12, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janneke Van't Hooft
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily R Smith
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, USA
| | - Noah A Haber
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Manal Abduljalil
- Internal Medicine, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - Abdulkarim Abdulrahman
- Medical Team, National Task Force for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID19), Riffa, Bahrain
- Mohammed Bin Khalifa Cardiac Centre, Awali, Bahrain
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuela Aguilar-Guisado
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Farah Al-Beidh
- Surgery and Cancer, Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marissa M Alejandria
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rachelle N Alfonso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manaf AlQahtani
- Medical Team, National Task Force for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID19), Riffa, Bahrain
- Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
- Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University in Bahrain, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - Alaa AlZamrooni
- Internal Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mark Angelo C Ang
- Department of Laboratories, Division of Blood Bank, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ismael F Aomar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis E Argumanis
- Banco de Sangre, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Alexander Averyanov
- Pulmonary Division, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Fundamental Medicine Department, Pulmonology Scientific and Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir P Baklaushev
- Fundamental Medicine Department, Pulmonology Scientific and Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Biomedical Research, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Balionis
- Pulmonary Division, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, Pulmonology Scientific and Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Center for Research and Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Nadia Birocco
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lynn B Bonifacio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Abbie Bown
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez
- Department Research in Virology and Mycology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Camacho
- Instituto Distrital de Ciencia Biotecnología e Investigación en Salud (IDCBIS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adrian Camacho-Ortiz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Damon H Cao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Ana Cardesa
- Clinical Department, Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslacion de Terapias Avanzadas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose M Carnate
- Department of Laboratories, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - German Jr J Castillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Fazle R Chowdhury
- Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Giovannino Ciccone
- Department of Quality and Safety in Health Care, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Cingolani
- Infectious Disease, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Veerle Compernolle
- Blood Services, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carlo Francisco N Cortez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Abel Costa Neto
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio D'Antico
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - James Daly
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franca Danielle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Blood Bank, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infective Diseases, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Justin T Denholm
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudia M Denkinger
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Teresita E Dumagay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cecile C Dungog
- Department of Laboratories, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Ivy Mae S Escasa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Clinical, Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Evans
- Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agnes L M Evasan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Christian J Fareli
- CENETEC (National Center for Health Technology Excellence), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Claudia Galassi
- Department of Quality and Safety in Health Care, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Patricia J Garcia
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia L Garcia
- Servicio de Hemoterapia y Banco de Sangre, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, Peru
| | - Jesus A Garcia
- Department of Haematology, Centro Transfusional Tejidos y Celulas de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elvira Garza-Gonzalez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Deonne Thaddeus V Gauiran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Paula A Gaviria García
- Instituto Distrital de Ciencia Biotecnología e Investigación en Salud (IDCBIS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Anthony C Gordon
- Surgery and Cancer, Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Intensive Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - André Gothot
- Immunohematology, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Cameron Green
- ANZIC-RC, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Grimaldi
- Intensive Care Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naomi E Hammond
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney and New Delhi, Sydney, Australia
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - Francisco M Heralde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jesica Herrick
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and International Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Alisa M Higgins
- ANZIC-RC, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas E Hills
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Hines
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Karin Holm
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ashraful Hoque
- Blood Transfusion, Sheikh Hasina National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Hoste
- Intensive Care Medicine, Gand University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jose M Ignacio
- Department of Neumology and Pulmonology, Hospital Quiron de Marbella, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maike Janssen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey H Jennings
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Vivekanand Jha
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney and New Delhi, New Delhi, India
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ruby Anne N King
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jens Kjeldsen-Kragh
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aditya Kotecha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Fiorella Krapp
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Luciana Labanca
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Blood Bank, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emma Laing
- Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mona Landin-Olsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jodor Lim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Oskar Ljungquist
- Clinical Sciences, Clinical Infection Medicine, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Jorge M Llaca-Díaz
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Concepción López-Robles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador López-Cárdenas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Jerez de La Frontera, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Ileana Lopez-Plaza
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Josephine Anne C Lucero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Lundgren
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Juan Macías
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sandy C Maganito
- Department of Laboratories, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Anna Flor G Malundo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rubén D Manrique
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paola M Manzini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Quiron de Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ignacio Marquez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Ana M Mata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe, Bormujos, Spain
| | - Colin J McArthur
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zoe K McQuilten
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - David K Menon
- University Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geert Meyfroidt
- Intensive Care Medicine, Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ma Angelina L Mirasol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Benoît Misset
- Intensive Care Medicine, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Alric V Mondragon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Diana M Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Parastoo Moradi Choghakabodi
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Paul R Mouncey
- Clinical Trials Unit, Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Michel Moutschen
- Intensive Care Medicine, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erin Murphy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Alistair D Nichol
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin-Clinical Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Intensive Care Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Richard M Novak
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and International Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Matthew V N O'Sullivan
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian Olalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Costa del Sol, Málaga, Spain
| | - Akin Osibogun
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Salvador Oyonarte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Transfusional Tejidos y Celulas de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M Pardo-Oviedo
- Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mahesh C Patel
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and International Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - David L Paterson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | | | | | - Eduardo Pérez-Alba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Anastasia Perkina
- Pulmonary Division, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, Pulmonology Scientific and Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Naomi Perry
- Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mandana Pouladzadeh
- Emergency Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Inmaculada Poyato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Torrecardenas, Almería, Spain
| | - David J Price
- Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Kristine H Quero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Md M Rahman
- Internal Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md S Rahman
- Pharmacology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mayur Ramesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Magnus Rasmussen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Megan A Rees
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eduardo Rego
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Departments of Pharmacy and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - David J Roberts
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical and Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Yhojan Rodríguez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Clinica del Occidente, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Baño
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Sevilla-IBiS, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Benjamin A Rogers
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alberto Romero
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Kathryn M Rowan
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC), London, UK
| | - Fabio Saccona
- Department of Quality and Safety in Health Care, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Mehdi Safdarian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maria Clariza M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joe Sasadeusz
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gitana Scozzari
- Department of Medical Hospital Direction, Unit of Medical Direction, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Gorav Sharma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Thomas Snelling
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Alonso Soto
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (INICIB), Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru
| | - Pedrito Y Tagayuna
- Department of Laboratories, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Amy Tang
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Geneva Tatem
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Luciana Teofili
- Transfusion Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Januario D Veloso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Balasubramanian Venkatesh
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney and New Delhi, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Wesley and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Steve A Webb
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin-Clinical Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Lothar Wiese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Wikén
- Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erica M Wood
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gaukhar M Yusubalieva
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Biomedical Research, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Critical Care and Hematology/Medical Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Nina Khanna
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene and Infection Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Moher
- Centre for Journalology, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Steven N Goodman
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Meta-Research Innovation Center Berlin (METRIC-B), Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars G Hemkens
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 12, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
- Meta-Research Innovation Center Berlin (METRIC-B), Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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Estcourt LJ, Turgeon AF, McQuilten ZK, McVerry BJ, Al-Beidh F, Annane D, Arabi YM, Arnold DM, Beane A, Bégin P, van Bentum-Puijk W, Berry LR, Bhimani Z, Birchall JE, Bonten MJM, Bradbury CA, Brunkhorst FM, Buxton M, Callum JL, Chassé M, Cheng AC, Cove ME, Daly J, Derde L, Detry MA, De Jong M, Evans A, Fergusson DA, Fish M, Fitzgerald M, Foley C, Goossens H, Gordon AC, Gosbell IB, Green C, Haniffa R, Harvala H, Higgins AM, Hills TE, Hoad VC, Horvat C, Huang DT, Hudson CL, Ichihara N, Laing E, Lamikanra AA, Lamontagne F, Lawler PR, Linstrum K, Litton E, Lorenzi E, MacLennan S, Marshall J, McAuley DF, McDyer JF, McGlothlin A, McGuinness S, Miflin G, Montgomery S, Mouncey PR, Murthy S, Nichol A, Parke R, Parker JC, Priddee N, Purcell DFJ, Reyes LF, Richardson P, Robitaille N, Rowan KM, Rynne J, Saito H, Santos M, Saunders CT, Serpa Neto A, Seymour CW, Silversides JA, Tinmouth AA, Triulzi DJ, Turner AM, van de Veerdonk F, Walsh TS, Wood EM, Berry S, Lewis RJ, Menon DK, McArthur C, Zarychanski R, Angus DC, Webb SA, Roberts DJ, Shankar-Hari M. Effect of Convalescent Plasma on Organ Support-Free Days in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021. [PMID: 34606578 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.11.21258760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The evidence for benefit of convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with COVID-19 is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To determine whether convalescent plasma would improve outcomes for critically ill adults with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The ongoing Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial, Adaptive Platform Trial for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (REMAP-CAP) enrolled and randomized 4763 adults with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 between March 9, 2020, and January 18, 2021, within at least 1 domain; 2011 critically ill adults were randomized to open-label interventions in the immunoglobulin domain at 129 sites in 4 countries. Follow-up ended on April 19, 2021. INTERVENTIONS The immunoglobulin domain randomized participants to receive 2 units of high-titer, ABO-compatible convalescent plasma (total volume of 550 mL ± 150 mL) within 48 hours of randomization (n = 1084) or no convalescent plasma (n = 916). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary ordinal end point was organ support-free days (days alive and free of intensive care unit-based organ support) up to day 21 (range, -1 to 21 days; patients who died were assigned -1 day). The primary analysis was an adjusted bayesian cumulative logistic model. Superiority was defined as the posterior probability of an odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 (threshold for trial conclusion of superiority >99%). Futility was defined as the posterior probability of an OR less than 1.2 (threshold for trial conclusion of futility >95%). An OR greater than 1 represented improved survival, more organ support-free days, or both. The prespecified secondary outcomes included in-hospital survival; 28-day survival; 90-day survival; respiratory support-free days; cardiovascular support-free days; progression to invasive mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal mechanical oxygenation, or death; intensive care unit length of stay; hospital length of stay; World Health Organization ordinal scale score at day 14; venous thromboembolic events at 90 days; and serious adverse events. RESULTS Among the 2011 participants who were randomized (median age, 61 [IQR, 52 to 70] years and 645/1998 [32.3%] women), 1990 (99%) completed the trial. The convalescent plasma intervention was stopped after the prespecified criterion for futility was met. The median number of organ support-free days was 0 (IQR, -1 to 16) in the convalescent plasma group and 3 (IQR, -1 to 16) in the no convalescent plasma group. The in-hospital mortality rate was 37.3% (401/1075) for the convalescent plasma group and 38.4% (347/904) for the no convalescent plasma group and the median number of days alive and free of organ support was 14 (IQR, 3 to 18) and 14 (IQR, 7 to 18), respectively. The median-adjusted OR was 0.97 (95% credible interval, 0.83 to 1.15) and the posterior probability of futility (OR <1.2) was 99.4% for the convalescent plasma group compared with the no convalescent plasma group. The treatment effects were consistent across the primary outcome and the 11 secondary outcomes. Serious adverse events were reported in 3.0% (32/1075) of participants in the convalescent plasma group and in 1.3% (12/905) of participants in the no convalescent plasma group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among critically ill adults with confirmed COVID-19, treatment with 2 units of high-titer, ABO-compatible convalescent plasma had a low likelihood of providing improvement in the number of organ support-free days. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02735707.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise J Estcourt
