1
|
Ho GWK, Liu H, Karatzias T, Hyland P, Cloitre M, Lueger-Schuster B, Brewin CR, Guo C, Wang X, Shevlin M. Validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire-Child and Adolescent Version (ITQ-CA) in a Chinese mental health service seeking adolescent sample. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2022; 16:66. [PMID: 35962396 PMCID: PMC9375312 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Trauma Questionnaire-Child and Adolescent version (ITQ-CA) is a self-report measure that assesses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) based on the diagnostic formulation of the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). This study aimed to provide a Chinese translation and psychometric evaluation of the ITQ-CA using a sample of mental-health service seeking adolescents in Mainland China. METHODS The ITQ-CA was translated and back-translated from English to simplified Chinese and finalized with consensus from an expert panel. Adolescents ages 12-17 were recruited via convenience sampling from an outpatient psychiatric clinic in Mainland China. Participants completed the ITQ-CA; measures of four criterion variables (depression, anxiety, stress, adverse childhood experiences); and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Construct validity, concurrent validity, and comparison of PTSD caseness between ICD-11 and DSM-5 measures were assessed. RESULTS The final sample consisted of 111 Chinese adolescents (78% female; mean age of 15.23), all diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the two-factor second-order model provided optimal fit. All criterion variables were positively and significant correlated with the six ITQ-CA symptom cluster summed scores. In the present sample, 69 participants (62.16%) met symptom criteria for ICD-PTSD or CPTSD using the ITQ-CA, and 73 participants (65.77%) met caseness for DSM-5 PTSD using the PCL-5. Rates of PTSD symptom cluster endorsement and caseness deriving from both diagnostic systems were comparable. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese ITQ-CA has acceptable psychometric properties and confers additional benefits in identifying complex presentations of trauma-related responses in younger people seeking mental health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. W. K. Ho
- grid.16890.360000 0004 1764 6123School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - H. Liu
- grid.459419.4Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - T. Karatzias
- grid.20409.3f000000012348339XSchool of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.39489.3f0000 0001 0388 0742Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P. Hyland
- grid.95004.380000 0000 9331 9029Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - M. Cloitre
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA ,grid.280747.e0000 0004 0419 2556National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - B. Lueger-Schuster
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C. R. Brewin
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - C. Guo
- grid.459419.4Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - X. Wang
- grid.459419.4Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - M. Shevlin
- grid.12641.300000000105519715School of Psychology, Ulster University, Derry, Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cloitre M, Valerio M, Roth B, Berthold D, Tawadros T, Meuwly J, Heym L, Duclos F, Viguet-Carrin S, Vallet V, Bourhis J, Herrera F. PD-0764 Quality of life, toxicity, and PSA control after 50 Gy SBRT to the dominant intraprostatic nodule. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)07043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
3
|
Shevlin M, Hyland P, Ben-Ezra M, Karatzias T, Cloitre M, Vallières F, Bachem R, Maercker A. Measuring ICD-11 adjustment disorder: the development and initial validation of the International Adjustment Disorder Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2020; 141:265-274. [PMID: 31721147 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjustment disorder (AjD) is one of the most frequently used diagnoses in psychiatry but a diagnostic definition for AjD was only introduced in release of the ICD-11. This study sought to develop and validate a new measure operationalizing the ICD-11's narrative description of AjD, and to determine the current rate of people meeting the symptoms indicative of AjD in the general population of the Republic of Ireland. METHODS The International Adjustment Disorder Questionnaire (IADQ) was constructed to measure the core diagnostic criteria of ICD-11 AjD: stressor exposure, preoccupations with, and failure to adapt to, the stressor, timing of symptom onset, and functional impairment. A nationally representative sample (N = 1,020) of adults from Ireland completed the IADQ. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis supported construct validity and the reliability estimates were excellent. The IADQ correlated strongly with depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. The criteria were met by 7.0% of the sample, adjusted for other exclusionary disorders. DISCUSSION The IADQ is a measure based on the ICD-11's description and produces reliable scores, however it should not be used for clinical assessment until validated with clinical interviews.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - P Hyland
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland
| | - M Ben-Ezra
- School of Social Work, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - T Karatzias
- NHS Lothian, Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Cloitre
- National Center for PTSD Dissemination and Training Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - F Vallières
- Trinity Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Bachem
- School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Maercker
- Department of Psychology, Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oprel DAC, Hoeboer CM, Schoorl M, De Kleine RA, Wigard IG, Cloitre M, Van Minnen A, Van der Does W. Improving treatment for patients with childhood abuse related posttraumatic stress disorder (IMPACT study): protocol for a multicenter randomized trial comparing prolonged exposure with intensified prolonged exposure and phase-based treatment. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:385. [PMID: 30541492 PMCID: PMC6291949 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood abuse related posttraumatic stress disorder (CA-PTSD) is associated with a high burden of disease and with treatment response rates that leave room for improvement. One of the treatments for PTSD, prolonged exposure (PE), is effective but has high drop-out rates and remission rates are relatively low. An intensified form of PE (iPE) was associated with good response and low drop-out rates in PTSD and has not yet been tested in a controlled trial in CA-PTSD. Phase-based treatment (PBT), in which PE is preceded by skills training may improve overall outcomes in this population. We will assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of standard PE, iPE and PBT in patients with CA-PTSD. METHODS/DESIGN Multi-center randomized controlled trial. Treatment conditions are: prolonged exposure (PE; maximum of 16 sessions in 16 weeks); intensified PE (iPE; maximum of 12 sessions in four weeks and two booster sessions); phase-based treatment (PBT; maximum of eight sessions skills training followed by eight sessions PE in 16 weeks). PRIMARY OUTCOME Clinician-rated PTSD symptom severity. SECONDARY OUTCOMES loss of PTSD diagnosis, self-reported PTSD symptom severity, comorbid symptom severity and quality of life. Moreover, we will examine cost-effectiveness and moderators and mediators of treatment outcome. TARGET POPULATION adults with CA-PTSD (N = 150). Assessments in weeks 0, 4, 8, 16, 26 and 52. DISCUSSION Given that no consensus yet exists about the treatment guidelines for patients with CA-PTSD, the present study may have important implications for the treatment of CA-PTSD. TRAIL REGISTRATION Registered at C.C.M.O. on Sept 7, 2016 (NL57984.058.16); retrospectively registered at June 21, 2017 at clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03194113 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. C. Oprel
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Wassenaarsweg 22, 3332 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Parnassiagroep, PsyQ, Lijnbaan 4, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - C. M. Hoeboer
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Wassenaarsweg 22, 3332 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Parnassiagroep, PsyQ, Lijnbaan 4, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - M. Schoorl
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Wassenaarsweg 22, 3332 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Parnassiagroep, PsyQ, Lijnbaan 4, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - R. A. De Kleine
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Wassenaarsweg 22, 3332 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I. G. Wigard
- Parnassiagroep, PsyQ, Lijnbaan 4, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Overschiestraat 61, 1062 XD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Cloitre
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA USA
- National Center for PTSD Dissemination and Training Division, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - A. Van Minnen
- PSYTREC, Prof. dr. Bronkhorststraat 2, 3723 MB Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W. Van der Does
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Wassenaarsweg 22, 3332 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Parnassiagroep, PsyQ, Lijnbaan 4, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cloitre M, Shevlin M, Brewin CR, Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Maercker A, Karatzias T, Hyland P. The International Trauma Questionnaire: development of a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 138:536-546. [PMID: 30178492 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to finalize the development of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), a self-report diagnostic measure of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD), as defined in the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). METHOD The optimal symptom indicators of PTSD and CPTSD were identified by applying item response theory (IRT) analysis to data from a trauma-exposed community sample (n = 1051) and a trauma-exposed clinical sample (n = 247) from the United Kingdom. The validity of the optimized 12-item ITQ was assessed with confirmatory factor analyses. Diagnostic rates were estimated and compared to previous validation studies. RESULTS The latent structure of the 12-item, optimized ITQ was consistent with prior findings, and diagnostic rates of PTSD and CPTSD were in line with previous estimates. CONCLUSION The ITQ is a brief, simply worded measure of the core features of PTSD and CPTSD. It is consistent with the organizing principles of the ICD-11 to maximize clinical utility and international applicability through a focus on a limited but central set of symptoms. The measure is freely available and can be found in the body of this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- National Center for PTSD Dissemination and Training Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Derry, Northern Ireland
| | - C R Brewin
- Clinical Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - J I Bisson
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - N P Roberts
- Psychology and Psychological Therapies Directorate, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK.,Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Maercker
- Department of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Karatzias
- Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Hyland
- School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hyland P, Shevlin M, Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Downes AJ, Jumbe S, Karatzias T, Bisson JI, Roberts NP. Validation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 136:313-322. [PMID: 28696531 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) has proposed two related trauma diagnoses: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). Using a newly developed, disorder-specific measure of PTSD and CPTSD called the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) the current study will (i) assess the factorial validity of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD; (ii) provide the first test of the discriminant validity of these constructs; and (iii) provide the first comparison of ICD-11, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), PTSD diagnostic rates using disorder-specific measures. METHOD ICD-11 and DSM-5 PTSD-specific measures were completed by a British clinical sample of trauma-exposed patients (N = 171). The structure and validity of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD were assessed by means of factor analysis and assessing relationships with criterion variables. RESULTS Diagnostic rates under ICD-11 were significantly lower than those under DSM-5. A two-factor second-order model reflecting the distinction between PTSD and CPTSD best represented the data from the ITQ; and the PTSD and CPTSD factors differentially predicted multiple psychological variables. CONCLUSION The factorial and discriminant validity of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD was supported, and ICD-11 produces fewer diagnostic cases than DSM-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Hyland