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, England
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Hematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, Trauma-Emergency-Critical Care Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zoe K McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Farah Al-Beidh
- Division of Anesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Djillali Annane
- Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Paris, France
- Simone Veil School of Medicine, University of Versailles, Versailles, France
- University Paris Saclay, Garches, France
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- Intensive Care Department, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abigail Beane
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | | | - Wilma van Bentum-Puijk
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Zahra Bhimani
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Marc J M Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A Bradbury
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, England
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Frank M Brunkhorst
- Center for Clinical Studies and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith Buxton
- Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeannie L Callum
- Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre and Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Allen C Cheng
- Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew E Cove
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Daly
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney and Perth, Australia
| | - Lennie Derde
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Intensive Care Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Menno De Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amy Evans
- NHSBT Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, England
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Fish
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, England
| | | | - Claire Foley
- NHSBT Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, England
| | - Herman Goossens
- Department of Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anthony C Gordon
- Division of Anesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Iain B Gosbell
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney and Perth, Australia
- Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cameron Green
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rashan Haniffa
- Network for Improving Critical Care Systems and Training, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Alisa M Higgins
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David T Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Nao Ichihara
- Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emma Laing
- NHSBT Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, England
| | | | | | - Patrick R Lawler
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelsey Linstrum
- Clinical Research Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward Litton
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley
| | | | | | - John Marshall
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - John F McDyer
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Shay McGuinness
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington
| | | | - Stephanie Montgomery
- Clinical Research Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- UPMC Health System Office of Healthcare Innovation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul R Mouncey
- Clinical Trials Unit, Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- School of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alistair Nichol
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Intensive Care, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachael Parke
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington
- School of Nursing, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane C Parker
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole Priddee
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luis F Reyes
- Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
- Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
| | | | - Nancy Robitaille
- Héma-Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Rowan
- Clinical Trials Unit, Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England
| | - Jennifer Rynne
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, England
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Marlene Santos
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ary Serpa Neto
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher W Seymour
- Clinical Research Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- UPMC Health System Office of Healthcare Innovation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jon A Silversides
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Alan A Tinmouth
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darrell J Triulzi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne M Turner
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington
| | - Frank van de Veerdonk
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Roger J Lewis
- Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Department of Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - David K Menon
- University Division of Anesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Colin McArthur
- Clinical Trials Unit, Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- Department of Medicine, Critical Care and Hematology/Medical Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Derek C Angus
- Clinical Research Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- UPMC Health System Office of Healthcare Innovation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steve A Webb
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Australia
| | - David J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, England
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Hematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, England
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, ICU Support Offices, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England
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Estcourt LJ, Turgeon AF, McQuilten ZK, McVerry BJ, Al-Beidh F, Annane D, Arabi YM, Arnold DM, Beane A, Bégin P, van Bentum-Puijk W, Berry LR, Bhimani Z, Birchall JE, Bonten MJM, Bradbury CA, Brunkhorst FM, Buxton M, Callum JL, Chassé M, Cheng AC, Cove ME, Daly J, Derde L, Detry MA, De Jong M, Evans A, Fergusson DA, Fish M, Fitzgerald M, Foley C, Goossens H, Gordon AC, Gosbell IB, Green C, Haniffa R, Harvala H, Higgins AM, Hills TE, Hoad VC, Horvat C, Huang DT, Hudson CL, Ichihara N, Laing E, Lamikanra AA, Lamontagne F, Lawler PR, Linstrum K, Litton E, Lorenzi E, MacLennan S, Marshall J, McAuley DF, McDyer JF, McGlothlin A, McGuinness S, Miflin G, Montgomery S, Mouncey PR, Murthy S, Nichol A, Parke R, Parker JC, Priddee N, Purcell DFJ, Reyes LF, Richardson P, Robitaille N, Rowan KM, Rynne J, Saito H, Santos M, Saunders CT, Serpa Neto A, Seymour CW, Silversides JA, Tinmouth AA, Triulzi DJ, Turner AM, van de Veerdonk F, Walsh TS, Wood EM, Berry S, Lewis RJ, Menon DK, McArthur C, Zarychanski R, Angus DC, Webb SA, Roberts DJ, Shankar-Hari M. Effect of Convalescent Plasma on Organ Support-Free Days in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021; 326:1690-1702. [PMID: 34606578 PMCID: PMC8491132 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.18178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The evidence for benefit of convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with COVID-19 is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To determine whether convalescent plasma would improve outcomes for critically ill adults with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The ongoing Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial, Adaptive Platform Trial for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (REMAP-CAP) enrolled and randomized 4763 adults with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 between March 9, 2020, and January 18, 2021, within at least 1 domain; 2011 critically ill adults were randomized to open-label interventions in the immunoglobulin domain at 129 sites in 4 countries. Follow-up ended on April 19, 2021. INTERVENTIONS The immunoglobulin domain randomized participants to receive 2 units of high-titer, ABO-compatible convalescent plasma (total volume of 550 mL ± 150 mL) within 48 hours of randomization (n = 1084) or no convalescent plasma (n = 916). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary ordinal end point was organ support-free days (days alive and free of intensive care unit-based organ support) up to day 21 (range, -1 to 21 days; patients who died were assigned -1 day). The primary analysis was an adjusted bayesian cumulative logistic model. Superiority was defined as the posterior probability of an odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 (threshold for trial conclusion of superiority >99%). Futility was defined as the posterior probability of an OR less than 1.2 (threshold for trial conclusion of futility >95%). An OR greater than 1 represented improved survival, more organ support-free days, or both. The prespecified secondary outcomes included in-hospital survival; 28-day survival; 90-day survival; respiratory support-free days; cardiovascular support-free days; progression to invasive mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal mechanical oxygenation, or death; intensive care unit length of stay; hospital length of stay; World Health Organization ordinal scale score at day 14; venous thromboembolic events at 90 days; and serious adverse events. RESULTS Among the 2011 participants who were randomized (median age, 61 [IQR, 52 to 70] years and 645/1998 [32.3%] women), 1990 (99%) completed the trial. The convalescent plasma intervention was stopped after the prespecified criterion for futility was met. The median number of organ support-free days was 0 (IQR, -1 to 16) in the convalescent plasma group and 3 (IQR, -1 to 16) in the no convalescent plasma group. The in-hospital mortality rate was 37.3% (401/1075) for the convalescent plasma group and 38.4% (347/904) for the no convalescent plasma group and the median number of days alive and free of organ support was 14 (IQR, 3 to 18) and 14 (IQR, 7 to 18), respectively. The median-adjusted OR was 0.97 (95% credible interval, 0.83 to 1.15) and the posterior probability of futility (OR <1.2) was 99.4% for the convalescent plasma group compared with the no convalescent plasma group. The treatment effects were consistent across the primary outcome and the 11 secondary outcomes. Serious adverse events were reported in 3.0% (32/1075) of participants in the convalescent plasma group and in 1.3% (12/905) of participants in the no convalescent plasma group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among critically ill adults with confirmed COVID-19, treatment with 2 units of high-titer, ABO-compatible convalescent plasma had a low likelihood of providing improvement in the number of organ support-free days. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02735707.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise J Estcourt
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, England
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Hematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, Trauma-Emergency-Critical Care Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zoe K McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Farah Al-Beidh
- Division of Anesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Djillali Annane
- Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Paris, France
- Simone Veil School of Medicine, University of Versailles, Versailles, France
- University Paris Saclay, Garches, France
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- Intensive Care Department, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abigail Beane
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | | | - Wilma van Bentum-Puijk
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Zahra Bhimani
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Marc J M Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A Bradbury
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, England
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Frank M Brunkhorst
- Center for Clinical Studies and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith Buxton
- Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeannie L Callum
- Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre and Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Allen C Cheng
- Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew E Cove
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Daly
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney and Perth, Australia
| | - Lennie Derde
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Intensive Care Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Menno De Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amy Evans
- NHSBT Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, England
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Fish
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, England
| | | | - Claire Foley
- NHSBT Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, England
| | - Herman Goossens
- Department of Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anthony C Gordon
- Division of Anesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Iain B Gosbell
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney and Perth, Australia
- Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cameron Green
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rashan Haniffa
- Network for Improving Critical Care Systems and Training, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Alisa M Higgins
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David T Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Nao Ichihara
- Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emma Laing
- NHSBT Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, England
| | | | | | - Patrick R Lawler
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelsey Linstrum
- Clinical Research Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward Litton
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley
| | | | | | - John Marshall
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - John F McDyer
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Shay McGuinness
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington
| | | | - Stephanie Montgomery
- Clinical Research Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- UPMC Health System Office of Healthcare Innovation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul R Mouncey
- Clinical Trials Unit, Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- School of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alistair Nichol
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Intensive Care, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachael Parke
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington
- School of Nursing, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane C Parker
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole Priddee
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luis F Reyes
- Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
- Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
| | | | - Nancy Robitaille
- Héma-Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kathryn M Rowan
- Clinical Trials Unit, Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England
| | - Jennifer Rynne
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, England
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Marlene Santos
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ary Serpa Neto
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher W Seymour
- Clinical Research Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- UPMC Health System Office of Healthcare Innovation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jon A Silversides
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Alan A Tinmouth
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darrell J Triulzi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne M Turner
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington
| | - Frank van de Veerdonk
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Roger J Lewis
- Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Department of Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - David K Menon
- University Division of Anesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Colin McArthur
- Clinical Trials Unit, Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- Department of Medicine, Critical Care and Hematology/Medical Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Derek C Angus
- Clinical Research Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- UPMC Health System Office of Healthcare Innovation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steve A Webb
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Australia
| | - David J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, England
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Hematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, England
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, ICU Support Offices, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England
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Iannizzi C, Dorando E, Burns J, Weibel S, Dooley C, Wakeford H, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N, Piechotta V. Living systematic reviews in a context of rapidly emerging diseases: challenges and lessons learned. Eur J Public Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In a context of a rapid emerging disease, like the COVID-19 pandemic, we are confronted with clinical uncertainty, evolving epidemiological setting and lacking evidence. Within the context of such a high-priority topic, living systematic reviews (LSRs) are an important systematic review type characterized through regular updating and permanent surveillance of continuously evolving evidence. However, with the new pandemic-related challenges, the standard LSR methodology had to be adapted.
Objectives
The objective is to discuss certain challenges that occurred when conducting LSRs in a rapidly emerging disease context. In particular, we give insights in the lessons we have learned from the conduct of two COVID-19 LSRs and highlight emerging methodological aspects.
Results
With the evolving knowledge around the virus and its caused disease, we learned that the initial plan for inclusion of study designs, publication types, interventions and comparators, outcomes and the search strategy had to be adapted. The author teams for example had to revise outcome measures or included observational data in addition to evidence from randomized controlled trials, as they provided substantial information on the safety of investigated interventions. For deciding when to update a LSR, additional aspects, such as policy relevance or waiting for important evidence dependent on the individual research question were considered. To avoid biases in the review process, we learned that transparent reporting of any methodological adaptations is highly relevant; between protocol and review, as well as between each review update.
Conclusions
Our experience showed that LSRs are highly suitable in a pandemic context, in particular when facing unexpected methodological and clinical challenges. The research question, study designs and the methodology, should be revisited and critically discussed before each update, to be flexible enough for addressing the pandemic context.