- National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Derry, UK
| | - C R Brewin
- Clinical Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Cloitre
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - A J Downes
- St Mark's Dee View Surgery, Betsi Cadwaldr Health Board, Connah's Quay, UK
| | - S Jumbe
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, Research Design Service London, London, UK
| | - T Karatzias
- School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.,Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J I Bisson
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - N P Roberts
- Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shevlin M, Hyland P, Karatzias T, Fyvie C, Roberts N, Bisson JI, Brewin CR, Cloitre M. Alternative models of disorders of traumatic stress based on the new ICD-11 proposals. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 135:419-428. [PMID: 28134442 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there is emerging evidence for the factorial validity of the distinction between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) proposed in ICD-11, such evidence has been predominantly based on using selected items from individual scales that describe these factors. We have attempted to address this gap in the literature by testing a range of alternative models of disorders of traumatic stress using a broader range of symptoms and standardized measures. METHOD Participants in this cross-sectional study were a sample of individuals who were referred for psychological therapy to a National Health Service (NHS) trauma centre in Scotland (N = 195). Participants were recruited over a period of 18 months and completed measures of stressful life events, DSM-5 PTSD, emotion dysregulation, self-esteem and interpersonal difficulties. RESULTS Overall, results indicate that a structural model incorporating six first-order factors (re-experiencing, avoidance of traumatic reminders, sense of threat, affective dysregulation, negative self-concept and disturbances in relationships) and two second-order factors (PTSD and disturbances in self-organization [DSO]) was the best fitting. The model presented with good concurrent validity. Childhood trauma was found to be more strongly associated with DSO than with PTSD. CONCLUSION Our results are in support of the ICD-11 proposals for PTSD and CPTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Derry, UK
| | - P Hyland
- School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T Karatzias
- School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.,Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Fyvie
- Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Roberts
- Psychology and Counselling Directorate, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - J I Bisson
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C R Brewin
- Clinical, Education & Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Cloitre
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stiakakis E, Erwin BM, Vlassopoulos D, Cloitre M, Munam A, Gauthier M, Iatrou H, Hadjichristidis N. Probing glassy states in binary mixtures of soft interpenetrable colloids. J Phys Condens Matter 2011; 23:234116. [PMID: 21613695 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/23/234116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental evidence confirming the recently established rich dynamic state diagram of asymmetric binary mixtures of soft colloidal spheres. These mixtures consist of glassy suspensions of large star polymers to which different small stars are added at varying concentrations. Using rheology and dynamic light scattering measurements along with a simple phenomenological analysis, we show the existence of re-entrance and multiple glassy states, which exhibit distinct features. Cooperative diffusion, as a probe for star arm interpenetration, is proven to be sensitive to the formation of the liquid pockets which signal the melting of the large-star-glass upon addition of small stars. These results provide ample opportunities for tailoring the properties of soft colloidal glasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Stiakakis
- FORTH, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, GR-71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
In this paper, we describe four experimental studies we carried out over the last four years in the MMN lab, regarding the dynamical behaviour of complex fluids in microfluidic systems. The topics are: (1) Polymer breakup in microfluidic systems. (2) Flows of polymer solutions in microchannels close to a smooth wall. (3) Shear banding flows in microchannels (rheology, instabilities). (4) Flows of concentrated solutions of microgel particles through microchannels. Depending on the situation, we exploit the duality low Reynolds numbers/high Weissenberg numbers (for instance, by working at high shear rates without generating turbulence), use visualization windows naturally offered by the microfluidic environment or take advantage of the integration of various functionalities on the chip. In all cases, new information, hardly accessible to non-miniaturized approaches, could be obtained by using microfluidic technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ph Nghe