Key messages
Living systematic reviews are highly relevant in a pandemic context, but the methodology and decision when to update the review have to be adapted to respond purposeful to the emerging topic. To avoid biases in the review process, we learned that transparent reporting of any methodological adaptations is highly relevant; between protocol and review, as well as between each review update.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Iannizzi
- Evidence-based Oncology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - E Dorando
- Evidence-based Oncology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Burns
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
| | - S Weibel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - C Dooley
- Editorial & Methods Department, Cochrane Central Executive, London, UK
| | - H Wakeford
- Editorial & Methods Department, Cochrane Central Executive, London, UK
| | - LJ Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - N Skoetz
- Evidence-based Oncology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - V Piechotta
- Evidence-based Oncology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kimber C, Valk SJ, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Iannizzi C, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Research/Clinical Epidemiology; Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cochrane Haematology; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | | | - Ina Monsef
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cochrane Haematology; Cologne Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Sanquin Blood Bank; Erasmus Medical Center; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine; Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
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Ernst M, Oeser A, Besiroglu B, Caro-Valenzuela J, Abd El Aziz M, Monsef I, Borchmann P, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N, Goldkuhle M. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for people with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 9:CD013365. [PMID: 34515338 PMCID: PMC8436585 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013365.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive cancer of the lymphatic system. About 30% to 40% of people with DLBCL experience relapse and 10% are refractory to first-line treatment usually consisting of R-CHOP chemotherapy. Of those eligible for second-line treatment, commonly consisting of salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT), around 50% experience relapse. With a median overall survival of less than six to 12 months, the prognosis of individuals who relapse or are refractory (r/r) to advanced lines of treatment or of those who are ineligible for ASCT, is very poor. With the introduction of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, a novel treatment option for these people is available. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for people with relapsed or refractory (r/r) DLBCL. SEARCH METHODS An experienced information specialist performed a systematic database search for relevant articles on CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase until September 11th, 2020. We also searched trial registries and reference lists of identified studies up to this date. All search results were screened by two authors independently and a third author was involved in case of discrepancies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included prospectively planned trials evaluating CAR T-cell therapy for people with r/r DLBCL. We had planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and we flexibly adapted eligibility criteria to the most reliable study designs available. We excluded studies involving fewer than 10 participants with r/r DLBCL and studies with a proportion of participants with r/r DLBCL below 70%, unless data were reported separately for this subgroup. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors extracted data and performed risk of bias ratings independently. A third author was involved in case of disagreements. As our search did not yield any completed RCTs, prospective controlled non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) or prospective observational studies with a control group, we did not meta-analyse data and reported all results narratively. We adopted the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence for prioritised outcomes. MAIN RESULTS We identified 13 eligible uncontrolled studies evaluating a single or multiple arms of CAR T-cell therapies. We also identified 38 ongoing studies, including three RCTs. Ten studies are awaiting classification due to completion with no retrievable results data or insufficient data to justify inclusion. The mean number of participants enrolled, treated with CAR T-cell therapy and evaluated in the included studies were 79 (range 12 to 344; data unavailable for two studies), 61 (range 12 to 294; data unavailable for one study) and 52 (range 11 to 256), respectively. Most studies included people with r/r DLBCL among people with other haematological B-cell malignancies. Participants had received at least a median of three prior treatment lines (data unavailable for four studies), 5% to 50% had undergone ASCT (data unavailable for five studies) and, except for two studies, 3% to 18% had undergone allogenic stem-cell transplantation (data unavailable for eight studies). The overall risk of bias was high for all studies, in particular, due to incomplete follow-up and the absence of blinding. None of the included studies had a control group so that no adequate comparative effect measures could be calculated. The duration of follow-up varied substantially between studies, in particular, for harms. Our certainty in the evidence is very low for all outcomes. Overall survival was reported by eight studies (567 participants). Four studies reported survival rates at 12 months which ranged between 48% and 59%, and one study reported an overall survival rate of 50.5% at 24 months. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of CAR T-cell therapy on overall survival. Two studies including 294 participants at baseline and 59 participants at the longest follow-up (12 months or 18 months) described improvements of quality of life measured with the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level visual analogue scale (EQ-5D-5L VAS) or Function Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lymphoma (FACT-Lym). The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of CAR T-cell therapy on quality of life. None of the studies reported treatment-related mortality. Five studies (550 participants) reported the occurrence of adverse events among participants, ranging between 99% and 100% for any grade adverse events and 68% to 98% for adverse events grade ≥ 3. In three studies (253 participants), 56% to 68% of participants experienced serious adverse events, while in one study (28 participants), no serious adverse events occurred. CAR T-cell therapy may increase the risk of adverse events and serious adverse events but the evidence is very uncertain about the exact risk. The occurrence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was reported in 11 studies (675 participants) under use of various grading criteria. Five studies reported between 42% and 100% of participants experiencing CRS according to criteria described in Lee 2014. CAR T-cell therapy may increase the risk of CRS but the evidence is very uncertain about the exact risk. Nine studies (575 participants) reported results on progression-free survival, disease-free survival or relapse-free survival. Twelve-month progression-free survival rates were reported by four studies and ranged between 44% and 75%. In one study, relapse-free survival remained at a rate of 64% at both 12 and 18 months. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of CAR T-cell therapy on progression-free survival. Thirteen studies (620 participants) provided data on complete response rates. At six months, three studies reported complete response rates between 40% and 45%. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of CAR T-cell therapy on complete response rates. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The available evidence on the benefits and harms of CAR T-cell therapy for people with r/r DLBCL is limited, mainly because of the absence of comparative clinical trials. The results we present should be regarded in light of this limitation and conclusions should be drawn very carefully. Due to the uncertainty in the current evidence, a large number of ongoing investigations and a risk of substantial and potentially life-threatening complications requiring supplementary treatment, it is critical to continue evaluating the evidence on this new therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Ernst
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annika Oeser
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Burcu Besiroglu
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Caro-Valenzuela
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Borchmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marius Goldkuhle
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Iannizzi C, Dorando E, Burns J, Weibel S, Dooley C, Wakeford H, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N, Piechotta V. Methodological challenges for living systematic reviews conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic: A concept paper. J Clin Epidemiol 2021; 141:82-89. [PMID: 34525406 PMCID: PMC8435072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background A living systematic review (LSR) is an emerging review type that makes use of continual updating. In the COVID-19 pandemic, we were confronted with a shifting epidemiological landscape, clinical uncertainties and evolving evidence. These unexpected challenges compelled us to amend standard LSR methodology. Objective and outline Our primary objective is to discuss some challenges faced when conducting LSRs in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to provide methodological guidance for others doing similar work. Based on our experience and lessons learned from two Cochrane LSRs and challenges identified in several non-Cochrane LSRs, we highlight methodological considerations, particularly with regards to the study design, interventions and comparators, changes in outcome measure, and the search strategy. We discuss when to update, or rather when not to update the review, and the importance of transparency when reporting changes. Lessons learned and conclusion We learned that a LSR is a very suitable review type for the pandemic context, even in the face of new methodological and clinical challenges. Our experience showed that the decision for updating a LSR depends not only on the evolving disease or emerging evidence, but also on the individual review question and the review teams’ resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Iannizzi
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Evidence-based Oncology Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Elena Dorando
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Evidence-based Oncology Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacob Burns
- Biometry and Epidemiology - IBE, LMU Munich , Institute for Medical Information Processing, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany; Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Weibel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Clare Dooley
- Department of Editorial and Methods, Cochrane Central Executive, London, UK
| | - Helen Wakeford
- Department of Editorial and Methods, Cochrane Central Executive, London, UK
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford UK, OX3 9BQ
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Evidence-based Oncology Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Evidence-based Oncology Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Kreuzberger N, Hirsch C, Chai KL, Tomlinson E, Khosravi Z, Popp M, Neidhardt M, Piechotta V, Salomon S, Valk SJ, Monsef I, Schmaderer C, Wood EM, So-Osman C, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 9:CD013825. [PMID: 34473343 PMCID: PMC8411904 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013825.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-produced molecules derived from the B cells of an infected host. They are being investigated as a potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs for treating patients with COVID-19, compared to an active comparator, placebo, or no intervention. To maintain the currency of the evidence, we will use a living systematic review approach. A secondary objective is to track newly developed SARS-CoV-2-targeting mAbs from first tests in humans onwards. SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, and three other databases on 17 June 2021. We also checked references, searched citations, and contacted study authors to identify additional studies. Between submission and publication, we conducted a shortened randomised controlled trial (RCT)-only search on 30 July 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that evaluated SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs, alone or combined, compared to an active comparator, placebo, or no intervention, to treat people with COVID-19. We excluded studies on prophylactic use of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed search results, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB2). Prioritised outcomes were all-cause mortality by days 30 and 60, clinical progression, quality of life, admission to hospital, adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs). We rated the certainty of evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We identified six RCTs that provided results from 17,495 participants with planned completion dates between July 2021 and December 2031. Target sample sizes varied from 1020 to 10,000 participants. Average age was 42 to 53 years across four studies of non-hospitalised participants, and 61 years in two studies of hospitalised participants. Non-hospitalised individuals with COVID-19 Four studies evaluated single agents bamlanivimab (N = 465), sotrovimab (N = 868), regdanvimab (N = 307), and combinations of bamlanivimab/etesevimab (N = 1035), and casirivimab/imdevimab (N = 799). We did not identify data for mortality at 60 days or quality of life. Our certainty of the evidence is low for all outcomes due to too few events (very serious imprecision). Bamlanivimab compared to placebo No deaths occurred in the study by day 29. There were nine people admitted to hospital by day 29 out of 156 in the placebo group compared with one out of 101 in the group treated with 0.7 g bamlanivimab (risk ratio (RR) 0.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02 to 1.33), 2 from 107 in the group treated with 2.8 g (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.47) and 2 from 101 in the group treated with 7.0 g (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.56). Treatment with 0.7 g, 2.8 g and 7.0 g bamlanivimab may have similar rates of AEs as placebo (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.50; RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.38; RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.27). The effect on SAEs is uncertain. Clinical progression/improvement of symptoms or development of severe symptoms were not reported. Bamlanivimab/etesevimab compared to placebo There were 10 deaths in the placebo group and none in bamlanivimab/etesevimab group by day 30 (RR 0.05, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.81). Bamlanivimab/etesevimab may decrease hospital admission by day 29 (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.59), may result in a slight increase in any grade AEs (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.59) and may increase SAEs (RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.45 to 4.37). Clinical progression/improvement of symptoms or development of severe symptoms were not reported. Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo Casirivimab/imdevimab may reduce hospital admissions or death (2.4 g: RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.08 to 2.19; 8.0 g: RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.79). We are uncertain of the effect on grades 3-4 AEs (2.4 g: RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.17 to 3.37; 8.0 g: RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.73) and SAEs (2.4 g: RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.19 to 2.37; 8.0 g: RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.65). Mortality by day 30 and clinical progression/improvement of symptoms or development of severe symptoms were not reported. Sotrovimab compared to placebo We are uncertain whether sotrovimab has an effect on mortality (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 8.18) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) requirement or death (RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.01 to 2.76). Treatment with sotrovimab may reduce the number of participants with oxygen requirement (RR 0.11, 95 % CI 0.02 to 0.45), hospital admission or death by day 30 (RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.48), grades 3-4 AEs (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.60), SAEs (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.63) and may have little or no effect on any grade AEs (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.16). Regdanvimab compared to placebo Treatment with either dose (40 or 80 mg/kg) compared with placebo may decrease hospital admissions or death (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.14 to 1.42; RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.60, 206 participants), but may increase grades 3-4 AEs (RR 2.62, 95% CI 0.52 to 13.12; RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.37 to 10.70). 80 mg/kg may reduce any grade AEs (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.22) but 40 mg/kg may have little to no effect (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.43). There were too few events to allow meaningful judgment for the outcomes mortality by 30 days, IMV requirement, and SAEs. Hospitalised individuals with COVID-19 Two studies evaluating bamlanivimab as a single agent (N = 314) and casirivimab/imdevimab as a combination therapy (N = 9785) were included. Bamlanivimab compared to placebo We are uncertain whether bamlanivimab has an effect on mortality by day 30 (RR 1.39, 95% CI 0.40 to 4.83) and SAEs by day 28 (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.27 to 3.14). Bamlanivimab may have little to no effect on time to hospital discharge (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.20) and mortality by day 90 (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.49 to 2.43). The effect of bamlanivimab on the development of severe symptoms at day 5 (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.85) is uncertain. Bamlanivimab may increase grades 3-4 AEs at day 28 (RR 1.27, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.98). We assessed the evidence as low certainty for all outcomes due to serious imprecision, and very low certainty for severe symptoms because of additional concerns about indirectness. Casirivimab/imdevimab with usual care compared to usual care alone Treatment with casirivimab/imdevimab compared to usual care probably has little or no effect on mortality by day 30 (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.02), IMV requirement or death (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.04), nor alive at hospital discharge by day 30 (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.04). We assessed the evidence as moderate certainty due to study limitations (lack of blinding). AEs and SAEs were not reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence for each comparison is based on single studies. None of these measured quality of life. Our certainty in the evidence for all non-hospitalised individuals is low, and for hospitalised individuals is very low to moderate. We consider the current evidence insufficient to draw meaningful conclusions regarding treatment with SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs. Further studies and long-term data from the existing studies are needed to confirm or refute these initial findings, and to understand how the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants may impact the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs. Publication of the 36 ongoing studies may resolve uncertainties about the effectiveness and safety of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs for the treatment of COVID-19 and possible subgroup differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kreuzberger
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Caroline Hirsch
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eve Tomlinson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zahra Khosravi
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Popp
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Neidhardt
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Salomon