- MMN, ESPCI, Gulliver CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Christopoulou C, Petekidis G, Erwin B, Cloitre M, Vlassopoulos D. Ageing and yield behaviour in model soft colloidal glasses. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2009; 367:5051-5071. [PMID: 19933127 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We use multi-arm star polymers as model soft colloids with tuneable interactions and explore their behaviour in the glassy state. In particular, we perform a systematic rheological study with a well-defined protocol and address aspects of ageing and shear melting of star glasses. Ageing proceeds in two distinct steps: a fast step of O(10(3) s) and a slow step of O(10(4) s). We focus on creep and recovery tests, which reveal a rich, albeit complex response. Although the waiting time, the time between pre-shear (rejuvenation) of the glassy sample and measurement, affects the material's response, it does not play the same role as in other soft glasses. For stresses below the yield value, the creep curve is divided into three regimes with increasing time: viscoplastic, intermediate steady flow (associated with the first ageing step) and long-time evolving elastic solid. This behaviour reflects the interplay between ageing and shear rejuvenation. The yield behaviour, as investigated with the stress-dependent recoverable strain, indicates a highly nonlinear elastic response intermediate between a low-stress Hookean solid and a high-stress viscoelastic liquid, and exemplifies the distinct characteristics of this class of hairy colloids. It appears that a phenomenological classification of different colloidal glasses based on yielding performance may be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Christopoulou
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Road to Voutes, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Linares LO, Stovall-McClough KC, Li M, Morin N, Silva R, Albert A, Cloitre M. Salivary cortisol in foster children: a pilot study. Child Abuse Negl 2008; 32:665-670. [PMID: 18582935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L O Linares
- Institute for Trauma and Resilience, New York University Child Study Center, 215 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tüscher O, Root J, Pan H, Epstein J, Altemus M, Cloitre M, Silverman M, Furman D, LeDoux J, McEwen B, Stern E, Silbersweig D. Association between frontolimbic function and cortisol levels in response to traumatic stimuli in normal subjects. Akt Neurol 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-987685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
This study seeks to determine how panic disorder patients with anxiety and depression comorbidity differ from panic disorder patients without comorbidity at the time of presentation for treatment. One-hundred seventy-one panic disorder patients presenting for their initial assessment and treatment at the Payne Whitney Anxiety Disorders Clinic agreed to participate and completed self-report and diagnostic assessments. Sixty-seven percent of panic disorder subjects were found to have at least one comorbid anxiety or depression diagnosis. Age and gender ratio were not affected by the presence of comorbid diagnoses. Comorbidity significantly contributed to psychological distress and symptom load, overall impairment, and interpersonal impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Apfeldorf
- Department of Psychiatry, Joan and Sanford I. Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, New York 10605, USA. wapfeldo%
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cloitre M, Koenen KC. The impact of borderline personality disorder on process group outcome among women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse. Int J Group Psychother 2001; 51:379-98. [PMID: 11447786 DOI: 10.1521/ijgp.51.3.379.49886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of a 12-week interpersonal process group therapy for women with postraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) related to childhood sexual abuse with and without borderline personality disorder (BPD) was assessed by comparing three naturally occurring treatment conditions: groups that did not have any members with borderline personality disorder (BPD-) (n = 18), groups in which at least one member carried the diagnosis (BPD+)(n = 16), and a 12-week waitlist (WL) (n = 15). PTSD, anger, depression, and other symptoms were significantly reduced in the BPD- groups. However, the BPD+ and WL conditions did not show any pre- to posttreatment improvements. Furthermore, the BPD+ condition showed a significant worsening on measures of anger. Analyses within the BPD+ condition indicated that women with and without the diagnosis experienced equal posttreatment increases in anger problems. These latter results suggest the presence of an anger "contagion" effect. That is, women without BPD did well in the BPD- groups but showed increased anger similar to the BPD+ women when treated in groups with them. Implications for client-treatment matching considerations in PTSD group therapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- Department of Psychiatry, Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College of Cornell University, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cloitre M, Cohen LR, Edelman RE, Han H. Posttraumatic stress disorder and extent of trauma exposure as correlates of medical problems and perceived health among women with childhood abuse. Women Health 2001; 34:1-17. [PMID: 11708684 PMCID: PMC5918463 DOI: 10.1300/j013v34n03_01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relative contributions of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms and the extent of trauma exposure as factors contributing to the current health status of childhood abuse survivors. Sixty-seven women with a history of familial childhood abuse (sexual and/or physical) and twenty-nine women with no abuse history were assessed on two distinct aspects of health status: reported number of medical problems and perceptions of overall health. Women with abuse were found to have a greater number of medical problems and poorer perceived physical well-being than the no abuse comparison group. Regression analyses of the women with abuse histories revealed that trauma exposure was a stronger predictor than PTSD symptoms of medical problems. PTSD symptoms, however, were better predictors of the experience of physical well-being than trauma exposure. These results suggest that the nature of a traumatic exposure, especially when there is repeated, cumulative trauma may be more significant to medical problems than the psychological symptoms of PTSD. Perceived health, however, appears to be predominantly influenced by psychological factors, suggesting the importance of these variables in the quality of life of multiply traumatized women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