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Lawler PR, Goligher EC, Berger JS, Neal MD, McVerry BJ, Nicolau JC, Gong MN, Carrier M, Rosenson RS, Reynolds HR, Turgeon AF, Escobedo J, Huang DT, Bradbury CA, Houston BL, Kornblith LZ, Kumar A, Kahn SR, Cushman M, McQuilten Z, Slutsky AS, Kim KS, Gordon AC, Kirwan BA, Brooks MM, Higgins AM, Lewis RJ, Lorenzi E, Berry SM, Berry LR, Aday AW, Al-Beidh F, Annane D, Arabi YM, Aryal D, Baumann Kreuziger L, Beane A, Bhimani Z, Bihari S, Billett HH, Bond L, Bonten M, Brunkhorst F, Buxton M, Buzgau A, Castellucci LA, Chekuri S, Chen JT, Cheng AC, Chkhikvadze T, Coiffard B, Costantini TW, de Brouwer S, Derde LPG, Detry MA, Duggal A, Džavík V, Effron MB, Estcourt LJ, Everett BM, Fergusson DA, Fitzgerald M, Fowler RA, Galanaud JP, Galen BT, Gandotra S, García-Madrona S, Girard TD, Godoy LC, Goodman AL, Goossens H, Green C, Greenstein YY, Gross PL, Hamburg NM, Haniffa R, Hanna G, Hanna N, Hegde SM, Hendrickson CM, Hite RD, Hindenburg AA, Hope AA, Horowitz JM, Horvat CM, Hudock K, Hunt BJ, Husain M, Hyzy RC, Iyer VN, Jacobson JR, Jayakumar D, Keller NM, Khan A, Kim Y, Kindzelski AL, King AJ, Knudson MM, Kornblith AE, Krishnan V, Kutcher ME, Laffan MA, Lamontagne F, Le Gal G, Leeper CM, Leifer ES, Lim G, Lima FG, Linstrum K, Litton E, Lopez-Sendon J, Lopez-Sendon Moreno JL, Lother SA, Malhotra S, Marcos M, Saud Marinez A, Marshall JC, Marten N, Matthay MA, McAuley DF, McDonald EG, McGlothlin A, McGuinness SP, Middeldorp S, Montgomery SK, Moore SC, Morillo Guerrero R, Mouncey PR, Murthy S, Nair GB, Nair R, Nichol AD, Nunez-Garcia B, Pandey A, Park PK, Parke RL, Parker JC, Parnia S, Paul JD, Pérez González YS, Pompilio M, Prekker ME, Quigley JG, Rost NS, Rowan K, Santos FO, Santos M, Olombrada Santos M, Satterwhite L, Saunders CT, Schutgens REG, Seymour CW, Siegal DM, Silva DG, Shankar-Hari M, Sheehan JP, Singhal AB, Solvason D, Stanworth SJ, Tritschler T, Turner AM, van Bentum-Puijk W, van de Veerdonk FL, van Diepen S, Vazquez-Grande G, Wahid L, Wareham V, Wells BJ, Widmer RJ, Wilson JG, Yuriditsky E, Zampieri FG, Angus DC, McArthur CJ, Webb SA, Farkouh ME, Hochman JS, Zarychanski R. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Noncritically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:790-802. [PMID: 34351721 PMCID: PMC8362594 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2105911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombosis and inflammation may contribute to the risk of death and complications among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). We hypothesized that therapeutic-dose anticoagulation may improve outcomes in noncritically ill patients who are hospitalized with Covid-19. METHODS In this open-label, adaptive, multiplatform, controlled trial, we randomly assigned patients who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and who were not critically ill (which was defined as an absence of critical care-level organ support at enrollment) to receive pragmatically defined regimens of either therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin or usual-care pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. The primary outcome was organ support-free days, evaluated on an ordinal scale that combined in-hospital death (assigned a value of -1) and the number of days free of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support up to day 21 among patients who survived to hospital discharge. This outcome was evaluated with the use of a Bayesian statistical model for all patients and according to the baseline d-dimer level. RESULTS The trial was stopped when prespecified criteria for the superiority of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation were met. Among 2219 patients in the final analysis, the probability that therapeutic-dose anticoagulation increased organ support-free days as compared with usual-care thromboprophylaxis was 98.6% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.27; 95% credible interval, 1.03 to 1.58). The adjusted absolute between-group difference in survival until hospital discharge without organ support favoring therapeutic-dose anticoagulation was 4.0 percentage points (95% credible interval, 0.5 to 7.2). The final probability of the superiority of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation over usual-care thromboprophylaxis was 97.3% in the high d-dimer cohort, 92.9% in the low d-dimer cohort, and 97.3% in the unknown d-dimer cohort. Major bleeding occurred in 1.9% of the patients receiving therapeutic-dose anticoagulation and in 0.9% of those receiving thromboprophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS In noncritically ill patients with Covid-19, an initial strategy of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin increased the probability of survival to hospital discharge with reduced use of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support as compared with usual-care thromboprophylaxis. (ATTACC, ACTIV-4a, and REMAP-CAP ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT04372589, NCT04505774, NCT04359277, and NCT02735707.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Lawler
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Ewan C Goligher
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jeffrey S Berger
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Matthew D Neal
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jose C Nicolau
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Michelle N Gong
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Marc Carrier
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Harmony R Reynolds
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jorge Escobedo
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - David T Huang
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Charlotte A Bradbury
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Brett L Houston
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Lucy Z Kornblith
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Anand Kumar
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Susan R Kahn
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Mary Cushman
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Arthur S Slutsky
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Keri S Kim
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Anthony C Gordon
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Bridget-Anne Kirwan
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Maria M Brooks
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Alisa M Higgins
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Roger J Lewis
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Elizabeth Lorenzi
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Scott M Berry
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Lindsay R Berry
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Aaron W Aday
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Farah Al-Beidh
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Djillali Annane
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Diptesh Aryal
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Lisa Baumann Kreuziger
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Abi Beane
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Zahra Bhimani
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Shailesh Bihari
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Henny H Billett
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Lindsay Bond
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Marc Bonten
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Frank Brunkhorst
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Meredith Buxton
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Adrian Buzgau
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Lana A Castellucci
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Sweta Chekuri
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jen-Ting Chen
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Allen C Cheng
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Tamta Chkhikvadze
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Benjamin Coiffard
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Todd W Costantini
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Sophie de Brouwer
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Lennie P G Derde
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Michelle A Detry
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Abhijit Duggal
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Vladimír Džavík
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Mark B Effron
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Brendan M Everett
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Mark Fitzgerald
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Robert A Fowler
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jean P Galanaud
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Benjamin T Galen
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Sheetal Gandotra
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Sebastian García-Madrona
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Timothy D Girard
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Lucas C Godoy
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Herman Goossens
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Cameron Green
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Yonatan Y Greenstein
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Peter L Gross
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Rashan Haniffa
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - George Hanna
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Nicholas Hanna
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Sheila M Hegde
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Carolyn M Hendrickson
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - R Duncan Hite
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Alexander A Hindenburg
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Aluko A Hope
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - James M Horowitz
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Christopher M Horvat
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Kristin Hudock
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Beverley J Hunt
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Mansoor Husain
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Robert C Hyzy
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Vivek N Iyer
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Devachandran Jayakumar
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Norma M Keller
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Akram Khan
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Yuri Kim
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Andrei L Kindzelski
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Andrew J King
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - M Margaret Knudson
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Aaron E Kornblith
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Vidya Krishnan
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Matthew E Kutcher
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Michael A Laffan
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Francois Lamontagne
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Grégoire Le Gal
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Christine M Leeper
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Eric S Leifer
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - George Lim
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Felipe Gallego Lima
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Kelsey Linstrum
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Edward Litton
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jose Lopez-Sendon
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jose L Lopez-Sendon Moreno
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Sylvain A Lother
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Saurabh Malhotra
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Miguel Marcos
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Andréa Saud Marinez
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - John C Marshall
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Nicole Marten
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Michael A Matthay
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Emily G McDonald
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Anna McGlothlin
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Shay P McGuinness
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Stephanie K Montgomery
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Steven C Moore
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Raquel Morillo Guerrero
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Paul R Mouncey
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Girish B Nair
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Rahul Nair
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Alistair D Nichol
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Brenda Nunez-Garcia
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Pauline K Park
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Rachael L Parke
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jane C Parker
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Sam Parnia
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jonathan D Paul
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Yessica S Pérez González
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Mauricio Pompilio
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Matthew E Prekker
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - John G Quigley
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Natalia S Rost
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Kathryn Rowan
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Fernanda O Santos
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Marlene Santos
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Mayler Olombrada Santos
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Lewis Satterwhite
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Christina T Saunders
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Roger E G Schutgens
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Christopher W Seymour
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Deborah M Siegal
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Delcio G Silva
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - John P Sheehan
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Aneesh B Singhal
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Dayna Solvason
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Simon J Stanworth
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Tobias Tritschler
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Anne M Turner
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Wilma van Bentum-Puijk
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Sean van Diepen
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Gloria Vazquez-Grande
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Lana Wahid
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Vanessa Wareham
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Bryan J Wells
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - R Jay Widmer
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Jennifer G Wilson
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Eugene Yuriditsky
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Fernando G Zampieri
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Derek C Angus
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Colin J McArthur
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Steven A Webb
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Michael E Farkouh
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Judith S Hochman
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- From the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., M.E.F., V.D., J.P.G., L.C.G., G.H.), the University of Toronto (P.R.L., E.C.G., A.S.S., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., L.C.G., G.H., M.H.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (A.S.S., Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., L.P.G.D., V.W.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (Marc Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, Université Laval (A.F.T.) and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (A.F.T.), Quebec, QC, the University of Manitoba (B.L.H., A. Kumar, R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.), CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), and St. Boniface Hospital (N.M.), Winnipeg, MB, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), McMaster University (P.L.G.) and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute (P.L.G.), Hamilton, ON, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy, K.R.), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., N.M.K., S.P.), the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.T.C., R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (R.D.H., A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; the University of Pittsburgh (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.T.H., M.M.B., D.C.A., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., S.K.M., C.W.S.), UPMC (M.D.N., B.J.M., D.C.A., K.L., S.K.M.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C. Horvat), Pittsburgh, and Emergency Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey (S.C.M.) - all in Pennsylvania; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (J.C.N., L.C.G., F.G.L.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), Hospital de Julho (F.O.S.), and Hospital do Coracao (F.G.Z.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.J.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.J.), Campo Grande, and INGOH, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., Y.S.P.G.); the University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust (C.A.B.), Bristol, Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M.), Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), and King's College London (M.S.-H.), London, Oxford University (A. Beane, S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S.J.S.), Oxford, and Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., M.A.M., B.N.-G.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L., S. Brouwer), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., A.M.H., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P., A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital (S.A.W., E. Litton) and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton), Perth, WA, and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari) - all in Australia; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), Cook County Health and Rush Medical College (S. Malhotra), and the University of Chicago (J.D.P.) - all in Chicago; SOCAR Research SA, Nyon (B.-A.K.), and Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern (T.T.), Bern - all in Switzerland; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (A.P.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - all in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (A.W.A.) and TriStar Centennial Medical Center (A.L.G.) - both in Nashville; Fédération Hospitalo Universitaire, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur, and Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal) - both in Nepal; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K., L.J.E.), and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.P.S.); National Intensive Care Surveillance-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht (M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic (A.D.) and Case Western Reserve University, the Metro Health Medical Centre (V.K.) - both in Cleveland; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S), Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (N.M.H.), and Massachusetts General Hospital (A.B.S., N.S.R.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); Hospital Ramón y Cajal (S.G.-M., J.L.L.-S.M., R.M.G.) and IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma (J.L.-S.), Madrid, and University Hospital of Salamanca-University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca (M.M.) - all in Spain; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); Ascension St. John Heart and Vascular Center, Tulsa (N.H.), and the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City (N.H.); the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, and the OUWB School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Mayo Clinic, Rochester (V.N.I.), and the Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis (M.E.P.) - both in Minnesota; Apollo Speciality Hospital-OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan, E.S.L.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.L.K.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC (L.W.); and Emory University, Atlanta (B.J.W.)
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Goligher EC, Bradbury CA, McVerry BJ, Lawler PR, Berger JS, Gong MN, Carrier M, Reynolds HR, Kumar A, Turgeon AF, Kornblith LZ, Kahn SR, Marshall JC, Kim KS, Houston BL, Derde LPG, Cushman M, Tritschler T, Angus DC, Godoy LC, McQuilten Z, Kirwan BA, Farkouh ME, Brooks MM, Lewis RJ, Berry LR, Lorenzi E, Gordon AC, Ahuja T, Al-Beidh F, Annane D, Arabi YM, Aryal D, Baumann Kreuziger L, Beane A, Bhimani Z, Bihari S, Billett HH, Bond L, Bonten M, Brunkhorst F, Buxton M, Buzgau A, Castellucci LA, Chekuri S, Chen JT, Cheng AC, Chkhikvadze T, Coiffard B, Contreras A, Costantini TW, de Brouwer S, Detry MA, Duggal A, Džavík V, Effron MB, Eng HF, Escobedo J, Estcourt LJ, Everett BM, Fergusson DA, Fitzgerald M, Fowler RA, Froess JD, Fu Z, Galanaud JP, Galen BT, Gandotra S, Girard TD, Goodman AL, Goossens H, Green C, Greenstein YY, Gross PL, Haniffa R, Hegde SM, Hendrickson CM, Higgins AM, Hindenburg AA, Hope AA, Horowitz JM, Horvat CM, Huang DT, Hudock K, Hunt BJ, Husain M, Hyzy RC, Jacobson JR, Jayakumar D, Keller NM, Khan A, Kim Y, Kindzelski A, King AJ, Knudson MM, Kornblith AE, Kutcher ME, Laffan MA, Lamontagne F, Le Gal G, Leeper CM, Leifer ES, Lim G, Gallego Lima F, Linstrum K, Litton E, Lopez-Sendon J, Lother SA, Marten N, Saud Marinez A, Martinez M, Mateos Garcia E, Mavromichalis S, McAuley DF, McDonald EG, McGlothlin A, McGuinness SP, Middeldorp S, Montgomery SK, Mouncey PR, Murthy S, Nair GB, Nair R, Nichol AD, Nicolau JC, Nunez-Garcia B, Park JJ, Park PK, Parke RL, Parker JC, Parnia S, Paul JD, Pompilio M, Quigley JG, Rosenson RS, Rost NS, Rowan K, Santos FO, Santos M, Santos MO, Satterwhite L, Saunders CT, Schreiber J, Schutgens REG, Seymour CW, Siegal DM, Silva DG, Singhal AB, Slutsky AS, Solvason D, Stanworth SJ, Turner AM, van Bentum-Puijk W, van de Veerdonk FL, van Diepen S, Vazquez-Grande G, Wahid L, Wareham V, Widmer RJ, Wilson JG, Yuriditsky E, Zhong Y, Berry SM, McArthur CJ, Neal MD, Hochman JS, Webb SA, Zarychanski R. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:777-789. [PMID: 34351722 PMCID: PMC8362592 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 203.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombosis and inflammation may contribute to morbidity and mortality among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). We hypothesized that therapeutic-dose anticoagulation would improve outcomes in critically ill patients with Covid-19. METHODS In an open-label, adaptive, multiplatform, randomized clinical trial, critically ill patients with severe Covid-19 were randomly assigned to a pragmatically defined regimen of either therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin or pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis in accordance with local usual care. The primary outcome was organ support-free days, evaluated on an ordinal scale that combined in-hospital death (assigned a value of -1) and the number of days free of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support up to day 21 among patients who survived to hospital discharge. RESULTS The trial was stopped when the prespecified criterion for futility was met for therapeutic-dose anticoagulation. Data on the primary outcome were available for 1098 patients (534 assigned to therapeutic-dose anticoagulation and 564 assigned to usual-care thromboprophylaxis). The median value for organ support-free days was 1 (interquartile range, -1 to 16) among the patients assigned to therapeutic-dose anticoagulation and was 4 (interquartile range, -1 to 16) among the patients assigned to usual-care thromboprophylaxis (adjusted proportional odds ratio, 0.83; 95% credible interval, 0.67 to 1.03; posterior probability of futility [defined as an odds ratio <1.2], 99.9%). The percentage of patients who survived to hospital discharge was similar in the two groups (62.7% and 64.5%, respectively; adjusted odds ratio, 0.84; 95% credible interval, 0.64 to 1.11). Major bleeding occurred in 3.8% of the patients assigned to therapeutic-dose anticoagulation and in 2.3% of those assigned to usual-care pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS In critically ill patients with Covid-19, an initial strategy of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin did not result in a greater probability of survival to hospital discharge or a greater number of days free of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support than did usual-care pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. (REMAP-CAP, ACTIV-4a, and ATTACC ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02735707, NCT04505774, NCT04359277, and NCT04372589.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan C Goligher
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Charlotte A Bradbury
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Patrick R Lawler
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jeffrey S Berger
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Michelle N Gong
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Marc Carrier
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Harmony R Reynolds
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Anand Kumar
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Lucy Z Kornblith
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Susan R Kahn
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - John C Marshall
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Keri S Kim
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Brett L Houston
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Lennie P G Derde
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Mary Cushman
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Tobias Tritschler
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Derek C Angus
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Lucas C Godoy
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Bridget-Anne Kirwan
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Michael E Farkouh
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Maria M Brooks
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Roger J Lewis
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Lindsay R Berry
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Elizabeth Lorenzi
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Anthony C Gordon
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Tania Ahuja
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Farah Al-Beidh
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Djillali Annane
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Diptesh Aryal
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Lisa Baumann Kreuziger
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Abi Beane
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Zahra Bhimani
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Shailesh Bihari
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Henny H Billett
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Lindsay Bond
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Marc Bonten
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Frank Brunkhorst
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Meredith Buxton
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Adrian Buzgau
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Lana A Castellucci
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Sweta Chekuri
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jen-Ting Chen
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Allen C Cheng
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Tamta Chkhikvadze
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Benjamin Coiffard
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Aira Contreras
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Todd W Costantini
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Sophie de Brouwer
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Michelle A Detry
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Abhijit Duggal
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Vladimír Džavík
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Mark B Effron
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Heather F Eng
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jorge Escobedo
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Brendan M Everett
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Mark Fitzgerald
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Robert A Fowler
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Joshua D Froess
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Zhuxuan Fu
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jean P Galanaud
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Benjamin T Galen
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Sheetal Gandotra
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Timothy D Girard
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Herman Goossens
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Cameron Green
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Yonatan Y Greenstein
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Peter L Gross
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Rashan Haniffa
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Sheila M Hegde
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Carolyn M Hendrickson
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Alisa M Higgins
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Alexander A Hindenburg
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Aluko A Hope
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - James M Horowitz
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Christopher M Horvat
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - David T Huang
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Kristin Hudock
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Beverley J Hunt
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Mansoor Husain
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Robert C Hyzy
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Devachandran Jayakumar
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Norma M Keller
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Akram Khan
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Yuri Kim
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Andrei Kindzelski
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Andrew J King
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - M Margaret Knudson
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Aaron E Kornblith
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Matthew E Kutcher
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Michael A Laffan
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Francois Lamontagne
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Grégoire Le Gal
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Christine M Leeper
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Eric S Leifer
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - George Lim
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Felipe Gallego Lima
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Kelsey Linstrum
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Edward Litton
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jose Lopez-Sendon
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Sylvain A Lother
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Nicole Marten
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Andréa Saud Marinez
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Mary Martinez
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Eduardo Mateos Garcia
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Stavroula Mavromichalis
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Emily G McDonald
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Anna McGlothlin
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Shay P McGuinness
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Stephanie K Montgomery
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Paul R Mouncey
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Girish B Nair
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Rahul Nair
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Alistair D Nichol
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jose C Nicolau
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Brenda Nunez-Garcia
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - John J Park
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Pauline K Park
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Rachael L Parke
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jane C Parker
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Sam Parnia
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jonathan D Paul
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Mauricio Pompilio
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - John G Quigley
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Natalia S Rost
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Kathryn Rowan
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Fernanda O Santos
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Marlene Santos
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Mayler O Santos
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Lewis Satterwhite
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Christina T Saunders
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jake Schreiber
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Roger E G Schutgens
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Christopher W Seymour
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Deborah M Siegal
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Delcio G Silva
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Aneesh B Singhal
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Arthur S Slutsky
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Dayna Solvason
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Simon J Stanworth
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Anne M Turner
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Wilma van Bentum-Puijk
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Sean van Diepen
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Gloria Vazquez-Grande
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Lana Wahid
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Vanessa Wareham
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - R Jay Widmer
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Jennifer G Wilson
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Eugene Yuriditsky
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Yongqi Zhong
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Scott M Berry
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Colin J McArthur
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Matthew D Neal
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Judith S Hochman
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Steven A Webb
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- From the University of Toronto (E.C.G., P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D., R.A.F., J.P.G., M.H., A.S.S.), University Health Network (E.C.G., M.H.), Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at University Health Network (P.R.L., L.C.G., M.E.F., V.D.), Ozmosis Research (L.B., V.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (J.P.G.), Toronto, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (M. Carrier, L.A.C., D.A.F., G.L.G., D.M.S.), Institut du Savoir Montfort (M. Carrier, G.L.G.), and the University of Ottawa (L.A.C., D.A.F., D.M.S.), Ottawa, the University of Manitoba (A. Kumar, B.L.H., R.Z., S.A.L., D.S., G.V.-G.) and CancerCare Manitoba (B.L.H., R.Z.), Winnipeg, Université Laval and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC (A.F.T.), McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K., E.G.M.), St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health, Toronto (J.C.M., Z.B., M.S., A.S.S.), McMaster University and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON (P.L.G.) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB (N.M.), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.D.) - all in Canada; University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol (C.A.B.), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (B.-A.K.), Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B., M.A.L.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), Kings Healthcare Partners (B.J.H.), and Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) (P.R.M., K.R.), London, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (D.F.M.), and Oxford University (A. Beane, L.J.E., S.J.S.) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E., S. Mavromichalis, S.J.S.), Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Pittsburgh (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.M.B., M.D.N., H.F.E., J.D.F., Z.F., D.T.H., A.J.K., C.M.L., K.L., M.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., Y.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (B.J.M., D.C.A., M.D.N., K.L.), the Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, University of Pittsburgh (T.D.G.), and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M. Horvat) - all in Pittsburgh; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (J.S.B., H.R.R., J.S.H., T.C., A.C., N.M.K., S. Mavromichalis, S.P.), NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Hospital (T.A., T.C., A.C., J.M.H., E.Y.), and Bellevue Hospital (N.M.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.R.), and Mount Sinai Heart (R.S.R.), New York, Montefiore Medical Center (M.N.G., H.H.B., S.C., J.-T.C., A.A. Hope, R.N.) and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (M.N.G., H.H.B., B.T.G., A.A. Hope), Bronx, and NYU Langone Long Island, Mineola (A.A. Hindenburg) - all in New York; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital-University of California, San Francisco (L.Z.K., C.M. Hendrickson, M.M.K., A.E.K., B.N.-G., J.J.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance (R.J.L.), Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (M. Buxton) and the University of California, Los Angeles (G.L.), Los Angeles, the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego (T.W.C.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (J.G.W.) - all in California; the University of Illinois (K.S.K., J.R.J., J.G.Q.), the University of Chicago (J.D.P.), and the Chartis Group (J.S.) - all in Chicago; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University (L.P.G.D., M. Bonten, R.E.G.S., W.B.-P.), and Utrecht University (R.E.G.S.), Utrecht, and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (S. Middeldorp, F.L.V.) - all in the Netherlands; Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington (M. Cushman); Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern (T.T.), and SOCAR Research, Nyon (B.-A.K., S. Brouwer) - both in Switzerland; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo (L.C.G., F.G.L., J.C.N.), Avanti Pesquisa Clínica (A.S.M.), and Hospital 9 de Julho (F.O.S.), Sao Paulo, Hospital do Coração de Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (M.P.), Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossia (D.G.S.), and Hospital Unimed Campo Grande (D.G.S.), Campo Grande, and Instituto Goiano de Oncologia e Hematologia, Clinical Research Center, Goiânia (M.O.S.) - all in Brazil; the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University (Z.M., C.J.M., S.A.W., A. Buzgau, C.G., A.M.H., S.P.M., A.D.N., J.C.P.), Monash University (A.C.C.), and Alfred Health (A.C.C., A.D.N.), Melbourne, VIC, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W., E. Litton), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA (S. Bihari), and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA (E. Litton) - all in Australia; Berry Consultants, Austin (R.J.L., L.R.B., E. Lorenzi, S.M.B., M.A.D., M.F., A.M., C.T.S.), and Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (R.J.W.) - both in Texas; Auckland City Hospital (C.J.M., S.P.M., R.L.P.) and the University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (C.J.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to Personalize Interventions for Sepsis (FHU-SEPSIS), Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Garches (D. Annane), and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille (B.C.) - both in France; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Nepal Mediciti Hospital, Lalitpur (D. Aryal), and the Nepal Intensive Care Research Foundation, Kathmandu (D. Aryal); Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee (L.B.K.); National Intensive Care Surveillance (NICS)-Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Colombo, Sri Lanka (A. Beane); Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.B.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.D.), and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (K.H.) - both in Ohio; Ochsner Medical Center, University of Queensland-Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans (M.B.E.); Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City (J.E., E.M.G.); Brigham and Women's Hospital (B.M.E., Y.K., S.M.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital (N.S.R., A.B.S.), and Harvard Medical School (B.M.E., Y.K., N.S.R., A.B.S.) - all in Boston; University of Alabama, Birmingham (S.G.); TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville (A.L.G.); University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (Y.Y.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.C.H., P.K.P.), Beaumont Health, Royal Oak (G.B.N.), and Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills (G.B.N.) - all in Michigan; Apollo Speciality Hospital OMR, Chennai, India (D.J.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A. Khan); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A. Kindzelski, E.S.L.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (M.E.K.); IdiPaz Research Institute, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid (J.L.-S.); University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City (L.S.); and Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina (L.W.)