We have studied experimentally the rheological behavior of concentrated suspensions of soft deformable microgels below the yield point. We have found history-dependent effects which are interpreted in terms of aging and rejuvenation phenomena, analogous to those existing in glassy systems. The stress amplitude controls the long-time memory and determines the slow evolution of the suspensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- Laboratoire CNRS-ATOFINA, 95, rue Danton, 92303 Levallois-Perret, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Heffernan K, Cloitre M. A comparison of posttraumatic stress disorder with and without borderline personality disorder among women with a history of childhood sexual abuse: etiological and clinical characteristics. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000; 188:589-95. [PMID: 11009332 DOI: 10.1097/00005053-200009000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The overlap in definition and presentation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) has raised questions about the relationship of these disorders. Are they separate disorders, variants of the same disorder, or comorbid conditions? The present study examined etiological variables and current functioning among two groups of outpatient women with a history of childhood sexual abuse: those with PTSD only (N = 45) and those with PTSD and BPD (N = 26). The groups did not differ in severity, frequency, or number of perpetrators of their childhood sexual abuse, or whether the perpetrator was a family member or not. The additional diagnosis of BPD was associated with earlier age of abuse onset and significantly higher rates of physical and verbal abuse by mother. Severity and frequency of PTSD symptoms were not affected by BPD diagnosis, suggesting that the personality disorder and PTSD are independent symptom constructs. The PTSD+BPD group scored higher on several other clinical measures including anger, dissociation, anxiety, and interpersonal problems. They did not differ in their frequency of use of mental health services but tended to be less compliant in their treatment. These and other findings are discussed, and implications for treatment are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Heffernan
- Department of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Associations have been reported between childhood sexual and/or physical abuse and adult substance abuse in general. This study investigated the relationship between childhood abuse and opiate use in particular among 763 consecutively admitted psychiatric inpatients. Patients were interviewed about demographic information, alcohol and drug use, and history of interpersonal violence. Opiate users were 2.7 times more likely to have a history of childhood sexual and/or physical abuse than nonopiate users, after controlling for diagnostic and sociodemographic variables. Opiate use was higher among those reporting physical abuse alone (24.1%) or both physical and sexual abuse (27%) than among those reporting sexual abuse alone (8.8%). Implications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
There are no systematic data available on combining medication and psychotherapy in the treatment of individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), despite its widespread practice. Careful review of the acute trials literature reveals that psychosocial and pharmacologic treatments each leave a substantial proportion of individuals with residual symptoms. This paper discusses a treatment model involving a phase- oriented treatment approach that begins with pharmacotherapy and continues with trauma-focused psychotherapy. Other combined approaches also are discussed. A rationale supporting the need for psychosocial treatment in the majority of patients who receive pharmacotherapy for chronic PTSD is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Marshall
- Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Hope DA, Schneier FR, Holt CS, Welkowitz LA, Juster HR, Campeas R, Bruch MA, Cloitre M, Fallon B, Klein DF. Cognitive behavioral group therapy vs phenelzine therapy for social phobia: 12-week outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:1133-41. [PMID: 9862558 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.55.12.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article presents results of the acute treatment phase of a 2-site study comparing cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) and treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine sulfate for social phobia. METHODS One hundred thirty-three patients from 2 sites received 12 weeks of CBGT, phenelzine therapy, pill placebo administration, or educational-supportive group therapy (an attention-placebo treatment of equal credibility to CBGT). The "allegiance effect," ie, the tendency for treatments to seem most efficacious in settings of similar theoretical orientation and less efficacious in theoretically divergent settings, was also examined by comparing responses to the treatment conditions at both sites: 1 known for pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders and the other for cognitive behavioral treatment. RESULTS After 12 weeks, phenelzine therapy and CBGT led to superior response rates and greater change on dimensional measures than did either control condition. However, response to phenelzine therapy was more evident after 6 weeks, and phenelzine therapy was also superior to CBGT after 12 weeks on some measures. There were few differences between sites, suggesting that these treatments can be efficacious at facilities with differing theoretical allegiances. CONCLUSIONS After 12 weeks, both phenelzine therapy and CBGT were associated with marked positive response. Although phenelzine therapy was superior to CBGT on some measures, both were more efficacious than the control conditions. More extended cognitive behavioral treatment and the combination of modalities may enhance treatment effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Heimberg
- Center for Stress and Anxiety Disorders, State University of New York at Albany, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- J Difede
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