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Piechotta V, Iannizzi C, Chai KL, Valk SJ, Kimber C, Dorando E, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 5:CD013600. [PMID: 34013969 PMCID: PMC8135693 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013600.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and are being investigated as potential therapies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding benefits and risks of these interventions is required. OBJECTIVES: Using a living systematic review approach, to assess whether convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin transfusion is effective and safe in the treatment of people with COVID-19; and to maintain the currency of the evidence. SEARCH METHODS To identify completed and ongoing studies, we searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, the Epistemonikos COVID-19 L*OVE Platform, and trial registries. Searches were done on 17 March 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for COVID-19, irrespective of disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. For safety assessments, we also included non-controlled non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) if 500 or more participants were included. We excluded studies that included populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)), as well as studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane 'Risk of Bias 2' tool for RCTs, and for NRSIs, the assessment criteria for observational studies, provided by Cochrane Childhood Cancer. We rated the certainty of evidence, using the GRADE approach, for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality, improvement and worsening of clinical status (for individuals with moderate to severe disease), development of severe clinical COVID-19 symptoms (for individuals with asymptomatic or mild disease), quality of life (including fatigue and functional independence), grade 3 or 4 adverse events, and serious adverse events. MAIN RESULTS We included 13 studies (12 RCTs, 1 NRSI) with 48,509 participants, of whom 41,880 received convalescent plasma. We did not identify any completed studies evaluating hyperimmune immunoglobulin. We identified a further 100 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, and 33 studies reporting as being completed or terminated. Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and moderate to severe disease Eleven RCTs and one NRSI investigated the use of convalescent plasma for 48,349 participants with moderate to severe disease. Nine RCTs compared convalescent plasma to placebo treatment or standard care alone, and two compared convalescent plasma to standard plasma (results not included in abstract). Effectiveness of convalescent plasma We included data on nine RCTs (12,875 participants) to assess the effectiveness of convalescent plasma compared to placebo or standard care alone. Convalescent plasma does not reduce all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92 to 1.05; 7 RCTs, 12,646 participants; high-certainty evidence). It has little to no impact on clinical improvement for all participants when assessed by liberation from respiratory support (RR not estimable; 8 RCTs, 12,682 participants; high-certainty evidence). It has little to no impact on the chance of being weaned or liberated from invasive mechanical ventilation for the subgroup of participants requiring invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.93; 2 RCTs, 630 participants; low-certainty evidence). It does not reduce the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.08; 4 RCTs, 11,765 participants; high-certainty evidence). We did not identify any subgroup differences. We did not identify any studies reporting quality of life, and therefore, do not know whether convalescent plasma has any impact on quality of life. One RCT assessed resolution of fatigue on day 7, but we are very uncertain about the effect (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.42; 309 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Safety of convalescent plasma We included results from eight RCTs, and one NRSI, to assess the safety of convalescent plasma. Some of the RCTs reported on safety data only for the convalescent plasma group. We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma increases or reduces the risk of grade 3 and 4 adverse events (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.41; 4 RCTs, 905 participants; low-certainty evidence), and serious adverse events (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.90; 2 RCTs, 414 participants; low-certainty evidence). A summary of reported events of the NRSI (reporting safety data for 20,000 of 35,322 transfused participants), and four RCTs reporting safety data only for transfused participants (6125 participants) are included in the full text. Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and asymptomatic or mild disease We identified one RCT reporting on 160 participants, comparing convalescent plasma to placebo treatment (saline). Effectiveness of convalescent plasma We are very uncertain about the effect of convalescent plasma on all-cause mortality (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.65; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain about the effect of convalescent plasma on developing severe clinical COVID-19 symptoms (RR not estimable; low-certainty evidence). We identified no study reporting quality of life. Safety of convalescent plasma We do not know whether convalescent plasma is associated with a higher risk of grade 3 or 4 adverse events (very low-certainty evidence), or serious adverse events (very low-certainty evidence). This is a living systematic review. We search weekly for new evidence and update the review when we identify relevant new evidence. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the current status of this review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We have high certainty in the evidence that convalescent plasma for the treatment of individuals with moderate to severe disease does not reduce mortality and has little to no impact on measures of clinical improvement. We are uncertain about the adverse effects of convalescent plasma. While major efforts to conduct research on COVID-19 are being made, heterogeneous reporting of outcomes is still problematic. There are 100 ongoing studies and 33 studies reporting in a study registry as being completed or terminated. Publication of ongoing studies might resolve some of the uncertainties around hyperimmune immunoglobulin therapy for people with any disease severity, and convalescent plasma therapy for people with asymptomatic or mild disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claire Iannizzi
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Dorando
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Hirsch C, Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Chai KL, Estcourt LJ, Monsef I, Salomon S, Tomlinson E, Popp M, Wood EM, So-Osman C, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, Skoetz N, Kreuzberger N. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID-19. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hirsch
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research; Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Susanne Salomon
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Eve Tomlinson
- Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancers; 1st Floor Education Centre, Royal United Hospital; Bath UK
| | - Maria Popp
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine; University Hospital Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Nina Kreuzberger
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
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Sanderson BJ, Field JD, Estcourt LJ, Wood EM, Coiera EW. Massive transfusion experience, current practice and decision support: A survey of Australian and New Zealand anaesthetists. Anaesth Intensive Care 2021; 49:214-221. [PMID: 33951942 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x20974035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Massive transfusions guided by massive transfusion protocols are commonly used to manage critical bleeding, when the patient is at significant risk of morbidity and mortality, and multiple timely decisions must be made by clinicians. Clinical decision support systems are increasingly used to provide patient-specific recommendations by comparing patient information to a knowledge base, and have been shown to improve patient outcomes. To investigate current massive transfusion practice and the experiences and attitudes of anaesthetists towards massive transfusion and clinical decision support systems, we anonymously surveyed 1000 anaesthetists and anaesthesia trainees across Australia and New Zealand. A total of 228 surveys (23.6%) were successfully completed and 227 were analysed for a 23.3% response rate. Most respondents were involved in massive transfusions infrequently (88.1% managed five or fewer massive transfusion protocols per year) and worked at hospitals which have massive transfusion protocols (89.4%). Massive transfusion management was predominantly limited by timely access to point-of-care coagulation assessment and by competition with other tasks, with trainees reporting more significant limitations compared to specialists. The majority of respondents reported that they were likely, or very likely, both to use (73.1%) and to trust (85%) a clinical decision support system for massive transfusions, with no significant difference between anaesthesia trainees and specialists (P = 0.375 and P = 0.73, respectively). While the response rate to our survey was poor, there was still a wide range of massive transfusion experience among respondents, with multiple subjective factors identified limiting massive transfusion practice. We identified several potential design features and barriers to implementation to assist with the future development of a clinical decision support system for massive transfusion, and overall wide support for a clinical decision support system for massive transfusion among respondents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton J Sanderson
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Field
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Erica M Wood
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Enrico W Coiera
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Sydney, Australia
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Gordon AC, Mouncey PR, Al-Beidh F, Rowan KM, Nichol AD, Arabi YM, Annane D, Beane A, van Bentum-Puijk W, Berry LR, Bhimani Z, Bonten MJM, Bradbury CA, Brunkhorst FM, Buzgau A, Cheng AC, Detry MA, Duffy EJ, Estcourt LJ, Fitzgerald M, Goossens H, Haniffa R, Higgins AM, Hills TE, Horvat CM, Lamontagne F, Lawler PR, Leavis HL, Linstrum KM, Litton E, Lorenzi E, Marshall JC, Mayr FB, McAuley DF, McGlothlin A, McGuinness SP, McVerry BJ, Montgomery SK, Morpeth SC, Murthy S, Orr K, Parke RL, Parker JC, Patanwala AE, Pettilä V, Rademaker E, Santos MS, Saunders CT, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Sligl WI, Turgeon AF, Turner AM, van de Veerdonk FL, Zarychanski R, Green C, Lewis RJ, Angus DC, McArthur CJ, Berry S, Webb SA, Derde LPG. Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1491-1502. [PMID: 33631065 PMCID: PMC7953461 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1150] [Impact Index Per Article: 383.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is unclear. METHODS We evaluated tocilizumab and sarilumab in an ongoing international, multifactorial, adaptive platform trial. Adult patients with Covid-19, within 24 hours after starting organ support in the intensive care unit (ICU), were randomly assigned to receive tocilizumab (8 mg per kilogram of body weight), sarilumab (400 mg), or standard care (control). The primary outcome was respiratory and cardiovascular organ support-free days, on an ordinal scale combining in-hospital death (assigned a value of -1) and days free of organ support to day 21. The trial uses a Bayesian statistical model with predefined criteria for superiority, efficacy, equivalence, or futility. An odds ratio greater than 1 represented improved survival, more organ support-free days, or both. RESULTS Both tocilizumab and sarilumab met the predefined criteria for efficacy. At that time, 353 patients had been assigned to tocilizumab, 48 to sarilumab, and 402 to control. The median number of organ support-free days was 10 (interquartile range, -1 to 16) in the tocilizumab group, 11 (interquartile range, 0 to 16) in the sarilumab group, and 0 (interquartile range, -1 to 15) in the control group. The median adjusted cumulative odds ratios were 1.64 (95% credible interval, 1.25 to 2.14) for tocilizumab and 1.76 (95% credible interval, 1.17 to 2.91) for sarilumab as compared with control, yielding posterior probabilities of superiority to control of more than 99.9% and of 99.5%, respectively. An analysis of 90-day survival showed improved survival in the pooled interleukin-6 receptor antagonist groups, yielding a hazard ratio for the comparison with the control group of 1.61 (95% credible interval, 1.25 to 2.08) and a posterior probability of superiority of more than 99.9%. All secondary analyses supported efficacy of these interleukin-6 receptor antagonists. CONCLUSIONS In critically ill patients with Covid-19 receiving organ support in ICUs, treatment with the interleukin-6 receptor antagonists tocilizumab and sarilumab improved outcomes, including survival. (REMAP-CAP ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02735707.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Gordon
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Paul R Mouncey
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Farah Al-Beidh
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Kathryn M Rowan
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Alistair D Nichol
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Djillali Annane
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Abi Beane
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Wilma van Bentum-Puijk
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Lindsay R Berry
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Zahra Bhimani
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Marc J M Bonten
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Charlotte A Bradbury
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Frank M Brunkhorst
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Adrian Buzgau
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Allen C Cheng
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Michelle A Detry
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Eamon J Duffy
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Mark Fitzgerald
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Herman Goossens
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Rashan Haniffa
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Alisa M Higgins
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Thomas E Hills
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Christopher M Horvat
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Francois Lamontagne
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Patrick R Lawler
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Helen L Leavis
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Kelsey M Linstrum
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Edward Litton
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Elizabeth Lorenzi
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - John C Marshall
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Florian B Mayr
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Anna McGlothlin
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Shay P McGuinness
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Stephanie K Montgomery
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Susan C Morpeth
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Katrina Orr
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Rachael L Parke
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Jane C Parker
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Asad E Patanwala
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Ville Pettilä
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Emma Rademaker
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Marlene S Santos
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Christina T Saunders
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Christopher W Seymour
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Wendy I Sligl
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Anne M Turner
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Cameron Green
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Roger J Lewis
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Derek C Angus
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Colin J McArthur
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Scott Berry
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Steve A Webb
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
| | - Lennie P G Derde
- From Imperial College London (A.C.G., F.A.-B.), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Hospital (A.C.G.), Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (P.R.M., K.M.R.), University College London Hospital (R.H.), King's College London (M.S.-H.), and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (M.S.-H.), London, University of Oxford (A. Beane) and NHS Blood and Transplant (L.J.E.), Oxford, and University of Bristol, Bristol (C.A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; Monash University (A.D.N., A. Buzgau, A.C.C., A.M.H., S.P.M., J.C.P., C.G., S.A.W.) and Alfred Health (A.D.N., A.C.C.), Melbourne, VIC, Fiona Stanley Hospital (E. Litton, K.O.) and University of Western Australia (E. Litton), Perth, WA, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (A.E.P.), and St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA (S.A.W.) - all in Australia; University College Dublin, Dublin (A.D.N.); King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); Hospital Raymond Poincaré (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) and Université Paris Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-INSERM, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines-Université Paris Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux - all in France (D.A.); University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (W.B.-P., M.J.M.B., H.L.L., E.R., L.P.G.D.), and Radboudumc, Nijmegen (F.L.V.) - both in the Netherlands; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX (L.R.B., M.A.D., M.F., E. Lorenzi, A.M., C.T.S., R.J.L., S.B.); St. Michael's Hospital Unity Health (Z.B., J.C.M., M.S.S.) and University Health Network and University of Toronto (P.R.L.), Toronto, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (F.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton (W.I.S.), Université Laval, Québec City (A.F.T.), and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (R.Z.) - all in Canada; Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (F.M.B.); Auckland City Hospital (E.J.D., T.E.H., S.P.M., R.L.P., C.J.M.), Middlemore Hospital (S.C.M.), and University of Auckland (R.L.P.), Auckland, and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (T.E.H., S.P.M., A.M.T.) - all in New Zealand; University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium (H.G.); University of Oxford, Bangkok, Thailand (R.H.); National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka (R.H.); UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (C.M.H.) and University of Pittsburgh (K.M.L., F.B.M., B.J.M., S.K.M., C.W.S., D.C.A.), Pittsburgh; Queen's University Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland (D.F.M.); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (V.P.); and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (R.J.L.)