This study assessed self and interpersonal dysfunction as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among three groups of women: women sexually assaulted in both childhood and adulthood, women sexually assaulted only in adulthood and women who were never assaulted. Rates of PTSD were high and equivalent in the two assault groups. However, retraumatized women were more likely to be alexithymic, show dissociation scores indicating risk for dissociative disorders, and to have attempted suicide compared to the other two groups, who did not differ from each other. Additionally, only the retraumatized women experienced clinically significant levels of interpersonal problems. The findings suggest that formulations more inclusive than PTSD are required to capture the psychological difficulties experienced by this population. Treatment implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cloitre M, Cancienne J, Brodsky B, Dulit R, Perry SW. Memory performance among women with parental abuse histories: enhanced directed forgetting or directed remembering? J Abnorm Psychol 1996. [PMID: 8723001 DOI: 10.1037//0021-843x.105.2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Performance on a directed forgetting task was assessed in 24 individuals with borderline personality disorder and early life parental abuse, 24 borderline individuals with no history of abuse, and 24 healthy nonclinical controls under conditions of explicit and implicit memory. In the explicit memory condition, individuals with abuse histories showed greater differential recall of "to-be-remembered" versus "to-be-forgotten" material compared to the 2 comparison groups. Implicit memory performance was equivalent for all 3 groups. The enhanced selective memory in the abused group was the result of better recall for "remember" and not poorer recall for "forget" information, indicating that abused individuals have an enhanced ability to sustain attention to designated "remember" information. Because most people with childhood abuse recall their abuse, enhanced remembering of designated events (e.g., information not associated with abuse) may be a coping strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The relationship between a history of childhood abuse and subsequent sexual assault was assessed among 409 consecutive female inpatient admissions. A total of 45% of the sample reported a history of some form of childhood abuse and 22% reported at least one adulthood sexual assault. A hierarchical logistic regression indicated that, after controlling for sociodemographic and diagnostic variables, women with a history of childhood abuse were 3.1 times more likely to have experienced an adult sexual assault compared to those without abuse. There was a higher prevalence of adult sexual assault among women reporting only physical abuse or physical and sexual abuse than those reporting only sexual abuse, indicating the significance of physical abuse as a potential risk factor for adult sexual assault.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- Department of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
430 patients participating in the DSM-IV field trial receiving a DSM-III-R SCID-derived diagnosis of episodic major depression (n = 131), dysthymic disorder (n = 37) and double depression (n = 262) completed the social adjustment scale-self-report (Weissman and Bothwell, 1976). Patients with double depression demonstrated greater social morbidity than those suffering from episodic major depression or dysthymic disorder (P < 0.05). Significant predictors of high social morbidity in double depressives included severity of symptoms (P < 0.0001), followed by age of onset of first major depression (P < 0.04). Subscale analysis revealed that double depressives were significantly more impaired in work outside the home and in terms of their financial status (P < 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Evans
- Payne Whitney Clinic, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cloitre M, Cancienne J, Brodsky B, Dulit R, Perry SW. Memory performance among women with parental abuse histories: enhanced directed forgetting or directed remembering? J Abnorm Psychol 1996; 105:204-11. [PMID: 8723001 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.105.2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Performance on a directed forgetting task was assessed in 24 individuals with borderline personality disorder and early life parental abuse, 24 borderline individuals with no history of abuse, and 24 healthy nonclinical controls under conditions of explicit and implicit memory. In the explicit memory condition, individuals with abuse histories showed greater differential recall of "to-be-remembered" versus "to-be-forgotten" material compared to the 2 comparison groups. Implicit memory performance was equivalent for all 3 groups. The enhanced selective memory in the abused group was the result of better recall for "remember" and not poorer recall for "forget" information, indicating that abused individuals have an enhanced ability to sustain attention to designated "remember" information. Because most people with childhood abuse recall their abuse, enhanced remembering of designated events (e.g., information not associated with abuse) may be a coping strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Abstract
In an attempt to assess the influence of standardized diagnostic interviews on psychological distress in research volunteers, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to measure anxiety and depression during the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Non-patient version (SCID). Subjects were 50 adults with concerns related to the human immunodeficiency virus who were seeking testing and treatment in research trials. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant decreases in distress by the end of the interview: 72% of subjects reported diminished anxiety, and 54% reported diminished depression. Thus, the SCID appeared to provide a positive interview experience, a finding that may serve to reassure subjects, their families, and review boards regarding participation in studies that employ structured interviews.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Scarvalone