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Kreuzberger N, Hirsch C, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Valk SJ, Estcourt LJ, Salomon S, Tomlinson E, Monsef I, Wood EM, So-Osman C, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, Skoetz N. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kreuzberger
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Caroline Hirsch
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research; Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Susanne Salomon
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Eve Tomlinson
- Cochrane Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancers; 1st Floor Education Centre, Royal United Hospital; Bath UK
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
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Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Kimber C, Chai KL, Monsef I, Doree C, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research; Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Carolyn Doree
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Erasmus Medical Centre; Rotterdam Netherlands
- Sanquin Blood Bank; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
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Al‐Riyami AZ, Schäfer R, van den Berg K, Bloch EM, Estcourt LJ, Goel R, Hindawi S, Josephson CD, Land K, McQuilten ZK, Spitalnik SL, Wood EM, Devine DV, So‐Osman C. Clinical use of Convalescent Plasma in the COVID-19 pandemic: a transfusion-focussed gap analysis with recommendations for future research priorities. Vox Sang 2021; 116:88-98. [PMID: 32542847 PMCID: PMC7891452 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Use of convalescent plasma for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment has gained interest worldwide. However, there is lack of evidence on its dosing, safety and effectiveness. Until data from clinical studies are available to provide solid evidence for worldwide applicable guidelines, there is a need to provide guidance to the transfusion community and researchers on this emergent therapeutic option. This paper aims to identify existing key gaps in current knowledge in the clinical application of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). MATERIALS AND METHODS The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) initiated a multidisciplinary working group with worldwide representation from all six continents with the aim of reviewing existing practices on CCP use from donor, product and patient perspectives. A subgroup of clinical transfusion professionals was formed to draft a document for CCP clinical application to identify the gaps in knowledge in existing literature. RESULTS Gaps in knowledge were identified in the following main domains: study design, patient eligibility, CCP dose, frequency and timing of CCP administration, parameters to assess response to CCP treatment and long-term outcome, adverse events and CCP application in less-resourced countries as well as in paediatrics and neonates. CONCLUSION This paper outlines a framework of gaps in the knowledge of clinical deployment of CPP that were identified as being most relevant. Studies to address the identified gaps are required to provide better evidence on the effectiveness and safety of CCP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Z. Al‐Riyami
- Department of HaematologySultan Qaboos University HospitalMuscatSultanate of Oman
| | - Richard Schäfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and ImmunohaematologyGerman Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden‐Württemberg‐Hessen gGmbHGoethe University HospitalFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Karin van den Berg
- Medical DivisionTranslational Research DepartmentSouth African National Blood ServicePort ElizabethSouth Africa
- Division Clinical HaematologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Lise J. Estcourt
- Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford and NHS Blood and TransplantOxfordUK
| | - Ruchika Goel
- Division of Transfusion MedicineDepartment of PathologyJohns Hopkins HospitalBaltimoreMDUSA
- Division of Hematology/OncologySimmons Cancer Institute at SIU School of Medicine and Mississippi Valley Regional Blood CenterSpringfieldILUSA
| | - Salwa Hindawi
- Haematology DepartmentFaculty of MedicineKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCenter for Transfusion and Cellular TherapiesEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGEUSA
- Department of PediatricsAflac Cancer Center and Blood DisordersChildren's Healthcare of AtlantaEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGEUSA
| | - Kevin Land
- Corporate Medical AffairsVitalantPhoenixAZUSA
- Department of PathologyUT Health Science San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Zoe K. McQuilten
- Transfusion Research UnitSchool of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Clinical HaematologyMonash HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
| | | | - Erica M. Wood
- Transfusion Research UnitSchool of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Clinical HaematologyMonash HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Dana V. Devine
- Canadian Blood ServicesVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Cynthia So‐Osman
- Department Unit Transfusion MedicineSanquin Blood Supply FoundationAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department HaematologyErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Chai KL, Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Kimber C, Monsef I, Doree C, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 10:CD013600. [PMID: 33044747 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013600.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and are currently being investigated in trials as potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding the benefits and risks is required. OBJECTIVES: To continually assess, as more evidence becomes available, whether convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin transfusion is effective and safe in treatment of people with COVID-19. SEARCH METHODS We searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Research Article Database and trial registries to identify completed and ongoing studies on 19 August 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We included studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19, irrespective of study design, disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. We excluded studies including populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)) and studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' 2.0 tool for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for controlled non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs), and the assessment criteria for observational studies, provided by Cochrane Childhood Cancer for non-controlled NRSIs. We rated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality at hospital discharge, mortality (time to event), improvement of clinical symptoms (7, 15, and 30 days after transfusion), grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs). MAIN RESULTS This is the second living update of our review. We included 19 studies (2 RCTs, 8 controlled NRSIs, 9 non-controlled NRSIs) with 38,160 participants, of whom 36,081 received convalescent plasma. Two completed RCTs are awaiting assessment (published after 19 August 2020). We identified a further 138 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 73 are randomised (3 reported in a study registry as already being completed, but without results). We did not identify any completed studies evaluating hyperimmune immunoglobulin. We did not include data from controlled NRSIs in data synthesis because of critical risk of bias. The overall certainty of evidence was low to very low, due to study limitations and results including both potential benefits and harms. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from two RCTs (both stopped early) with 189 participants, of whom 95 received convalescent plasma. Control groups received standard care at time of treatment without convalescent plasma. We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma decreases all-cause mortality at hospital discharge (risk ratio (RR) 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22 to 1.34; 1 RCT, 86 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma decreases mortality (time to event) (hazard ratio (HR) 0.64, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.25; 2 RCTs, 189 participants; low-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may result in little to no difference in improvement of clinical symptoms (i.e. need for respiratory support) at seven days (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.30 to 3.19; 1 RCT, 103 participants; low-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may increase improvement of clinical symptoms at up to 15 days (RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.11; 2 RCTs, 189 participants; low-certainty evidence), and at up to 30 days (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.43; 2 studies, 188 participants; low-certainty evidence). No studies reported on quality of life. Safety of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from two RCTs, eight controlled NRSIs and nine non-controlled NRSIs assessing safety of convalescent plasma. Reporting of safety data and duration of follow-up was variable. The controlled studies reported on AEs and SAEs only in participants receiving convalescent plasma. Some, but not all, studies included death as a SAE. The studies did not report the grade of AEs. Fourteen studies (566 participants) reported on AEs of possible grade 3 or 4 severity. The majority of these AEs were allergic or respiratory events. We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma therapy affects the risk of moderate to severe AEs (very low-certainty evidence). 17 studies (35,944 participants) assessed SAEs for 20,622 of its participants. The majority of participants were from one non-controlled NRSI (20,000 participants), which reported on SAEs within the first four hours and within an additional seven days after transfusion. There were 63 deaths, 12 were possibly and one was probably related to transfusion. There were 146 SAEs within four hours and 1136 SAEs within seven days post-transfusion. These were predominantly allergic or respiratory, thrombotic or thromboembolic and cardiac events. We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma therapy results in a clinically relevant increased risk of SAEs (low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma is beneficial for people admitted to hospital with COVID-19. There was limited information regarding grade 3 and 4 AEs to determine the effect of convalescent plasma therapy on clinically relevant SAEs. In the absence of a control group, we are unable to assess the relative safety of convalescent plasma therapy. While major efforts to conduct research on COVID-19 are being made, recruiting the anticipated number of participants into these studies is problematic. The early termination of the first two RCTs investigating convalescent plasma, and the lack of data from 20 studies that have completed or were due to complete at the time of this update illustrate these challenges. Well-designed studies should be prioritised. Moreover, studies should report outcomes in the same way, and should consider the importance of maintaining comparability in terms of co-interventions administered in all study arms. There are 138 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 73 are RCTs (three already completed). This is the second living update of the review, and we will continue to update this review periodically. Future updates may show different results to those reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolyn Doree
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Lewis SR, Estcourt LJ, Stanworth SJ, Doree C, Griffin XL. Interventions for reducing red blood cell transfusion in adults undergoing hip fracture surgery: an overview of systematic reviews. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Lewis
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS); University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Simon J Stanworth
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Carolyn Doree
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Xavier L Griffin
- Trauma & Orthopaedics Surgery Group; Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London; London UK
- The Royal London Hospital Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise J Estcourt
- NHS Blood and Transplant, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Kreuzberger N, Damen JA, Trivella M, Estcourt LJ, Aldin A, Umlauff L, Vazquez-Montes MD, Wolff R, Moons KG, Monsef I, Foroutan F, Kreuzer KA, Skoetz N. Prognostic models for newly-diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 7:CD012022. [PMID: 32735048 PMCID: PMC8078230 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012022.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common cancer of the lymphatic system in Western countries. Several clinical and biological factors for CLL have been identified. However, it remains unclear which of the available prognostic models combining those factors can be used in clinical practice to predict long-term outcome in people newly-diagnosed with CLL. OBJECTIVES To identify, describe and appraise all prognostic models developed to predict overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) or treatment-free survival (TFS) in newly-diagnosed (previously untreated) adults with CLL, and meta-analyse their predictive performances. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE (from January 1950 to June 2019 via Ovid), Embase (from 1974 to June 2019) and registries of ongoing trials (to 5 March 2020) for development and validation studies of prognostic models for untreated adults with CLL. In addition, we screened the reference lists and citation indices of included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all prognostic models developed for CLL which predict OS, PFS, or TFS, provided they combined prognostic factors known before treatment initiation, and any studies that tested the performance of these models in individuals other than the ones included in model development (i.e. 'external model validation studies'). We included studies of adults with confirmed B-cell CLL who had not received treatment prior to the start of the study. We did not restrict the search based on study design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We developed a data extraction form to collect information based on the Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS). Independent pairs of review authors screened references, extracted data and assessed risk of bias according to the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST). For models that were externally validated at least three times, we aimed to perform a quantitative meta-analysis of their predictive performance, notably their calibration (proportion of people predicted to experience the outcome who do so) and discrimination (ability to differentiate between people with and without the event) using a random-effects model. When a model categorised individuals into risk categories, we pooled outcome frequencies per risk group (low, intermediate, high and very high). We did not apply GRADE as guidance is not yet available for reviews of prognostic models. MAIN RESULTS From 52 eligible studies, we identified 12 externally validated models: six were developed for OS, one for PFS and five for TFS. In general, reporting of the studies was poor, especially predictive performance measures for calibration and discrimination; but also basic information, such as eligibility criteria and the recruitment period of participants was often missing. We rated almost all studies at high or unclear risk of bias according to PROBAST. Overall, the applicability of the models and their validation studies was low or unclear; the most common reasons were inappropriate handling of missing data and serious reporting deficiencies concerning eligibility criteria, recruitment period, observation time and prediction performance measures. We report the results for three models predicting OS, which had available data from more than three external validation studies: CLL International Prognostic Index (CLL-IPI) This score includes five prognostic factors: age, clinical stage, IgHV mutational status, B2-microglobulin and TP53 status. Calibration: for the low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups, the pooled five-year survival per risk group from validation studies corresponded to the frequencies observed in the model development study. In the very high-risk group, predicted survival from CLL-IPI was lower than observed from external validation studies. Discrimination: the pooled c-statistic of seven external validation studies (3307 participants, 917 events) was 0.72 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 0.77). The 95% prediction interval (PI) of this model for the c-statistic, which describes the expected interval for the model's discriminative ability in a new external validation study, ranged from 0.59 to 0.83. Barcelona-Brno score Aimed at simplifying the CLL-IPI, this score includes three prognostic factors: IgHV mutational status, del(17p) and del(11q). Calibration: for the low- and intermediate-risk group, the pooled survival per risk group corresponded to the frequencies observed in the model development study, although the score seems to overestimate survival for the high-risk group. Discrimination: the pooled c-statistic of four external validation studies (1755 participants, 416 events) was 0.64 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.67); 95% PI 0.59 to 0.68. MDACC 2007 index score The authors presented two versions of this model including six prognostic factors to predict OS: age, B2-microglobulin, absolute lymphocyte count, gender, clinical stage and number of nodal groups. Only one validation study was available for the more comprehensive version of the model, a formula with a nomogram, while seven studies (5127 participants, 994 events) validated the simplified version of the model, the index score. Calibration: for the low- and intermediate-risk groups, the pooled survival per risk group corresponded to the frequencies observed in the model development study, although the score seems to overestimate survival for the high-risk group. Discrimination: the pooled c-statistic of the seven external validation studies for the index score was 0.65 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.70); 95% PI 0.51 to 0.77. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Despite the large number of published studies of prognostic models for OS, PFS or TFS for newly-diagnosed, untreated adults with CLL, only a minority of these (N = 12) have been externally validated for their respective primary outcome. Three models have undergone sufficient external validation to enable meta-analysis of the model's ability to predict survival outcomes. Lack of reporting prevented us from summarising calibration as recommended. Of the three models, the CLL-IPI shows the best discrimination, despite overestimation. However, performance of the models may change for individuals with CLL who receive improved treatment options, as the models included in this review were tested mostly on retrospective cohorts receiving a traditional treatment regimen. In conclusion, this review shows a clear need to improve the conducting and reporting of both prognostic model development and external validation studies. For prognostic models to be used as tools in clinical practice, the development of the models (and their subsequent validation studies) should adapt to include the latest therapy options to accurately predict performance. Adaptations should be timely.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Bias
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Calibration
- Confidence Intervals
- Discriminant Analysis
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Models, Theoretical
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Progression-Free Survival
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Reproducibility of Results
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kreuzberger
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johanna Aag Damen
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Aldin
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Umlauff
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Karel Gm Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Farid Foroutan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Karl-Anton Kreuzer
- Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease is one of the commonest severe monogenic disorders in the world, due to the inheritance of two abnormal haemoglobin (beta globin) genes. Sickle cell disease can cause severe pain, significant end-organ damage, pulmonary complications, and premature death. Stroke affects around 10% of children with sickle cell anaemia (HbSS). Chronic blood transfusions may reduce the risk of vaso-occlusion and stroke by diluting the proportion of sickled cells in the circulation. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2002, and last updated in 2017. OBJECTIVES To assess risks and benefits of chronic blood transfusion regimens in people with sickle cell disease for primary and secondary stroke prevention (excluding silent cerebral infarcts). SEARCH METHODS We searched for relevant trials in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (from 1946), Embase (from 1974), the Transfusion Evidence Library (from 1980), and ongoing trial databases; all searches current to 8 October 2019. We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: 19 September 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing red blood cell transfusions as prophylaxis for stroke in people with sickle cell disease to alternative or standard treatment. There were no restrictions by outcomes examined, language or publication status. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and the risk of bias and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS We included five trials (660 participants) published between 1998 and 2016. Four of these trials were terminated early. The vast majority of participants had the haemoglobin (Hb)SS form of sickle cell disease. Three trials compared regular red cell transfusions to standard care in primary prevention of stroke: two in children with no previous long-term transfusions; and one in children and adolescents on long-term transfusion. Two trials compared the drug hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) and phlebotomy to long-term transfusions and iron chelation therapy: one in primary prevention (children); and one in secondary prevention (children and adolescents). The quality of the evidence was very low to moderate across different outcomes according to GRADE methodology. This was due to the trials being at a high risk of bias due to lack of blinding, indirectness and imprecise outcome estimates. Red cell transfusions versus standard care Children with no previous long-term transfusions Long-term transfusions probably reduce the incidence of clinical stroke in children with a higher risk of stroke (abnormal transcranial doppler velocities or previous history of silent cerebral infarct), risk ratio 0.12 (95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.49) (two trials, 326 participants), moderate quality evidence. Long-term transfusions may: reduce the incidence of other sickle cell disease-related complications (acute chest syndrome, risk ratio 0.24 (95% confidence interval 0.12 to 0.48)) (two trials, 326 participants); increase quality of life (difference estimate -0.54, 95% confidence interval -0.92 to -0.17) (one trial, 166 participants); but make little or no difference to IQ scores (least square mean: 1.7, standard error 95% confidence interval -1.1 to 4.4) (one trial, 166 participants), low quality evidence. We are very uncertain whether long-term transfusions: reduce the risk of transient ischaemic attacks, Peto odds ratio 0.13 (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 2.11) (two trials, 323 participants); have any effect on all-cause mortality, no deaths reported (two trials, 326 participants); or increase the risk of alloimmunisation, risk ratio 3.16 (95% confidence interval 0.18 to 57.17) (one trial, 121 participants), very low quality evidence. Children and adolescents with previous long-term transfusions (one trial, 79 participants) We are very uncertain whether continuing long-term transfusions reduces the incidence of: stroke, risk ratio 0.22 (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 4.35); or all-cause mortality, Peto odds ratio 8.00 (95% confidence interval 0.16 to 404.12), very low quality evidence. Several review outcomes were only reported in one trial arm (sickle cell disease-related complications, alloimmunisation, transient ischaemic attacks). The trial did not report neurological impairment, or quality of life. Hydroxyurea and phlebotomy versus red cell transfusions and chelation Neither trial reported on neurological impairment, alloimmunisation, or quality of life. Primary prevention, children (one trial, 121 participants) Switching to hydroxyurea and phlebotomy may have little or no effect on liver iron concentrations, mean difference -1.80 mg Fe/g dry-weight liver (95% confidence interval -5.16 to 1.56), low quality evidence. We are very uncertain whether switching to hydroxyurea and phlebotomy has any effect on: risk of stroke (no strokes); all-cause mortality (no deaths); transient ischaemic attacks, risk ratio 1.02 (95% confidence interval 0.21 to 4.84); or other sickle cell disease-related complications (acute chest syndrome, risk ratio 2.03 (95% confidence interval 0.39 to 10.69)), very low quality evidence. Secondary prevention, children and adolescents (one trial, 133 participants) Switching to hydroxyurea and phlebotomy may: increase the risk of sickle cell disease-related serious adverse events, risk ratio 3.10 (95% confidence interval 1.42 to 6.75); but have little or no effect on median liver iron concentrations (hydroxyurea, 17.3 mg Fe/g dry-weight liver (interquartile range 10.0 to 30.6)); transfusion 17.3 mg Fe/g dry-weight liver (interquartile range 8.8 to 30.7), low quality evidence. We are very uncertain whether switching to hydroxyurea and phlebotomy: increases the risk of stroke, risk ratio 14.78 (95% confidence interval 0.86 to 253.66); or has any effect on all-cause mortality, Peto odds ratio 0.98 (95% confidence interval 0.06 to 15.92); or transient ischaemic attacks, risk ratio 0.66 (95% confidence interval 0.25 to 1.74), very low quality evidence. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence for managing adults, or children who do not have HbSS sickle cell disease. In children who are at higher risk of stroke and have not had previous long-term transfusions, there is moderate quality evidence that long-term red cell transfusions reduce the risk of stroke, and low quality evidence they also reduce the risk of other sickle cell disease-related complications. In primary and secondary prevention of stroke there is low quality evidence that switching to hydroxyurea with phlebotomy has little or no effect on the liver iron concentration. In secondary prevention of stroke there is low-quality evidence that switching to hydroxyurea with phlebotomy increases the risk of sickle cell disease-related events. All other evidence in this review is of very low quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruchika Kohli
- Haematology, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sally Hopewell
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Winfred C Wang
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Piechotta V, Chai KL, Valk SJ, Doree C, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra A, Kimber C, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 7:CD013600. [PMID: 32648959 PMCID: PMC7389743 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013600.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and are currently being investigated in trials as potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding the benefits and risks is required. OBJECTIVES: To continually assess, as more evidence becomes available, whether convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin transfusion is effective and safe in treatment of people with COVID-19. SEARCH METHODS We searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Research Article Database and trial registries to identify completed and ongoing studies on 4 June 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We included studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19, irrespective of study design, disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. We excluded studies including populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)) and studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for controlled non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs), and the assessment criteria for observational studies, provided by Cochrane Childhood Cancer for non-controlled NRSIs. MAIN RESULTS: This is the first living update of our review. We included 20 studies (1 RCT, 3 controlled NRSIs, 16 non-controlled NRSIs) with 5443 participants, of whom 5211 received convalescent plasma, and identified a further 98 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 50 are randomised. We did not identify any completed studies evaluating hyperimmune immunoglobulin. Overall risk of bias of included studies was high, due to study design, type of participants, and other previous or concurrent treatments. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from four controlled studies (1 RCT (stopped early) with 103 participants, of whom 52 received convalescent plasma; and 3 controlled NRSIs with 236 participants, of whom 55 received convalescent plasma) to assess effectiveness of convalescent plasma. Control groups received standard care at time of treatment without convalescent plasma. All-cause mortality at hospital discharge (1 controlled NRSI, 21 participants) We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma has any effect on all-cause mortality at hospital discharge (risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61 to 1.31; very low-certainty evidence). Time to death (1 RCT, 103 participants; 1 controlled NRSI, 195 participants) We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma prolongs time to death (RCT: hazard ratio (HR) 0.74, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.82; controlled NRSI: HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.96; very low-certainty evidence). Improvement of clinical symptoms, assessed by need for respiratory support (1 RCT, 103 participants; 1 controlled NRSI, 195 participants) We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma has any effect on improvement of clinical symptoms at seven days (RCT: RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.30 to 3.19), 14 days (RCT: RR 1.85, 95% CI 0.91 to 3.77; controlled NRSI: RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.29), and 28 days (RCT: RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.81; very low-certainty evidence). Quality of life No studies reported this outcome. Safety of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from 1 RCT, 3 controlled NRSIs and 10 non-controlled NRSIs assessing safety of convalescent plasma. Reporting of adverse events and serious adverse events was variable. The controlled studies reported on adverse events and serious adverse events only in participants receiving convalescent plasma. The duration of follow-up varied. Some, but not all, studies included death as a serious adverse event. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events (13 studies, 201 participants) The studies did not report the grade of adverse events. Thirteen studies (201 participants) reported on adverse events of possible grade 3 or 4 severity. The majority of these adverse events were allergic or respiratory events. We are very uncertain whether or not convalescent plasma therapy affects the risk of moderate to severe adverse events (very low-certainty evidence). Serious adverse events (14 studies, 5201 participants) Fourteen studies (5201 participants) reported on serious adverse events. The majority of participants were from one non-controlled NRSI (5000 participants), which reported only on serious adverse events limited to the first four hours after convalescent plasma transfusion. This study included death as a serious adverse event; they reported 15 deaths, four of which they classified as potentially, probably or definitely related to transfusion. Other serious adverse events reported in all studies were predominantly allergic or respiratory in nature, including anaphylaxis, transfusion-associated dyspnoea, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). We are very uncertain whether or not convalescent plasma affects the number of serious adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma is beneficial for people admitted to hospital with COVID-19. For safety outcomes we also included non-controlled NRSIs. There was limited information regarding adverse events. Of the controlled studies, none reported on this outcome in the control group. There is only very low-certainty evidence for safety of convalescent plasma for COVID-19. While major efforts to conduct research on COVID-19 are being made, problems with recruiting the anticipated number of participants into these studies are conceivable. The early termination of the first RCT investigating convalescent plasma, and the multitude of studies registered in the past months illustrate this. It is therefore necessary to critically assess the design of these registered studies, and well-designed studies should be prioritised. Other considerations for these studies are the need to report outcomes for all study arms in the same way, and the importance of maintaining comparability in terms of co-interventions administered in all study arms. There are 98 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 50 are RCTs. This is the first living update of the review, and we will continue to update this review periodically. These updates may show different results to those reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carolyn Doree
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Abigail Lamikanra
- Clinical, Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the commonest severe monogenic disorders in the world, due to the inheritance of two abnormal haemoglobin (beta globin) genes. SCD can cause severe pain, significant end-organ damage, pulmonary complications, and premature death. Surgical interventions are more common in people with SCD, and occur at much younger ages than in the general population. Blood transfusions are frequently used prior to surgery and several regimens are used but there is no consensus over the best method or the necessity of transfusion in specific surgical cases. This is an update of a Cochrane Review. OBJECTIVES To determine whether there is evidence that preoperative blood transfusion in people with SCD undergoing elective or emergency surgery reduces mortality and perioperative or sickle cell-related serious adverse events. To compare the effectiveness of different transfusion regimens (aggressive or conservative) if preoperative transfusions are indicated in people with SCD. SEARCH METHODS We searched for relevant trials in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (from 1946), Embase (from 1974), the Transfusion Evidence Library (from 1980), and ongoing trial databases; all searches current to 28 January 2020 We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register: 19 September 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing preoperative blood transfusion regimens to different regimens or no transfusion in people with SCD undergoing elective or emergency surgery. There was no restriction by outcomes examined, language or publication status. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and the risk of bias and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS Three trials with 990 participants were eligible for inclusion in the review. There were no ongoing trials identified. These trials were conducted between 1988 and 2011. The majority of people included had haemoglobin (Hb) SS SCD. The majority of surgical procedures were considered low or intermediate risk for developing sickle cell-related complications. Aggressive versus simple red blood cell transfusions One trial (551 participants) compared an aggressive transfusion regimen (decreasing sickle haemoglobin to less than 30%) to a simple transfusion regimen (increasing haemoglobin to 100 g/L). This trial re-randomised participants and therefore quantitative analysis was only possible on two subsets of data: participants undergoing cholecystectomy (230 participants); and participants undergoing tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy surgeries (107 participants). Data were not combined as we do not know if any participant received both surgeries. Overall, the quality of the evidence was very low across different outcomes according to GRADE methodology. This was due to the trial being at high risk of bias primarily due to lack of blinding, indirectness and the outcome estimates being imprecise. Cholecystectomy subgroup results are reported in the abstract. Results for both subgroups were similar. There was no difference in all-cause mortality between people receiving aggressive transfusions and those receiving conservative transfusions. No deaths occurred in either subgroup. There were no differences between the aggressive transfusion group and conservative transfusion group in the number of people developing: • an acute chest syndrome, risk ratio (RR) 0.84 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 1.84) (one trial, 230 participants, very low-quality evidence); • vaso-occlusive crisis, risk ratio 0.30 (95% CI 0.09 to 1.04) (one trial, 230 participants, very low quality evidence); • serious infection, risk ratio 1.75 (95% CI 0.59 to 5.18) (one trial, 230 participants, very low-quality evidence); • any perioperative complications, RR 0.75 (95% CI 0.36 to 1.55) (one trial, 230 participants, very low-quality evidence); • a transfusion-related complication, RR 1.85 (95% CI 0.89 to 3.88) (one trial, 230 participants, very low-quality evidence). Preoperative transfusion versus no preoperative transfusion Two trials (434 participants) compared a preoperative transfusion plus standard care to a group receiving standard care. Overall, the quality of the evidence was low to very low across different outcomes according to GRADE methodology. This was due to the trials being at high risk of bias due to lack of blinding, and outcome estimates being imprecise. One trial was stopped early because more people in the no transfusion arm developed an acute chest syndrome. There was no difference in all-cause mortality between people receiving preoperative transfusions and those receiving no preoperative transfusions (two trials, 434 participants, no deaths occurred). There was significant heterogeneity between the two trials in the number of people developing an acute chest syndrome, a meta-analysis was therefore not performed. One trial showed a reduced number of people developing acute chest syndrome between people receiving preoperative transfusions and those receiving no preoperative transfusions, risk ratio 0.11 (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.80) (65 participants), whereas the other trial did not, RR 4.81 (95% CI 0.23 to 99.61) (369 participants). There were no differences between the preoperative transfusion groups and the groups without preoperative transfusion in the number of people developing: • a vaso-occlusive crisis, Peto odds ratio (OR) 1.91 (95% confidence interval 0.61 to 6.04) (two trials, 434 participants, very low-quality evidence). • a serious infection, Peto OR 1.29 (95% CI 0.29 to 5.71) (two trials, 434 participants, very low-quality evidence); • any perioperative complications, RR 0.24 (95% CI 0.03 to 2.05) (one trial, 65 participants, low-quality evidence). There was an increase in the number of people developing circulatory overload in those receiving preoperative transfusions compared to those not receiving preoperative transfusions in one of the two trials, and no events were seen in the other trial (no meta-analysis performed). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence from randomised trials to determine whether conservative preoperative blood transfusion is as effective as aggressive preoperative blood transfusion in preventing sickle-related or surgery-related complications in people with HbSS disease. There is very low quality evidence that preoperative blood transfusion may prevent development of acute chest syndrome. Due to lack of evidence this review cannot comment on management for people with HbSC or HbSβ+ disease or for those with high baseline haemoglobin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Carolyn Doree
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally Hopewell
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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50
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Beverly A, Ong G, Doree C, Welton NJ, Estcourt LJ. Drugs to reduce bleeding and transfusion in major open vascular or endovascular surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anair Beverly
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Giok Ong
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Carolyn Doree
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Nicky J Welton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
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