- Department of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to document the prevalence of dissociative experiences in adult female inpatients with borderline personality disorder and to explore the relationship between dissociation, self-mutilation, and childhood abuse history. METHOD A treatment history interview, the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were administered to 60 consecutively admitted female inpatients with borderline personality disorder as diagnosed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders. RESULTS Fifty percent of the subjects had a score of 15 or more on the Dissociative Experiences Scale, indicating pathological levels of dissociation. Fifty-two percent reported a history of self-mutilation, and 60% reported a history of childhood physical and/or sexual abuse. The subjects who dissociated were more likely than those who did not to self-mutilate and to report childhood abuse. They also had higher levels of current depressive symptoms and psychiatric treatment. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that each of these variables predicted dissociation when each of the others was controlled for, and that self-mutilation was the most powerful predictor of dissociation. CONCLUSIONS Female inpatients with borderline personality disorder who dissociate may represent a sizable subgroup of patients with the disorder who are at especially high risk for self-mutilation, childhood abuse, depression, and utilization of psychiatric treatment. The strong correlation between dissociation and self-mutilation independent of childhood abuse history should alert clinicians to address these symptoms first while exercising caution in attributing them to a history of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Brodsky
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Individuals with social phobia were compared with normal controls on their memory for socially-related threat words in contrast to positive and neutral words. A memory paradigm used in a previous study of panic disorder patients [Cloitre, M. & Liebowitz, M. R. (1991) Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 609-619] was applied to test the generalizability of findings of threat-biased memory in a semantic memory task (free recall) and a perceptual memory task (high-speed recognition) to social phobics. No evidence of threat-related memory bias among social phobics was obtained. Since both the social phobic and control groups showed better memory for affectively valenced (threat and positive) compared to neutral information, it is unlikely that the absence of threat-biased memory among social phobics was the result of insensitive measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Abstract
Recall bias has been hypothesized to occur as a function of mood congruence or causal-search related mechanisms. This study tested whether either mechanism related to recall of stressful life events over a year. Respondents consisted of 136 cases suffering from chronic facial pain and 131 acquaintance controls. After reporting life events for 1 year at monthly intervals, respondents attempted to recall these same events at year-end. Mood and likelihood of engaging in causal search were also ascertained at year-end. Results showed no effect of mood congruence or causal search on recall of event occurrence. However, mood did influence subjective appraisal of those events that were recalled. In addition, a significant mood-related memory deficit was detected. Findings indicate that mood-related memory deficit may reduce effect sizes artifactually. Furthermore, when assessing effects of recall bias, recall of event occurrence must be considered separately from subjective appraisal of event characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K G Raphael
- Columbia University School of Public Health New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatment for panic disorder has been established in controlled studies. However, little is known about the efficacy of other psychological treatments. We report the results of a study comparing cognitive behavioral treatment with a focused nonprescriptive treatment for panic. METHODS Three sessions of panic-related information were provided in each treatment, followed by 12 sessions of either nonprescriptive, reflective listening (non-prescriptive treatment) or a treatment package that included breathing retraining, muscle relaxation, cognitive reframing, and exposure to interoceptive and agoraphobic stimuli (cognitive behavioral treatment). RESULTS Posttreatment and 6-month follow-up assessments revealed a good response to both treatments. We observed a high rate of panic remission and significant improvement in associated symptoms in subjects in each treatment group. CONCLUSION These findings raise questions about the specificity of cognitive behavioral treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Shear
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Pa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
|
37
|
Abstract
This study was aimed at identifying the expressive, movement, and social behaviors associated with anxiety in the syndrome of major depression. The sample consisted of 97 hospitalized male and female depressed patients. Expressive and social behaviors were evaluated prior to treatment in a structured videotaped interview. Anxiety was measured using a multi-vantaged approach including doctor's rating, nurse's rating, patient self-report, and a separate video rating. Results indicate that anxiety was significantly associated with agitation, distressed facial expression, bodily discomfort, and poor social interaction in both sexes. Men and women differed in certain respects: anxiety was highly related to motor retardation in women only, and to hostility in men only. Differences in the pattern of expressive behavior between high and low anxious, depressed patients were clearly significant, and several were large enough to serve as clinical indicators. These findings help to characterize the expressive features of anxiety in the context of severe depression, and add to the growing literature on sex differences in depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Katz
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Abstract
Two studies assessed response time among clinically anxious subjects and normal controls when presented with threat, positive and neutral stimuli under perceptual (lexical decision) and semantic (category decision) task conditions. In Study 1, panic disorder subjects' (n = 14) performance was compared to that of matched normal controls (n = 14) while in Study 2 social phobic subjects (n = 24) were compared to matched normal controls (n = 24). Relative to matched normal controls, panic disorder subjects but not social phobics tended to show greater slowing in performance on the more cognitively complex (category) task. A second finding, consistent across both studies was that, compared to the normal control groups, both panic and social phobic groups showed significantly slowed responses to threat words in both the perceptual and semantic tasks. Such findings are directly counter to the predictions of a mood congruence hypothesis. This apparent contradiction is resolved by a review of the literature which indicates that mood-related facilitation effects are obtained only in tasks which tap awareness of threat information rather than speed of response. It is suggested that while anxiety may produce enhanced awareness of threat, it may inhibit responsiveness to it. The results of these studies are seen as consistent with ethological theories of inhibited motoric responses under certain threat conditions. Furthermore, the findings suggest that caution is indicated in interpreting slowed reaction time to threat stimuli in tasks such as the Stroop color naming task as purely the result of attentional processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cloitre
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, New York, NY 10003
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Gallagher RM, Marbach JJ, Raphael KG, Dohrenwend BP, Cloitre M. Is major depression comorbid with temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome? A pilot study. Clin J Pain 1991; 7:219-25. [PMID: 1809430 DOI: 10.1097/00002508-199109000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of information about the precise strength of the relationship between chronic pain and depression. In a prior study, women with temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS) had much higher scores than did controls on a measure of nonspecific psychological distress. The question arose as to whether rates of clinical depression are also unusually high in TMPDS patients. Their former treating clinician rates cases for likely lifetime presence or absence of depression. A subset of those rated as likely depressed then had their diagnoses verified independently through a structured clinical interview by a psychiatrist and clinical psychologist. Results revealed a minimum lifetime prevalence rate for major depression of 41%. A rate of this magnitude in TMPDS cases is clearly much higher than would be found for women of similar background in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-8101
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Welkowitz LA, Papp LA, Cloitre M, Liebowitz MR, Martin LY, Gorman JM. Cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder delivered by psychopharmacologically oriented clinicians. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179:473-7. [PMID: 1856709 DOI: 10.1097/00005053-199108000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A cognitive-behavioral treatment program for panic disorder was delivered by staff members of a psychiatric center that traditionally utilizes pharmacological methods. Psychiatrists, a nurse practitioner, and psychologists not previously exposed to behavioral techniques were trained by a behavioral psychologist to utilize a treatment program consisting of breathing control, cognitive restructuring, and exposure to panic-eliciting somatic cues. Of the 24 patients treated as part of this training in panic control therapy, 14 were panic-free after treatment and three additional patients showed moderate improvement and decreased frequency of panic. A case example is presented to demonstrate the application of behavioral techniques to individual patients. Discussion is focused on issues surrounding training in behavioral methods and problems in exporting behavioral technology to centers that emphasize psychopharmacological approaches to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Welkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The prevalent use of life event category checklists to facilitate event recall may be one reason that previous studies find that life events play only a small and ambiguous role in the development of health problems. In this study, 136 persons with temporomandibular pain disorder syndrome (TMPDS) and 131 healthy controls reported the occurrence of life events in 10 monthly interviews, using an event category checklist. At the end of the study, they reported retrospectively and in detail about life events over the previous monthly periods. Only one quarter of the event categories appeared in both the monthly interviews and retrospective report for the same period. Detailed analyses revealed problems of inaccuracy inherent in checklists that exacerbate problems of recall. The findings indicate that checklist category approaches should not be used when the goal is to understand the role of stress in adverse health outcomes. Suggestions are made about more adequate methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K G Raphael
- Division of Epidemiology, Columbia University School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Some forms of anxiety and affective disorder, such as panic disorder and major depression, appear distinct, while other forms, such as generalized anxiety disorder and chronic depression or dysthymia, may lie on a continuum and blend with each other. However, even panic disorder and major depression have many common features. Moreover, for reasons not yet clear, they occur together frequently, and their combined occurrence in the same patient has been associated with greater severity and chronicity, decreased treatment responsiveness, and, possibly, increased familial prevalence of anxiety and/or depression. Finally, studies of primary care patients suggest the frequent occurrence of a mixed anxiety-depressive disorder that may often be subsyndromal by DSM-III-R criteria but is nevertheless associated with prominent distress and/or impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Liebowitz
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
Cloitre M, Fermigier M, Jenffer P, Limat L, Allain C, Guyon E, Ambari A. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TURBULENT PAIR DIFFUSIVITY Pure Liquids and Polymer Solutions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb19434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
48
|
|